1. Microprocessors.

Microprocessor: Is the central circuit more complex a computer system. A way of

illustration, usually you call the 'brain' of a computer by analogy. It is an integrated
circuit consisting of millions of electronic components.
 
Memory Ram: Main memory, where programs and data reside on which can be
read and write operations.
 
Program memory: This memory stores the user program although it may also
contain alphanumeric data and variable texts.
 
A/d converter : Device that is responsible for converting the analog signal from the
sensor in actionable digital values by the CPU of the camera.
 
Oscillator: Any microcontroller requires an oscillator which is responsible for
defining the speed with which is process instructions. PIC 16F84A has four
possible configurations of oscillator:
LP: Glass used for low power consumption

XT: Standard quartz crystal

HS: High speed Crystal

RC: Resistor/capacitor offers lower precision oscillator

EEPROM memory : E²PROM or EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable

Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is a type of ROM memory that can be
programmed, erased and reprogrammed electrically.
Computer programming / algorithmic programming as programming, is the
process of designing, coding, debug and maintain the source code of computer
programs . The code source is written in a language of programming. The purpose
of the program is to create programs that exhibit a desired behavior.
 
Programming language : A programming language is a formal language designed
to express processes which can be carried out by machines such as computers
 
[Low level] programming language: A low-level programming language is one in
which your instructions exert direct control over the hardware and are conditioned
by the physical structure of the computer which supports it.
 
[High-level] programming language: A programming language high-level is
characterized by expressing the algorithm in a way suitable to the
capacity cognitive human, rather than executing capacity of the machines.
Algorithm: Ordered set of systematic operations that allows you to make a
calculation and the solution of a kind of problem.
Flow diagram: Flow diagram or activity diagram is a graphical representation of
the algorithm or process. Used in disciplines such as programming, economics,
industrial processes and cognitive psychology.
 

 
 2.Programmable Logic Controller.

Analog: any input or output that has more than two States; connected and
disconnected (see be Digital). An analog signal that can vary in terms of magnitude
of 'switching off' to a high value, or between two non-zero values. An example of
an analog device is a level sensor that returns a voltage between 0 and 10 V which
can vary with the passage of time.
Bit: single-digit that has only two possible values 0 or 1. Multiple bits can be
combined to form bytes or words.
Mathematics of Boole: a general term used to describe several different types of
comparative logic functions. Specific Boolean functions including, but not limited to
these examples, and, or, exclusive or, etc.
Central processing unit (CPU): main processor of information on your
computer. This single chip carries out all mathematical and logical operations of
the PLC. Digital any type of signal input or output that has exactly two States,
connection and disconnection. An example of a digital device could be a push
button, which can be or well hold (connection) or released (DISCONNECTION).
An Expander :module connected to I/O block via a connection cable that
increases the number of I/O controlled by a CPU. Expanders contain a CPU and
are therefore often known as non-intelligent I/O blocks. I/O inputs and outputs.
Diagram of ladder: ladder programming result used to control a PLC. Ladder
language is modelled based on relay wiring schemes. The fundamental theories
that support the programming of ladder are consistent among all
manufacturers. However, each manufacturer of PLC usually has an own staircase
software package. A series of instructions or boundaries created logic to allow a
process control. The logical can be scheduled through wiring physical (as in the
case of a logic of relay) or through a PC (as is the case of a PLC). Network several
devices connected together via electrical devices to acquire or control data. Check
all the values are not started to zero after switching off the unit. 
Switch-off delay: switch off timers a departure after the passage of a X amount of
seconds. Programmable logic controls (PLCs)
Timer of delay of connection: connect an output after the passage of a X amount
of seconds. Video Control Panels (o/I) a device enabling a machine operator to
monitor and control devices connected to a PLC. 
Record: an area of storage, PLC, for information. Records may have a capacity of
one or two (or more) words. 
Relay: a type of switch that can control AC or DC loads. Relay circuits devices
commonly used in control. They can be opened and closed electronically to
complete logical circuits. 
Of retention: store data in memory in such a way that they remain intact after
turning the unit off.
Sensor a element of detection:  The basic element that usually changes a
physical parameter into an electrical signal.
Solenoid: a type of output device and a specific type of coil. Both coils and
solenoids voltage used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy through
magnetic fields. A solenoid is an actual physical device, while a coil is a generic
from any type of electrical output description.
Starter: a control device usually consisting of a contact and an overload. With
DeviceNet, it will also contain a communication module used to start and stop
loads. A solid state electronic switch
Transistors: It is a fast device that interrupts a small current, has a long lifespan,
and only works with CD. TRIAC or rectifiers of Silicon controlled (SCRs) Act as
mediators between the PLC and the device’s output AC. SCR or triac functions as
a switch that responds to the commands of PLC logic. Programab logic controllers
 3. Numerical Methods.

Continuous function at a point: A function is continuous at a given point if the

lateral boundaries are the same as the image at that given point.
Graphic function f (x)= x 3 , which is continuous at the point (1,1).

Continuous function: That is escontinua in every point of its domain.

Graph of the function f(x)=s e n x continuous throughout its domain.

Real interval:Set of numbers comprised between two values called ends of the
interval.
Examples of intervals: [ 2 ,9 ], ] − 5,0 [, [ 15 +∞ [, ] − ∞ ,1 2 ].

Iteration:Number of times that an action is repeated. For example, the bisection

method is the number of times that the algorithm is repeated.
b − to 2n<ΕThis is the formula to determine the number of iterations in the
bisection method.

Bisection method: It is a procedure that allows you to calculate, in an

approximate, solutions of an equation by means of the division of a given interval.
Bisection method is outlined in the following image.

Irrational number: The actual number that has infinite decimal expansion and
non-periodic.
Π ≈ 3.141592654 ...  It is one of the most famous irrational numbers. All the 14
March held in the world the day of Pi.

Midpoint of an interval :It is the actual value that is the same distance from the
ends of the interval.
In the interval [ 1 ,2 ] the halfway point is equal to the inmediately on the
ends, 1+2 2 =1.5.

Root:It is the solution of an equation.The roots of the equation x2− 4=0  are ±2.

Precision: It is a value that measures the minimum error in the algorithm.

For example ∈ =10 − 3 It is the minimum error asked in the solution of the equation
of the problem raised in the module.

Constant of proportionality :Ratio of two variables related to directly. For

example, if a worker earns ¢ 15 000 in 6 hours, and ¢ 22 500 in 9 hours, then the
constant of proportionality relating the income of the worker with working hours is
equal to 2500, because: 150006=225009=2500.

Equation: Equality between two algebraic expressions. For

example x3+ 2 x=x−1  It is an equation.
Linear equation:Equation whose exponent of the variable is equal to one. For
example 2 x+1=5  It is a linear equation.

Quadratic equation:Equation whose greatest variable exponent is equal to

two. For example x 2 −x−2=0  It is a quadratic equation.

Interpolation: Process that is performed from a set of data, in order to approach

an unknown value. For example, if a worker earns ¢ 15 000 in 6 hours and ¢ 26
500 9 hours, can be estimated by interpolation how wins in 8 hours.

Interpolation linear: Interpolation from two ordered pairs.

Quadratic interpolation: Interpolation from three ordered pairs.

Interpolante polynomial For a set of differennumbers x0,x1,...,xn,( n +1,n⩾0 ) and

a function f whose values are given on these points, there is a unique
polynomial Pn(x) of degree less than or equal to n such that f(xk)=P(xk),
fork= 0 ,1,. . . , n . The polynomial P(x) interpolante polynomial is called.

 The trapezium rule: Integration method for calculating definite integrals where the
interpolante polynomial is of degree one. Using
formula TO=∫ b to f( x ( )d≈(b−to) [f(to)+f(b)2].formula TO=∫ b to f( x ( )d≈(b−to) [f(to)
+f(b)2].

Composite trapezoidal rule: It is a generalization of the trapezium rule to obtain a

better approximation of the integral and consists of subdividing the
interval [ to ,b ] in n amps, all of the same length h=b − to n. The formula is
applied ∫ b to f(x) dx ≈ h2[f(to)+2∑ n − 1 k = 1 f(xk)+f(b)].

Error the trapezium rule : When the function to integrate grade greater than or
equal to two, the trapezium rule generates a local truncation error. The formula for
the error of local truncation in a single application is given by Ex= −1 12f(2)(Ξ )
( b −to )3.

Simpson 1/3 rule:Integration method for calculating definite integrals which

connect successive groups of three points on the curve by parables of second
grade. Formulas that calculate the integral under these polynomials are called
rules of Simpson. Using the formula ∫ b to f(x) dx ≈ h3[f(to)+4f(xm)
+f(b)] with h=b − to 2.

1/3 Simpsons rule error:Error truncation that is generated by applying the

rule. The formula for the error of local truncation in a single application is
given Ex= −h590f(4)(Ξ ).
 

Simpson 3/8 rule:It is a generalization of the trapezium rule to obtain a better

approximation of the integral and consists of subdividing the
interval [ to ,b ] in n amps, all of the same length h=b − to n. When the number of
subdivisions that is equal to three, then the method is called Simpson 3/8 rule.

Using the formula ∫ b to f(x) dx ≈ 3 8 h[f(to)+3f(xm)+3f(xn)+f(b)] with h=b − to 3. In

the 3/8 composite Simpson rule, the number of sub-intervals   can only be a
multiple of 3, in case otherwise is not possible to apply the rule
 4. POWER ELECTRONICS.

 
CA (current AC): Electric current that changes its amplitude on a regular basis
over time. See: AC
Phase change: Disorder that produces a reactive element in the phase of the
voltage or the current.
Magnetic field: : Distribution of magnetic energy in the space, created by a
magnet or a current flow. See: magnetism, ferromagnetic materials
Capacitor (condenser) step: It is a capacitor that aims to maintain the high gain
AC and the DC gain is reduced with the help of a feedback (Re)
resistance. See: common emitter transistor amplifier.
DC (direct current): See: DC
Equivalent circuit (from sources and resistors): circuit where all power sources
are represented by a single equivalent source and all the load resistors are
represented by a single equivalent resistance. See: Thevenin theorem, Millman
theorem.
Parallel circuit : Circuit that allows more than one possible step for the current,
each step or path with different elements. See: resistors in parallel, capacitors in
parallel, coils in parallel.
Circuit series : Circuit that allows only one possible step for the current, step or
path with one or more elements. See: resistors in series, series capacitors, coils
series.
Transformer coupling coefficient: Parameter (k) of
a transformer. See: determine coupling coefficient (k) and (n) transformer turns
ratio.
Common collector : Also called emitter follower. Signal input is made at the base
and the output is obtained on the transmitter. It has a high current gain and a
voltage gain slightly less than 1. See: emitter follower transistor amplifier.
Conductance : = 1/r or 1 / resistance, the inverse of the resistance. The unit of
measurement is the Siemens or Mho. See: resistance.
Phase control: capacity to decide that part of the AC cycle will be conducted. Is a
property that is useful to the thyristors. See: thyristor (SCR)
Converter voltage - current: settings characterized by an input of voltage (vi),
and an output current (IL), where the second is proportional to the variation of the
first. See: converter voltage - current
Court: State in which tension base - emitter in a transistor, is not sufficient to
polarize its Union emitter transistor. As a result there is no current in the emitter of
the transistor. It is said that the transistor does not lead or is open.
Delta circuit : (Delta connection) circuit of 3 terminals in which the branches are
connected together forming a triangle or delta. See: Conversion Delta - star and
star - Delta
Y: circuit (circuit star): circuit of 3 terminals that have one end connected to a
common point forming a "And". See: Conversion Delta - star and star - Delta
Current: Amount of charge flowing through a conductor per unit of time. I = Q /
t. See: AC, DC
Coulombio: load measurement unit electrical. 1 coulombio has a load of: 6.28 x
1028 electrons. See: definition of common units
Characteristic curve: Each of the curves describing the operation of a device
(example: a transistor) in different polarization and load conditions. See: bipolar
Transistor, Diode Zener.
Ballast: Opposition, presenting an energy buffer device (capacitor-capacitor or
inductor - coil) to the flow of alternating current. It is measured in
Ohms. See: capacitor and AC, coil and streams
Feedback: Feedback allows you to take a sample of the output and add it to the
entry. Through feedback you can maintain control of an amplifier and force him to
work in the active area
Negative feedback: Is the use of passive components in order to improve the
stability and the frequency response of a system or circuit without sacrifice, if it is
possible to gain. See:closed loop (feedback) gain
Reciprocity theorem: Theorem for simplification of passive linear
circuits. See: reciprocity theorem
Rectifier: circuit which converts the current Alterna (AC) into direct current
(DC). See: rectifier 1/2 wave
Active region in a transistor: Region in which the joint BE (emitter) is polarized in
direct and the region BC (retards) is polarized in reverse. See: bipolar Transistor
Breakdown region: Region in which the semiconductor diode has been polarized
in reverse more than the breakdown voltage. A common diode would be destroyed,
but a zener diode would feature to adjust to a fixed voltage. See: semiconductor
diode, Diode Zener
Regulation: Is a measure of the quality of the signal in DC delivered by a regulator
before the load variations. Is measured as the variation in the output in extreme
conditions of load voltage (load maximum and zero load)
Switched regulator: Controller which uses techniques of shaped waves to provide
regulation in DC, increasing the efficiency of the power supply.
Voltage regulation: Is the ability to maintain a given, even with changes in the
load tension.
Voltage regulator: Circuit designed to maintain a constant voltage, independently
of the value of the load.
Zener regulator: Regulator, zener diode-based when you work in the area of
rupture. See: diode Zener.
Turns ratio: Ratio between the number of turns between the primary and the
secondary of a transformer. NP/Ns = Vp/Vs. see: transformer.
Reluctance: Magnetic resistance. Is the ratio of the flow and force magnetomotive.
Rheostat: Resistance variable: variable resistance potentiometer, rheostat
Resistance: Is the measure of how much a circuit opposes the passage of electric
current through it. See: resistance
Resonance: Situation where the reactors are removed between si, and the circuit
has a minimum impedance (in series circuits) or admittance (in parallel circuits).
Resonance parallel: Suceptancia capacitive and inductive is cancelled and the
value of the resulting admittance is equal to the conductance of the
circuit. See: resonance in a parallel RLC circuit.
Resonance series: Capacitive and inductive reactance is cancelled and the value
of the resulting impedance is equal to the resistance of the circuit. See: resonance
in a RLC circuit series.
Frequency response: The transfer characteristic of a circuit frequency function.
Retentivity: Quantity of magnetization that remains in a ferromagnetic material
removed the magnetic field.
Curly: (Ripple) Wave alternating current of low amplitude, superimposed on a
rectified signal. See: power source.
RMS: Effective value that an instrument should be measured for a sine wave. It is
calculated from a rectified waveform. If signals that are not sine wave are
measured, the value is incorrect. See: RMS value, value peak, averaging.