Arrangement of the pipes and valves of a cargo tank

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 Propellant
Discharging overboard

Suction strainer

Venturi
Diverging nozzle

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 The commonly used valve types on gas tankers are:
- ball valves
- globe valves
- gate valves
- butterfly valves

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There are two different types of cargo hoses
• the composite construction
• the stainless steel construction
[Extracted from Liquefied Gas Handling
Principles on Ships and in Terminals,
McGuire and White, 1st edn., pg 65]

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• There are three important considerations when
using hoses for cargo transfer, i.e. compatibility,
handling and testing.
• Composite hoses, for example, must be
compatible with all the liquefied gases handled
particularly in respect of temperature.
• Flexible metallic hoses, being of stainless steel
construction, do not present problems in this
respect but they may suffer from pitting
corrosion caused by salt deposit and should be
blanked off after use.

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• Proper handling of hoses is very important and
hoses of all types should be correctly supported
in a hose cradle to ensure that the
manufacturer's recommendation on minimum
bending radius is not exceeded - a frequent
cause of premature hose failure.
• Care should also be exercised when rigging or
moving hoses to ensure that they are not
knocked or laid against protruding edges which
could weaken the hose.
• Hoses should be tested at specified intervals,
e.g. for LPG generally not exceeding six months.
• Where appropriate, both pressure and
elongation tests should be carried out.

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• When discharging refrigerated cargoes into
pressurized shore tanks it is frequently
necessary to heat the cargo in a cargo heater
because the shore tanks piping materials are not
designed for low temperatures.

• The sea-water is commonly used as the heating

medium in heat exchangers.
The cargo heaters are normally designed to
raise the temperature from -45°C to -5°C.

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 The purposes of heat exchangers in a
cargo handling system are:

• heaters of liquid cargo

• vaporisers for liquid cargo or liquid
nitrogen
• driers of air and inert gas
• coolers for lubricating oil and glycol
• condensers and intercoolers in a
reliquefaction plant
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• The seawater-heated cargo heaters are
fitted with temperature and pressure
controls to avoid freezing and thereby
damage to the heaters.

• A low sea-water temperature will reduce

the flow rate.

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• Some ships are equipped with vaporizers
to maintain pressure in the cargo tank
during discharging by vaporizing liquid
cargo.

• The sea-water and steam are commonly

used as the heating medium for
vaporizers.

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• A means of providing cargo vapour from
liquid is often required on gas carriers, for
example, to purge the cargo tanks or to
maintain cargo tank pressure during
discharge in the absence of a vapour
return line from shore.
• A vaporiser is usually installed on board
for this purpose.
• Either vertical or horizontal shell and tube
heat exchangers are used with either
steam, sea water or, in some cases cargo
liquid, as the heating source.
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• Some ships are equipped with vaporisers
to vaporize and heat liquid nitrogen for
purging purposes.

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