REVIEW 1: SPEECH ORGANS, CONSONATS AND VOWELS.

C1: The study of different parts of the vocal tract is called ....... phonetics (articulatory)
C2: The voice box that contains the vocal cords: glottis
C3: The roof of the mouth: hard palate
C4: Affricates begin as fricatives and end as plosives: False

Bảng CẤU TẠO KHOANG MIỆNG

Voiceless: (folds open)

Voiced (folds together)

CONSONANTS
 PLACE OF ARTICULATION
MANNER OF ARTICULATION

p : voiceless -> fortis b: voiced -> lenis

Plosives produced by a complete closure of the oral passage and a rapid release in a
burst
Affricates produced by a complete closure of the oral passage and a gradual release of
the airflow
Approximants the articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough
Fricatives
Lateral the air escapes along the sides of the tongue

C5: The friction noise of lenis fricatives is louder than that of fortis fricatives : FALSE
C6: Fricatives are characterised by a hissing sound. TRUE
C7: Post-alveolar consonants involve the tip of the tongue and the hard palate: FALSE
C8: Plosives are continuants: FALSE
C9: The soft palate is raised in all consonants except nasals: TRUE
 VOWELS 12
Front Central Back
close
High

Close-mid Mid-high

Open-mid Mid-low

open low
Spread Neutral Rounded
Monophthongs: 1 âm tiết
Diphthongs: 2 âm tiết centring (end /Ә/)
Closing fronting (end /ɪ/)
Backing (end /Ʊ)

8 DIPHTHONGS
Bảng Lenis and Fotis
• Fortis fricatives are said to be
articulated with greater force than the
lenis ones and their friction noise is
louder.

• Fortis fricatives have the effect of

shortening the preceding vowel, as do
fortis plosives.

• Lenis fricatives tend to be fully voiced

only when they occur between voiced
sounds
/I/ không có trọng âm -> nhẹ (-)

/I/ có trọng âm -> mạnh (+)

/l/ là velarization – dark /l/ khi trước nó là nguyên âm và sau đó không có gì. Ví dụ: will,
kill,…

The head of a tone unit is NOT always lower than the tonic syllable in a ríing tone.

Nếu đằng sau TS không có trọng âm thì lấy âm cuối

Âm cuối cùng chính là trọng âm thì ta đi lên từ đó

Bảng từ loại:
Coinage (sáng tạo từ mới)
Borrowing
Compounding (từ ghép)
Blending
Back-formation(er/ing/ion)
Acronym (từ viết tắt nhưng đọc
thành từ)
Clipping(từ rút ngắn)
Conversion(thay đổi từ loại)
Affixation (thêm phụ tố)
Reduplication
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Initialism (đánh vần từng chữ)
Pre – Initial – Post
Facebook, youtuber,…
Pizza,violet,…
-endocentric: policeman
-exocentric: pickpocket
-coordinative: minister-president
Motel = motorway + hotel
Televise -> telivision
Laser, UNESCO…, scuba
Exam,ad,…
Green (adj) -> green (V)
Internative…
Fifty-fifty,chitchat,…
Bang, boom. Buzz…
Darcy, cardigan,…
BBC,…
Syllables with two or more consonants are called -> consonants cluster.

ONSET: âm tiết khởi : play, see

CODA: âm tiết kết: will, swim,…

The post-initial consonants are always approximants.