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IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS 1

Design of Unequal Dual Band Gysel Power Divider

With Isolation Bandwidth Improvement
Hamed Shahi Gharehaghaji and Hossein Shamsi

Abstract— This letter presents a new design of an unequal dual

band Gysel power divider (GPD) with isolation bandwidth (IW)
improvement, which contains two grounded resistors for better
power-handling capability (PHC), one resistor between output
ports for enhancing the IW, an extension line at the input
and a single stub line at the end for dual band operation,
and ten branch line sections. Exact closed-form equations are
derived for the proposed structure. For verification, the proposed
structure is simulated, fabricated, and measured using microstrip
lines. Simulation and measurement results show wide IW, while
maintaining high PHC over the Wilkinson PD.
Fig. 1. Proposed structure of the unequal dual band GPD.
Index Terms— Dual band, Gysel power divider (GPD), isolation
bandwidth (IW), power-handling capability (PHC).

embedded. Even-odd mode analysis is performed to determine

I. I NTRODUCTION the parameters of the proposed PD. It is worth mentioning

P OWER dividers (PDs) are widely used in the design of

radar and communication systems. Among various PDs,
the Gysel power divider (GPD) is suitable for high power
applications, because of using two grounded resistors [1].
In the GPD, there is a direct path to the external ground
for heat sinking, while in the Wilkinson PD, an internal
isolation resistor is embedded, and there is not any path for
generated heat sinking [2]. In recent years, several GPDs have
been designed for dual band operations by utilizing open/
short-ended stubs [3], [4], double-sided parallel strip
lines (DSPSLs) [5], coupled lines [6], an extension line at the
input and a stub line at the opposite end [7], microstrip/slotline
phase inverter [8], composite right/left-handed (CRLH) trans-
mission lines (TLs) [9], π shaped structures, and Schiffman
phase shifters [10]. Nevertheless, the major drawbacks of these
structures are limited isolation bandwidth (IW), large size of
the circuit, high cost of multi-layer fabrication process, or diffi-
culty in fabrication process, because of using the coupled lines
or complex structure of ground in the phase inverter design.
In this letter, an unequal dual band GPD is proposed,
which has the following features: 1) flexibility in choosing
two load resistors to determine the level of power-handling
capability (PHC), frequency ratio range, and IW; 2) wide
IW (74.1%); 3) simple structure without the difficulty in
fabrication process. In the proposed structure, for enhancing
the IW, one isolation resistor between output ports is
Manuscript received June 13, 2016; revised August 29, 2016; accepted
November 4, 2016.
The authors are with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi
University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: Hamed_Shahi@ee.kntu.ac.ir;
Shamsi@eetd.kntu.ac.ir).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LMWC.2016.2646918
1531-1309 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
that the reported dual band GPD in [7] is a special case of one
proposed in this letter. In section II, the proposed structure is
introduced and explicit closed-form equations are derived. The
proposed structure is validated by the measurement results in
section III, and finally the letter is concluded in section IV.
II. D ESIGN P ROCEDURE AND A NALYSIS
Fig. 1 depicts the structure of the proposed unequal dual
band PD, in which all admittance values are normalized to
the source admittance (y0 = 1). This PD consists of two
load resistors with normalized conductance g1 and g2 for
better PHC, one resistor between output ports with normalized
conductance g0 for enhancing the IW, extension line y1 at
the input, and single stub line ys between the two branch
line sections with the admittance of y4 and y7 for the dual
band operation. All the TLs in the proposed PD have the
same electrical length θ . In order to determine the parameters
of the proposed structure, even-mode and odd-mode analysis
is performed. Fig. 2(a) shows the equivalent even-mode half
circuit of the proposed PD under the even-mode excitation.
The power-dividing ratio of port 2 to port 3 is assumed
asP2 /P3 = k 2 . So, the admittances yin2 and yin3 and conduc-
tances g  2 and g  3 must satisfy the following expressions [12]
g2 = k 2 g3 , yin2 = k 2 yin3 . (1)
Also, the normalized characteristic admittance at port 1 is 1,
and to match port 1, equivalent admittance yin2 and yin3 can
be given by
k2 1
yin2 = , yin3 = . (2)
1 + k2 1 + k2
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2 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS

Fig. 3. (a) Calculated isolation of the proposed PD for y1 = 0.96, m = 2,

k 2 n = 2, and different values of g1 . (b) Calculated isolation of the proposed
PD for y1 = 0.96, g1 = 2/3, k 2 = 2, and different values of m.

and g0 can be determined simultaneously as

√
2(y1 − y13 )ka 3 tan θ ± 1
y2 = 3 2
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the proposed unequal dual band GPD. 2a y1 (cot θ +2 tan θ +tan3 θ ) − 2ka 2 (tan θ + y12 cot θ )
(a) even-mode half circuit. (b) odd-mode half circuit. (9)
y1 y2 (ka − a 2 ) + tan2 θ (ay22 − ka 2 y12 )
y3 = (10)
g  2 and g  3 are easily defined as ay2 + a 2 y1
√
by3 (cot θ − tan θ ) + 2by2 y3 cot θ ± 2
2
1 y4 = (11)
g2 = k, g3 = . (3) −2b cot θ (y2 + y3 )
k
y4 cot2 θ k(y3 + y4 ) − g1 (y2 + y3 )
To match the output ports at two operating frequencies, ys = , g0 = (12)
a b(y3 + y4 )
f 1 and f 2 = m f 1 , where m is the frequency ratio, the normal- y2 y3 y4 g1
ized admittance of additional TLs connected to port 2 and 3 y5 = 2 , y6 = 2 , y7 = 2 , g 2 = 2 (13)
k k k k
must satisfy the following equations [11]:
 where
 
 k  2 k2
 k k a= , b = 1 + k2 (14)
y8 = 2
(1 − k) + 2
(1 − k) + k 3 , y9 = 1 + k2
2α 2α y8
1 = (2(y13 − y1)ka 3 tan θ )2 + (4a 3 y12 (cot θ +2 tan θ +tan3 θ )
(4)
y9 y8 − 4ka 2 (tan θ + y12 cot θ )).(ka 4 y12 tan θ (1+ y12 tan2 θ ))
y10 = , y11 = (5)
k k (15)
where 2 = (by32 (tan θ −cot θ )−2by2 y3 cot θ )2 +(4b cot θ (y2 + y3 ))
α = tan(θ ). (6) · (−bg 2 tan θ (y2 + y3 )+by32(y3 tan θ − y2 cot θ )).
The electrical length at f 1 can be expressed as (16)

π Fig. 3(a) shows the calculated isolation of the proposed PD

θ= , m > 1. (7) for y1 = 0.96, m = 2 ( f 1 = 1 GHz and f 2 = 2 GHz),
1+m
k 2 = 2, and different values of g1 . From this figure, it is
In (7), m is the frequency ratio of the proposed PD ( f 2 / f 1 ).
easily understood that with decreasing g1 , the IW (referenced
In the even-mode analysis, the conductance g0 is omitted
to −15 dB) increases. In other words, there is a trade-off
because no current flows through it. In order to have matched
between the PHC and IW. However, IW referenced to −25 dB
ports with lossless TLs, power must not be dissipated in the
in the cases of g1 = 1/2 or g1 = 2/3 is better than the cases
conductance of g1 , so shorting node X to ground is required.
of g1 = 0 and g1 = 1. It is interesting to point out that
In other words, the admittance of cascaded (series) TLs with
when g1 = 0; the proposed PD is converted to the dual band
y4 and (k 2 /(1+k 2 ))ys at node X must be infinite. Thus, this
Wilkinson PD. In addition, when g1 = 1 and k = 1; the
condition can be expressed as (8)
reported dual band GPD in [7] is obtained.
 2
k
j 1+k ys tan θ + j y4 tan θ Fig. 3(b) shows calculated isolation of the proposed PD
·y4
2
  2 = ∞. (8) for y1 = 0.96, g1 = 2/3, k 2 = 2, and different values
y4 + j j 1+k k
2 y s tan θ tan θ of m. It is clearly seen that the proposed PD has still large
isolation bandwidth for larger frequency ratios. Fig. 4 shows
In the odd-mode analysis (Fig. 2(b)), because of the virtual the variation of normalized admittances versus frequency ratio
ground along the symmetry plane, y1 and ys is not regarded. for y1 = 0.96, k 2 = 2, and g1 = 2/3. It is easily seen that the
Considering the matching ports and perfect isolation of the PD proposed PD is applicable for the dual band operation over the
and supposing that the parameters y1 and g1 are known vari- 1.6 < m < 2.65 frequency ratio range with consideration of
ables, the unknown variables y2 , y3 , y4 , y5 , y6 , y7 , ys , g2 , the line impedance constraints (e.g., 10-150 ). To investigate
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SHAHI GHAREHAGHAJI AND SHAMSI: DESIGN OF UNEQUAL DUAL BAND GYSEL POWER DIVIDER WITH ISOLATION BANDWIDTH IMPROVEMENT
Fig. 4. Variation of normalized admittances versus frequency ratio for
y1 = 0.96, k 2 = 2, and g1 = 2/3.
Fig. 5. Simulation and measurement results of the fabricated PD. (a) S21 ,
S31 , and S11 . (b) S22 , S33 , and S23 . Solid lines: measurements.
the PHC of the proposed PD compared with the PHC of the
Wilkinson PD, power dissipation in g0 , g1 , and g2 should be
considered. In the proposed PD, by adopting the grounded
resistors, generated heat of the circuit is transferred with a
direct path to the external environment. When one of the
output ports is excited, some quantity of the input power
flow through port 1 and the rest of it dissipate in the three
resistors g0 , g1 , and g2 . On the other hand, in the Wilkinson
PD, there is only one isolation resistor between its internal
straps and there is not any path for heat sinking. When one of
the output ports is excited, some quantity of the input power
flow through port 1 and rest of it dissipates only in g0 . So,
in the proposed PD, because of the using grounded resistors,
the power dissipation in g0 is decreased compared with the
Wilkinson PD. As a result, the proposed PD still maintains
high PHC over the Wilkinson PD.
III. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
To verify the theoretical analysis, a dual band GPD using
microstrip lines with k 2 = 2 is fabricated at two bands of
interest, f 1 = 1 GHz and f 2 = 2 GHz, on dielectric substrate
(Rogers RO4003C) with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
of 0.813 mm and loss tangent of 0.0027. Assuming y1 = 0.96,
g1 = 2/3 and making use of obtained equations, we have:
y2 = 1.286, y3 = 1.703, y4 = 1.797, y5 = 0.643, y6 = 0.851,
y7 = 0.898, y8 = 1.259, y9 = 1.123, y10 = 0.794, y11 = 0.89,
ys = 0.898, g2 = 1/3, g0 = 0.276 (standard value). Fig. 5
indicates EM simulation results (performed by Agilent’s ADS
EM simulator), measurement results (collected by ROHDE &
SCHORZ ZVA40 network analyzer), and photograph of the
fabricated PD. The measured input and output return losses
are better than 20 dB at 1 and 2 GHz. The measured insertion
losses at 1 GHz are |S21 | = −1.92 dB and |S31 | = −5.01 dB
and at 2 GHz are |S21 | = −2.14 dB and |S31 | = −5.24 dB.
The input return loss bandwidth (referenced to −15 dB)
3
TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF M EASUREMENT R ESULTS WITH P REVIOUS W ORKS
around 1 GHz and 2 GHz are 140 and 130 MHz, respectively.
The isolation is better than 25 dB over the wide frequency
range from 0.95 to 2.07 GHz or a fractional bandwidth
of 74.1%. Table I shows the comparison of measurement
results with previous dual band GPDs. It demonstrates that
this work has wide IW, acceptable frequency ratio, and small
circuit size due to the use of bending lines.
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this letter, an unequal dual band GPD is presented. The
main features of the proposed PD are wide IW, acceptable
frequency ratio, high PHC, and small circuit size. Simulation
and measurement results show good agreement with each
other.
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