Fundamentals of Water

System
y Design
g
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Associate Prof
Prof. – Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Dept
College of Engineering & Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime
Transport – AASTMT
E-mail: elsafty@hotmail.com
 Chapter 2
• Piping System Design:
 Basic Considerations:
• In the design of any fluid distribution
y
system, , we must consider the followingg
steps:
– Establishing the piping design philosophy and
objectives;
– Sizing
Si i th the pipes;
i
– Calculating or determining the pressure drop
in the system as a whole or in various sub-
elements or branches.
 Pressure Drop:
• In general, to direct a flow of water through
ap piping
p g system,
y ,appressure difference
must be created to overcome the friction
head due to the piping length
length, type of
fittings, elevation changes and pressure
requirements at the receiving endend.
Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli s Theorem
 2 2
V
Z 1 2g +
+ 1 P = Z +V + P + h
1 2 2

ρ 1
2g ρ 2
2
L

Where:
Z= Feet elevation above/below datum
V = velocity ft/sec
P = Pressure, lb/ft2
r = Density
D it lb/ft3
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/sec
h = head loss in feet of fluid flowing
Bernoulli Piping Example:
 Design Philosophy:
• IIn the
th direct
di t return
t systems,
t the
th length
l th off
supply and return piping through the sub-
circuits is unequal.
• This mayy cause unbalanced flow rates and
requires careful balancing to provide each
sub-circuit
sub c cu t with
t design
des g flow.
o
• Ideally, the reverse return system provides
nearly equal total length for all terminal
circuits.
Direct Return Piping
Reverse Return Piping
 Thermal Expansion:
• Steel pipe may increase its length by
0.53in p
per 100ft if its temperature
p
increases from 0oF to 70oF.[-18 to 21oC]
• The system must be designed to handle
thermal expansion of piping.
• Failure to properly design for thermal
expansion can result in piping distortion,
noise and possible system failures.
Piping Expansion
Expansion, Offset Piping
Piping Expansion –Mechanical
Joint
 Sizing Piping
• Th
The equation
ti mostt often
ft used d that
th t relates
l t
pressure drop, flow rate and pipe size is the
Darcy Weisbach Equation:
Darcy-Weisbach
hf = f (L/D) (V2/2g)
hf = energy lost
l t through
th h friction,
f i ti expressed
d as flfluid
id
head, feet of fluid flowing
f = friction factor (0
(0.1
1 to 0.01)
0 01)
L = pipe Length, ft
D = Pipep Diameter,, ft
V = Fluid average velocity, ft/sec
g=g gravitational constant, 32.2 ft/sec2
 Continuity Equation
V= Q/A

Where;
V = flow velocity, ft/sec
Q = flow rate,, ft3/sec
A = cross-sectional area of the pipe, ft2
Determining Head Loss in Pipe
Laminar & Turbulent Flow:
Reynolds Number, Friction Flow
& Relative Roughness
Moody Chart
Friction Factors & Relative
Roughness for Pipes
Kinematic Viscosity & Reynold’s
Number
Friction Loss
Loss, Commercial Steel Pipe
Friction Loss,
Loss 2 in.
in Steel Pipe
Volume or Mass Flow Rate Measurement
Herschel Type Venturi
Herschel-Type Venturi-Meter
Meter
ASME Long Radius Flow Nozzles
Sharp Edge Orifice With
Pressure Tap Location
Variable Area Flow
Flow-meter
meter
 Turbine flowmeters:

Digital
g Flow. read out

Turbine Flow Meter