Illustrations : ( for 8th to 10th std.

1. Maths :

a) Difference between Ratio and Fraction ?

Ans:

A fraction is a number that names part of a whole or part of a group. The denominator represents the total
number of equal parts the whole is divided into. A ratio is a comparison of two quantities.

There is a difference between a ratio and a fraction even though students usually think there is none. 

It is true that we can simplify a ratio the same way we simplify a fraction. For example, the ratio 6
to 9 or 6/9 is equivalent to the ratio 2 to 3 or 2/3. However, ratios do not always follow the same
rules as fractions.

b). What is Pythagoras theorem ?

Ans :

Pythagoras theorem states that “In a right-angled triangle,  the square of the hypotenuse side
is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides“. The sides of this triangle have been
named as Perpendicular, Base and Hypotenuse. Here, the hypotenuse is the longest side, as it is
opposite to the angle 90°. The sides of a right triangle (say a, b and c) which have positive integer
values, when squared, are put into an equation, also called a Pythagorean triple.
Consider the triangle given above:

Where “a” is the perpendicular side,

“b” is the base,

“c” is the hy- potenuse side.

According to the definition, the Pythago-

ras Theorem formula is given as:

Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular2 + Base2 

c2 = a2 + b2

c) How to find the area of a circle using Areas of  Triangles ?

Fill the circle with radius r with concentric circles. After cutting the circle along
the indicated line in fig. 4 and spreading the lines, the result will be a triangle.
The base of the triangle will be equal to the circumference of the circle, and
its height will be equal to the radius of the circle.

So, the area of the triangle (A) will be equal to the area of the circle. We have
A = 1/2×base×height
A = 1/2×(2πr)×r
A = πr2

2. Science :

a) What is Rotation?
A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a centre of rota-
tion. If three-dimensional objects like earth, moon and other planets al-
ways rotate around an imaginary line, it is called a rotation axis. If the
axis passes through the body’s centre of mass, the body is said to rotate
upon itself or spin.

What is Revolution?
Revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation. However, in many
fields like astronomy and its related subjects, revolution is referred to as
an orbital revolution. It is used when one body moves around another,
while rotation is used to mean the movement around the axis. For exam-
ple, the Moon revolves around the Earth and the Earth revolves around
the Sun.
b). What is Photosynthesis ?

Ans:

Photosyn-
thesis is a
process by
which pho-
totrophs
convert light
energy into chemical energy, which is later used to fuel cellular activities. The chemical energy is
stored in the form of sugars, which are created from water and carbon dioxide.

c). Difference between Force and Pressure ?

Ans :
Force is the push and pull action resulting in the change of motion and direction, whereas pressure is the
physical force per unit area. If force is applied over a large area, then pressure is said to be low and if the
same force is applied to a small area, then the resulting pressure is said to be high.