Razdaljine

Beograd - Kijev ...............................................................................................................980km(2h)

Aerodrom - Hotel .................................................................................................................(45min)

Kijev - Černobilj ...................................................................................................136km(2h30min)

Odesa Aerodrom - Hotel ...............................................................................................8km(25min)

Hotel (Kijev) - Kijevsko Pečerska lavra .......................................................................4km(15min)

Odesa - Nerubais'ke....................................................................................................17km (30min)

Odesa - Akerman..............................................................................................................80km (2h)

Introduction
Background

Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful
state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and
eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian
nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an
uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years.
During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of
czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule
that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were
responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine achieved independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and
prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil
liberties.

A peaceful mass protest referred to as the "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged
presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO.
Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in parliamentary
(Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada
elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with
media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the
EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against students, civil society activists, and
other civilians in favor of the agreement led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to
break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and
the president's abrupt departure for Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office in
June 2014; he was succeeded by Volodymyr ZELENSKY in May 2019.
Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula
falsely claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a "referendum" was held regarding the integration of
Crimea into the Russian Federation. The "referendum" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN
General Assembly (UNGA). In response to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea, 100 members of the UN passed UNGA resolution 68/262,
rejecting the "referendum" as baseless and invalid and confirming the sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity of
Ukraine. In mid-2014, Russia began supplying proxies in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel driving an
armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government that continues to this day. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized Russian
proxy republics signed the Minsk Protocol and Memorandum in September 2014 to end the conflict. However, this agreement failed to stop the
fighting or find a political solution. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany
negotiated a follow-on Package of Measures in February 2015 to implement the Minsk agreements. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, the
unrecognized Russian proxy republics, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe also meet regularly to facilitate
implementation of the peace deal. More than 13,000 civilians have been killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in eastern
Ukraine.

Geography
Location

Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east

Geographic coordinates

49 00 N, 32 00 E

Map references

AsiaEurope

Area

total: 603,550 sq km - 6 puta veca od Srbije

land: 579,330 sq km

water: 24,220 sq km

note: approximately 43,133 sq km, or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-
third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts

country comparison to the world: 48

Area - comparative

almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries

total: 5,581 km

border countries (7): Belarus 1111 km, Hungary 128 km, Moldova 1202 km, Poland 498 km, Romania 601 km, Russia 1944 km, Slovakia 97
km

Coastline

2,782 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,
lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the
country, hot in the south

Terrain
mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean
Peninsula

Elevation
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 175 m

Natural resources
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land

Land use
agricultural land: 71.2% (2018 est.)

arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 16.8% (2018 est.)

other: 12% (2018 est.)

People and Society

Population

43,745,640 (July 2021 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

Nationality

noun: Ukrainian(s)

adjective: Ukrainian

Ethnic groups

Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%,
Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)

Languages

Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-
speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.)

note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's
population to be given the status of "regional language" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was
unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language

Religions

Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (osnovana 2018) (OCU) and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)),
Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)

note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox 78%, but many do
not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek
Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total
population

Age structure

0-14 years: 16.16% (male 3,658,127/female 3,438,887)

15-24 years: 9.28% (male 2,087,185/female 1,987,758)

25-54 years: 43.66% (male 9,456,905/female 9,718,758)

55-64 years: 13.87% (male 2,630,329/female 3,463,851)

65 years and over: 17.03% (male 2,523,600/female 4,957,539) (2020 est.)

Major urban areas - population

3.001 million KYIV (capital), 1.426 million Kharkiv (Harkov), 1.009 million Odesa, 952,000 Dnipropetrovsk, 899,000 Donetsk (2021)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 73.18 years

male: 68.51 years

female: 78.15 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.56 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 15.4%

male: 15.5%

female: 15.3% (2019 est.)

Government
Country name
conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Ukraine

local long form: none

local short form: Ukraina

former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

etymology: name derives from the Old East Slavic word "ukraina" meaning "borderland or march (militarized border region)" and began to be
used extensively in the 19th century; originally Ukrainians referred to themselves as Rusyny (Rusyns, Ruthenians, or Ruthenes), an endonym
derived from the medieval Rus state (Kyivan Rus)

Government type
semi-presidential republic
Capital
name: Kyiv (Kiev)

geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

note: pronounced KAY-yiv

etymology: the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary
founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him

National symbol(s)
tryzub (trident); national colors: blue, yellow

Flag description
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky

Economy
Economic overview

After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the
output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil accounted for more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided
substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment
such as large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.

Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization,
but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by
1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope
of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law,
bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite
political turmoil between the prime minister and president. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic
performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on
its naval base in Crimea.

Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2013 but remained behind peers in the region and among Europe’s poorest.
After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine’s economy fell into crisis because of
Russia’s annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in
GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. The international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian
economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $17.5 billion, of which Ukraine has received four disbursements, most recently in
April 2017, bringing the total disbursed as of that date to approximately $8.4 billion. Ukraine has made progress on reforms designed to make the
country prosperous, democratic, and transparent, including creation of a national anti-corruption agency, overhaul of the banking sector,
establishment of a transparent VAT refund system, and increased transparency in government procurement. But more improvements are needed,
including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, improving the business environment to attract foreign investment, privatizing state-
owned enterprises, and land reform. The fifth tranche of the IMF program, valued at $1.9 billion, was delayed in mid-2017 due to lack of
progress on outstanding reforms, including adjustment of gas tariffs to import parity levels and adoption of legislation establishing an
independent anti-corruption court.

Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and ongoing Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a
major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, the economy contracted by 6.6% in 2014 and by 9.8% in 2015, but it
returned to low growth in in 2016 and 2017, reaching 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively, as key reforms took hold. Ukraine also redirected trade
activity towards the EU following the implementation of a bilateral Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, displacing Russia as its
largest trading partner. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraine’s key
industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in
September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond.

Agricultural products
maize, wheat, potatoes, sunflower seed, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, tomatoes

Industries
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, food processing

Unemployment rate

8.89% (2019 est.)

9.42% (2018 est.)

Exports - partners
Russia 9%, China 8%, Germany 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)

Exports - commodities
corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)

Military service age and obligation

conscription abolished in 2012, but reintroduced in 2014; 20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12
months (2019)
Kijev
Zlatna kapija -
Златна капија у Кијеву (укр. Золоті ворота, Zoloti vorota) била је главна капија тврђаве из 11. века у Кијеву, главном граду Кијевске Русије.
Име је добила по Златној капији Цариграда. Конструкција је демонтирана у средњем веку, остављајући мало трагова свог постојања.
Совјетске власти су је потпуно обновиле 1982. године, иако није сачувана ниједна слика оригиналне капије. Одлука је била веома
контраверзна јер је постојало много претпоставки како би оригинална капија могла изгледати.[1]

Историја
Модерна историја прихвата овај улаз као један од три који је конструисао Јарослав Мудри. Златна капија саграђена је од 1037 (6545.
по византијском календару), отприлике у исто време када је подигнут Саборни храм Свете Софије. Прича о старијој грађевини која је
представљена на слици Јана Матејка, и која представља пољскогкраља Болеслава I који удара Златна врата својим мачем током
интервенције у кризи наследства у Кијеву 1018. године, сада се сматра легендом. Првобитно названа једноставно Јужна капија, била је један
од три главна улаза у град који је имао зидине, заједно са Ладским и Жидивским (пољским и јеврејским) вратима.[2] Ова два улаза нису
преживела. Камена утврђења протезала су се у дужини од само 3,5 км. Утврђивање Старог Кијева (Горњег града) протезало се од Јужне
капије до данашњег Трга независности, где су била Лехитска (Ладска) врата.[3] Одатле је шанац следио садашњу Костилску улицу,
обуватајући манастир Светог Михаила и настављајући данашњом Житомирском улицом према Јеврејској капији (на Тргу Лавов). Одатле се
утврђење пружало садашњом улицом Јарославива Вала назад до Јужне капије.[4]

Касније је Јужна капија постала позната као Кијевска велика капија. Након што је уз капију саграђена Црква Благовести, њене златне куполе
постале су истакнута знаменитост лако видљива изван града. Од тада, капија се назива Златна капија Кијева. Пролаз кроз капију био је висок
око 40 и широк 20 стопа. Скоро пола миленијума служио је као Тријумфални лук града, истакнути симбол Кијева. Наводно је била
направљена по узору на Златна врата Цариграда. Касније је слично име је добила и капија града Владимира где је један од Мономакиних
потомака, Андреј Богољубски, основао своју државу, Велико војводство Владимир. 1240. године капија је делимично уништена од
стране Златне Хорде Бату-Кана.[5] Монголи су продрли унутар града преко слабије, Ладске капије, и уништили су Златну капију изнутра.
Остала је као капија града (која се често користила за церемоније) током 18. века, иако се постепено урушавала.

1832. митрополит Еугениј је ископавао рушевине и тада је извршено прво истраживање ради очувања капије. Средином 18. века одлучено је
да се капија затрпа земљом, јер се сматрало да није прикладна за рестаурацију. Само 80 година касније, захваљујући марљивости археолога
аматера К.Лохвитског, са Златне капије је склоњена земља и делимично је обновљена.[6] Каснијим радовима 1970-их додат је павиљон, у
коме је смештен музеј капије. У музеју се посетиоци могу упознати са историјом изградње Златне капије као и древног Кијева.

1982. капија је у потпуности реконструисана за 1500-ту годишњицу Кијева, иако је то било доведено у питање. Неки историчари уметности
захтевали су да се та реконструисана капија сруши и да се остаци оригиналних капија изложе јавности.[тражи се извор]

1989. године, ширењем кијевског метроа, у близини је отворена станица Золоти Ворота. Његова архитектонска целина заснована је на
унутрашњој декорацији древних руских цркава. Ако се иде по станици у смеру казаљке на сату, јасно се може видети читава историја древног
града.[7]

1997. године бронзани споменик Јарославу Мудром откривен је у близини западне стране Златне капије.

Црква изнад пролаза

Поред тога што се у хроникама помиње изградња цркве изнад пролаза Златне капије, помиње се и у „Речи закона и милости“ Златне капије,
митрополита Илариона[8].

Црква при Капији служила је "небеској заштити града"[9], али је била и редовна црква - људи су тамо долазили да се моле[10].

Звоник је репродукован у облику тробродног храма са једном куполом на четири стуба. У архитектонском уређењу фасада коришћени су
украси од опеке, типични за древне грађевине тога доба. Под цркве је украшен мозаиком, чија се слика заснива на дизајну старог
пода Саборног храма Свете Софије у Кијеву.

Saborni hram Svete Sofije Kijev

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JX_kzXhN11c&ab_channel=UATVEnglish

Саборни храм Свете Софије или Софијски сабор (укр. Собор Святої Софії, Софійський собор) у Кијеву је изванредан архитектонски
споменик из раздобља Кијевске Русије, највећа знаменитост града Кијева и први споменик из Украјине који је уписан на Унесков списак места
Светске баштине у Европи, заједно с оближњим посебним манастирским комплексом Кијевско-печерска лавра.

Istorija crkve
Градња храма св. Софије започета је 1011. године у време кијевског кнеза Владимира Великог који је 988. прихватио хришћанство као
службену религију Кијевске Русије. Храм је завршен након 1037. године, за време владавине кијевског кнеза Јарослава Мудрог, познатијег
као великог градитеља цркви. Храм св. Софије име је добио по својој нешто познатијој истоименој изворној верзији у Константинопољу Аја
Софији (грчки за "Црква свете мудрости").[2] Храм је првобитно био маузолеј Кијевских владара те су ту поред кнеза Јарослава
Мудрог сахрањени и Владимир Мономах и Всеволод I Јарославич.

Након што је Андреј Богољубски, кнез Владимир-Суздаља, опустошио Кијев 1169. године,[3] и потом Татари 1240. године, храм је у великој
мери оштећен. Након Брестовске црквене уније 1596. године, храм је припао Украјинској гркокатоличкој цркви, али га је већ 1633. године
преузео новоименовани кијевски православни метрополит молдавског порекла Петар Могила.[4] Он је наручио опсежну обнову која је
најочигледнија на горњим деловима храма које је извео италијански архитекта Октавиано Мансини у препознатљивом стилу
украјинског барока који је мешавина италијанског барока и византијске архитектуре. Радови на њему су извођени и током
напада козачког хетмана Ивана Мазепе, те је 1740. године довршен у данашњем изгледу.[5]

Током совјетске власти, у духу антивјерског покрета 1920-их година, украјинска совјетско-комунистичка влада је планирала срушити храм
како би се на његовом месту подигао "Парк хероја Перекопа" како би се прославила победа Црвене армије на Криму. Храм су спасили
научници и историчари, али су совјетске власти ипак 1934. године конфисковале сву имовину, а храм претворили у Музеј историје.

Крајем 1980-их покренуо се поступак враћања храма црквеним властима, али због сукоба Гркокатоличке и Украјинске православне цркве које
су обе полагале право на њега, то је одложено. Једно време је православним црквама било дозвољено обављање верских обреда у
посебним данима, али након покушаја сахране патријарха украјинске православне цркве, Володимира, 1995. године, што је изазвало крваве
протесте, црква је затворена за верске обреде. Данас је само Музеј хришћанства, а већина њених посетиоца су туристи.

Manastir sv Mihaila - sa zlatnim kupolama

Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery (Михайлівський Золотоверхий монастир; Mykhailivskyi Zolotoverkhyi
manastyr).(Photos: Saint Michael's Monastery before demolition ; restored Saint Michael's Monastery .) An Orthodox
men's monastery  in Kyiv . Little is known about its early history. In the 1050s Prince  Iziaslav Yaroslavych  built Saint
Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the old upper city of Kyiv, near Saint Sophia Cathedral . In 1108–13 his son, Sviatopolk
II Iziaslavych , built a church at the monastery dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel . The monastery probably came under
the control of the Kyivan Cave Monastery  ca 1128; it was mostly destroyed during the Tatar  invasion of 1240 and ceased to
exist.
Written records confirm that the monastery  was reopened by 1496. Soon afterward it began to be known
as Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, its name being taken from the church built by Sviatopolk II
Iziaslavych  (although historians are not certain which church survived the Tatar  invasion, Saint Demetrius's or Saint
Michael's). Restored and enlarged over the 16th century, it gradually became one of the most popular and
wealthy monasteries  in Ukraine. In 1620 Yov Boretsky  made it the residence of the renewed Orthodox metropolitan  of Kyiv,
and in 1633 Isaia Kopynsky  was named supervisor (both men were buried there). It enjoyed the patronage of hetmans  and
other benefactors and acquired many valuable artifacts (including the relics of Saint Barbara , brought
to Kyiv  from Byzantium  in the 11th century and kept in a silver sepulcher donated by  Hetman  Ivan Mazepa , and
an iconostasis  funded by Hetman Ivan Skoropadsky ). Although most of the monastery's properties were secularized in the
late 18th century, in the 19th and 20th centuries as many as 240 monks  have lived there, and after 1800 it served as the
residence of the bishop  of Chernihiv  (who was also vicar of Kyiv). A precentor 's school was located there, and many
prominent composers (eg, Kyrylo Stetsenko  and Yakiv Yatsynevych) studied or taught at the school.
The main church of the monastery (built in either 1654–7 or 1108–13) was an important architectural  and cultural monument.
Originally it had three naves and three apses on the eastern side and was topped by a single large gilded cupola. It was
rebuilt in a baroque  style and expanded with a new façade and six additional cupolas in the 18th century. The most striking
elements of the interior were the 12th–century frescoes  (such as the Annunciation   fresco ) and mosaics  (such as
the Angel   mosaic ), probably done by Kyivan artisans (including perhaps Master Olimpii ). Although many of these were
destroyed in the 13th to 16th century, some—notably the mosaics of Saint Demetrius of Thessalonika, the Eucharist ,
and Archdeacon Stephen —survived and were partially restored in the late 19th century. Several other frescoes were restored
by Adrian Prakhov . Other buildings in the monastery complex included a bell tower and three residences and refectories.
Several Kyivan princes  were buried in the church, including Sviatopolk II Iziaslav.
After the Soviet seizure of power the monastery  was closed, and in 1936, during the Stalinist  antireligious campaign , the main
church was demolished by the authorities. (Photo: Ruins of Saint Michael's Church, 1936 .) Before the church's demolition,
some of its art  works were removed and deposited in the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow  or stored at the Saint Sophia
Cathedral . The items at the cathedral were seized by the Nazis during the  Second World War  and taken to Germany. There
they fell into American hands at the end of the war and were ‘returned’ to Moscow. The reconstruction of the Saint Michael’s
Church began on 24 May 1997. It was offi cially opened on 30 May 1999 (photo: restored Saint Michael's Church ), but the
interior decorations, mosaics , and frescoes  were not completed until 2000. Subsequently (2001 and 2004), 18 of 29 art pieces
in Moscow  from the original church were returned after years of discussion. The monastery was offi cially ceded to
the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kyiv Patriarchate .

Spomenik Princezi Olgi

http://www.ukrainatour.com/en/as/knyagynya-olga
http://kiev-assist.com/princess-olga-female-ruler-of-kiev-rus

Odlican - https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0pQv8nUHkUI&ab_channel=BiographicsBiographicsVerified

Zastitnik ukrajine Sveti Andrej Apostol -

Andrew - the first disciple of Christ, the patron saint of Ukraine. Legend has it that he preached in the
lands of Rus. Once, before reaching a mountain, he placed a cross and prophesied great glory the city
which arises at this point. Later, there was formed the city of Kiev - Ukraine`s heart.

Duga -

People’s Friendship Arch: History and Controversy

The People’s Friendship Arch opened in 1982. That date coincided with three important dates in Ukrainian and Soviet history: the
60th anniversary of the USSR, the 65th anniversary of the October Revolution, and the 1500th anniversary of Kyiv’s founding. The
complex opened with much fanfare with the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Volodymyr
Shcherbytskyi directing ceremonies.

The monumental complex comprises a massive titanium arch fifty meters in diameter as well as the bronze statue of the two men
and a granite stele (standing stone slab). There is amphitheater seating built into the hillside facing the arch and an observation deck
behind it that overlooks the city. In 2019, a massive pedestrian bridge linking the complex to the nearby Saint Volodymyr Hill Park
Complex was completed.

The bronze statue depicts Ukrainian and Russian workers holding hands, together lofting the Soviet Order of Friendship of Peoples.
This order was awarded to people, organizations, military units, and divisions of the USSR responsible for “strengthening inter-ethnic
and international friendship and cooperation.” The granite stele features a relief of Ukrainian leader Bogdan Khmelnytsky and
Russian ambassador Vasyl Buturlin at the Pereyaslav Council of 1654. In Russian historiography, the Pereyaslav Council is regarded
triumphantly as marking the unification of Ukraine with Russia. Some Ukrainians, however, view the event more morosely as the
moment when Ukraine lost its independence.

The controversy has manifested in popular nicknames for the People’s Friendship Arch, which humorously refer to the rounded
shape as “The Bagel” or “Monument to the Cyclist” – both of which would seem to refer to it as broken, as the arch is an incomplete
circle. Nationalists sometimes refer to it as “The Yoke,” directly associating it with repression and occupation, similarly to the
“Mongol Yoke,” the name often used in Russian historiography for that period in which Russia was part of the Mongol Empire.

više - https://museumstudiesabroad.org/kyiv-peoples-friendship-arch-history-controversy/

Muzej vode

Marinski Palata
This beautiful two-story palace, formerly known as Tsarsky, It is located next to the building of the Verkhovna Rada and is a ceremonial
residence of the President of Ukraine, as well as a com home chimeras.
The palace in the Tsar's Garden (now the Parque Mariinsky) It was commissioned by Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in 1744 and built by 8 years.
The building design was developed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who also designed the Church of St. Andrew. Unfortunately, the client did not have
time to visit the palace, since the early predictors of the seven-year war with the Swedes began to appear.
In the early eighteenth century, the palace of the czar was burned as a result of a series of fires. Half a century later, in 1870, Alexander II
instructed to rebuild the palace, doing the old plans and schemes. After restoration, it was renamed the Mariinsky in honor of the Empress
Maria Alexandrovna. Upon your request, the south side of the palace there was a large park. The palace served as a residence for visiting
members of the imperial family in Kiev for the sad events of 1917, when the revolution ended.

Before the Great Patriotic War, the palace was a military headquarters, school, Museum, but most of the time – it was empty. After the war it
became clear that the building was badly damaged and it was decided to rebuild it, what was done before 1950. Unfortunately, Soviet restorers
committed many blunders (for example, completely removed the walls in some rooms), which resulted in the interior of the authenticity of loss.
Another major reconstruction in the late 1980, Also in the Soviet Union, though not leave the palace collapses, but still less left of the original
plans of Rastrelli.

From 2015, the Mariinsky Palace is undergoing another rebuilding, which occurs at a very slow pace due to lack of funding. The estimated cost
of the work is 367 million to 400 million hryvnia. As a result, the terms of the completion of the reconstruction were transferred from 2010 for
December 2015. They promise that again there will be guided tours.

In the century 18, Colombian coca and pineapple growing in the Tsar's garden.

Maidan Nezalezhnosti - Trg nezavisnosti

Monument of Kiev founders - Ladya, Kiev
In keeping with its name, the Ladya (boat) monument features a boat with the figures of three brothers - Kyi, Schek and Khoryv -
and their sister Lybid, who are believed to be the founders of the city of Kiev. According to a legend, each of the four siblings had
their own settlements, which eventually merged into one, named after the oldest of the brothers, Kyi.

Located on the banks of the river Dnieper, near the Dnipro metro station, the monument was inaugurated on the 1500th anniversary
of the Ukrainian capital, in 1981.

The sculptural composition, officially known as the “Hovering Swan”, was created by Vasiliy Boroday and Nicolay Feshenko, and
was made entirely of hammered cooper. The composition appears as if emerging from a granite pool, which creates an illusion of a
boat sliding over a calm sea.

Aside from its historical importance, the monument also has a romantic meaning. Ukrainian brides come here on their wedding day
and throw bouquets over their heads in the direction of the boat, while standing with their backs to it. The idea is to have the
bouquet land inside of the boat, as a sign of a family's future happiness. Also, near the Ladya grows a “marriage” tree upon which
the brides tie ribbons for a happy life and beautiful and healthy children.

In 2010, the statue was partially damaged, but restored quickly, just in time for the Independence Day celebration.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv

Kuća himera - Gorodetskiy house

The House with Chimeras is one of the most impressive buildings in Kiev. It is located at the
following address: Rua Bankivska, 10, near the Presidential Administration. The house was built
between 1901-1902 No. estilo Art Nouveau, the Polish-born architect, Vladislav Gorodetsky.
This land was originally unsuitable for construction, because the area was swampy and mobile
ground, but in record time, the house was completely built with concrete and cement.

Concrete at that time was a new and rare material, only rich people could buy. The architect
was one of those Gorodetskiy, then he not only used this materal in your own home, but also in
various decorations' 'the outside world'. To show that the cement is able, the facade of the
building was lavishly decorated with chimeras pictures, fabulous mythical creatures. It also
depicts mermaids, giant frogs and lilies, rhinos, antelopes, and elephants whose trunks serve as
a trough during the rains.
It is less surprising in the house. On the stairs there is a ba lamp shaped like a giant catfish, the stucco on the ceiling depicts a ship with the
participation of a large octopus, and the sides of the marble stairs there enchanted birds.

Gorodetskiy was an enthusiastic hunter, this was a hobby that led him to think about creating such unusual interior.

At first, It decided that the apartments in this region would be leased and brought to the income Gorodetskiy, However, there were few rich
people in Kiev and only some of these apartments have been delivered. Today, the building belongs to the presidential administration and
serves for the reception of foreign delegations.

AR NUVO

Krstarenje

Dnjepar
Дњепар (рус. Днепр, укр. Дніпро, блр. Дняпро) река је у источној Европи која извире у Русији, тече кроз Белорусију, а у Украјини се улива
у Црно море. Трећа је по величини европска река (после Волге и Дунава) с дужином од 2285 km.

Међу првима, Дњепар спомиње старогрчки историчар Херодот (5. век пре Христа) под именом Бористен (у дословном преводу са старогрчког
„онај што тече са севера“). Римски историчар називају ову реку Данаприс док је за време Кијевске Русије међу Словенима био познат као
Славутич.

Дњепар извире у Валдајском горју у западној Русији и наставља кроз степска подручја Белорусије. 115 km свога тока чини природну границу
између Белорусије и Украјине кроз коју наставља свој пут према Црном мору, у које утиче делтским ушћем. Дуж тока реке изграђен је низ
хидроелектрана (Кијевска, Каневска, Кременчугска, Cредњодњепровска, Дњепрогес, Каховска и Дњепрогес II), а последњих 800 km пре
уливања у Црно море, сачињавају ланци неколико акумулационих језера насталих њиховом изградњом. Електране на Дњепру производе
енергију која покрива 10% потреба целе Украјине.

Плован је 1990 km од ушћа. Местимично се пловидба одвија бочним каналима. Тим пловним каналима Дњепар је повезан са Западном
Двином, Њеменом, Западним Бугом који га спајају с Балтиком. Залеђен је од децембра до марта или априла.

bitka na dnjepru

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEcjkDi-iYk&ab_channel=ThePacifist

Mostovi

2. Černobilj
Чернобиљска катастрофа је нуклеарна несрећа која се догодила 26. априла 1986. у нуклеарној електрани Лењин у близини
града Припјат у Украјини.[1] Сматра се да је то највећа еколошка катастрофа у историји нуклеарне енергије.

Електрана се састојала од 4 реактора типа РБМК-1000, сваки реактор је производио 1 гигават електричне енергије, а сва четири реактора су
заједно производили око 10% укупне електричне енергије трошене у Украјини. Прва експлозија на четвртом реактору је проузроковала даље
експлозије које су праћене ослобађањем велике количине радиоактивног отпада у атмосферу. Радиоактивни облаци прекрили су готово
целу Европу. Из области је евакуисано преко 100.000 становника. Припјат је данас напуштен и налази се у центру забрањене зоне.
Нуклеарна електрана је затворена 15. децембра 2000.

http://www.chernobylgallery.com/chernobyl-disaster/what-is-chernobyl/

3. Kijevsko Pečerska lavra

 

The Holy Dormition Kiev-Caves (“Kiev-Pechersk”) Lavra is the first and the most ancient monastery on the territory of contemporary Ukraine.
At present, only three monasteries are endowed with the status of  “lavra” and all are consecrated in honour of the Dormition of the Most
Holy Theotokos, they are:  Kiev-Caves Lavra, the Pochayiv Lavra and the Holy Mountains (“Svyatogorsk”) Lavra. This bears witness of the
special veneration of the Most Holy Mother of God by our Orthodox people and is a testimony of the close ties between the monasticism of
Kievan Rus  and the ancient skete of the Dormition  on Mount Athos.
The monastery was founded in the mid-11th century by the venerable Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves (of “Pechersk”). The
incorruptible relics of more than 120 saints currently rest in peace in the caves of the monastery. Some of the saints (“God-pleasers”) are
known all over the world such as  venerable Nestor the Chronicler, the venerable Ilya of Murom (his amazing feats of strength continue to be
recounted in folk tales. He wasn’t a fictitious fairy-tale character but a real-life  bogatyr-warrior, who actually existed and who later on took 
monastic vows) and the venerable Agapit of the Caves, the unmercenary  physician. For over a millennium, innumerable miracles and
healings have occurred as a result of the many prayers that have been said to all the venerable fathers of the Kiev-Caves.
The holy relics of the very founders of the cradle of monasticism in Rus, the venerable Saints Anthony and Theodosius, according to Divine
Providence, are also to be found  in the Kiev-caves, out of sight in a secret crypt to be revealed at a preordained  time. All the saints glorified
by their  spiritual deeds (“podvigs”) and who now lay at rest in the Kiev-Caves Lavra,  still offer succor in their holy prayers at the Throne of
God, for those of us coming to them with our sorrows, hardships, and pleas for aid.
The territory of the Kiev-Caves monastery occupies over twenty hectares and is located in the very heart of Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, which
since the 11th century according to the “Primary Chronicle” (the work of venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves) has been known
as “the mother of all the cities of Rus”.  The Lavra complex has over a hundred  buildings, including numerous churches. On Sundays, up to
ten Divine Liturgies are celebrated. While on weekdays,  divine services are permanently celebrated throughout the many churches. Six
ancient underground churches are located in the Far and Near Caves of the Monastery.
At present, unfortunately, the most ancient monastery of Rus remains separated into two parts –  the so-called Lower and Upper Lavras. The
caves and the active monastery are located in the Lower Lavra whilst the Upper Lavra is currently under the authority of the Ministry of
Culture of Ukraine and is known as the National Historical and Cultural Preserve. The brethren of the monastery regularly celebrate divine
services both in the Refectory Church of the Venerable Saints Anthony and Theodosius and also in the main church, which is the Dormition
Cathedral (at the Upper Lavra).
Situated within the walls of the Kiev-Caves Lavra, is the Kiev Theological Seminary, which was resurrected in 1989, whilst the Kiev
Theological Academy has been in operation since 1992. Its building was  earlier located in one of the districts of the capital, Podol (Podil),
where the most famous secular institute of higher education, the National University of Kiev Mohyla Academy now resides.
The residence of the Primate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the Synodal Departments are located on the territory of the active Kiev-
Caves monastery, His Beatitude Metropolitan of Kiev and All Ukraine is the ruling archimandrite of the Holy Dormition Kiev-Caves Lavra.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVX7lWV5RHM&ab_channel=UATVEnglish

Istorija - https://lavra.ua/en/history/lavra-in-the-christian-history/

Motherland statue

admission tickets to the observation deck of the Mother Motherland Statue (optional visit):

Ulaz u muzej 50 UAH 36-meter point – 100 UAH/person; 91-meter point – 300 UAH/person
(minimum age 18) Karantin

Obilazak tenkova 30 UAH

4.Odesa

Odessa or Odesa is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and
transport hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. It is also the administrative
center of the Odessa Raion and Odessa Oblast, as well a multiethnic cultural center. Odessa is
sometimes called the "pearl of the Black Sea",[3] the "South Capital" (under the Russian
Empire and Soviet Union), and "Southern Palmyra".
Before the Tsarist establishment of Odessa, an ancient Greek settlement existed at its location. A
more recent Tatar settlement was also founded at the location by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea in
1440 that was named after him as Hacibey (or Khadjibey).[4] After a period of Lithuanian Grand
Duchy control, Hacibey and surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottomans in 1529 and
remained there until the empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792.
In 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great.
From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free port—a porto-franco. During the Soviet period, it was the
most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000, the
Quarantine Pier at Odessa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic
zone for a period of 25 years.
During the 19th century, Odessa was the fourth largest city of Imperial Russia, after Moscow, Saint
Petersburg and Warsaw.[5] Its historical architecture has a style more Mediterranean than Russian,
having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of
different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.[6]
Odessa is a warm-water port. The city of Odessa hosts both the Port of Odessa and Port Yuzhne, a
significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in
the same oblast, to the south-west of Odessa. Together they represent a major transport
hub integrating with railways. Odessa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to
Russian and European networks by strategic pipelines. Current population is 1,017,699 (2020 est.)[7]

https://kids.kiddle.co/Odesa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa

Sestrinski grad sa Djenovom

In the Odessa Archaeological Museum is stored the gold coin of Prince Vladymir – the first gold coin of Kyivan Rus,
minted at the end of XX beginning of XI century.

There are only 11 in the world:

Opsada Odese
The siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defence of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase
of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Odessa was a port on the Black Sea in the Ukrainian SSR. On 22 June 1941, the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union. In August, Odessa became a
target of the Romanian 4th Army and elements of the German 11th Army. Due to the heavy resistance of the Soviet 9th Independent Army and the
rapidly formed Separate Coastal Army, supported by the Black Sea Fleet, it took the Axis forces 73 days of siege and four assaults to take the city.
Romanian forces suffered 93,000 casualties, against Red Army casualties estimated to be between 41,000 and 60,000.[5]

Masakr jevreja u Odesi

The Odessa massacre was the mass murder of the Jewish population of Odessa and surrounding towns in the Transnistria Governorate during the
autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 while it was under Romanian control.

Depending on the accepted terms of reference and scope, the Odessa massacre refers either to the events of October 22–24, 1941 in which some
25,000 to 34,000 Jews were shot or burned, or to the murder of well over 100,000 Ukrainian Jews in the town and the areas between
the Dniester and Bug rivers, during the Romanian and German occupation.

Before the war, Odessa had a large Jewish population of approximately 200,000, or 30% of the city's total population. By the time the Romanians had
taken the city, between 80,000 and 90,000 Jews remained, the rest having fled or been evacuated by the Soviets. As the massacres occurred, Jews
from surrounding villages were concentrated in Odessa and Romanian concentration camps set up in the surrounding areas.

On October 16, following a two-month siege, the Germans and Romanians captured Odessa.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIP9xCfJ3Lw&ab_channel=StateofNations - odlican kratak

Pozorišni trg
Operska kuća

bulevar Primorski

Potemkinove stepenice

The Potemkin Stairs, or Potemkin Steps (Ukrainian: Потьомкінські сходи, Potj'omkins'ky

Skhody, Russian: Потёмкинская лестница, Potyomkinskaya Lestnitsa), is a giant stairway
in Odessa, Ukraine. The stairs are considered a formal entrance into the city from the direction of the
sea and are the best known symbol of Odessa[1] The stairs were originally known as the Boulevard
steps, the Giant Staircase,[3] or the Richelieu steps.[4][5][6][7] The top step is 12.5 meters (41 feet) wide,
and the lowest step is 21.7 meters (70.8 feet) wide. The staircase extends for 142 meters, but it
gives the illusion of greater length.[8][9][10][11]

https://www.enjoyukraine.info/article/Duke-de-Richelieu.html

Odeska luka

Deribasovska ulica

drvo ljubavi

Francuski bulevar

Arkadija

5.Nerubazskoe

tesko sranje

6.Akerman

Dekomunizacija ukrajine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommunization_in_Ukraine

Poljsko Litvanski Komonvelt 1569–1795

Krimski Tatari

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars

Judmila Pavličenko

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjHkik2cYMQ&ab_channel=BiographicsBiographics
187 ubistava za vreme nacisticke okupacije odese

70 u sevastopolju

36 snajpova skinula

309 ukupno

Crno more

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyd0sW0Wu0w&ab_channel=EuropeanSpaceAgency%2CESA

Ukrajinska Glad 1933- HOLODOMOR

Nastanak Kijevsog Rusa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3CvfrmHpt4&ab_channel=KingsandGenerals

https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-ec/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8

Dinastija Rurik

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurik_dynasty

https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-ec/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8

Prvi tekst gde se pominju

Повест минулих лета[1] (стсл. Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; рус. Пóвесть временных

лет; укр. Пóвість временних літ) је најстарији руски летопис, настајао је крајем XI и
почетком XII века у Печерском манастиру код Кијева. Познат и као Примарна
хроника или Несторова хроника, по писцу летописа, монаху Нестору.

Dobar klip istorija

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DDlr2s8uMI

Srpski gradovi u ukrajini

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT-QIQlyREk&ab_channel=OzbiljneTeme

Славеносрбија било је подручје у Руској Империји, административна област која је

постојала од 1753. до 1764. године, на десној обали реке Доњец (између ушћа
река Бахмут (ru) и Лугањ (ru)).
Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Opšte info
1e - 32 hrivnje

Zanimljivosti

7 uneskovih mesta svetske bastine

1. Crkva sv Sofije u Kijevu i Lavra

2.Prašuma

Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
This transboundary property stretches over 12 countries. Since the end of the last Ice Age, European
Beech spread from a few isolated refuge areas in the Alps, Carpathians, Dinarides, Mediterranean and
Pyrenees over a short period of a few thousand years in a process that is still ongoing. The successful
expansion across a whole continent is related to the tree’s adaptability and tolerance of different climatic,
geographical and physical conditions.

3. Lviv grad

L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre

The city of L''viv, founded in the late Middle Ages, was a flourishing administrative, religious and commercial centre for
several centuries. The medieval urban topography has been preserved virtually intact (in particular, there is evidence of the
different ethnic communities who lived there), along with many fine Baroque and later buildings.

4. Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans

The Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans represents a masterful synergy of architectural styles built by
Czech architect Josef Hlavka from 1864 to 1882. The property, an outstanding example of 19th-century historicist
architecture, also includes a seminary and monastery and is dominated by the domed, cruciform Seminary Church with a
garden and park. The complex expresses architectural and cultural influences from the Byzantine period onward and
embodies the powerful presence of the Orthodox Church during Habsburg rule, reflecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire
policy of religious tolerance.
5. Struve Geodetic Arc
The Struve Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black
Sea, through 10 countries and over 2,820 km. These are points of a survey, carried out between 1816
and 1855 by the astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, which represented the first accurate
measuring of a long segment of a meridian. This helped to establish the exact size and shape of the
planet and marked an important step in the development of earth sciences and topographic mapping. It is
an extraordinary example of scientific collaboration among scientists from different countries, and of
collaboration between monarchs for a scientific cause. The original arc consisted of 258 main triangles
with 265 main station points. The listed site includes 34 of the original station points, with different
markings, i.e. a drilled hole in rock, iron cross, cairns, or built obelisks.
6. Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine
Situated in the eastern fringe of Central Europe, the transnational property numbers a selection of
sixteen tserkvas (churches). They were built of horizontal wooden logs between the 16th and 19th centuries by communities of
Orthodox and Greek Catholic faiths. The tserkvas bear testimony to a distinct building tradition rooted in Orthodox
ecclesiastic design interwoven with elements of local tradition, and symbolic references to their communities’
cosmogony.  The tserkvas are built on a tri-partite plan surmounted by open quadrilateral or octagonal domes and cupolas.
Integral to tserkvas are iconostasis screens, interior polychrome decorations, and other historic furnishings. Important
elements of some tserkvas include wooden bell towers, churchyards, gatehouses and graveyards.

7. Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora

The site features the remains of a city founded by Dorian Greeks in the 5th century BC on the northern shores of the Black
Sea. It encompasses six component sites with urban remains and agricultural lands divided into several hundreds of chora,
rectangular plots of equal size. The plots supported vineyards whose production was exported by the city which thrived until
the 15th century. The site features several public building complexes and residential neighbourhoods, as well as early
Christian monuments alongside remains from Stone and Bronze Age settlements; Roman and medieval tower fortifications
and water supply systems; and exceptionally well-preserved examples of vineyard planting and dividing walls. In the 3rd
century AD, the site was known as the most productive wine centre of the Black Sea and remained a hub of exchange
between the Greek, Roman and Byzantine Empires and populations north of the Black Sea. It is an outstanding example of
democratic land organization linked to an ancient polis, reflecting the city’s social organization.

6. na svetu po cirkanju alkohola 14litara godisnje

Prvi ustav ikada Ukraine was home to one of the world’s first ever constitutions, in the form of the Constitution of Pylyp
Orlyk, written by a Ukrainian Cossack in 1710. It established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in
government between the legislative, executive and judiciary branches, an idea perhaps made more famous by Montesquieu’s
Spirit of the Laws, which was published in 1748. 

Kozaci

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA
%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8

ustanak Bogdana Hmeljnickog

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_
%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BC
%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3

Hetmanat
1649–1764

Has

Chicken Kiev
 Salo

Bors

Zrazi- punjeni krompir

Varenjike

Uzvar cirka - kompot

Poljsko litvanski komonvelt 1569–1795

Mesta za obici
Besarabski market blizu hotela u Kijevu

Suveniri

Pysanky (Painted Wooden Eggs)

Ukrainian Matryoshka/Babushka

Motanky (Rag Dolls)

Ceramics

Vyshyvanka - viševanka

Himna

‘Shche ne vmerla Ukraina’, which translates into English as ‘Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished’.

Poznazi ukrajinci

 Mila Kunis. 14 August 1983. ...

 Milla Jovovich. 17 December 1975. ...
Klicko

Trocki

Restorani blizu hotela u Kijevu

Pervak

Musafir