The Essentials Mathematics Sba Handbook Glendon Steele

]HO OTTOA]BJ@
IJ]HOIJ]BDT
TEJ HJAMELLK
J C _ B M O F L U D T O D O X J I B A J] B L A
C@OAMLA T]OO@O
MOMBDJ]BLA
]hbs ellk bs mombdjtom tl iy Djrbeeoja Oxjibajtblas Dluadb` (DXD) L‒ @ovo`

Ijthoijtbds tojdhor, Ir. @`lym O``bltt, whl ijmo io fj`` ba `lvo wbth tho crojt suenodt,
Ijthoijtbds.
7:
JDKALS@OMCOIOA]
B wlu`m `bko tl thjak Ir. Ttovo Hlpo flr prllfrojmbac tho TEJ prlnodts prosoatom ba
thbs ellk jam lfforbac bavjùjeò jmvbdo jam supplrt. B wlu`m j`sl `bko tl thjak jam
jdkalwòmco tho wlrk lf Ibss Djambdo Ehjrjt ba prllfrojmbac tho ellk jam dlrrodtbac
tho Oac`bsh @jacujco. ]hjak ylu!
]hbs ellk dlu`m alt hjvo eooa dlipòtom wbthlut tho supplrt jam mombdjtbla lf Ibss
Rvotto Eost whl spoat ijay `lac hlurs rosojrdhbac, dl`òdtbac jam propjrbac ijtorbj`
flr tho TEJ prlnodts prosoatom ba thbs ellk. ]hjaks! ]hjaks! ]hjaks!
@jst`y, B wlu`m `bko tl thjak Ir. Kuijr Ujisbach flr j`wjys oadlurjcbac io tl wrbto iy
bmojs. ]hjaks flr eo`bovbac ba io.
75
WUOFJDO
B jttoamom j Ijthoijtbds Tdhll` Ejsom Jssossioat (TEJ) Slrkshlp jpprlxbijto`y

lao yojr jcl. Jt tho oam lf tho wlrkshlp, j auieor lf iy dl`òjcuos woro `lst,
dlafusom jam mbm alt sooi tl uamorstjam whjt j Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt shlu`m
oatjb`. Jt thjt ilioat, B stjrtom thbakbac lf wrbtbac ja TEJ cubmo thjt dja ho`p tho
stumoats jam tojdhors jt iy sdhll`. J fow ilaths `jtor ja bmoj strudk io, why alt
wrbto j Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt cubmo thjt dja wlrk flr j`` tojdhors jam stumoats whl
jro bavl`vom ba tho DTOD Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt< Jt thjt ilioat, tho dladopt lf thbs
ellk wjs dladobvom jam thjt wjs tho coaosbs lf thbs pue`bdjtbla.
]ho Ossoatbj` Ijthoijtbds TEJ Hjamellk> J Cubmo flr DTOD Oxjibajtbla, wjs
mosbcaom spodb﬊dj``y tl prlvbmo jssbstjado tl tojdhors jam stumoats whl jro propjrbac
flr tho AOS DTOD Ijthoijtbds Oxjibajtbla ba Ijy 57:8 jam eoylam. Bt tjkos tho
rojmor thrluch tho abao (2) sodtblas thjt dliprbso j DTOD Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt
jam wbth tho uso lf sbipò `jacujco, ojdh sodtbla bs oxp`jbaom ba motjb`.
J sjipò prlnodt bs usom tl oxp`jba ojdh sodtbla lf j prlnodt. ]hbs bs mlao ba lrmor thjt
stumoats soo oxjdt`y whjt bs roqubrom jt ojdh stjco lf j prlnodt. ]horo jro toa (:7) fu``y
wlrkom prlnodts badùmom ba tho ellk. ]hoso prlnodts woro wrbttoa js cubmos ba lrmor
tl moilastrjto tl stumoats hlw ojdh sodtbla lf ja TEJ Wrlnodt dja eo strudturom jam
wrbttoa js j roplrt. ]ho prlnodts woro batoatblaj``y wrbttoa ba lrmor tl stbiu`jto `bvo`y jam
iojabacfu` d`jssrlli mbsdussblas eotwooa tho stumoat jam tojdhbac elmbos. Jt tho
oam lf tho ellk, twoaty (57) mbfforoat roj`-wlr`m sdoajrbls jro prosoatom tlcothor wbth
succostom prlnodt tbtòs jbiom tl jssbst stumoats wbth tho dhlbdo lf rosojrdh tlpbds flr
ja TEJ Wrlnodt.
]ho ellk wjs wrbttoa ba lrmor tl mbsibss jay dlafusbla thjt tojdhors jam stumoats ijy
oxporboado wbth rospodt tl wrbtbac j DTOD Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt. Bt bs tho juthlr‒s
hlpo thjt tojdhors jam stumoats drbtbquo tho prlnodts prosoatom ba thbs ellk, jmm jam
suetrjdt whoro aodossjry, sl thjt ba tho oam stumoats prlmudo la thobr lwa, j wo``
rosojrdhom jam wrbttoa TEJ Wrlnodt thjt sjtbs﬊os tho roqubroioats lf tho Djrbeeoja
Oxjibajtbla Dluadb` (DXD).
Ml alt flrcot tl hjvo fua j`lac tho wjy.
CLLM@_DK!
74
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
Todtbla......................................................................................................Wjco Auieor
:. Mombdjtbla................................................................................................................:
5. Jdkalwòmcoioat ..................................................................................................5
4. Wrofjdo.....................................................................................................................4
=. ]jeò lf Dlatoats .....................................................................................................=
?. Hlw ]l _so ]hbs Ellk .............................................................................................?
6. Ujtblajò ..................................................................................................................6
3. Ttrudturo lf j DTOD Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt .......................................................8
8. Wrosoatjtbla lf :7 Slrkom Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodts .........................................57
• Wrlnodt Lao ........................................................................................................5:
• Wrlnodt ]wl .........................................................................................................43
• Wrlnodt ]hroo ......................................................................................................?5
• Wrlnodt Flur ........................................................................................................68
• Wrlnodt Fbvo.........................................................................................................85
• Wrlnodt Tbx ..........................................................................................................24
• Wrlnodt Tovoa ...................................................................................................:74
• Wrlnodt Obcht .....................................................................................................::6
• Wrlnodt Abao ......................................................................................................:47
• Wrlnodt ]oa ........................................................................................................:=3
2. 57 Bmojs flr j Ijthoijtbds TEJ wbth Tdoajrbls jam ]btòs ................................:66
:7. Uoforoados...........................................................................................................:36
7=
HLS ]L _TO ]HBT
ELLK
]hbs ellk wjs wrbttoa js j cubmo; tho dlatoats jro alt djst ba stlao. Bt bs tho juthlr‒s
wbsh thjt stumoats jam tojdhors cl thrluch ojdh prlnodt wbth drbtbdj` oyos, jaj`yzo
ojdh sodtbla jam mbsduss wjys ba whbdh ojdh sodtbla dja eo biprlvom lr rowrbttoa
ilro offodtbvo`y. Bt bs succostom thjt tojdhors j``ldjto twl (5) porblms por wook lvor
j sot porblm lf tbio ba lrmor tl moj` wbth TEJ bssuos. Murbac thoso porblms, stumoats
shlu`m eo oadlurjcom tl rojm jam jaj`yzo mbfforoat sodtblas lf tho prlnodts prosoatom
ba tho ellk. ]hoy dja eo jskom tl rowrbto j sodtbla wbth tho uso lf thobr lwa wlrms.
]ojdhors jam stumoats dja mbsduss wjys ba whbdh ojdh prlnodt dja eo rowrbttoa sl thjt
bt fj``s wbthba tho stbpu`jtom :777 wlrm cubmo`bao sot ey tho Djrbeeoja Oxjibajtblas
Dluadb` (DXD).
Ttumoats dja eo crlupom; ojdh crlup dja tjko j prlnodt jam mbsduss bt jilac tho
bambvbmuj`s ba thjt crlup. Jftor stumybac tho toa (:7) prlnodts, stumoats shlu`m eo
oadlurjcom tl cl tl tho oam lf tho ellk whoro thoro jro twoaty (57) plssbeò sdoajrbls
jam tbtòs frli whbdh thoy dja dhllso ba lrmor tl movo`lp thobr lwa prlnodts. Ttumoats
shlu`m j`sl eo cbvoa tho froomli tl dhllso jay roj`-wlr`m sbtujtbla thjt thoy wbsh tl
bavostbcjto flr ja TEJ Wrlnodt.
CLLM@_DK!
7?
UJ]BLAJ@O FLU TEJ
‐]ho crojt ellk lf ajturo dja la`y eo uamorstllm ey thlso whl

uamorstjam tho `jacujco ba whbdh bt bs sl wrbttoa jam thjt `jacujco bs
Ijthoijtbds.’ CJ@B@OL
Shoa Cj`bòl wrlto thoso prlfluam wlrms yojrs jcl, ho wjs trybac tl sjy tl us thjt
ajturo wjs cbvoa tl us wbth j ijauj` tl bts lporjtbla. Hlwovor, tho ijauj` bs wrbttoa ba j
sdboatb﬊d `jacujco dj`òm Ijthoijtbds whbdh iust eo uamorstllm bf wo wjat tl ua`ldk
tho iystorbos lf ajturo.
Ijthoijtbds bs tho `jacujco usom tl stumy tho prbadbpòs lf ajturo. Tbado ajturo
rovoj`s btso`f tl us thrluch pjttoras, Ijthoijtbds bs j `jacujco thjt stumbos j`` plssbeò
pjttoras. Wjttoras ioja, jay rocu`jrbtbos whbdh tho erjba dja rodlcabzo. Hoado, jay
stumy lf Ijthoijtbds shlu`m bavl`vo tho bavostbcjtbla lf pjttoras ba tho roj` wlr`m.
Shoa rocu`jrbtbos jam pjttoras jro stumbom, tho `jacujco lf Ijthoijtbds dja ho`p us
tl ostje`bsh ilmo`s whbdh dja thoa eo usom tl sl`vo ijay prleòis ba tho roj` wlr`m.
Hlwovor, trjmbtblaj``y,Ijthoijtbds bs tjucht frli toxtellks. Ttumoats jro thoa jssossom

ey jasworbac quostblas frli toxtellks oxordbsos, wlrkshoots jam oxjibajtbla pjpors.
Shoa tho suenodt bs prosoatom ba thbs wjy, stumoats jro coaorj``y dlafusom jam soo
Ijthoijtbds js j TO] lf ruòs tl eo òjrat ey rlto; thoy hjvo al bmoj lf hlw tl jpp`y
Ijthoijtbds ba roj`-`bfo sbtujtblas. Js sudh, thoy jsk tho quostbla, ‐Shy ml wo pursuo
Ijthoijtbds<’.
]ho Tdhll` Ejsom Jssossioat (TEJ) Wrlnodt bs ja oxdo`òat wjy tl `bak Ijthoijtbds
tl roj`-wlr`m ovoats jam ho`p stumoats tl jpp`y tho dladopts thjt hjvo eooa tjucht ba
tho d`jssrlli.
76
Wrlnodts ba Ijthoijtbds wb`` ho`p stumoats tl rodlcabzo thjt Ijthoijtbds bs j du`turj`
pursubt; bt bs j `jacujco thjt porvjmos ovory du`turo. Wrlnodts wb`` ho`p stumoats cjba tho
fl``lwbac skb``s>
:. rojm jam thbak drbtbdj``y

5. motodt ﬅjws ba jrcuioats
4. dlastrudt vbjeò jrcuioats
=. bmoatbfy rbsks
?. ijko `lcbdj` modbsblas

6. tost jaodmltj` ovbmoado flr ro`bjeb`bty
3. prl﬊dboady ba lrj` jam wrbttoa dliiuabdjtbla
Hoado, ja TEJ Wrlnodt wb`` ho`p stumoats tl jaswor tho quostbla, ‐Shoa ji B ovor clbac
tl uso Ijthoijtbds<’.
Ba rodoat yojrs, thoro hjs eooa j crlwbac rodlcabtbla thjt stumoats shlu`m òjra
Ijthoijtbds ba sudh j wjy thjt thoy dja soo bts roòvjado ba tho roj` wlr`m. ]ho
Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt hjs alw eodlio ja ossoatbj` pjrt lf tho DTOD Ty``jeus jam
dlastbtutos 57% lf tho ﬊aj` DTOD Oxjibajtbla.
]ho TEJ Wrlnodts roqubro tho stumoats tl>

:. Toòdt j prleòi flr rosojrdh frli tho roj` wlr`m.
5. Toòdt tho roòvjat Ijthoijtbds tlpbd frli jay pjrt lf tho sy``jeus ba lrmor tl
rosojrdh jam bavostbcjto tho dhlsoa prleòi.
4. Srbto j dòjr`y oxp`jbaom, `lcbdj` jam soquoadom prlnodt thjt sjtbs﬊os dortjba
cubmo`baos stbpu`jtom ey tho Djrbeeoja Oxjibajtblas Dluadb` (DXD).
73
T]U_D]_UO LF J
DTOD IJ]HOIJ]BDT
TEJ WULNOD]
Jftor ylu hjvo dhlsoa j Ijthoijtbds Wrlnodt tl rosojrdh, tho aoxt stop bs tl modbmo
hlw tho prlnodt shlu`m eo prosoatom. ]ho lenodtbvo lf tho Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt bs
tl sook ja jaswor tl j prleòi thjt wjs bmoatb﬊om jam tl coaorjto j wrbttoa roplrt la
tho ﬊ambacs lf tho bavostbcjtbla.
]hbs roplrt iust eo propjrom jam prosoatom ba j pjrtbdu`jr lrmor
]ho DTOD Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt dlasbsts lf sovoa (3) ijba sodtblas jam iust
eo prosoatom ba tho fl``lwbac lrmor>
TOD]BLA LF IJUKT J@DLJ]OM

]HO WULNOD] ER D.X.D.
:.
]btò
lf
Wrlnodt :
5.
Batrlmudtbla =
4.IothlmlfMjtjDl`òdtbla 5
=.WrosoatjtblalfMjtj ?
?.
Jaj`ysbs
lf
Mjtj 5
6.MbsdussblalfFbambacs 5
Dladùsbla
3. 5
]ltj` :8
]horo jro twl (5) ijrks thjt jro jwjrmom flr lvorj`` prosoatjtbla. ]horoflro, tho
ijxbiui ijrk thjt dja eo letjbaom flr tho Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt bs twoaty (57).
AE> ]horo jro twl lthor sue-sodtblas lf tho Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt thjt iust eo
prosoatom jt tho oam lf tho prlnodt. ]hoso jro>
:. tho Uoforoado
5. tho Jppoambx
]hoy jro dj`òm sue-sodtblas eodjuso ijrks jro alt jwjrmom flr thoso twl sodtblas.
78
]horoflro, j Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt hjs abao (2) mbfforoat sodtblas; sovoa (3) sodtblas
jro jwjrmom ijrks jam twl (5) sodtblas jro prosoatom flr dlipòtoaoss lf tho prlnodt
hlwovor, al ijrks wb`` eo jwjrmom flr thoi.
Eoflro wo dl`òdt mjtj flr j prlnodt, wo iust kalw flr whjt purplso wo jro dl`òdtbac
tho mjtj; whjt bs tho prleòi thjt wo wbsh tl sl`vo wbth tho mjtj< Hoado, tho ﬊rst stop
lf tho prlnodt bs tl bmoatbfy j rosojrdh prleòi thjt wo wlu`m `bko tl jaswor. Ba thbs babtbj`
stjco, tho suenodt tojdhor shlu`m p`jy ja batocrj` rlò ba jssbstbac tho stumoat tl bmoatbfy
sbipò roj`-wlr`m prleòis thjt dja eo sl`vom usbac ejsbd Ijthoijtbdj` todhabquos.
]ho abao (2) sodtblas lf j prlnodt jro lut`baom jam oxp`jbaom eo`lw. J sjipò prlnodt bs
usom tl oxp`jba ojdh sodtbla lf tho prlnodt.
CO]]BAC T]JU]OM
(@llkbac flr mjtj tl sl`vo j sbipò roj`-wlr`m prleòi)
TJIW@O WULNOD] EOCBAT>
@ot us supplso thjt j stumoat wjats tl motoribao tho òacth lf tbio thjt hbs/hor poors
spoam wjbtbac ba `bao flr sorvbdo jt tho sdhll`‒s djfotorbj murbac tho ùadh erojk. ]ho
stumoat wb`` hjvo tl dl`òdt qujatbtjtbvo mjtj ba lrmor tl bavostbcjto tho prleòi.
]ho prlnodt dja eo prosoatom js fl``lws>
TOD]BLA :> WULNOD] ]B]@O

]ho prlnodt tbtò bs j dòjr jam dliprohoasbvo stjtoioat thjt stjtos tho roj`-wlr`m
prleòi whbdh bs clbac tl eo bavostbcjtom lr oxp`jbaom. Bt to``s tho rojmor whjt tho
prlnodt bs jelut.
Flr oxjipò, ba thbs sjipò prlnodt tho prlnodt tbtò dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla ba lrmor tl motoribao tho òacth lf tbio stumoats spoam
wjbtbac ba `bao flr sorvbdo jt tho sdhll`‒s djfotorbj murbac tho ùadh erojk.’
TOD]BLA 5> BA]ULM_D]BLA

Ja batrlmudtbla bs j dòjr`y wrbttoa pjrjcrjph thjt batrlmudos tho rojmor tl tho prlnodt.
Bt shlu`m to`` tho rojmor why tho prlnodt wjs dhlsoa. Ba thbs sodtbla, tho stumoat iust
dòjr`y stjto tho lenodtbvo lf tho prlnodt.
]ho batrlmudtbla iust j`sl badùmo j ]jeò lf Dlatoats flr tho prlnodt.
]ho ]jeò lf Dlatoats to``s tho rojmor whoro tl ﬊am tho mbfforoat
sodtblas lf tho prlnodt.
72
Horo, tho stumoat shlu`m bmoatbfy tho pjco auieor la whbdh ojdh lao lf tho abao (2)
sodtblas lf tho prlnodt dja eo fluam. ]ho ]jeò lf Dlatoats shlu`m eo p`jdom jftor tho
hojmbac ‐Batrlmudtbla’ eut eoflro tho jdtuj` Batrlmudtbla bs wrbttoa.
Flr oxjipò,tho Batrlmudtbla flr tho sjipò TEJ Wrlnodt shlu`m eo prosoatom jsfl``lws>
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T>
Wrlnodt ]btò .................................................................................................Wjco auieor

Batrlmudtbla ...............................................................................................Wjco auieor
Iothlm lf Mjtj Dl`òdtbla .........................................................................Wjco auieor
Wrosoatjtbla lf Mjtj ...................................................................................Wjco auieor
Jaj`ysbs lf Mjtj..........................................................................................Wjco auieor
Mbsdussbla lf Fbambacs ...............................................................................Wjco auieor
Dladùsbla..................................................................................................Wjco auieor
Uoforoados .................................................................................................Wjco auieor
Jppoambx ....................................................................................................Wjco auieor
‐Ijay lf iy poors usuj``y jrrbvo `jto flr d`jssos jftor tho ùadh erojk. Shoa tojdhors
oaqubro jelut thbs hjebt, tho oxduso bs lftoatbios thjt tho stumoat spoat j `lac porblm
lf tbio wjbtbac ba `bao flr sorvbdo jt tho sdhll`‒s djfotorbj. ]hbs oxduso bs alt j`wjys
jddoptom ey tho tojdhors jam iy poors jro sliotbios puabshom. ]horoflro, B hjvo
modbmom tl ml ja bavostbcjtbla ba lrmor tl motoribao bf tho wjbtbac tbio flr sorvbdo bs js
`lac js bs roplrtom ey stumoats.’
TOD]BLA 4> IO]HLM LF MJ]J DL@@OD]BLA

]hbs bs j motjbòm mosdrbptbla thjt stjtos oxjdt`y hlw jam whoro tho mjtj flr j prlnodt
wjs dl`òdtom. Bt bs biplrtjat tl roioieor thjt tho rosojrdh bs sookbac tl jaswor j
prleòi thjt tho stumoat hjs bmoatb﬊om. Hoado, ba lrmor tl ho`p tho stumoat tl jaswor tho
rosojrdh prleòi, mjtj iust eo djrofu``y dl`òdtom jam stumbom. Mjtj dja eo dl`òdtom
ba j auieor lf mbfforoat wjys. ]ho pjrtbdu`jr iothlm dhlsoa flr mjtj dl`òdtbla wb`` vjry
jam mopoams la whjt typo lf mjtj tho stumoat bs `llkbac flr. ]ho fl``lwbac jro j fow
mbfforoat iothlms thjt dja eo usom tl dl`òdt mjtj>
(j) ]HO Z_OT]BLAAJBUO

Ba thbs iothlm, tho stumoat cbvos tho rosplamoats wrbttoa quostblas la j quostbla shoot.
]ho quostblas jro stjamjrmbzom whbdh iojas thjt j`` tho rosplamoats iust jaswor
tho sjio sot lf quostblas. ]hbs iothlm bs ja baoxpoasbvo wjy tl dl`òdt mjtj frli j
`jrco auieor lf porslas. Bt j`sl j``lws flr dl`òdtbac mjtj ojsb`y wbthlut rovoj`bac tho
rosplamoat‒s bmoatbty.
:7
Hlwovor, slio mbsjmvjatjcos lf usbac quostblaajbros jro>
• Uosplamoats jro sliotbios alt iltbvjtom tl jaswor j`` tho quostblas.
• Bf slio rosplasos jro dlafusbac, thoy jro usuj``y mbf﬊du`t tl d`jrbfy.
• Tliotbios quostblaajbros jro alt roturaom la tbio.
(e) WOUTLAJ@ BA]OUVBOST

Horo, tho stumoat dja strudturo slio quostblas thjt ho lr sho wjats tl eo jasworom.
]ho stumoat dja thoa quostbla rosplamoats jam rodlrm tho jaswors la j shoot. Ba
thbs iothlm, tho stumoat hjs tho ﬅoxbeb`bty tl prleo tho rosplamoats ba lrmor tl d`jrbfy
jaswors jam jsk fl``lw up quostblas. Hlwovor, sbado tho stumoat bs fjdo tl fjdo wbth tho
rosplamoat, thbs ijy djuso mbsdliflrt tl tho rosplamoat jam ho lr sho ijy alt jaswor
truthfu``y. Ba jmmbtbla, tho porslaj` ajturo lf tho batorvbow ijy djuso tho stumoat tl jsk
suenodtbvo quostblas thjt dlu`m òjm tho rosplamoat ba j pjrtbdu`jr mbrodtbla.
(d) LETOUVJ]BLA
Sbthlut dlamudtbac batorvbows tho stumoat dja batocrjto batl j plpu`jtbla jam qubot`y
rodlrm mjtj la bt. ]hbs mjtj dja thoa eo stumbom ba lrmor tl ijko baforoados jelut tho
plpu`jtbla. Alto, thjt ba thbs iothlm lf mjtj dl`òdtbla, tho stumoat wb`` hjvo al dlatrl`
lvor tho crlup thjt bs clbac tl eo lesorvom.
(m) OXJIBAJ]BLA LF UODLUMT

]ho stumoat dja sook poribssbla tl poruso rodlrms, roplrts, stjtoioats jam rocu`jtblas
ba lrmor tl dl`òdt mjtj la j pjrtbdu`jr crlup. Hlwovor, tho mbsjmvjatjcos lf thbs iothlm
jro>
• Bt dja tjko j `lac tbio tl slrt jam dl`òdt mjtj frli roplrts jam rodlrms.
• ]ho stumoat ijy alt uamorstjam tho mjtj frli tho rodlrms jam jrrbvo jt fju`ty
dladùsblas.
VJUBJE@OT
Uoioieor, thjt j rosojrdh bavostbcjtos tho ro`jtblashbp eotwooa vjrbjeòs.
J vjrbjeò bs jay fjdtlr thjt hjs j qujatbty lr quj`bty thjt dja dhjaco.
Flr oxjipò>
• J mopoamjat vjrbjeò bs j vjrbjeò thjt dja dhjaco ejsom la tho bipjdt lf jalthor
vjrbjeò.
• Ja bamopoamoat vjrbjeò bs j vjrbjeò thjt jffodts j mopoamjat vjrbjeò whbdh dja
djuso bt tl dlatrbeuto tl j prleòi.
Flr oxjipò, ba thbs sjipò prlnodt>

Torvbdo jt tho djfotorbj bs ja bamopoamoat vjrbjeò thjt dja bipjdt la
tho wjbtbac tbio flr tho sorvbdo. Sjbtbac tbio bs tho mopoamjat vjrbjeò.
Shoa dl`òdtbac mjtj flr j prlnodt bt bs cllm prjdtbdo tl bmoatbfy tho
mbfforoat typos lf vjrbjeòs.
::
Flr oxjipò, ba thbs sjipò prlnodt tho iothlm lf mjtj dl`òdtbla dlu`m rojm js fl``lws>
]ho iothlm lf mjtj dl`òdtbla dhlsoa wjs porslaj` batorvbows.
‐J flri d`jss wjs soòdtom frli ojdh yojr crlup frli Flris : tl ?. ]ho
ajios lf j`` tho stumoats frli ojdh d`jss woro p`jdom batl ﬊vo (?) sopjrjto
elxos. Ojdh elx wjs shjkoa jam thoa tho ajios lf twoaty (57) stumoats
woro rjamli`y soòdtom frli ojdh elx. ]hbs drojtom j sjipò sbzo lf lao
huamrom (:77) stumoats flr tho purplso lf tho rosojrdh.’
]ho lao huamrom (:77) stumoats woro thoa ojdh jskom tho stjamjrmbzom quostbla>
‐Hlw `lac mbm ylu spoam wjbtbac ba `bao flr sorvbdo jt tho sdhll`‒s djfotorbj murbac tho
ùadh erojk<’
]ho mjtj wjs dl`òdtom frli Ilamjy tl Frbmjy, lvor j lao wook porblm. Woribssbla tl
survoy tho stumoats murbac tho porblm biiombjto`y jftor tho ùadh erojk wjs crjatom
ey iy tojdhor.
TOD]BLA => WUOTOA]J]BLA LF MJ]J

]hbs bs j vory biplrtjat pjrt lf tho prlnodt whoro, tho stumoat prosoats tho mjtj thjt ho/
sho hjs dl`òdtom. Coaorj``y, rojmors jro alt kooa la rojmbac thrluch `lac quj`btjtbvo
prosoatjtblas lf mjtj jam jro ilro bad`baom tl poruso mbjcrjis sbado mbjcrjis, usuj``y
suiijrbzo `jrco jiluats lf mjtj.
Hoado, jftor dl`òdtbac jam lrcjabzbac quj`btjtbvo mjtj, tho stumoat iust prosoat tho
mjtj usbac jt òjst twl djrofu``y `jeoòm mbjcrjis. ]hoso dja eo stjtbstbdj` mbjcrjis
sudh js>
• Froquoady ]jeòs
• Ejr Crjphs
• Wbo Dhjrts
• Dlipjrjtbvo Ejr Crjphs
• Hbstlcrjis
• Froquoady Wl`yclas
• Duiu`jtbvo Froquoady Durvos.
:5
]ho fl``lwbac bs ja oxjipò lf tho Wrosoatjtbla lf Mjtj flr tho sjipò prlnodt>
]ho froquoady tjeò jam tho duiu`jtbvo froquoady tjeò shlw tho wjbtbac tbio ba
ibautos thjt tho lao huamrom (:77) stumoats spoat wjbtbac ba `bao jt tho djfotorbj.
Froquoady ]jeò
Sjbtbac tbio ba ibautos Al. lf stumoats (f)
? - : 5
:7 - 6 :7
:?-:: :3
57-:6 :6
5?-5: 5?
47-56 58
4? - 4: 5
Duiu`jtbvo Froquoady ]jeò

Duiiu`jtbvo froquoady
Sjbtbac tbio ba ibautos Al. lf stumoats (f)
(df)
? - : 5 5
:7 - 6 :7 :5
:? - :: :3 52
57 - :6 :6 =?
5? - 5: 5? 37
47 - 56 58 28
4? - 4: 5 :77
]ho stumoats iust j`sl prosoat tho jpprlprbjto Ijthoijtbds dladopts usom
tl jrrbvo jt tho rosojrdh rosu`ts. J`` ijthoijtbdj` rosu`ts iust eo prosoatom
jddurjto`y usbac jpprlprbjto flriu`jo.
Horo, tho fl``lwbac rosu`ts dja eo dj`du`jtom jam prosoatom>

• ijthoijtbdj` ioja
• ilmo
• rjaco
• jroj
• vlùio
• prl﬊t
:4 • `lss
• Hbro Wurdhjso prbdo
Flr oxjipò, j`` dj`du`jtblas flr thbs sjipò prlnodt jro prosoatom js fl``lws>
:. Dj`du`jtbla lf tho ioja wjbtbac tbio.
Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

f Óx
ba ibautos stumoats f x
? - 5: 4 6
:7 - 6 :7 8 87
:? - :: :3 :4 55:
57 - :6 :6 :8 588
5? - 5: 5? 54 ?3?
47 - 56 58 58 38=
4? - 4: 5 44 66
√f 9 :77 5757
√f Ó x
]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 5757
(tho sui lf f) (√f) :77
Alto> Τ bs tho Crook òttor sbcij.

Bt bs usom horo tl rop`jdo tho phrjso ‐tho sui lf’.
]ho Duiu`jtbvo Froquoady Durvo bs usom tl motoribao tho auieor lf stumoats

whl wjbtom flr ilro thja j dortjba auieor lf ibautos flr sorvbdo jt tho sdhll`‒s
djfotorbj.
B motoribaom tho auieor lf stumoats whl wjbtom flr ilro thja twoaty (57) ibautos
ey mrjwbac j vortbdj` `bao frli twoaty (57) ibautos la tho hlrbzlatj` jxbs tl ioot
tho durvo jt plbat J js shlwa pjco :?.
J hlrbzlatj` `bao wjs thoa mrjwa frli J tl ioot tho vortbdj` jxbs jt =5. Hoado,
:77 - =5 9 ?8 stumoats frli tho sjipò wjbtom flr ilro thja twoaty (57) ibautos
flr sorvbdo. ]ho iombja wjbtbac tbio wjs motoribaom ey mrjwbac j hlrbzlatj` `bao
frli ?7 la tho vortbdj` jxbs tl ioot tho durvo jt plbat E js shlwa. J vortbdj` `bao
wjs thoa mrjwa tl ioot tho hlrbzlatj` jxbs jt twoaty twl (55) ibautos. Hoado, tho
iombja wjbtbac tbio bs twoaty twl (55) ibautos.
:=
Duiu`jtbvo froquoady durvo flr mjtj
Tdjò> 5di ≪ :7 stumoats la vortbdj` jxbs, 5di ≪ ? ibautos la hlrbzlatj` jxbs
T
]
A
O
M
_
]
T
F:77
L
U
O
E
I
_
A
( 27
y
87
37
67
?7 E
=7 J
47
57
:7
7.? ?.? :7.? :?.? 57.? 5?.? 47.? 4?.?

:? x (SJB]BAC ]BIO BA IBA_]OT)
TOD]BLA ?> JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
Ba thbs sodtbla, tho iojabac lf tho mjtj prosoatom iust eo mbsdussom ba j dòjr jam
`lcbdj` ijaaor. ]ho jaj`ysbs iust to`` tho rojmor whjt ho lr sho iust cot frli tho mjtj
prosoatom. Bt iust sjy hlw tho ﬊ambacs jro ro`jtom tl tho prlnodt lenodtbvos.
Flr oxjipò, ba thbs sjipò prlnodt, tho jaj`ysbs dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐]ho ioja wjbtbac tbio lf 57.5 ibautos jam tho iombja wjbtbac tbio lf 55 ibautos
succost thjt j `jrco auieor lf stumoats frli tho sjipò wjbtom flr ilro thja
twoaty (57) ibautos. ]hbs bs supplrtom ey tho Duiu`jtbvo Froquoady Durvo
whoro ﬊fty obcht (?8) stumoats wjbtom flr ilro thja twoaty (57) ibautos. ]hbs j`sl
moilastrjtos thjt bf j stumoat bs dhlsoa jt rjamli frli tho sjipò, tho prlejeb`bty
thjt ho/sho wb`` wjbt flr ilro thja twoaty (57) ibautos bs ?8 .’
:77
TOD]BLA 6> MBTD_TTBLA LF FBAMBACT>

Shoa mbsdussbac tho ﬊ambacs, tho stumoat shlu`m dòjr`y stjto tho ﬊ambacs letjbaom
frli tho jaj`ysbs lf tho mjtj jam mbsduss hlw thoy jro ro`jtom tl tho purplso lf tho
prlnodt thjt wjs stjtom ba tho batrlmudtbla.
]ho mbsdussbla lf tho ﬊ambacs shlu`m j`wjys eo `bakom tl tho tbtò jam tho batrlmudtbla
lf tho prlnodt. Hoado, ba wrbtbac tho mbsdussbla, tho stumoat shlu`m j`wjys rotura tl tho
prlnodt tbtò jam batrlmudtbla flr cubmjado.
Flr oxjipò, ba thbs sjipò prlnodt, tho mbsdussbla lf tho ﬊ambacs dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐]ho mjtj rovojòm thjt tho ioja wjbtbac tbio flr sorvbdo jt tho sdhll`‒s djfotorbj
bs 57.5 ibautos jam tho iombja wjbtbac tbio bs twoaty twl (55) ibautos. Fbfty obcht
(?8) stumoats wjbtom ba `bao flr ilro thja twoaty (57) ibautos mjb`y.
]ho ùadh erojk bs lao hlur `lac jam stumoats sjbm thjt, bt tjkos ja jvorjco lf
twoaty (57) ibautos tl dlasuio thobr ùadh. ]hbs òjvos stumoats wbth :2.8 ibautos
tl propjro thoiso`vos flr d`jssos jftor ùadh. ]hbs shlu`m cbvo stumoats oaluch
tbio tl jrrbvo tl d`jss la tbio jftor tho ùadh erojk.’
:6
TOD]BLA 3> DLAD@_TBLA
]ho dladùsbla bs j dòjr`y wrbttoa jam dladbso pjrjcrjph thjt bs `bakom tl tho purplso
lf tho prlnodt. Bt lffors tho stumoat j ﬊aj` dhjado tl moilastrjto thjt ho/sho hjs j
dlipòto uamorstjambac lf tho prlnodt‒s lenodtbvos. Shoa wrbtbac tho dladùsbla, tho
stumoat shlu`m rotura tl tho batrlmudtbla lf tho prlnodt jam `llk jt tho purplso flr whbdh
tho rosojrdh wjs dlamudtom. ]ho dladùsbla shlu`m mbsduss jam jaswor tho purplso
lf tho prlnodt.
Flr oxjipò, ba thbs sjipò prlnodt tho dladùsbla dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐]ho rosojrdh shlws thjt tho stumoats‒ d`jbi lf j `lac wjbtbac tbio flr
sorvbdo jt tho djfotorbj murbac tho ùadh erojk bs rojslajeò. Hlwovor, ja
jvorjco wjbtbac tbio lf 57.5 ibautos stb`` òjvos thoi wbth oaluch tbio flr
ojr`y jrrbvj` tl d`jssos flr tho jftoralla sossbla.’
Jftor tho sovoa (3) ijba sodtblas lf tho prlnodt jro prosoatom, thoro jro twl lthor
sodtblas thjt iust eo prosoatom flr dlipòtoaoss. Hlwovor, ijrks wb`` alt eo jwjrmom
flr thoso twl sodtblas. ]hoso twl sodtblas jro>
:. Uoforoado
5. Jppoambx
TOD]BLA 8> UOFOUOADOT

J roforoado bs tho poau`tbijto sodtbla lf tho prlnodt. Bt dlatjbas j `bst lf j`` tho slurdos
sudh js> ellks, aowspjpors, ijcjzbaos jam woesbtos whbdh tho stumoat wlu`m hjvo
usom ba lrmor tl jssbst ba hbs/hor rosojrdh flr tho prlnodt.
Flr oxjipò, tho roforoados flr tho sjipò prlnodt jro `bstom eo`lw.
Croor, J & @jyao, D.O, Dortb﬊djto Ijthoijtbds> J Uovbsbla Dlurso flr tho
Djrbeeoja. 5am Om.
www.ijthbsfua.dli
www.purpòijth.dli
www.hlio.juvjatj.dli
TOD]BLA 2> JWWOAMBX

Ja Jppoambx bs tho sodtbla jt tho oam lf tho prlnodt thjt dlatjbas supplrtbac mlduioats
thjt woro usom ey tho stumoat ba tho wrbtbac lf tho prlnodt. ]hoso supplrtbac mlduioats
jro ossoatbj` flr tho dlipòtoaoss lf tho prlnodt eut ibcht eo dlasbmorom tll `lac jam
duieorslio flr tho rojmor tl poruso.
Ujw mjtj, tjeòs, dhjrts, crjphs, quostblaajbros jam mo﬊abtblas jro

slio lf tho thbacs thjt dja eo badùmom ba tho jppoambx. Bf ylu hjvo
ilro thja lao jppoambx, ijko suro thjt ojdh lao eocbas la j aow
pjco jam bs tbtòm; Jppoambx J, Jppoambx E, Jppoambx D otd.
:3
Flr oxjipò, tho Jppoambx flr tho sjipò prlnodt shlu`m eo prosoatom js fl``lws>
JWWOAMBX
Ujw mjtj shlwbac tho tbio thjt tho lao huamrom (:77) stumoats spoat wjbtbac flr
sorvbdo jt tho djfotorbj.
4:, 4=, :6, 57, 5, :7, ?, :6, :3, ::, :5, :?, :=, 8, 3, :7, 5:, 5?, 53, 52, 58,
53, :6, ::, :?, :4, 5:, 5=, 55, :4, :=, :?, 52, 47, 53, :4, :?, :6, :2, :8, 56,
52, 47, 3, :7, 6, 8, 8, 2, :7, :5, :=, :?, :5, ::, :6, :3, :?, 57, :=, :?, :6, 57,
55, 54, 5=, 5?, 5:, 54, 55, 5=, 5?, 5:, 5?, 5=, 5:, 55, 54, 5=, 5?, 55, 54, 5=,
5?, 47, 52, 56, 53, 5?, 47, 53, 47, 52, 58, 52, 56, 53, 56, 47, 52.
// WUOTOA]J]BLA LF TJIW@O WULNOD] OAMT //
UL@O LF ]HO ]OJDHOU>

]ho ejsbd rlò lf tho tojdhor bs tl>
• Jssbst stumoats wbth tho soòdtbla lf tlpbds tl eo bavostbcjtom flr prlnodts.
• Wrlvbmo iojabacfu` cubmjado thrluchlut tho murjtbla lf tho prlnodt. ]ho tojdhor
wb`` sot mojm`baos flr stumoats tl dlipòto ojdh pjrt lf tho prlnodt. ]ho tojdhor
iust oasuro thjt stumoats jmhoro tl roqubrom mojm`baos.
• J``lw tho stumoats tl prlmudo j auieor lf mrjfts lf tho dhlsoa prlnodt. ]ho
tojdhor shlu`m rojm tho mrjfts, lffor foomejdk jam cbvo cubmjado thrluchlut tho
dydò lf tho prlnodt. Bt shlu`m eo altom thjt, tho tojdhor‒s rlò bs thjt lf j fjdb`btjtlr
jam js sudh ho/sho shlu`m la`y lffor cubmjado rjthor thja cbvo slùtblas tl tho
prleòi eobac bavostbcjtom ba tho prlnodt.
• Mombdjto jt òjst lao porblm por wook ba lrmor tl fjdb`btjto mbsdussblas la bssuos
ro`jtbac tl tho prlnodt.
• Mbsduss stumoats‒ prleòis wbth tho Hojm lf Mopjrtioat ba lrmor tl jrrbvo jt
slùtblas.
:8
UL@O LF ]HO T]_MOA]
]ho ejsbd rlò lf tho stumoat bs tl>
• Slrk d`lso`y wbth tho tojdhor ba lrmor tl soòdt ja TEJ Wrlnodt rosojrdh tlpbd.
• Jmhoro tl j`` mojm`baos sot ey tho tojdhor.
• Took jmvbdo frli tho tojdhor la j`` tho mbfforoat pjrts lf tho prlnodt.
• Uojm aowspjpors, nluraj`s, ijcjzbaos jam ellks ba lrmor tl cot baflrijtbla la
tho tlpbd dhlsoa flr bavostbcjtbla. ]ho batoraot bs j`sl ja bavjùjeò tll` ba tho
propjrjtbla lf j prlnodt.
• Wrlmudo mrjfts lf tho prlnodt flr tho tojdhor‒s porusj` eoflro tho ﬊aj` prlnodt bs
sueibttom. ]hbs wb`` j``lw tho tojdhor tl cbvo iojabacfu` jam tbio`y foomejdk tl
stumoats eoflro tho dlipòtbla lf prlnodts jam ﬊aj` sueibssbla.
J SLUM LF DJ_]BLA
• J Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt bs iojat tl tost dortjba skb``s lf j pjrtbdu`jr djambmjto.
]horoflro, whoa mlbac ja TEJ prlnodt, lao iust ijko ovory offlrt tl oasuro thjt
lao‒s lrbcbaj` wlrk bs prlmudom jam prosoatom. Bf tho stumoat bs usbac jalthor
porsla‒s wlrk, thoa drombt iust eo cbvoa tl tho prlmudor lf tho lrbcbaj` wlrk.
Ttumoats ijy wlrk ba sij`` crlups whoa dl`òdtbac mjtj flr j prlnodt. Hlwovor,
ojdh stumoat bs oxpodtom tl wrbto hbs lr hor lwa jaj`ysbs jam dladùsbla lf mjtj
dl`òdtom.
• ]ho Ijthoijtbds TEJ Wrlnodt hjs j `bibt lf lao thlusjam (:,777) wlrms jam ovory
offlrt iust eo ijmo tl stjy wbthba tho stbpu`jtom `bibt. Fjbùro tl ml sl wb`` rosu`t ba
j momudtbla lf ijrks frli tho stumoat‒s ﬊aj` TEJ Wrlnodt ijrk. Ba lrmor tl jvlbm
oxdoombac tho wlrm `bibt lao shlu`m put oxtrj ijtorbj`s sudh js dhjrts, tjeòs, rjw
mjtj, pbdturos jam mo﬊abtblas ba ja jppoambx.
• Shoa wrbtbac j prlnodt, ml alt uso tho jdtuj` ajios lf eusbaossos, sdhll`s, polpò
jam clvoraioat bastbtutblas.
• Shoa wlrkbac la prlnodts oasuro thjt wlrk bs dlatbauj``y ejdkom up jam sjvom.
]hbs wb`` ho`p stumoats tl ojsb`y rop`bdjto wlrk ba tho ovoat lf thoft lr j mbsjstor. Bt
wb`` j`sl ho`p ba tho sueibssbla lf tho ﬊aj` Ijthoijtbds TEJ prlnodt tl DXD js thbs
wb`` eo prosoatom vbj slft dlpy.
• ]wl ijrks jro jwjrmom flr tho lvorj`` prosoatjtbla lf tho prlnodt. Hoado, ovory
offlrt iust eo ijmo ba lrmor tl oasuro thjt tho baflrijtbla prosoatom ba tho prlnodt
bs crjiijtbdj``y dlrrodt jam iust eo wrbttoa dòjr`y jam `lcbdj``y. ]ho stumoat dja
jsk ja Oac`bsh tojdhor tl jssbst hbi lr hor wbth prllfrojmbac tho Ijthoijtbds TEJ
Wrlnodt eoflro bts ﬊aj` sueibssbla.
:2
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
:7 SLUKOM
IJ]HOIJ]BDT TEJ
WULNOD]T
57
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho wjbtbac tbio flr

sorvbdo jt j hoj`th doatro ba ]rbabmjm jam
]lejcl.
5:
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
5. Batrlmudtbla .............................................................................Wjco Auieor
4. Iothlm lf Mjtj Dl`òdtbla ......................................................Wjco Auieor
=. Wrosoatjtbla lf Mjtj................................................................ Wjco Auieor
?. Jaj`ysbs lf Mjtj ......................................................................Wjco Auieor
6. Mbsdussbla lf Fbambacs............................................................ Wjco Auieor
3. Dladùsbla ..............................................................................Wjco Auieor
8. Uoforoados..............................................................................Wjco Auieor
2. Jppoambx.................................................................................Wjco Auieor
Wolpò dlip`jba vbj tho iombj (rjmbl, tj`k shlws, abcht`y aows, aowspjpor jrtbdòs,
otd.) jelut tho `lac tbio thoy iust wjbt flr sorvbdo jt clvoraioat bastbtutblas sudh js
hoj`th doatros, oiorcoady rllis jt hlspbtj`s, jam biibcrjtbla lf﬊dos. Sjbtbac j `lac
tbio flr sorvbdo dja eo frustrjtbac, badlavoaboat jam ijy djuso ovoa tho ilst tlòrjat
porsla tl eodlio jaalyom, jaxblus lr ovoa `lso oiltblaj` dlatrl`. ]hobr jddluat lf
`lac wjbtbac tbio ijy, hlwovor, eo rocjrmom js obthor uaro`bjeò lr hojrsjy.
]ho purplso lf thbs prlnodt bs tl uso stjtbstbdj` todhabquos tl bavostbcjto tho d`jbi
thjt polpò wjbt j `lac tbio flr sorvbdo jt clvoraioat bastbtutblas. J hoj`th doatro
wjs dhlsoa eodjuso ilst lf tho dlip`jbats woro lf tjrmy hoj`th djro mo`bvory.
55
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
J hoj`th doatro wjs vbsbtom frli Ilamjy tl Frbmjy eotwooa tho hlurs lf 3>77 ji tl =>77
p.i. ]ho mjtj djpturom woro thjt lf tho ﬊rst thbrty porslas whl oatorom flr sorvbdo ojdh
mjy. ]ho rocbstorbac dòrk bssuom j dlasodutbvo auieor tl ojdh pjtboat js ho lr sho
wjs sojtom.
J iothlm lf mjtj dl`òdtbla dj`òm ala-pjrtbdbpjat lesorvjtbla wjs usom. ]ho mjtj woro
coaorjtom ey mbrodt`y lesorvbac jam rodlrmbac tho jdtbvbtbos lf ojdh mjy js fl``lws>
• mjys lf tho wook thjt porslas jrrbvom flr sorvbdo
• dlasodutbvo auieors lf 47 porslas whl oatorom tho rlli flr sorvbdo
• jrrbvj` tbios lf ojdh porsla
• tho tbios jt whbdh thoy woro dj`òm tl rodobvo sorvbdo.
]horo wjs al batorjdtbla wbth tho porslas eobac lesorvom. (Too Jppoambx flr rjw mjtj)
54
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
Jftor tho mjtj woro dl`òdtom flr tho ﬊vo mjys, tho rjw mjtj woro thoa lrcjabzom usbac
﬊vo froquoady mbstrbeutbla tjeòs.
]ho tjeòs dlasbst lf sbx d`jss batorvj`s ojdh hjvbac j wbmth lf ?7 ibautos.
ILAMJR ]_OTMJR SOMAOTMJR
Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf

ba ibautos pjtboats (f) ba ibautos pjtboats (f) ba ibautos pjtboats (f)
:77:=2
- 7 :77:=2
- : :77:=2
- 7
:?7:22
- 4 :?7:22
- 2 :?7-:22 :4
5775=2
- ? 577-5=2 :7 5775=2
- 8
5?7522
- ? 5?7-522 :7 5?7522
- =
477-4=2 :3 4774=2
- 7 4774=2
- ?
4?7422
- 7 4?7422
- 7 4?7422
- 7
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 47
]H_UTMJR FUBMJR
Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf

ba ibautos pjtboats (f) ba ibautos pjtboats (f)
:77:=2
- 3 :77:=2
- :
:?7:22
- 2 :?7:22
- =
5775=2
- = 5775=2
- 8
5?7522
- 8 5?7522
- 3
4774=2
- 5 4774=2
- 8
4?7422
- 7 4?7422
- 5
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 47
5=
Ejr crjph shlwbac jvorjco wjbtbac tbio por mjy ba hlurs
(5 di ≪ : hlur la vortbdj` jxbs )
?
=.?
O
T
U
_ 4.?
L
H
A
B
O 4
BI
]
C
A
B 5.?
]
B
J
S
O
C 5
J
U
O
V
J
:.?
7.?
7
ILAMJR ]_OTMJR SOMAOTMJR ]H_UTMJR FUBMJR
]ho ioja lr jvorjco wjbtbac tbio wb`` alw eo dj`du`jtom flr ojdh mjy.
ILAMJR
Sjbtbac tbio ba Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

f Óx
ibautos pjtboats (f) (x)
:?7
:22
- 4 :3=.? ?54.?
577
5=2
- ? 55=.? ::55.?
5?7
522
- ? 53=.? :435.?
477
4=2
- :3 45=.? ??:6.?
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 8?4?
]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 8?4?
(tho sui lf f) (√f) 47

9 58=.? ibautos
9 =.3= hlurs
5?
]_OTMJR

f Óx
:77
:=2
- : :5=.? :5=.?
:?7
:22
- 2 :3=.? :?37.?
577
5=2
- :7 55=.? 55=?.7
5?7
522
- :7 53=.? 53=?.7
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 668?
]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 668?
9 555.84 ibautos
9 4.3: hlurs
SOMAOTMJR

f Óx
:?7
:22
- :4 :3=.? 5568.?
577
5=2
- 8 55=.? :326
5?7
522
- = 53=.? :728
477
4=2
- ? 45=.? :655.?
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 638?
]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 638?
9 556.:3 ibautos
9 4.33 hlurs
56
]H_UTMJR

f Óx
:77
:=2
- 3 :5=.? 83:.?
:?7
:22
- 2 :3=.? :?37.?
5=2
577
- = 55=.? 828
5?7
522
- 8 53=.? 5:26
4=2
477
- 5 45=.? 6=2
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 6:8?
]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 6:8?
9 576.5 ibautos
9 4.== hlurs
FUBMJR

f Óx
:77
:=2
- : :5=.? :5=.?
:22
:?7
- = :3=.? 628
577
5=2
- 8 55=.? :326
5?7
522
- 3 53=.? :25:.?
477
4=2
- 8 45=.? 5?26
422
4?7
- 5 43=.? 3=2
]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 388?
]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√ fx) 9 388?
(tho sui lf f) (√ f) 47
9 565.8 ibautos
9 =.48 hlurs
Alto> Τ bs tho Crook òttor sbcij.

Bt bs usom horo tl rop`jdo tho phrjso ‐tho sui lf’
53
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
]ho mjtj dl`òdtom frli thbs rosojrdh rovojòm>

:. ]ho jvorjco wjbtbac tbio la Ilamjy wjs =.3= hlurs
]ho jvorjco wjbtbac tbio la ]uosmjy wjs 4.3: hlurs
]ho jvorjco wjbtbac tbio la Somaosmjy wjs 4.33 hlurs
]ho jvorjco wjbtbac tbio la ]hursmjy wjs 4.== hlurs
]ho jvorjco wjbtbac tbio la Frbmjy wjs =.48 hlurs
5. ]ho ejrcrjph shlws thjt tho jvorjco wjbtbac tbio la ]uosmjy, Somaosmjy jam
]hursmjy woro jpprlxbijto`y tho sjio (b.o. jelut 4.6 hlurs). Wjtboats wjbtom
iudh `lacor la Ilamjy jam Frbmjy flr sorvbdo. La elth lf thoso mjys thoy wjbtom
jpprlxbijto`y ja hlur `lacor thja tho lthor throo mjys. La jay cbvoa mjy thoy
wjbtom ja jvorjco lf jt òjst throo hlurs flr sorvbdo.
4. ]ho jvorjco mjb`y wjbtbac tbio 9 (=.3=+4.3:+4.33+4.==+=.48)

?
9 57.7=
?
9 =.778 hlurs ≈ = hlurs
]hbs succosts thjt bf j`` tho pjtboats woro tl wjbt flr tho sjio auieor lf hlurs flr
sorvbdo ojdh mjy, thjt wjbtbac tbio wb`` eo = hlurs.
58
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
]ho mjtj wjs dl`òdtom usbac porslaj` lesorvjtbla lvor j lao wook porblm rovojòm
thjt, la jvorjco, pjtboats wjbtom flr jpprlxbijto`y flur hlurs eoflro eobac jttoamom tl
jt thbs pjrtbdu`jr hoj`th doatro.
52
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
Ejsom la thbs rosojrdh, tho pue`bd‒s pordoptbla thjt porslas wjbt j `lac tbio flr sorvbdo
jt clvoraioat bastbtutblas, ajio`y hoj`th doatros, bs truo. Jt thbs bastbtutbla ba pjrtbdu`jr,
porslas wjbtom ja jvorjco lf = hlurs mjb`y flr sorvbdo. ]hbs supplrts tho jaodmltj`
d`jbi thjt polpò spoam j `lac tbio wjbtbac flr sorvbdo. ]hbs sbtujtbla bs uatoajeò jam
roqubros urcoat jttoatbla ey thlso ba juthlrbty.
47
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
]ll`sbo, U.; Ijthoijtbds> J Dlipòto Dlurso wbth DXD Zuostblas. Vl`. 5

www.dlipjss.plrt.jd.uk
www.ylurjrtbdò`berjry.dli
4:
WULNOD] :
TOD]BLA 72
JWWOAMBX
ILAMJR
Wjtboat Al. Jrrbvj` ]bio flr Torvbdo ]bio Dj`òm flr Torvbdo ]bio Sjbtom flr Torvbdo
: 3>77j.i. 2>47j.i. 5hlurs47ibautos
5 3>77j.i. 2>=:j.i. 5hlurs=:ibautos
4 3>74j.i. :7>77j.i. 5hlurs?3ibautos
= 3>7?j.i. :7>57j.i. 4hlurs5=ibautos
? 3>:7j.i. :7>=7j.i. 4hlurs47ibautos
6 3>:?j.i. :7>?7j.i. 4hlurs4?ibautos
3 3>:8j.i. ::>75j.i. 4hlurs==ibautos
8 3>57j.i. ::>57j.i. =hlurs7ibautos
2 3>54j.i. ::>4?j.i. =hlurs:5ibautos
:7 3>58j.i. ::>==j.i. =hlurs:6ibautos
:: 3>47j.i. ::>?8j.i. =hlurs58ibautos
:5 3>48j.i. :5>:?p.i. =hlurs43ibautos
:4 3>=5j.i. :5>48p.i. =hlurs?6ibautos
:= 8>77j.i. :>77p.i. ?hlurs7ibautos
:? 8>:7j.i. :>:?p.i. ?hlurs?ibautos
:6 8>:5j.i. :>47p.i. ?hlurs:8ibautos
:3 8>47j.i. :>48p.i. ?hlurs8ibautos
:8 8>44j.i. :>=?p.i. ?hlurs:5ibautos
:2 8>48j.i. :>?7p.i. ?hlurs:5ibautos
57 8>=7j.i. 5>77p.i. ?hlurs57ibautos
5: 8>=?j.i. 5>:5p.i. ?hlurs53ibautos
55 8>?6j.i. 5>57p.i. ?hlurs5=ibautos
54 2>7:j.i. 5>5?p.i. ?hlurs5=ibautos
5= 2>:?j.i. 5>4?p.i. ?hlurs:7ibautos
5? 2>58j.i. 5>48p.i. ?hlurs:5ibautos
56 2>47j.i. 5>=?p.i. ?hlurs:?ibautos
53 2>46j.i. 5>=8p.i. ?hlurs:5ibautos
58 2>42j.i. 5>?7p.i. ?hlurs::ibautos
52 2>==j.i. 5>??p.i. ?hlurs::ibautos
47 2>=?j.i. 4>77p.i. ?hlurs:?ibautos
45
]_OTMJR
5 3>:7j.i. 2>=7j.i. 5hlurs47ibautos
4 3>::j.i. 2>=8j.i. 5hlurs43ibautos
= 3>:8j.i. :7>7:j.i. 5hlurs=4ibautos
? 3>5?j.i. :7>:?j.i. 5hlurs?7ibautos
6 3>52j.i. :7>5:j.i. 5hlurs?:ibautos
3 3>47j.i. :7>47j.i. 4hlurs7ibautos
8 3>4?j.i. :7>42j.i. 4hlurs=ibautos

2 3>42j.i. :7>?7j.i. 4hlurs:ibautos
:7 3>=4j.i. ::>7:j.i. 4hlurs:8ibautos
:: 3>=2j.i. ::>:?j.i. 4hlurs56ibautos
:5 3>?4j.i. ::>57p.i. 4hlurs53ibautos
:4 3>?2j.i. ::>58j.i. 4hlurs52ibautos
:= 8>7?j.i. ::>4?j.i. 4hlurs47ibautos
:? 8>78j.i. ::>=4j.i. 4hlurs4?ibautos
:6 8>:?j.i. ::>=2j.i. 4hlurs4=ibautos
:3 8>:8j.i. ::>?4j.i. 4hlurs4?ibautos
:8 8>54j.i. :5>57p.i. 4hlurs?3ibautos
:2 8>52j.i. :5>4?p.i. =hlurs6ibautos
57 8>47j.i. :5>=7p.i. =hlurs?ibautos
5: 8>42j.i. :5>=2p.i. =hlurs:7ibautos
55 8>=5j.i. :5>?4p.i. =hlurs::ibautos
54 8>?7j.i. :>:7p.i. =hlurs57ibautos
5= 8>??j.i. :>:?p.i. =hlurs57ibautos
5? 2>7:j.i. :>47p.i. =hlurs52ibautos
56 2>78j.i. :>48p.i. =hlurs57ibautos
53 2>::j.i. :>==p.i. =hlurs44ibautos
58 2>:?j.i. :>??p.i. =hlurs=7ibautos
52 2>:8j.i. 5>:7p.i. =hlurs?5ibautos
47 2>44j.i. 5>:?p.i. =hlurs=5ibautos
44
SOMAOTMJR
: 3>77j.i. 2>7?j.i. 5hlurs?ibautos
5 3>77j.i. 2>5?j.i. 5hlurs5?ibautos
4 3>77j.i. 2>58j.i. 5hlurs58ibautos
= 3>7?j.i. 2>42j.i. 5hlurs4=ibautos
? 3>:5j.i. 2>=?j.i. 5hlurs44ibautos
6 3>:=j.i. 2>??j.i. 5hlurs=:ibautos
3 3>:?j.i. :7>7?j.i. 5hlurs?7ibautos
8 3>:8j.i. :7>:?j.i. 5hlurs?3ibautos

2 3>54j.i. :7>4:j.i. 4hlurs8ibautos
:7 3>47j.i. :7>42j.i. 4hlurs2ibautos
:: 3>44j.i. :7>?7j.i. 4hlurs:3ibautos
:5 3>42j.i. :7>??j.i. 4hlurs:6ibautos
:4 3>=:j.i. ::>77j.i. 4hlurs:2ibautos
:= 3>?7j.i. ::>::j.i. 4hlurs5:ibautos
:? 3>?=j.i. ::>57j.i. 4hlurs56ibautos
:6 8>77j.i. ::>52j.i. 4hlurs52ibautos
:3 8>7?j.i. ::>=7j.i. 4hlurs4?ibautos
:8 8>78j.i. ::>=2j.i. 4hlurs=:ibautos
:2 8>:5j.i. ::>??j.i. 4hlurs=4ibautos
57 8>:8j.i. :5>57p.i. =hlurs5ibautos
5: 8>54j.i. :5>47p.i. =hlurs3ibautos
55 8>52j.i. :5>=?p.i. =hlurs:6ibautos
54 8>44j.i. :>:7p.i. =hlurs43ibautos
5= 8>42j.i. :>47p.i. =hlurs?:ibautos
5? 8>==j.i. :>42p.i. =hlurs??ibautos
56 8>=8j.i. :>=8p.i. ?hlurs7ibautos
53 8>??j.i. 5>77p.i. ?hlurs?ibautos
58 8>?8j.i. 5>:?p.i. ?hlurs:3ibautos
52 2>7:j.i. 5>5?p.i. ?hlurs:=ibautos
47 2>7?j.i. 5>47p.i. ?hlurs5?ibautos
4=
]H_UTMJR
Wjtboat Al. Jrrbvj` ]bio flr Torvbdo ]bio dj`òm flr Torvbdo ]bio wjbtom flr Torvbdo
5 3>77j.i. 2>:7j.i. 5hlurs:7ibautos
4 3>7?j.i. 2>57j.i. 5hlurs:?ibautos
= 3>:7j.i. 2>47j.i. 5hlurs57ibautos
? 3>:5j.i. 2>48j.i. 5hlurs56ibautos
6 3>:?j.i. 2>?7j.i. 5hlurs4?ibautos
3 3>47j.i. 2>??j.i. 5hlurs5?ibautos
8 3>4?j.i. :7>:?j.i. 5hlurs4?ibautos

2 3>42j.i. :7>57j.i. 5hlurs=:ibautos
:7 8>77j.i. :7>58j.i. 5hlurs58ibautos
:: 8>7?j.i. :7>4?j.i. 5hlurs47ibautos
:5 8>78j.i. :7>=2j.i. 5hlurs=:ibautos
:4 8>::j.i. ::>??j.i. 5hlurs==ibautos
:= 8>:4j.i. ::>::j.i. 5hlurs?8ibautos
:? 8>5?j.i. ::>57j.i. 5hlurs??ibautos
:6 8>42j.i. ::>47j.i. 5hlurs?:ibautos
:3 8>?7j.i. :5>:7j.i. 4hlurs57ibautos
:8 8>??j.i. :5>5?j.i. 4hlurs47ibautos
:2 2>77j.i. :>77p.i. =hlurs7ibautos
57 2>78j.i. :>:7p.i. =hlurs5ibautos
5: 2>:7j.i. :>52p.i. =hlurs:2ibautos
55 2>:?j.i. :>47p.i. =hlurs:=ibautos
54 2>5:j.i. :>42p.i. =hlurs:8ibautos
5= 2>54j.i. 5>77p.i. =hlurs43ibautos
5? 2>5?j.i. 5>::p.i. =hlurs=6ibautos
56 2>58j.i. 5>57p.i. ?hlurs?5ibautos
53 2>47j.i. 5>5?p.i. ?hlurs??ibautos
58 2>4:j.i. 5>52p.i. ?hlurs?8ibautos
52 2>4=j.i. 5>4?p.i. ?hlurs:ibautos
47 2>4?j.i. 5>=:p.i. ?hlurs6ibautos
4?
FUBMJR
Wjtboat Al. Jrrbvj` ]bio flr Torvbdo ]bio dj`òm flr Torvbdo ]bio wjbtom flr Torvbdo
: 3>77j.i. 2>:?j.i. 5hlurs:?ibautos
5 3>77j.i. 2>47j.i. 5hlurs47ibautos
4 3>77j.i. 2>4?j.i. 5hlurs4?ibautos
= 3>7?j.i. :7>77j.i. 5hlurs??ibautos
? 3>78j.i. :7>4?j.i. 4hlurs:3ibautos
6 3>:5j.i. :7>==j.i. 4hlurs45ibautos
3 3>:2j.i. :7>??j.i. 4hlurs46ibautos
8 3>5?j.i. ::>47j.i. =hlurs?ibautos

2 3>47j.i. ::>4?j.i. =hlurs?ibautos
:7 3>4?j.i. ::>48j.i. =hlurs4ibautos
:: 3>42j.i. ::>==j.i. =hlurs?ibautos
:5 3>==j.i. ::>=2j.i. =hlurs?ibautos
:4 3>=8j.i. ::>??j.i. =hlurs6ibautos
:= 3>??j.i. :5>78p.i. =hlurs:4ibautos
:? 8>77j.i. :5>57p.i. =hlurs57ibautos
:6 8>7?j.i. :5>4?p.i. =hlurs57ibautos
:3 8>:7j.i. :5>=2p.i. =hlurs42ibautos
:8 8>:8j.i. :>77p.i. =hlurs=5ibautos
:2 8>5?j.i. :>57p.i. =hlurs??ibautos
57 8>47j.i. :>58p.i. =hlurs?8ibautos
5: 8>44j.i. :>42p.i. ?hlurs6ibautos
55 8>=7j.i. :>=?p.i. ?hlurs?ibautos
54 8>=?j.i. 5>77p.i. ?hlurs:?ibautos
5= 8>=2j.i. 5>57p.i. ?hlurs4:ibautos
5? 8>?5j.i. 5>52p.i. ?hlurs43ibautos
56 8>??j.i. 5>48p.i. ?hlurs=4ibautos
53 8>?2j.i. 5>=?p.i. ?hlurs=6ibautos
58 2>7:j.i. 5>?7p.i. ?hlurs=2ibautos
52 2>74j.i. 4>77p.i. ?hlurs?3ibautos
47 2>7?j.i. 4>:7p.i. 6hlurs6ibautos
46
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla batl vjrblus Hbro

Wurdhjso p`jas frli flur mbfforoat
stlros ba ]rbabmjm jam ]lejcl.
43
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 7:
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Jt lao tbio lr jalthor ovorylao purdhjsos sliothbac frli j stlro. Tliotbios pjyioat
ijy eo ba fu`` jt tho tbio lf purdhjso roforrom tl js djsh. Hlwovor, tho euyor ijy
dhllso tl oator batl ja jrrjacoioat whoroey pjyioats dja eo ijmo ba oquj` ilath`y
bastjìoats. ]hbs jrrjacoioat jam bts prldoss bs roforrom tl js Hbro Wurdhjso.
Flr oxjipò> iy pjroats jro p`jaabac tl purdhjso j `bvbac rlli sot flr Dhrbstijs eut
thoy ml alt hjvo oaluch ilaoy tl pjy djsh flr tho btoi. Js sudh thoy iust oator
batl j hbro purdhjso jrrjacoioat wbth tho stlro. Hjvbac stumbom dlasuior jrbthiotbd
ba sdhll`, B hjvo modbmom tl uso iy kalwòmco lf Hbro Wurdhjso tl jssbst thoi ba
bavostbcjtbac vjrblus Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas.
]ho purplso lf thbs prlnodt bstl bavostbcjto vjrblus Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas ba lrmor tl
motoribao hlw thoso p`jas jro dj`du`jtom jam thobr dlst offodtbvoaoss.
48
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
Flur (=) stlros woro vbsbtom.

Ttlro J — Ojst ]rbabmjm
Ttlro E — Sost ]rbabmjm
Ttlro D — Alrth ]rbabmjm
Ttlro M — Tluth ]rbabmjm
Ja batorvbow wbth tho suporvbslr lf ojdh stlro prlvbmom tho mjtj rocjrmbac tho djsh prbdo
jam tho vjrblus Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas la tho sjio `bvbac rlli sot ba hbs/hor rospodtbvo
stlro.
]ho mjtj dl`òdtom jro js fl``lws>

(b) Djsh Wrbdo
(bb) Hbro Wurdhjso W`jas>
(j) 4 ilaths flr djsh
(e) : yojr jt rocu`jr prbdo
(d) mlwa pjyioat jam 5= oquj` ilath`y bastjìoats
(m) al mlwa pjyioat jam 5= ilath`y bastjìoats
42
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
T]LUO J
Dlst lf `bvbac
]ypolfW`ja IothlmlfWjyioatW`ja
rlli sot ($)
Djsh lao-lff
fu``
pjyioat :5,472.67
Uocu`jr Wrbdo Dlst lf `bvbac

]ypo lf W`ja Iothlm lf Wjyioat W`ja
($) rlli sot ($)
Hbro Wurdhjso
4ilathsflrdjsh :?,483.77 :6,:?6.4?
W`ja j
Hbro Wurdhjso
:yojrjtrocu`jrprbdo :?,483.77 :8,=6=.=7
W`ja e
Hbro Wurdhjso Mlwa pjyioat jam 5= oquj`

:?,483.77 5:,?=:.87
W`ja d ilath`y bastjìoats
Hbro Wurdhjso Al mlwa pjyioat jam 5= ilath`y

:?,483.77 5:,?=:.87
W`ja m bastjìoats
T]LUO E
Dlst lf `bvbac
rlli sot ($)
Djsh lao-lff
fu``
pjyioat :5,877.77

($) rlli sot ($)
Hbro Wurdhjso
4ilathsflrdjsh :6,777.77 :6,877.77
W`ja j
Hbro Wurdhjso
:yojrjtrocu`jrprbdo :6,777.77 :2,577.77
W`ja e

:6,777.77 55,=77.77

:6,777.77 55,=77.77
W`ja m bastjìoats
=7
T]LUO D
Dlst lf `bvbac
rlli sot ($)
Djsh lao-lfffu``
pjyioat :5,472.67

($) rlli sot ($)
Hbro Wurdhjso
4ilathsflrdjsh :=,877.77 :?,?=7.77
W`ja j
Hbro Wurdhjso
W`ja e :yojrjtrocu`jrprbdo :=,877.77 :3,367.77
:=,877.77 57,357.77

:=,877.77 57,357.77
W`ja m bastjìoats
T]LUO M
Dlst lf `bvbac
rlli sot ($)
Djsh lao-lfffu``
pjyioat ::,577.77

($) rlli sot ($)
Hbro Wurdhjso
4ilathsflrdjsh :=,777.77 :=,377.77
W`ja j
Hbro Wurdhjso
:yojrjtrocu`jrprbdo :=,777.77 :6,877.77
W`ja e

:=,777.77 :2,677.77

:=,777.77 :2,677.77
W`ja m bastjìoats
=:
]ho crjph shlws hlw tho djsh prbdo dlipjros tl tho mbfforoat Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas jt
stlro J.
57
:8
7 :6
7
,7 :=
:
Ó
$ :5
B
A :7
O
D
B
U 78
W
76
7=
75
jedm
]RWO LF HBUO W_UDHJTO W@JA
DW HWWUBDO
J`` flur stlros lffor tho sjio pjyioat strudturo uamor djsh jam Hbro Wurdhjso, js
sudh, tho mjtj frli lao stlro wb`` eo usom tl moilastrjto tho coaorj` prbadbpò lf Hbro
Wurdhjso p`jas.
Wòjso alto thjt tho rocu`jr prbdo bs tho prbdo thjt bs usom tl dj`du`jto tho mbfforoat Hbro
Wurdhjso p`jas. ]ho rocu`jr prbdo bs letjbaom ey ijrkbac up tho djsh prbdo ey 5?%.
Ba lrmor tl dj`du`jto tho mbfforoat Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas, flr ovory 4 ilaths, ? % batorost
bs jmmom tl tho rocu`jr prbdo.
(o.c.) 4 ilaths flr djsh> ?% batorost bs jmmom tl tho rocu`jr prbdo.

6 ilaths flr djsh> :7% batorost bs jmmom tl tho rocu`jr prbdo.
:5 ilaths flr djsh> 57% batorost bs jmmom tl tho rocu`jr prbdo.
5= ilaths flr djsh> =7% batorost bs jmmom tl tho rocu`jr prbdo.
=5
_sbac Mjtj Frli Ttlro J
Dj`du`jtbla lf dlst lf `bvbac rlli sot uamor twl mbfforoat p`jas
W`ja # :
Djsh> j lao-lff fu`` pjyioat lf tho djsh prbdo jt tho tbio lf purdhjso.
DJTH WUBDO 9 $:5,472.67
W`ja #5
HBUO W_UDHJTO> ]horo woro flur Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas lfforom> j, e, d, m
W`ja j> 4 Ilaths flr Djsh

]hbs dlasbsts lf tho rocu`jr prbdo pùs ?% batorost lf tho rocu`jr prbdo. ]hbs jiluat
iust eo pjbm ba 4 ilaths.
Uocu`jr prbdo 9 $:?,483.77
Batorost 9 ?% lf rocu`jr prbdo
9 ? Ó $:?,483 9 $362.4?
:77
∽ Dlst lf @bvbac Ulli sot 9 Uocu`jr Wrbdo + Batorost
9 $:?,483 + $362.4? 9 $:6,:?6.4?
Auieor lf ilath`y bastjìoats 9 4
∽ Jiluat lf ojdh ilath`y bastjìoat 9 Dlst lf sot
4
9 $:?,:?6.4?
4
9 $?,48?.=?
]horoflro, bf tho `bvbac rlli sot bs purdhjsom usbac thbs p`ja, iy pjroats wb`` pjy
$:6,:?6.4? ba 4 oquj` ilath`y bastjìoats lf $?,48?.=?.
=4
W`ja e> Lao Rojr jt Uocu`jr Wrbdo
]hbs dlasbsts lf tho rocu`jr prbdo pùs 57% batorost lf tho rocu`jr prbdo. ]hbs jiluat
iust eo pjbm ba :5 ilaths.
Batorost 9 57% lf rocu`jr prbdo
9 57 Ó $:?,483 9 $4,733.=7
:77
∽ Dlst lf `bvbac rlli sot 9 Uocu`jr Wrbdo + Batorost

9 $:?,483 + $4,733.=7 9 $:8,=6=.=7
Auieor lf ilath`y bastjìoats 9 :5
:5
9 $:8,=6=.=7
:5
9 $:,?48.37
$:8,=6=.=7 ba :5 oquj` ilath`y bastjìoats lf $:,?48.37.
W`ja d> Mlwa Wjyioat jam 5= Ilath`y Bastjìoats

Batorost 9 =7% lf rocu`jr prbdo
9 =7 Ó $:?,483 9 $6,:?=.87
:77

9 $:?,483 + $6,:?=.87 9 $5:,?=:.87
Mlwa pjyioat 9 5?% lf dlst lf sot 9 5? Ó 5:,?=:.8 7
:77
9 $?,48?.=?
Ej`jado tl eo pjbm ba ilath`y bastjìoat 9 dlst lf sot — mlwa pjyioat
9 $5:,?=:.87 — $?,48?.=?
9 $:6,:?6.4?
Auieor lf ilath`y bastjìoats 9 5=

∽ Jiluat lf ojdh ilath`y bastjìoat 9 Ej`jado
5=
9 $5:,?=:.87
5=
9 $634.57
]horoflro, bf tho `bvbac rlli sot bs purdhjsom usbac thbs p`ja, iy
pjroats wb`` pjy $5:,?=:.87 ba 5= oquj` ilath`y bastjìoats lf
$634.57 jam ja babtbj` mlwa pjyioat lf $?,48?.=?.
==
W`ja m> Al Mlwa Wjyioat jam 5= Ilath`y Bastjìoats
Batorost 9 =7% lf rocu`jr prbdo
9 =7 Ó $:?,483 9 $6,:?=.87
:77

9 $:?,483 + $6,:?=.87 9 $5:,?=:.87
Auieor lf ilath`y bastjìoats 9 5=
5=
9 5:,?=:.87
5=
9 $823.67
$5:,?=:.87 ba 5= oquj` ilath`y bastjìoats lf $823.67.
=?
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
Ojdh Hbro Wurdhjso p`ja wb`` alw eo jaj`ysom jam dlipjrom tl tho djsh prbdo flr
dlst offodtbvoaoss.
Hbro Wurdhjso W`ja j

Hbro Wurdhjso prbdo lf `bvbac rlli sot 9 $:6,:?6.4?
Djsh prbdo 9 $:5,472.67
Mbfforoado ba prbdo 9 ($:6,:?6.4? — $:5,472.67)
9 $ 4,8=6.3?
]horoflro, uamor W`ja j tho dlasuior pjys $ 4,8=6.3? ilro thja tho djsh prbdo.
]hbs badrojso ba prbdo js j pordoatjco 9 4,8=6.3? Ó :77%
:5,472.67
9 4:.5?%
Hbro Wurdhjso W`ja e

Hbro Wurdhjso prbdo lf `bvbac rlli sot 9 $:8,=6=.=7
Djsh prbdo 9 $:5,472.67
Mbfforoado ba prbdo 9 ($:8,=6=.=7— $:5,472.67)
9 $ 6,:?=.87
]horoflro, uamor W`ja e tho dlasuior pjy $ 6,:?=.87 ilro thja tho djsh prbdo.
]hbs badrojso ba prbdo js j pordoatjco 9 6,:?=.87 Ó :77%
:5,472.67
9 ?7%
Hbro Wurdhjso W`ja d

Hbro Wurdhjso prbdo lf `bvbac rlli sot 9 $ 5:,?=:.=7
Djsh prbdo 9 $:5,472.67
Mbfforoado ba prbdo 9 ($5:,?=:.=7 — $:5,472.67)
9 $ 2,54:.87
]horoflro, uamor W`ja d tho dlasuior pjy $ 2,54:.87 ilro thja tho djsh prbdo.
]hbs badrojso ba prbdo js j pordoatjco 9 2,54:.87 Ó :77%

:5,472.67
9 3?%
=6
Hbro Wurdhjso W`ja m
Hbro Wurdhjso prbdo lf `bvbac rlli sot 9 $5:,?=:.87
Djsh prbdo 9 $:5,472.67
Mbfforoado ba prbdo 9 ($5:,?=:.=7 — $:5,472.67)
9 $ 2,54:.87
]horoflro, uamor W`ja m tho dlasuior pjy $ 2,54:.87 ilro thja tho djsh prbdo.
]hbs badrojso ba prbdo js j pordoatjco 9 2,54:.87 Ó :77%
:5,472.67
9 3?%
AE> ]l quj`bfy flr j Hbro Wurdhjso p`ja, iy pjroats wb`` eo suenodtom tl j Iojas
]ost. (Too Jppoambx)
=3
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
Frli tho mjtj dl`òdtom, bt bs sooa thjt>

:. j`` stlros hjvo tho sjio pjyioat strudturo js stjtom ba tho prosoatjtbla lf mjtj.
5. j`` Hbro Wurdhjso prbdos lrbcbajtom frli tho djsh prbdo.
4. purdhjsbac tho `bvbac rlli sot uamor tho djsh p`ja bs tho dhojpost lptbla.
=. flr ojdh iothlm lf Hbro Wurdhjso tho badrojso ba batorost vjrbos badroioatj``y
frli 4:% up tl 3?%.
?. thoro bs j dlrro`jtbla eotwooa tho òacth lf tbio lf ropjyioat, tho jiluat lf
ilath`y bastjìoats, jam tho batorost dhjrcom uamor ojdh p`ja. (o.c. tho `lacor
iy pjroats tjko tl ropjy, tho sij`òr tho ilath`y bastjìoats jam tho hbchor tho
batorost)
6. ]ho la`y truo djsh prbdo bs j lao-lff fu`` pjyioat ijmo jt tho tbio lf purdhjsbac
tho btoi. J`` lthor prbdos jro morbvom frli tho rocu`jr prbdo, whbdh bs 5?% ilro
thja tho djsh prbdo. (o.c. 4 ilaths flr djsh bs j tori usom ey stlros tl ibsòjm
dlasuiors batl eo`bovbac thjt thoy jro pjybac djsh flr tho btoi).
]horo jro ijay pjyioat p`jas jvjb`jeò tl iy pjroats ba purdhjsbac tho `bvbac rlli
sot vbj Hbro Wurdhjso. Hlwovor, j`` thoso p`jas dlio wbth oxtrj dhjrcos eodjuso hbro
purdhjso bs j flri lf elrrlwbac jam thoro bs j dlst jttjdhom tl elrrlwbac.
Ey usbac dlasuior jrbthiotbd, B wjs jeò tl dliputo tho pordoatjco badrojso la

tho djsh prbdo lf tho `bvbac rlli sot thrluch tho flur mbfforoat Hbro Wurdhjso p`jas.
_sbac thoso dj`du`jtblas iy pjroats dja motoribao eoflrohjam tho jmvjatjcos jam
mbsjmvjatjcos lf ojdh p`ja eoflro oatorbac batl j Hbro Wurdhjso jcrooioat.
]ho ijba jmvjatjco bs thjt bt j``lws iy pjroats tl ijko uso lf tho `bvbac rlli sot whb`st
stb`` pjybac flr bt. La tho lthor hjam, iy pjroats ijy eo fjdom wbth tho mbsjmvjatjco lf
pjybac oxlrebtjat prbdos flr tho `bvbac rlli sot. Ba slio djsos jìlst mlueò tho djsh
prbdo.
=8
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
]ho bavostbcjtbla lf tho mbfforoat Hbro Wurdhjso pjyioat p`jas rovoj` tho fl``lwbac
dj`du`jtblas>
:. Dlst lf tho `bvbac rlli sot uamor W`ja j> 4 ilaths flr djsh bs $:6,:?6.4?, whbdh
roprosoats j 4:% badrojso ba batorost la tho djsh prbdo.
5. Dlst lf tho `bvbac rlli sot uamor W`ja e> : yojr jt rocu`jr prbdo bs $:8,=6=.=7
whbdh roprosoats j ?7% badrojso ba batorost la tho djsh prbdo.
4. Dlst lf tho `bvbac rlli sot uamor W`ja d> mlwa pjyioat jam 5= ilath`y bastjìoats
bs $5:,?=:.=7 whbdh roprosoats j 37% badrojso ba batorost la tho djsh prbdo.
=. Dlst lf tho `bvbac rlli sot uamor W`ja m> 5= ilath`y bastjìoats bs $5:,?=:.=7
whbdh roprosoats j 37% badrojso ba batorost la tho djsh prbdo.
Ejsom la tho jelvo, tho ilst dlst offodtbvo p`ja bs W`ja j> 4 ilaths flr djsh.
=2
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
Croor, J. & @jyao, D. O. (:22:) Dortb﬊djto Ijthoijtbds> J Uovbsbla Dlurso flr tho
Djrbeeoja.
]ll`sbo, U, (:222).J Dlipòto Dlurso wbth DXD Zuostblas.
www.ovorythbacijths.dl.zj
www.wbkbOmudjtlr.lrc
?7
WULNOD] 5
TOD]BLA 72
JWWOAMBX
]oris usom ba thbs prlnodt
Djsh Wrbdo > Lao fu`` pjyioat jt tho tbio lf purdhjso

Hbro Wurdhjso/Uocu`jr prbdo > tho Hbro Wurdhjso prbdo bs j`sl roforrom tl js tho Uocu`jr
Wrbdo. Bt dlasbsts lf 5?% badrojso la tho djsh prbdo
Mlwa pjyioat > ]ho ﬊rst pjyioat tho euyor ijkos la tho btoi tl eocba
tho Hbro Wurdhjso prldoss.
Bastjìoats > Sook`y lr ilath`y pjyioats wbthba tho purdhjso p`ja
Hbro Wurdhjso Jcrooioat > Ja jcrooioat eotwooa tho euyor jam tho stlro lut`babac
tho toris jam dlambtblas lf tho pjyioat p`ja. Bt j`sl
lut`baos iojsuros tl eo tjkoa rocjrmbac ala-pjyioat
la tho euyor‒s pjrt.
Iojas ]ost > ]hbs bs usom tl motoribao whothor tho euyor wb`` quj`bfy
flr j pjrtbdu`jr Hbro Wurdhjso p`ja.
Uoqubroioats flr Iojas ]ost jro>
Nle òttor jam pjys`bp
Bmoatb﬊djtbla Djrm
_tb`bty eb``
]wl (5) roforoados
Ejak Ttjtoioat flr `jst 6 ilaths bf so`f-oip`lyom.
?:
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tojdhors‒

puadtuj`bty jam rocu`jrbty jt j
clvoraioat sdhll`.
?5
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
=. Wrosoatjtbla lf Mjtj................................................................Wjco Auieor
?. Jaj`ysbs lf Mjtj ...................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Ttjkohl`mors sudh js W]J, òjmors wbthba tho Ibabstry lf Omudjtbla jam stumoats
thoiso`vos, dlip`jba jelut hjebtuj` tjrmbaoss jam jesoatoobsi la tho pjrt lf tojdhors
wbthba tho clvoraioat sdhll` systoi. ]ho d`jssrlli tojdhor bs j`sl j ijnlr stjkohl`mor
ba tho omudjtbla systoi. ]ho suddoss lf tho mo`bvory lf tho durrbduùi jam mbsdbp`bao
jro mopoamoat la tho tojdhor eobac ba tho d`jssrlli, js sudh, tojdhor puadtuj`bty jam
rocu`jrbty jro ijnlr fjdtlrs wbthba tho systoi.
]ho d`jbi lf tojdhor jesoatoobsi jam hjebtuj` tjrmbaoss bs usuj``y morbvom frli
jaodmltj` ovbmoado rjthor thja mjtj mrbvoa d`jbis.
]ho purplso lf thbs prlnodt bs tl oxjibao tho rodlrms lf tojdhor puadtuj`bty jam
rocu`jrbty flr lao ilath jt j clvoraioat sodlamjry sdhll` ba lrmor tl motoribao
whothor tho `jtos jam jesoados jro js hbch js tho jaodmltj` roplrts succost.
?4
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
Woribssbla wjs crjatom ey tho sdhll`‒s prbadbpj` tl poruso tho ]ojdhors‒ Jttoamjado
Uocbstor wook`y flr j porblm lf lao ilath ba lrmor tl oxtrjdt mjtj la rocu`jrbty jam
puadtuj`bty flr thjt spodb﬊d ilath. ]ho sjipò sbzo dlasbstom lf =? tojdhors.
?=
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
Jftor tho mjtj woro dl`òdtom, thoy woro lrcjabzom usbac j tjeò, dlipjrjtbvo ejr
dhjrts jam froquoady tjeòs js fl``lws>
]ho tjeò shlws tho auieor lf tojdhors whl woro `jto jam jesoat flr tho pjrtbdu`jr
ilath
Sook Mjy @jto Jesoat Wrosoat
Ilamjy :7 :: 4=
: ]uosmjy :5 := 4:
k
o Somaosmjy := 78 43
o
S
]hursmjy :3 := 4:
Frbmjy := := 4:
Ilamjy :: 74 =5
5 ]uosmjy :4 73 48
o
k
o Somaosmjy :6 72 46
S
]hursmjy :6 76 42
Frbmjy :5 :3 58
Ilamjy 72 :5 44
4 ]uosmjy :6 :: 4=
k
o Somaosmjy :7 72 46
o
S
]hursmjy :5 74 =5
Frbmjy :: := 4:
Ilamjy :5 :5 44
= ]uosmjy :5 78 43
k
o Somaosmjy 72 72 46
o
S
]hursmjy 78 75 =4
Frbmjy :7 57 5?
]jeò Lao
??
Ejr crjph shlwbac auieor lf tbios `jto jam jesoat ba Sook Lao
]
57
A
O :8
T
E
J
/ :6
O
]
J :=
@
T :5
O
B]
I :7
F
L 78
U
O
E 76
I
_ 7=
A
75
ILA ]_OT SOM ]H_U FUB
MJRT LF ]HO SOOK

@J]O JETOA]
Ejr crjph shlwbac auieor lf tbios `jto jam jesoat ba Sook ]wl
]
57
A
O :8
T
E
J
/ :6
O
]
J :=
@
T :5
O
BI
] :7
F
L 78
U
O
E 76
I
_ 7=
A
75
MJRT LF ]HO SOOK

@J]O JETOA]
?6
Ejr crjph shlwbac auieor lf tbios `jto jam jesoat ba Sook ]hroo
]
57
A
O :8
T
E
/J :6
O
]
J :=
@
T :5
O
B]
I :7
F
L 78
U
O
E 76
I
_ 7=
A
75
MJRT LF ]HO SOOK

@J]O JETOA]
Ejr crjph shlwbac auieor lf tbios `jto jam jesoat ba Sook Flur
]
57
A
O :8
T
E
/J :6
O
]
J :=
@
T :5
O
I
B
] :7
F
L 78
U
O
E 76
I
_ 7=
A
75
MJRT LF ]HO SOOK

@J]O JETOA]
?3
Ujw mjtj shlwbac tho auieor lf ibautos tho =? tojdhors woro `jto ba j ilath
4, :7, 8, 3, :5, :6, 4, :7, :, 57, 42, 5, :=, 5:, 8, 2, =4, =2, ?7, ?5, =7,
:, ?, 6, :5, :3, ?8, 67, ??, =?, =8, =:, =?, 4?, 44, 42, 5?, 55, 47, 5=,
47, 5:, 47, 55, 47
]jeò ]wl> Froquoady tjeò shlwbac hlw tho rjw mjtj woro lrcjabsom
]bio ba ibautos Auieor lf ]ojdhors
:7
—: :4
57
::
— 76
47
5:
— :7
=7
4:
— 7?
?7
=:
— 73
67
?:
— 7=
]jeò ]hroo> ]jeò shlwbac tho dj`du`jtbla lf tho ioja auieor lf ibautos `jto ey
tojdhors ba j ilath
]bio ba Ibautos Auieor lf ]ojdhors (f) Ibmplbat x fÓx

:7— : :4 ?.? 3:.?
57
::
— 76 :?.? 24
47—5: :7 5?.? 5??
=7—4: 7? 4?.? :33.?
?7—=: 73 =?.? 4:8.?
67—?: = ??.? 555
√ f 9 =? √fx 9 :,:43.?
]ho sui lf f 9 =?
]ho sui lf fx9 :,:43.7
]ho ioja x̍̍ 9 √fx 9 ::43.? 9 5?.4 ibautos
√f =?
?8
Tdjò> :di ≪: tojdhor la tho vortbdj` jxbs
5di ≪:7 ibautos la tho hlrbzlatj` jxbs
:=
:4
:5
::
:7
2
T
U
O
H 8
D
J
O
]
F
3
L
U
O 6
E
I
_
A ?
7
7.? :7.? 57.? 47.? =7.? ?7.? 67.?
A_IEOU LF IBA_]OT @J]O
Hbstlcrji shlwbac tho auieor lf ibautos thjt tho =? tojdhors hjvo eooa `jto flr tho
ilath.
?2
]jeò Flur> ]ho tjeò shlws j suiijry lf jesoados jam `jto ba pordoatjcos
Sook Lao
]ltj` al. lf Al. lf Al. lf Wordoatjco Wordoatjco

tojdhors tojdhors tojdhors lf tojdhors lf tojdhors
la rl``, jesoat la `jto la mjy, jesoat la `jto la mjy
Mjy
J mjy, y mjy. y
Ó:77%
x x J
J Ó:77%
Ilamjy =? :: :7 5= 55
]uosmjy =? := :5 4: 53
Somaosmjy =? 8 := :8 4:
]hursmjy =? := :3 4: 48
Frbmjy =? := := 4: 4:
Sook ]wl

tojdhors la tojdhors tojdhors lf tojdhors lf tojdhors
rl``, jesoat la `jto la mjy, jesoat la `jto la mjy
Mjy
J mjy, y mjy. y
x x J Ó:77%
J Ó:77%
Ilamjy =? 4 :: 3 5=
]uosmjy =? 3 :4 :6 52
Somaosmjy =? 2 :6 57 46
]hursmjy =? 6 :6 :4 46
Frbmjy =? :3 :5 48 4:
67
Sook ]hroo

Mjy
J mjy, y mjy. y
Ó:77%
x x J
Ó:77%
J
Ilamjy =? :5 2 53 57
]uosmjy =? :4 :6 52 46
Somaosmjy =? 2 :7 57 55
]hursmjy =? 4 :5 3 53
Frbmjy =? := :: 4: 5=
Sook Flur

Mjy
J mjy, y mjy. y
Ó:77%
x x J
Ó:77%
J
Ilamjy =? :5 :5 53 53
]uosmjy =? 8 :5 :8 53
Somaosmjy =? 2 2 57 57
]hursmjy =? 5 8 7= :8
Frbmjy =? 57 :7 == 55
6:
Sook Lao
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors `jto > 55+53+4:+48+4: 9 52.8%
?
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors jesoat > 5=+4:+:8+4:+4: 9 53%

?
Sook ]wl
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors `jto > 5=+52+56+56+4: 9 4:.5%

?
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors jesoat > 3+:6+57+:4+48 9 :8.8%

?
Sook ]hroo
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors `jto > 57+46+55+53+5= 9 5?.8%
?
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors jesoat > 53+52+57+3+4: 9 55.8%

?
Sook Flur
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors `jto > 53+53+57+:8+55 9 55.8%
?
Jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors jesoat > 53+:8+57+=+== 9 55.6%

?
65
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
]jeò Flur shlws thjt frli j stjff lf =? tojdhors>

:. Ba Sook Lao, jpprlxbijto`y 53% lf tho tojdhbac stjff wjs jesoat mjb`y jam 47% lf
tojdhors woro `jto mjb`y
5. Ba Sook ]wl, jpprlxbijto`y :2% lf tho tojdhbac stjff wjs jesoat mjb`y jam 4:% lf
4. Ba Sook ]hroo, jpprlxbijto`y 54% lf tho tojdhbac stjff wjs jesoat mjb`y jam 56%
lf tojdhors woro `jto mjb`y
=. Ba Sook Flur, jpprlxbijto`y 54% lf tho tojdhbac stjff wjs jesoat mjb`y jam 54% lf
]ho jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors jesoat flr tho flur wooks bs>
53 + :2 + 54 + 54 9 25 ≈ 54%
= =
]ho jvorjco pordoatjco lf tojdhors `jto flr tho flur wook bs>
≈
47 + 4: + 56 + 54 9 ::7 58%
= =
]horoflro, tho mjtj rovojòm thjt flr tho ilath uamor dlasbmorjtbla>
:. 54% lf tojdhor woro jesoat la j mjb`y ejsbs
5. 58% lf tojdhor woro `jto la j mjb`y ejsbs
]jeò ]wl jam tho hbstlcrji shlw thjt :2 tojdhors woro `jto flr : tl 57 ibautos flr tho
ilath, whorojs 56 tojdhors woro `jto flr 5: tl 67 ibautos flr tho ilath.
64
]ho flur dlipjrjtbvo ejr crjphs rovojòm thjt ba jay cbvoa wook, ilro tojdhors woro
`jto thja jesoat. ]hbs bs sooa ba>
Ejrcrjph (:) — whoro 5 lut lf tho ? mjys, ilro tojdhors woro `jto thja jesoat
jam la lao mjy tho sjio auieor wjs `jto js jesoat
Ejrcrjph (5) — whoro = lut lf ? mjys, ilro tojdhors woro `jto thja jesoat
Ejrcrjph (4) — whoro 4 lut lf ? mjys, ilro tojdhors woro `jto thja jesoat.
Ejrcrjph (=) — whoro 5 lut lf ? mjys, ilro tojdhors woro `jto thja jesoat jam
flr 5 mjys tho sjio auieor wjs `jto js jesoat.
]ho crjphs j`sl shlw thjt tojdhors woro ilro `bko`y tl eo jesoat la j Frbmjy thja jay
lthor mjy. ]hbs bs ovbmoat ba tho fjdt thjt la tho Frbmjy lf>
(j) Sook Lao — := tojdhors woro jesoat

(e) Sook ]wl — :3 tojdhors woro jesoat
(d) Sook ]hroo — := tojdhors woro jesoat
(m) Sook Flur — 57 tojdhors woro jesoat
]jeò ]hroo cbvos tho ioja auieor lf ibautos `jto ey tojdhors ba tho ilath tl eo 5?.4
ibautos. ]hbs iojas thjt bf j`` tho tojdhors woro tl eo jesoat flr tho sjio auieor lf
ibautos ovory mjy thjt auieor wb`` eo 5?.4 ibautos.
6=
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
]ho mjtj shlwom thjt la jvorjco, 54% lf tojdhors jro jesoat ovorymjy whbdh bs jelut
:7 tojdhors frli j stjff lf =?. J`sl, ja jvorjco lf 58% lf tojdhors jro `jto ovory mjy
flr ja jvorjco lf 5?.4 ibautos por mjy. ]hbs dliputos tl ?76 ibautos lf tojdhbac tbio
por ilath lr jelut :3 porblms por ilath. ]horo jro 8 (4? ibauto) porblms ba j tojdhbac
mjy jt tho sdhll`, thoroflro 5?.4 ibautos por mjy `jto, trjas`jto tl 5 mjys jesoados por
ilath ba `jto ibautos por tojdhor.
6?
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
]ho ﬊ambacs rovojòm thjt 54% lf tho tojdhors woro `jto ovory mjy jam 58% woro
jesoat ovorymjy lvor tho porblm lf lao ilath. ]hbs succosts, thjt la jvorjco, lut lf j
stjff lf =? tojdhors, jpprlxbijto`y :7 lf thoi jro `jto ovor mjy jam :4 jro jesoat ovory
mjy. ]hbs supplrts tho jaodmltj` d`jbi thjt jt thbs pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`, tojdhors jro tjrmy
ba cottbac tl sdhll` jam tho jesoatoobsi rjto bs hbch.
66
WULNOD] 4
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
Croor, J. & @jyao, D.O. Dortb﬊djto ba Ijthoijtbds> J Uovbsbla Dlurso flr tho Djrbeeoja.
5am Ombtbla.
www.omuﬅlw.wlrmpross.dli/tjrmbaoss
www.thojstlfom.dli
63
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla ba lrmor tl motoribao

bf tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio
badrojsos puadtuj`bty jam rocu`jrbty jt j
pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`.
68
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
]ho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio wjs batrlmudom ba sodlamjry sdhll`s js j sjfoty aot,
jbiom jt jssbstbac dhb`mroa lf `lw sldbl-odlalibd hlusohl`ms.
Bts ijba fldus bs tl>
• prlvbmo autrbtblus ioj`s flr dhb`mroa
• badrojso oarlìoat
• prlilto jdjmoibd suddoss
• romudo jesoatoobsi jam biprlvo rocu`jrbty jam puadtuj`bty ba sdhll`s.
]ho purplso lf thbs prlnodt bs tl motoribao whothor tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio
bs fu`﬊``bac lao lf bts ijamjtos lf romudbac jesoatoobsi jam biprlvbac puadtuj`bty
ba sdhll`s.
62
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
]ho mjtj wjs dl`òdtom vbj j quostblaajbro. ]ho quostblaajbro dlasbstom lf obcht (8)
pro-sot stjamjrmbzom quostblas, ba lrmor tl j``lw tho sjio baflrijtbla tl eo coaorjtom
frli ojdh stumoat. ]ho quostblas woro jskom ba tho sjio lrmor. ]ho sjipò dlasbstom
lf :77 stumoats, 57 lf whli woro dhlsoa frli ojdh flri òvo`. ]horo jro = d`jssos
jt ojdh flri òvo` whoro tho stumoats woro j`` jskom bf thoy wjatom tl tjko pjrt ba j
survoy. Frli tho crlup lf stumoats whl cjvo j plsbtbvo rosplaso, ﬊vo stumoats woro
rjamli`y dhlsoa frli ojdh flri d`jss. ]ho survoy wjs dlamudtom murbac tho ùadh
erojk jftor stumoats wlu`m hjvo dlasuiom tho erojkfjst jam ùadh. (Too jppoambx flr
quostblaajbro usom ba survoy)
Bt tllk flur (=) wooks tl dl`òdt tho mjtj frli tho sjipò sbzo.
37
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
Jftor tho mjtj wjs dl`òdtom, bt wjs lrcjabzom jam prosoatom usbac tjeòs,
dlipjrjtbvo ejr dhjrts jam pbo dhjrts js fl``lws.
:. ]ho tjeò eo`lw shlws tho auieor lf stumoats pjrtbdbpjtom ba tho sdhll` foombac
prlcrjiio
Flri Auieor Wjrt jkbac Auieor Alt Wjrtjkbac
: :8 5
5 :? ?
4 := 6
= :5 8
? :7 :7
62 4:
]jeò :
]ho dlipjrjtbvo ejr dhjrt dlipjros stumoats whl pjrtbdbpjtom jam whl mbm alt
pjrtbdbpjto ba tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio
]
57
A
O :8
T
E
J
/ :6
O
]
J :=
@
T :5
O
I
B
] :7
F
L 78
U
O
E 76
I
_ 7=
A
75
:54=?
FLUI D@JTT
3: Fbcuro :
ROT AL
5. ]ho tjeò eo`lw shlws tho auieor lf stumoats ey flri whl jrrbvom ojr`y flr erojkfjst
jam pjrtbdbpjtom ba tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio
Ojr`y flr Alt ojr`y flr

Flri ]ltj`
erojkfjst erojkfjst
: :8 5 57
5 :? ? 57
4 := 6 57
= :5 8 57
? :7 :7 57
62 4: :77
]jeò 5
4. ]ho tjeò eo`lw shlws tho auieor lf stumoats whl hjm erojkfjst ovorymjy ey flri
Auieor Hjvbac Auieor Alt Hjvbac

Flri ]ltj`
Erojkfjst Ovorymjy Erojkfjst Ovorymjy
: 57 7 57
5 57 7 57
4 57 7 57
= 57 7 57
? 57 7 57
:77 7 :77
]jeò 4
=. ]ho tjeò eo`lw shlws tho auieor lf stumoats whl letjbaom erojkfjst frli tho
Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio, hlio jam tho djfotorbj ey flri.
Shoro erojkfjst bs letjbaom
Tdhll` Foombac
Flri Hlio Djfotorbj ]ltj`
Wrlcrjiio
:: :8 : 57
54 :? 5 57
45 := = 57
=5 :5 6 57
?4 :7 3 57
:: 62 57 :77
]jeò =
35
]ho pbo dhjrt shlws tho prlplrtbla lf stumoats whl letjbaom erojkfjst frli tho Tdhll`
Foombac Wrlcrjiio, hlio jam djfotorbj.
Hlio
Djfotorbj
Tdhll` Foombac
Wrlcrjiio
?. ]ho tjeò eo`lw shlws tho auieor lf stumoats whl jttoamom sdhll` rocu`jr`y flr
ùadh frli tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio
Jttoam Tdhll` Ml Alt Jttoam

Flri
flr @uadh Tdhll` flr @uadh
: :8 5
5 :? ?
4 := 6
= :5 8
? :7 :7
62 4:
]jeò ?
34
6. ]ho tjeò eo`lw shlws tho auieor lf stumoats whl hjm ùadh ovory mjy ey flri.
Auieor Hjvbac Auieor Alt Hjvbac

Flri
@uadh Ovory Mjy @uadh Ovory Mjy
: 57 7
5 57 7
4 57 7
= 57 7
? 57 7
:77 7
]jeò 6
3. ]ho tjeò shlws tho auieor lf stumoats whl letjba ùadh frli tho Tdhll` Foombac
Wrlcrjiio
Shoro ùadh bs letjbaom
Tdhll` Foombac
Flri Hl io Djfotorbj ]ltj`
Wrlcrjiio
:: :8 : 57
54 :? 5 57
45 := = 57
=5 :5 6 57
?4 :7 3 57
:: 62 57 :77
3=
]ho pbo dhjrt shlws tho prlplrtbla lf stumoats whl letjbaom ùadh frli tho Tdhll`
Foombac Wrlcrjiio, hlio jam djfotorbj.
Hlio
Djfotorbj
Tdhll` Foombac
Wrlcrjiio
3?
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
]jeò : shlws thjt lut lf tho :77 stumoats whl woro survoyom, 62 woro pjrtbdbpjats lf
tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio, whbdh iojas thjt 62% lf tho sjipò woro rodbpboats
lf ioj`s frli tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio.
]jeò : jam tho dlipjrjtbvo ejr dhjrt (Fbcuro :) shlw thjt tho stumoats ba tho `lwor
flris (:, 5 jam 4) woro ilro `bko`y tl pjrtbdbpjto ba tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio thja
dhb`mroa frli tho uppor flris. ]hbs bs supplrtom ey tho fl``lwbac dj`du`jtblas>
Frli ]jeò B>
(b) tho auieor lf `lwor flri stumoats whl pjrtbdbpjtom ba tho Tdhll` Foombac
Wrlcrjiio wjs (:8 + :? + :=) 9 =3. ]ho tltj` auieor lf `lwor flri stumoats ba tho
survoy wjs 67. Hoado, tho pordoatjco lf `lwor flri stumoats whl pjrtbdbpjtom ba
tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio wjs =3 Ó :77% 9 38.4%
67
(bb) tho auieor lf uppor flri stumoats whl pjrtbdbpjtom ba tho Tdhll` Foombac
Wrlcrjiio (:5 + :7) 9 55. ]ho tltj` auieor lf uppor flri stumoats ba tho survoy
wjs =7. ]horoflro, tho pordoatjco lf uppor flri stumoats whl pjrtbdbpjtom ba tho
prlcrjiio wjs 55 Ó :77% 9 ??%
=7
]jeò 4 jam 6 shlw thjt :77% lf tho stumoats survoyom hjm erojkfjst jam ùadh ovory
mjy. Hlwovor, tjeòs 5 jam = shlw thjt 62% clt erojkfjst jam ùadh frli tho Tdhll`
Foombac Wrlcrjiio; whb`st ::% clt frli hlio jam 57% frli tho djfotorbj. ]hbs bs
b`ùstrjtom ba Fbcuro 5 jam 4. Ba dlastrudtbac tho pbo dhjrts, jacòs woro dj`du`jtom tl
roprosoat tho sodtlrs> - Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio
- hlio
- djfotorbj
]hbs wjs mlao js fl``lws>
Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio 62

Hlio ::
Djfotorbj 57 36
:77
Jacò roprosoatbac Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio 9 62 Ó 467· 9 5=8.=·
:77
Jacò roprosoatbac Hlio 9 :: Ó 467· 9 42.6·

:77
Jacò roprosoatbac Djfotorbj 9 57 Ó 467· 9 35·

:77
Frli tho :77 stumoats whl woro survoyom 62 djio ojr`y flr erojkfjst jam jttoamom
sdhll` rocu`jr`y flr ùadh frli tho sdhll` foombac prlcrjiio. ]horoflro, bf j stumoat
bs dhlsoa jt rjamli frli tho sjipò, tho prlejeb`bty lf thjt dhb`m jrrbvbac ojr`y flr
erojkfjst jam rocu`jr`y flr ùadh bs 62% lr 7.62
33
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
J`thluch j`` lf tho stumoats survoyom hjm erojkfjst jam ùadh ovory mjy, tho ijnlrbty
lf thoi (62%) djio ojr`y jam rocu`jr`y tl sdhll` ba lrmor tl letjba thobr ioj`s frli tho
sdhll` foombac prlcrjiio.
]ho stumoats frli flris :, 5, jam 4 oxprossom crojtor batorost ba jrrbvbac ojr`y jam
rocu`jr`y tl pjrtbdbpjto ba tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio.
38
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
Cbvoa tho hbch prlplrtbla lf stumoats whl jrrbvo ojr`y jam rocu`jr`y flr tho Tdhll`
Foombac Wrlcrjiio, lao dja dladùmo thjt tho Tdhll` Foombac Wrlcrjiio hjs j
plsbtbvo bipjdt la tho `bvos lf stumoats whbdh rosu`tom ba ja badrojso ba puadtuj`bty jam
rocu`jrbty.
32
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
www.wbkbhlw.dli
www.ttdlaaodt.clv.tt
www.cujrmbja.dl.tt
87
WULNOD] =
TOD]BLA 72
JWWOAMBX
Z_OT]BLAAJBUO FLU T_UVOR
:. Wòjso tbdk lao rosplaso la`y
Flri D`jss  :  5  4  =  ?
5. Ml ylu pjrtjko ba tho sdhll` foombac prlcrjiio<
 Ros  Al
4. Ml ylu jrrbvo ojr`y tl rodobvo erojkfjst frli tho sdhll` foombac prlcrjiio<
 Ros  Al
=. Ml ylu hjvo erojkfjst ovory mjy<
 Ros  Al
?. Bf tho jaswor tl quostbla = bs yos, thoa whoro ml ylu cot erojkfjst<
 Hlio  Tdhll`  Djfotorbj

6. Ml ylu jttoam sdhll` rocu`jr`y tl rodobvo ùadh<
 Ros  Al
3. Ml ylu hjvo ùadh ovory mjy<
 Ros  Al
8. Bf tho jaswor tl quostbla 3 bs yos, thoa whoro ml ylu cot ùadh<
 Hlio  Tdhll`  Djfotorbj
8:
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla tl motoribao tho

auieor lf ebrms thjt iust eo purdhjsom
ba lrmor flr j sij`` eusbaoss tl roj`bzo j
ijxbiui prl﬊t.
85
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Iy mjm hjs modbmom tl stjrt j sij`` eusbaoss tl suppòioat hbs ilath`y badlio. Ho
p`jas tl purdhjso dhbdkoas jam mudks wook`y tl rotjb` jt j prl﬊t. Jftor hojrbac mjm‒s
p`ja, B modbmom tl uso j erjadh lf Ijthoijtbds dj`òm `baojr prlcrjiibac tl ho`p hbi
ilmo` hbs eusbaoss p`ja. @baojr prlcrjiibac bs j ijthoijtbdj` todhabquo thjt bs usom
tl ijxbibzo prl﬊t lr ibabibzo `lss wbthba j spodb﬊om systoi, cbvoa j`` tho dlastrjbats ba
tho systoi. ]hbs todhabquo wb`` j``lw mjm tl prombdt tho oxjdt auieor lf ebrms ho shlu`m
purdhjso wook`y ba lrmor tl ijxbibzo prl﬊t la hbs bavostioat, wbthlut vbl`jtbac dortjba
dlastrjbats.
Shbò trybac tl ostje`bsh tho eusbaoss, mjm ijy oadluator `bibtjtblas jam
rostrbdtblas. ]hoso `bibtjtblas jam rostrbdtblas jro dj`òm dlastrjbats.
84
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
:. B vbsbtom j plu`try fjri jam dl`òdtom mjtj js fl``lws>

(b) whlòsjò prbdos la dhbdkoas jam mudks
(bb) tho ibabiui auieor lf ebrms thjt iust eo purdhjsom ba lrmor tl letjba tho
whlòsjò prbdo.
(bbb) tho succostom prbdos jt whbdh tho ebrms dja eo rotjbòm.
(bv) tho ijxbiui auieor lf ebrms thjt dja eo stlrom ba tho flw` rua jt hlio.
5. B j`sl clt mjm‒s wook`y eumcot flr tho purdhjso lf ebrms.
8=
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
]ho mjtj dl`òdtom shlws, thjt ba lrmor tl letjba whlòsjò jam rotjb` prbdos, mjm
iust sjtbsfy tho fl``lwbac flur dlastrjbats>
:. Ho iust euy jt òjst :7 mudks; thbs iojas thjt tho ibabiui jiluat lf mudks thjt
ho dja purdhjso bs :7
5. Ho iust euy jt òjst 57 dhbdkoas; thbs iojas thjt ho iust euy 57 lr ilro
dhbdkoas
4. Ho hjs stlrjco spjdo flr la`y 34 ebrms; thbs iojas thjt ho djaalt euy ilro thja
34 ebrms.
=. Ho la`y hjs $4,777.77 tl spoam la ebrms. Mudks dlst $87.77 ojdh jam dhbdkoas
dlst $47.77 ojdh.
]ho mjtj j`sl shlws thjt jt tho oam lf thbs voaturo, mjm bs oxpodtom tl ijko j prl﬊t lf
$37.77 la ojdh mudk jam $47.77 la ojdh dhbdkoa.
Ba `baojr prlcrjiibac, wo uso baoquj`btbos tl roprosoat roj` wlr`m dlastrjbats

whbdh dja thoa eo roprosoatom crjphbdj``y ey rocblas. Flr mjm‒s eusbaoss ilmo`,
ojdh dlastrjbat wb`` cbvo rbso tl ja baoquj`bty. Ba lrmor tl wrbto baoquj`btbos, wo iust
batrlmudo vjrbjeòs. Flr thbs ilmo`, B wb`` uso twl vjrbjeòs, x jam y. B wb`` òt x
roprosoat tho auieor lf mudks jam y roprosoat tho auieor lf dhbdkoas thjt mjm
wjats tl purdhjso.
:. Mjm iust euy jt òjst :7 mudks

]hoa x iust eo crojtor thja lr oquj` tl :7
]hbs bs wrbttoa js x ≯ :7
5. Ho iust euy jt òjst 57 dhbdkoas

]hoa y iust eo crojtor thja lr oquj` tl 57
]hbs bs wrbttoa js y ≯ 57
4. Ho hjs stlrjco flr la`y 34 ebrms

]hoa tho tltj` auieor lf ebrms iust eo òss thja lr oquj` tl 34
]hbs bs wrbttoa js x + y ≭ 34
8?
=. ]ho dlst lf x mudks jt $87.77 ojdh bs $87 x
]ho dlst lf y dhbdkoas jt $47.77 ojdh bs $47 y
Ho hjs la`y $4,777.77 tl spoam la ebrms
]hoa tho tltj` jiluat lf ilaoy tl eo spoat iust eo òss thja lr oquj` tl
$4777.77
]hbs bs wrbttoa js 87 x + 47y ≭ $4,777.77
Ojdh lf tho jelvo baoquj`btbos wb`` roprosoat j rocbla la j crjph shoot. ]l bmoatbfy
rocblas, wo iust hjvo eluamjrbos. ]ho oquj`bty pjrt lf ojdh baoquj`bty wb`` eo usom js
j eluamjry `bao flr ojdh baoquj`bty.
:. Flr tho rocbla x ≯ :7; tho strjbcht `bao x 9 :7 wb`` eo mrjwa js j eluamjry `bao
5. Flr tho rocbla y ≯ 57; tho strjbcht `bao y 9 57 wb`` eo mrjwa js tho eluamjry `bao.
4. Flr tho rocbla x + y ≭ 34; tho strjbcht `bao x + y 9 34 wb`` eo mrjwa js tho
eluamjry `bao
=. Flr tho rocbla 87x + 47y ≭ 4777; tho strjbcht `bao 87 x + 47y 9 4777 wb`` eo mrjwa
js j eluamjry `bao
]l mrjw tho `bao x + y 9 34 ; tho twl plbats (7, 34) jam (34, 7) wb`` eo usom
x 7 34
y 34 7
Eoflro tho `bao 87x + 47y 9 4777 bs mrjwa, tho oqujtbla wb`` eo sbip`b﬊om ey mbvbmbac
ey :7.
]ho oqujtbla bs alw 8x + 4y 9 477; jam tho twl plbats (7, :77) jam (47, 57) wb`` eo
usom tl mrjw tho eluamjry `bao.
x 7 47
y :77 57
]ho crjph eo`lw roprosoats tho systoi lf tho flur baoquj`btbos.

]ho shjmom rocbla T roprosoats mjm‒s mocroo lf froomli. Ba thbs rocbla ho bs froo
tl purdhjso j dliebajtbla lf mudks jam dhbdkoas wbthlut vbl`jtbac jay lf tho flur
dlastrjbats.
86
Thjmom rocbla T roprosoats mjm‒s mocroo lf froomli
y Tdjò> 5di ≪:7 mudks la hlrbzlatj`, 5di ≪:7 dhbdkoas la vortbdj`
:77
x 9 :7
27
87
)
T
A
O
K 37
BD
H
D
F
L E (:7, 64)
U
O 67
E D (:6, ?3)
I
_
(A
y
?7
=7
47
s
M (47, 57)
57
J (:7, 57) y 9 57
x + y 9 34
:7
8x + 4 y 9 477 x
:7 57 47 =7 ?7 67 37
x (A_IEOU LF M_DKT)
83
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
Mjm bs oxpodtom tl ijko j prl﬊t lf $37.77 la ojdh mudk jam $47.77 la ojdh dhbdkoa.
x mudks jt $37.77 ojdh wb`` ybo`m j prl﬊t lf $37 x jam y dhbdkoas jt $47 ojdh wb`` ybo`m
j prl﬊t lf $47 y. ]horoflro tho prl﬊t oqujtbla flr mjm‒s eusbaoss ilmo` bs wrbttoa js>
W 9 37x + 47y
]ho jbi bs tl motoribao tho auieor lf mudks jam dhbdkoas thjt mjm shlu`m purdhjso tl
jdhbovo tho ijxbiui prl﬊t. Alw, tho flur baoquj`btbos cjvo rbso tl j pl`ycla wbth tho
vortbdos J (:7, 57); E (:7, 64); D (:6, ?3); M (47, 57) js shlwa la tho crjph.
]ho fuamjioatj` tholroi lf `baojr prlcrjiibac stj tos thjt lao lf tho flur vortbdos
wb`` cbvo vjùos lf x jam y thjt wb`` ijxbibzo tho oqujtbla W 9 37x + 47y
]ostbac flr tho ijxbiui prl﬊t wo cot>

:. Jt J (:7, 57); whoro x 9 :7, y 9 57
W 9 37 Ó :7 + 47 Ó 57
9 377 + 677
9 $:,477.77
]hbs iojas thjt bf mjm purdhjsos :7 mudks jam 47 dhbdkoas, ho wb``
ijko j prl﬊t lf $:,477.77 por wook.
5. Jt E (:7, 64); whoro x 9 :7, y 9 64

W 9 37 Ó :7 + 47 Ó 64
9 377 + :,827
9 $5,?27.77
]hbs iojas thjt bf mjm purdhjsos :7 mudks jam 64 dhbdkoas, ho wb``
ijko j prl﬊t lf $5,?27.77 por wook.
4. Jt D (:6, ?3); whoro x 9 :6, y 9 ?3

W 9 37 Ó :6 + 47 Ó ?3
9 :,:57 + :,3:7
9 $5,847.77
]hbs iojas thjt bf mjm purdhjsos :6 mudks jam ?3 dhbdkoas, ho wb``
ijko j prl﬊t lf $5,847.77 por wook.
88
=. Jt D (47, 57); whoro x 9 47, y 9 57,
W 9 37 Ó 47 + 47 Ó 57
9 5,:77 + 677
9 $5,377.77
]hbs iojas thjt bf mjm purdhjsos 47 mudks jam 57 dhbdkoas, ho wb``
ijko j prl﬊t lf $5,377.77 por wook.
]horoflro, ba lrmor flr mjm tl letjba j ijxbiui prl﬊t lf $5,847, ho iust purdhjso
:6 mudks jam ?3 dhbdkoas ojdh wook.
82
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 7?
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
]hbs sbipò `baojr prlcrjiibac ilmo`, cbvos mjm j cubmo sl ho dja ijko ja baflriom
modbsbla whoa purdhjsbac tho ebrms tl rotjb` jt j prl﬊t. Bt ho`ps hbi tl jvlbm uaaodossjry
spodu`jtblas jam ostbijtos ejsom la cuosswlrk. Flr oxjipò, ejsom la hbs mocroo lf
froomli, mjm kalws thjt>
:. bf ho purdhjsos :7 mudks jam 57 dhbdkoas, ho wb`` roj`bzo j prl﬊t lf
$:,477.77 por wook.
5. bf ho purdhjsos :7 mudks jam 64 dhbdkoas, ho wb`` roj`bzo j prl﬊t lf
$5,?27.77 por wook.
4. bf ho purdhjsos :6 mudks jam ?3 dhbdkoas, ho wb`` roj`bzo j prl﬊t lf
$5,847.77 por wook.
=. bf ho purdhjsos 47 mudks jam 57 dhbdkoas, ho wb`` roj`bzo j prl﬊t lf
$5,377.77 por wook.
Hoado, mjm alw kalws tho oxjdt auieor lf mudks jam dhbdkoas ho iust purdhjso
wook`y wbthba tho cbvoa dlastrjbats ba lrmor tl ijxbibzo prl﬊t la hbs bavostioat.
27
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 76
DLAD@_TBLA
Ejsom la tho ﬊ambacs, bt dja eo dladùmom thjt mjm iust purdhjso :6 mudks jam ?3
dhbdkoas, j tltj` lf 34 ebrms ba lrmor tl coaorjto j ijxbiui prl﬊t lf $5,847.77 por
wook.
2:
WULNOD] ?
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
Croor, J. & @jyao, D. O., (:287);Dortb﬊djto Ijthoijtbds> J Uovbsbla Dlurso flr tho
Djrbeeoja.
]ll`sbo, U.; Ijthoijtbds> J Dlipòto Dlurso wbth DXD Zuostblas. Vl`. 5
www.ijth.ud`j.omu
www.ijthswlrk.dli
25
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla tl motoribao tho

ijxbiui jroj lf j vocotjeò cjrmoa
thjt dja eo dlastrudtom frli j cbvoa
p`lt lf `jam.
24
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
]l moj` wbth rbsbac prbdos, iy pjroats jam B hjvo modbmom tl drojto j vocotjeò cjrmoa
jt tho ejdk lf lur hlio. Tbado thoro jro throo (4) mlcs ba tho yjrm, wo wlu`m `bko tl
oad`lso tho cjrmoa wbth j wbro foado. Mjm hjs j pbodo lf wbro ba stlrjco whbdh ho wjats
tl uso tl foado tho cjrmoa. So j`sl wjat tl cbvo tho cjrmoa j rodtjacu`jr shjpo, wbth j
: iotro flltpjth jrluam. ]hbs wb`` j``lw flr ojsy jddoss, wjtorbac jam fortb`bzbac.
Jftor stumybac qujmrjtbd oqujtblas ba sdhll`, B hjvo modbmom tl uso thbs prbadbpò
tl ho`p iy pjroats ijxbibzo tho uso lf tho `jam spjdo flr tho dlastrudtbla lf tho
cjrmoa.
2=
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
Mjm jam B woat tl tho ejdk lf tho hluso jam usom j iojsurbac tjpo whoro wo iojsurom
tho mbioasblas lf tho jvjb`jeò `jam. So j`sl iojsurom tho òacth lf tho wbro thjt mjm
hjm ba stlrjco. ]ho `jam hjm j rluch rodtjacu`jr shjpo, thoroflro, wo iojsurom tho
òacth jam wbmth js jddurjto`y js plssbeò.
2?
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 76
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
]ho mjtj dl`òdtom rovojòm thjt>

(b) ]ho òacth lf tho jvjb`jeò `jam bs jpprlxbijto`y 52.3 iotros.
(bb) ]ho wbmth lf tho `jam bs jpprlxbijto`y 5:.2 iotros.
(bbb) ]ho jroj lf tho `jam bs 52.3 iotros Ó 5:.2 iotros (b.o. jpprlxbijto`y 6?7 sq. iotros).
(bv) ]ho òacth lf tho wbro tl eo usom bs :77 iotros `lac.
y iotros
: iotro flltpjth
x iotros Vocotjeò Cjrmoa x iotros
y iotros
]ho mbjcrji jelvo bs j ilmo` lf tho p`lt lf `jam tl eo foadom wbth :77 iotros lf
foadbac wbro.
@ot tho òacth lf tho p`lt lf `jam tl eo foadom eo y iotros.

@ot tho wbmth lf tho p`lt lf `jam tl eo foadom eo x iotros.
@oacth lf wbro tl oad`lso tho p`lt bs :77 iotros.
Hoado, porbiotor (W) lf tho p`lt bs :77 iotros.
∽ 5x + 5y 9 :77
lr x + y 9 ?7
91 y 9 ?7 — x (Oqujtbla :)
26
Tbado thoro bs j : iotro fllt pjth jrluam tho cjrmoa; tho
Sbmth lf tho cjrmoa 9 (x — 5) iotros
@oacth lf tho cjrmoa 9 ( y — 5) iotros
Tuestbtuto y 9 ?7 — x frli oqujtbla : batl tho òacth tl cot>
@oacth lf Cjrmoa 9 (?7 — x — 5) iotros
9 (=8 — x) iotros
Jroj lf rodtjacu`jr vocotjeò cjrmoa bs òacth iu`tbp`y ey wbmth
∽ Jroj 9 (=8 — x) (x — 5)
5
9 =8x — 26 — x + 5x
9 ?7x — 26 — x5
Flr tho ro`jtbla J 9 ?7x — 26 — x5, j tjeò lf vjùos lf plssbeò wbmths, x, wjs tjeu`jtom,
j crjph lf J vs x wjs mrjwa flr tho mlijba vjùos ? ≭ x ≭ =?
x ? :7 :? 57 5? 47 4? =7 =?
J :52 47= =52 ?7= ?52 ?7= =52 47= :52
Too Jppoambx flr dj`du`jtbla lf tho rjaco (J)

]ho crjph eo`lw shlws tho ro`jtblashbp eotwooa tho jroj (J) lf tho `jam tl eo oad`lsom
jam tho wbmth lf tho `jam (x)
677
?77
5
)
(i=77
s
o
rt
o
i
o
r 477
j
u
q
s
a
b
j577
ro
J
:77
7
7 ? :7 :? 57 5? 47 4? =7 =? ?7
@oacth ba iotros (i)
Fbcuro :> Tdjò usom> :di ≪ ? iotros la hlrbzlatj` jxbs,

:di ≪ :77 squjro iotros la vortbdj` jxbs
Alto> ]ho òacth lf tho jvjb`jeò `jam bs 52.3 i. ]horoflro, dhllsbac

mlijba vjùos (x) thjt jro crojtor thja 52 iotros wb`` sorvo al
prjdtbdj` purplso ba tho prlnodt. ]hoso vjùos woro badùmom strbdt`y
23 flr tho thorlrotbdj` purplso lf letjbabac j dlipòto pjrjel`bd shjpo
la tho crjph.
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
Frli tho crjph>

:. ]ho ijxbiui vjùo lf J bs ?52 squjro iotros
5. ]ho ijxbiui jroj lddurs whoa x 9 5? iotros
]ho òacth lf tho `jam tl eo foadom tl cbvo tho ijxbiui jroj lf tho vocotjeò cjrmoa
bs y 9 ?7 — x 9 ?7 — 5? 9 5? iotros.
]ho wbmth lf tho `jam tl eo foadom tl cbvo tho ijxbiui jroj lf tho vocotjeò cjrmoa bs>
x 9 5? i (frli crjph)
]ho ijxbiui jroj lf tho vocotjeò cjrmoa bs ?52 iotros5 (frli crjph)
Vorbfybac tho crjphbdj` rosu`ts ey dj`du`jtbla wo cot>

(b) wbmth lf vocotjeò cjrmoa 9 (x — 5) iotros
9 (5? — 5) iotros
9 54 iotros
(bb) òacth lf vocotjeò cjrmoa 9 (y — 5) iotros
9 (5? — 5) iotros
9 54 iotros
Jroj lf vocotjeò cjrmoa 9 òacth Ó wbmth
9 (y — 5) (x — 5)
5
9 (54 Ó 54) iotros
5
9 ?52 iotros
]ho vocotjeò cjrmoa dja eo dlastrudtom usbac tho jelvo mbioasblas sbado tho jroj
lf ?52 iotros5 bs wbthba tho jroj lf tho jvjb`jeò `jam, whbdh bs 6?7 iotros 5. J`sl tho
jroj lf tho p`lt lf `jam tl eo foadom whbdh wb`` dlatjba tho vocotjeò cjrmoa jam tho
lao iotro flltpjth bs (5? Ó 5?) iotros5 9 65? iotros5
]hbs tll bs wbthba tho jroj lf tho jvjb`jeò `jam tl eo usom flr dlastrudtbla.
28
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
So dja ojsb`y dlastrudt j vocotjeò cjrmoa ey oad`lsbac ja jroj lf `jam jt tho ejdk lf
tho hluso wbthlut dlasbmorbac jay rbclrlus jaj`ysbs.
Hlwovor, thbs sbipò j`coerjbd ilmo` puts us ba j plsbtbla tl ijko ilro baflriom
dhlbdos ba toris lf tho mbioasblas tl eo usom.
Flr oxjipò, tho ilmo` shlws thjt>

:. ]ho ijxbiui jroj thjt dja eo oad`lsom frli tho cbvoa `jam spjdo bs j porfodt
squjro lf 65? squjro iotros wbth mbioasblas 5? iotros ey 5? iotros.
5. ]ho jroj lf tho vocotjeò cjrmoa tl eo oad`lsom wbth j lao iotro pjthwjy jrluam
bt bs j porfodt squjro lf ?52 squjro iotros wbth mbioasblas 54 iotros ey 54 iotros.
4. ]hbs dlastrudtbla wb`` stb`` òjvo j rojslajeò jiluat lf `jam spjdo jrluam tho
oad`lsom jroj.
=. ]ho `jam spjdo roijbabac jftor dlastrudtbla lf foado bs (6?7 — 65?) squjro iotros
9 5? squjro iotros. ]hbs spjdo wb`` j``lw flr tho mlcs tl p`jy lutmllrs.
22
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
]ho ﬊ambacs rovoj` thjt tho ijxbiui jroj lf j vocotjeò cjrmoa thjt dja eo sot up
frli ja jvjb`jeò pbodo lf `jam lf jroj 6?7 squjro iotros, bs ?52 squjro iotros. ]l
j``lw flr tho flltpjth lf lao iotro jrluam tho cjrmoa, ja jroj lf 65? i 5 lf `jam iust
eo foadom wbth j :77 iotro `lac foado.
5? iotros
:i lutor foado
5? iotros :i Vocotjeò Cjrmoa :i 5? iotros
flltpjth :i
5? iotros
ILMO@ LF DLIW@O]OM DLAT]U_D]BLA
:77
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
D`jrko, @. Hjrwllm, Jmmbtblaj` Wuro Ijthoijtbds, 4rm Ombtbla

Hoac, H. H.; ]jèort, N. F.,Jmmbtblaj` Ijthoijtbds, 6th Ombtbla
www.uadw.omu/jòcerj
www.vjrsbtytutlrs.dli
:7:
WULNOD] 6
TOD]BLA 72
JWWOAMBX
DJ@D_@J]BLA LF UJACO
J 9 ?7x — 26 — x5
x ? :7 :? 57 5? 47 4? =7 =?
J :52 47= =52 ?7= ?52 ?7= =52 47= :52
Shoa x 9 ?i
J 9 ?7 Ó ? — 26 — ?5
5
9 5?7 — 26 — 5? 9 :52 i
Shoa x 9 :7i
J 9 ?7 Ó :7 — 26 — :75
5
9 ?77 — 26 — :77 9 47= i
Shoa x 9 :?i
J 9 ?7 Ó :? — 26 — :?5
5
9 3?7 — 26 — 55? 9 =52 i
Shoa x 9 57i
J 9 ?7 Ó 57 — 26 — 575
5
9 :777 — 26 — =77 9 ?7= i
Shoa x 9 5?i
J 9 ?7 Ó 5? — 26 — 5?5
5
9 :5?7 — 26 — 65? 9 ?52 i
Shoa x 9 47i
J 9 ?7 Ó 47 — 26 — 475
5
9 :?77 — 26 — 277 9 ?7= i
Shoa x 9 4?i
J 9 ?7 Ó 4? — 26 — 4?5
5
9 :3?7 — 26 — :55? 9 =52 i
:75
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Drojtbac tho ilst dlst offodtbvo eumcot

tl dlipòto j rlli iojsurbac
:=‒ x :5‒ x :7‒.
:74
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Iy pjroats hjvo nust dlipòtom tho dlastrudtbla lf j eomrlli iojsurbac

:=‒ x :5‒ x :7‒. Sbth j eumcot lf $?,777.77, thoy jro dlasbmorbac tho fl``lwbac>
:. bastj``bac dorjibd ﬅllr tbòs
5. pjbatbac tho wj``s yo``lw, mllrs eùo
4. bastj``bac j dob`bac lf obthor cypsui lr W.V.D. pjao`s
Sbth iy kalwòmco lf dlasuior jrbthiotbd jam iojsuroioat, B hjvo modbmom tl

jssbst thoi wbth thbs voaturo. ]ho purplso lf thbs prlnodt bs tl motoribao tho ilst
dlst offodtbvo ostbijto tl dlipòto tho rlli.
:7=
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
Flur (=) mbfforoat hjrmwjro stlros J, E, D, jam M woro vbsbtom jam prbdos woro letjbaom
la tho ijtorbj` tl eo usom.
B j`sl letjbaom prbdos la `jelur dlsts frli twl wlrkioa ajiom : jam 5 ba tho prlnodt.
]ho `jelur dlst qultom frli tho wlrkioa badùmom tho dlst lf `jelur flr frjibac jam
bastj``bac tho cypsui lr WVD dob`bac.
:7?
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
Ba thbs prlnodt, = ostbijtos woro dlasbmorom flr dlipjrbsla. Jftor tho rjw mjtj wjs
dl`òdtom frli tho = mbfforoat hjrmwjro stlros jam tho 5 wlrkioa, bt wjs lrcjabzom jam
prosoatom ba tjeòs js fl``lws>
Ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro J

Zujatbty Mosdrbptbla _abtWrbdo$ Jiluat$
:77 :6’x:6’dorjibdﬅllrtbòs 57.77 5,777.77
ejcs
= thbasot =7.77 :67.77
ès
6 crlut 57.77 :57.77
pk
: tbò
spjdos 67.77 67.77
:cj` dladrotoprbior :87.77 :87.77
:cj` wjtorejsompjbat 5?7.77 5?7.77
cj`
° wllm
pjbat 37.77 37.77
=?pbodos 5=’x5=’cypsuidob`bactbòs 47.77 :,4?7.77
=,:27.77
VJ] G :5.?% ?54.3?
]ltj` =,3:4.3?
Ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro E

:77 :6’x:6’dorjibdﬅllrtbòs :8.77 :,877.77
ejcs
= thbasot =?.77 :87.77
ès
6 crlut 56.77 :7=.77
pk
: tbò
spjdos 37.77 37.77
:cj` dladrotoprbior :?7.77 :?7.77
:cj` wjtorejsompjbat 547.77 547.77
cj`
° wllm
pjbat 27.77 27.77
=?pbodos 5=’x5=’cypsuidob`bactbòs 4?.77 :,?3?.77
=,:22.77
VJ] G :5.?% ?5=.88
]ltj` =,354.88
:76
Ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro D
ejcs
= thbasot =7.77 :67.77
ès
6 crlut 47.77 :87.77
pk
: tbò
spjdos 6?.77 6?.77
:cj` wjtorejsompjbat 577.77 577.77

°cj` wllm
pjbat :7?.77 :7?.77
:? òacths :7’ W.V.D. pjao`s G :2 ¹ ft. 37.77 :,7?7.77
4,?87.77
VJ] G :5.?% ==3.?7
]ltj` =,753.?7
Ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro M

ejcs
= thbasot =?.77 :87.77
ès
6 crlut 57.77 :57.77
pk
: tbò
spjdos 47.77 47.77
:cj` wjtorejsopjbat :?7.77 :?7.77
cj`
° wllm
pjbat ?7.77 ?7.77
:? òacths :7’ W.V.D. pjao`s G :2 ¹ ft. ?7.77 3?7.77
4,:77.77
VJ] G :5.?% 483.?7
]ltj` 4,=83.?7
:73
@jelur Dlst> ]wl wlrkioa whl woro soòdtom tl ml tho wlrk cjvo tho fl``lwbac
`jelur dlst>
@jelur dlst frli Slrkija : 9 $5,777.77

@jelur dlst frli Slrkija 5 9 $:,?77.77
Tuiijry lf Ostbijtos jam @jelur Dlsts
Ostbijto HjrmwjroJ $=,3:4.3? HjrmwjroJ $=,3:4.3?
@jelur Slrkija #: $5,777.77 @jelur Slrkija #5 $:,?77.77

]ltj` $6,3:4.3? $6,5:4.3?
Ostbijto HjrmwjroE $=,354.88 HjrmwjroE $=,354.88

]ltj` $6,354.88 $6,554.88
Ostbijto HjrmwjroD $=,753.?7 HjrmwjroD $=,753.?7

]ltj` $6,753.?7 $?,?54.?7
Ostbijto HjrmwjroM $4,43?.77 HjrmwjroM $4,=83.?7

]ltj` $?,43?.7 7 $=,283.?7
Wòjso alto thjt Hjrmwjro J jam Hjrmwjro E hjm al WVD dob`bac la sjò. ]horoflro,
WVD dob`bac wjs alt sooa ba tho eumcots flr Hjrmwjro J jam Hjrmwjro E.
Hjrmwjro D jam Hjrmwjro M hjm al cypsui la sjò. ]horoflro, cypsui tbòs woro
alt sooa ba tho eumcots flr Hjrmwjro D jam Hjrmwjro M.
Ba lrmor tl drojto tho = ostbijtos, tho fl``lwbac dj`du`jtblas woro porflriom.
Ba porflribac tho dj`du`jtblas tho fl``lwbac dlavorsblas woro ijmo;

(b) badhos tl foot — : foot 9 :5 badhos
∽ tl dlavort badhos tl foot wo mbvbmo ey :5
(bb) luados tl pluams — : pluam 9 :6 luados

∽ tl dlavort luados tl pluams wo mbvbmo ey :6
:78
]ho F`llr
Btoi aoomom tl tbò tho ﬅllr jro> (b) tbòs (bb) thbasot (bbb) crlut (bv) tbò spjdors
(b) ]bòs
Lao ﬅllr tbò iojsuros :6’ x :6’ whbdh bs :.444 foot x :.444 foot. Tbado tho tbòs hjvo
j squjro shjpo jam tho jroj lf j squjro bs sbmo x sbmo, bt fl``lws thjt tho jroj lf : tbò
bs :.444 foot x :.444 foot 9 :.8 squjro foot. Tbado tho ﬅllr hjs j rodtjacu`jr shjpo lf
:= foot x :5 foot jam tho jroj lf j rodtjacò bs òacth x wbmth, bt fl``lws thjt tho jroj lf
tho ﬅllr tl eo tbòm bs := foot x :5 foot 9 :68 squjro foot.
]l tbò ja jroj lf :68 squjro foot usbac :.8 squjro foot tbòs, tho auieor lf tbòs aoomom
bs :68 squjro foot 9 2= tbòs jpprlxbijto`y.
:.8 squjro foot
Ja oxtrj 6 tbòs jro tl eo elucht ba lrmor tl ijko prlvbsbla flr erojkjco.
∽ ]ltj` auieor lf tbòs tl eo elucht bs :77.
]hbasot
]hbasot bs tho ijtorbj` usom tl p`jstor tho ﬅllr eoflro `jybac tho tbòs. ]ho baflrijtbla la
tho pjdkjco stjtos thjt : ejc dlvors j surfjdo jroj lf =7 sq. ft.
∽ ]ho tltj` auieor lf ejcs thjt dlvors :68 sq. ft. lf ﬅllr surfjdo bs :68 9 = ejcs
=7
∽ ]ho tltj` auieor lf ejcs lf thbasot tl eo elucht bs = ejcs
Crlut
Crlut bs tho ijtorbj` usom tl soj` tho spjdos eotwooa ojdh tbò. ]ho baflrijtbla la tho
pjdkjco stjtos thjt : luado lf crlut soj`s jpprlxbijto`y lao :6’ x :6’ tbò.
∽ ]ho jiluat lf crlut aoomom bs : luado ey 2= tbòs 9 2= luados 9 ?.2 ès

∽ ]ho jiluat lf crlut tl eo elucht bs 6 pluams
]bò Tpjdors
]bò spjdors jro usom tl drojto tho ovoa spjdo eotwooa ojdh tbò. ]bò spjdors jro sl`m
ba pjdkjcos lf :77 por pjdk.
∽ ]ho jiluat lf spjdors aoomom flr 2= tbòs bs : pjdk
Tuiijry lf btois aoomom flr tb`bac tho ﬅllr jro js fl``lws>

= ejcs lf thbasot
6 ès lf crlut
:72 : pjdk lf spjdors
Dob`bac
]ho spjdo tl eo sojòm bs ﬅjt jam rodtjacu`jr ba shjpo.
@oacth lf dob`bac 9 := ft.

Sbmth lf dob`bac 9 :5 ft.
∽ Jroj lf Dob`bac 9 := ft. x :5 ft. 9 :68 sq. ft.
]ho spjdo bs sojòm wbth obthor cypsui dob`bac tbòs lr WVD dob`bac pjao`s.
(b) Cypsui Dob`bac ]bòs
Jroj lf : tbò 9 5=’ x 5=’ squjro badhos

9 5‒ x 5‒ sq. ft.
9 = sq. ft.
∽ Al. lf dob`bac tbòs roqubrom 9 :68 9 =5 tbòs
=
4 oxtrj tbòs jro elucht
∽ ]ltj` auieor lf dob`bac tbòs tl eo elucht 9 =5 + 4 9 =?
(bb) WVD Dob`bac ]bòs
:
@oacth lf : WVD pjao` 9 :2 5 ft.
:7
Sbmth lf : WVD pjao` 9 :7 badhos 9 :5 ft.
Sbmth lf rlli 9 :5 ft.
∽ Al. lf WVD pjao` roqubrom 9 :5 9 :5 Ó :5 9 :== 9 :=.=
:7
:7 :7 :5
]horoflro, tltj` auieor lf pjao`s tl eo elucht 9 :?
::7
Wjbat
]ho wj``s jro tl eo pjbatom yo``lw jam tho mllr eùo. ]ho rlli hjs flur wj``s, j`` lf
whbdh jro rodtjacu`jr ba shjpo. ]wl sbmos iojsuro :=‒ x :7‒ ojdh
∽]ltj` jroj lf tho twl sbmos 9 (:=‒ x :7‒) x 5 9 587 sq. ft.
]ho lthor 5 sbmos iojsuro :5‒ x :7‒ ojdh
∽
]ltj` jroj lf tho lthor 5 sbmos 9 (:5‒ x :7‒) x 5 9 5=7 sq. ft.
]horoflro, tho tltj` jroj lf wj`` spjdo tl eo pjbatom 9 587 + 5=7
9 ?57 sq. ft.
Mllr sbzo 9 ?=’ x 5=’ sq. ft. 9 =.?‒ x 5‒ sq. ft. 9 2 sq. ft.
Sbamlw sbzo 9 5=’ x 5=’ sq. badhos 9 5‒ x 5‒ sq. ft. 9 = sq. ft.
∽ ]ltj` jroj lf wbamlw jam mllr 9 (2 + =) sq. ft. 9 :4 sq. ft.

]horoflro, tho tltj` jroj lf wj`` spjdo tl eo pjbatom 9 (?57 - :4) sq. ft.
9 ?73 sq. ft.
]ho baflrijtbla la tho pjbat tba stjtos thjt lao cj``la lf prbior jam lao cj``la lf pjbat
ojdh hjs j dlvorjco lf =57 tl ?57 sq. ft.
∽
Jiluat lf pjbat jam prbior aoomom flr wj``s jro>
: cj``la lf prbior
: cj``la lf yo``lw pjbat
Mllr jroj 9 2 sq. ft.

:
∽ cj``la lf eùo lb` pjbat bs aoomom tl pjbat mllr.
=
:::
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
]ho mjtj rovojòm tho fl``lwbac;

:. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro E wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija : djio ba wbth tho hbchost
eumcot lf $6,354.88
5. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro J wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija : cjvo tho 5am hbchor
ostbijto lf $6,3:4.3?
4. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro E wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija 5 cjvo tho 4rm hbchost
ostbijto lf $6,554.88
=. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro J wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija 5 cjvo tho =th hbchost
ostbijto lf $6,5:4.3?
?. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro D wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija : cjvo tho ?th hbchost
ostbijto lf $6,753.?7
6. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro D wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija : cjvo tho 6th hbchost
ostbijto lf $?,?54.?7
3. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro M wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija : cjvo tho 3th hbchost
ostbijto lf $?,43?.77
8. ostbijto frli Hjrmwjro M wbth `jelur dlst frli Slrkija 5 cjvo tho dhojpost
ostbijto lf $=,283.?7
]l motoribao whothor furthor sjvbac wjs plssbeò jam whbdh ostbijto bs ilst dlst
offodtbvo, j`` 8 ostbijtos woro porusom jam tho `lwost prbdo lf ojdh btoi wjs oxtrjdtom
frli tho mbfforoat hjrmwjros.
Hjrmwjro D & M lfforom tho dhojpost tbò

Hjrmwjro D lfforom tho dhojpost thbasot
Hjrmwjro J & M lfforom tho dhojpost crlut
Hjrmwjro M lfforom tho dhojpost spjdos
Hjrmwjro D & M lfforom tho dhojpost prbior
Hjrmwjro M lfforom tho dhojpost wjtor ejsom pjbat, wllm pjbat jam WVD pjao`s
Frli tho jelvo lesorvjtbla, tho ostbijto whbdh lfforom tho ilst dlst offodtbvo eumcot
wjs coaorjtom. Lvorj``, Hjrmwjro M, lfforom tho dhojpost prbdos wbth tho oxdoptbla lf
Hjrmwjro D whbdh lfforom tho dhojpost thbasot.
]horoflro j`` ijtorbj`s jro tl eo purdhjsom frli Hjrmwjro M, wbth

tho oxdoptbla lf thbasot wb`` eo purdhjsom frli Hjrmwjro D. ::5
Frli tho jelvo dlasbmorjtbla tho dhojpost ostbijto bs js fl``lws>
Hjrmwjro Btoi _abtWrbdo$ Zujatbty Dlst$ Dlst$

M Dorjibdtbòs :3.77 :77 :,377.77 -
D ]hbasot =7.77 ejcs
= - :67.77
M Crlut 57.77 ès
6 :57.77 -
M Tpjdors 47.77 pk
: 47.77 -
M Wrbior :57.77 cj`
: :57.77 -
M Sjtor
Wjbat :?7.77 :cj` :?7.77 -
M Lb`
Wjbat ?7.77 °
cj` ?7.77 -
M WVDWjao`s ?7.77 :?òacths 3?7.77 -
]ltj` wbthlut VJ] 5,257.77 :67.77
VJ]G:5.?% 46?.77 57.77
]ltj` wbth VJ] 4,58?.77 :87.77
]ltj` dlst lf ijtorbj` 9 ]ltj` dlst frli Hjrmwjro M + ]ltj` dlst frli Hjrmwjro D
9 $4,58?.77 + $:87.77 9 $4,=6?.77
@jelur frli Slrkija 5 9 $:,?77.77
]ltj`
∽ dlst lf ostbijto 9 $=,26?.77
::4
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 76
DLAD@_TBLA
]ho ilst dlst offodtbvo ostbijto thoroflro bs tho dliebajtbla lf prbdos frli Hjrmwjro
D jam M jam `jelur dlst frli Slrkija 5 whbdh tltj`s $=,26?.77 jam fj``s wbthba tho
eumcot lf $?,777.77.
::=
WULNOD] 3
TOD]BLA 73
UOFOUOADOT
www.wbkbhlw.dli
www.so`feub`maowhlios.dli
::?
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla batl ﬊xom rjto

ilrtcjcos.
::6
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Iy pjroats jro dlasbmorbac tjkbac j `lja frli j ejak tl purdhjso j hluso. ]hoy jro
oip`lyom js Dòrks ba tho clvoraioat sorvbdo jam hjvo sjvbacs whbdh wb`` eo usom js
j mlwa-pjyioat tlwjrms tho purdhjso lf tho hluso.
]ho purplso lf thbs prlnodt bs tl shlw hlw ilath`y ilrtcjco pjyioats jro
dj`du`jtom la ﬊xom rjto ilrtcjcos cbvoa mbfforoat toris lf ropjyioat.
::3
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
B sjt wbth iy pjroats jam dl`òdtom thobr porslaj` mjtj sudh js jco, nlbat badlio,
sjvbacs, dlst lf tho hluso jam lthor baflrijtbla whbdh wlu`m jbmo ba thobr ilrtcjco
dj`du`jtbla.
B j`sl vbsbtom j `ldj` ejak jam batorvbowom j ilrtcjco @ljas Lf﬊dor whl prlvbmom
baflrijtbla la ilrtcjcos sudh js> typo lf ilrtcjco, prbadbpj`, batorost rjto, toris lf
ropjyioat jam lthor fjdts whbdh woro portbaoat tl dj`du`jtbac ilrtcjcos.
::8
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
]ho mjtj dl`òdtom frli iy pjroats jro js fl``lws>

Jco lf elth pjroats — 47 yojrs
Nlbat badlio — $54,777 por ilath
Tjvbacs (mlwa pjyioat) — $?7,777.77
Dlst lf tho hluso — $?77,777.77
Iy batorvbow wbth tho ilrtcjco @ljas Lf﬊dor batrlmudom io tl tho fl``lwbac fjdts jelut
ilrtcjco whbdh iust eo kalwa eoflro j ilrtcjco bs dj`du`jtom.
:. Ilrtcjcos jro usuj``y dj`du`jtom jt rjtos whbdh stjy tho sjio flr tho `bfotbio lf
tho ilrtcjco, thoroflro, thoy jro dj`òm ﬊xom rjto ilrtcjcos. ]hoso djrry j `lw
batorost rjto rjacbac eotwooa 4% jam :7% eodjuso tho `lja bs sodurom, cbvbac tho
òamor tho romross tl sobzo tho prlporty bf tho `lja bs alt eobac ropjbm.
5. ]ho jco lf tho elrrlwor bs j ijnlr fjdtlr. ]ho yluacor tho elrrlwor, tho sij`òr tho
ilrtcjco rjto jam tho `lacor tho `bfospja lf tho `lja.
4. ]ho l`mor tho elrrlwor, tho `jrcor tho ilath`y pjyioat lvor j shlrtor `lja `bfospja.
=. J mlwa pjyioat lf jt òjst :7% iust eo ijmo
?. ]ho ilath`y pjyioat iust oam la lr eoflro, 47 yojrs. ]hbs iojas thjt iy pjroats
hjvo j ijxbiui lf 47 yojrs ba whbdh tl ropjy thobr ilrtcjco. ]horoflro, B hjvo
modbmom tl dj`du`jto 4 ilrtcjco p`ja lptblas wbth 4 mbfforoat toris lf ropjyioat lf
57 yojrs, 5? yojrs jam tho ijxbiui 47 yojrs.
]ho fl``lwbac prosoatjtbla cbvos j motjbòm lut`bao lf hlw tho throo mbfforoat
ilrtcjco p`jas wb`` eo sotup jam dj`du`jtom>
]ho vjùo lf ojdh ilath`y pjyioat wb`` eo dj`du`jtom usbac j stjamjrm dlipluam
batorost flriu`j. ]hbs flriu`j hjs flur vjrbjeòs. ]hoso vjrbjeòs jro>
:. ]ho Wrbadbpj` jiluat lf ilaoy thjt iy pjroats wjat tl elrrlw. ]hbs

bs roprosoatom ey tho òttor W ba tho flriu`j.
5. ]ho batorost rjto por ilath thjt tho ejak bs dhjrcbac iy pjroats tl
elrrlw tho Wrbadbpj` sui. ]hbs bs roprosoatom ey tho òttor r ba tho
flriu`j.
4. ]ho auieor lf ilaths thjt iy pjroats wb`` tjko
::2 tl ropjy tho Wrbadbpj` sui. ]hbs bs roprosoatom
ey tho òttor a ba tho flriu`j.
=. ]ho jiluat lf ojdh ilath`y pjyioat thjt iy pjroats wb`` hjvo tl ropjy. ]hbs
roprosoatom ey tho òttor I ba tho flriu`j.
Vjùos flr tho throo vjrbjeòs; prbadbpj` (W), tbio (a) jam rjto (r) wb`` eo dl`òdtom frli
tho ejak jam suestbtutom batl tho flriu`j tl letjba tho flurth vjrbjeò, tho ilath`y
pjyioat (I).
]ho dlipluam batorost flriu`j thjt wb`` eo usom ba thbs prlnodt bs>
I9W { r (:+r)a
(:+r)a - :
}
J`` dj`du`jtblas wbthba tho dur`y erjdkots iust eo mlao ﬊rst tl letjba j vjùo. ]hbs
vjùo bs thoa iu`tbp`bom ey W tl letjba tho vjùo lf I.
]ho mlwa pjyioat lf :7% lf $?77,777.77 wb`` eo dj`du`jtom. ]hbs mlwa pjyioat
wb`` eo suetrjdtom frli $?77,777.77 tl letjba tho prbadbpj` (W) thjt wb`` eo usom tl
dj`du`jto tho ilath`y pjyioat (I)
Mlwa pjyioat tl eo ijmo ey iy pjroats bs :7% lf $?77,777.77

∽Mlwa pjyioat 9 :7% lf ?77,777
9 :7 :77
Ó ?77,777 9 $?7,777.77
]ho ilrtcjco dja eo letjbaom uamor throo mbfforoat toris.

(:) ]ori J> Wrbadbpj` (W) 9 $=?7,777
]bio (a) 9 47 yojrs 9 (47 Ó :5) ilaths 9 467 ilaths
Ujto (r) 9 =.?% por yojr 9 =.? %9 7.43?% por ilath
:5
(5) ]ori E> Wrbadbpj` (W) 9 $=?7,777
]bio (a) 9 5? yojrs 9 (5? Ó :5) ilaths 9 477 ilaths
Ujto (r) 9 3% por yojr 9 3 % 9 7.?84% por ilath
:5
(4) ]ori D> Wrbadbpj` (W) 9 $=?7,777
]bio (a) 9 57 yojrs 9 (57 Ó :5) ilaths 9 5=7 ilaths
Ujto (r) 9 2.?% por yojr 9 2.?:5% 9 7.325% por ilath
:57
]ho fl``lwbac dj`du`jtblas woro porflriom tl motoribao tho vjùo lf ojdh
ilath`y pjyioat thjt iy pjroats wb`` hjvo tl ijko uamor tho throo mbfforoat
ilrtcjco p`jas.
Dj`du`jtbla lf ilath`y pjyioat uamor ]ori J

W 9 $=?7,777
a 9 467 ilaths
r 9 7.43?% 9 7.43? 9 7.7743?
:77
I 9W
{ r (:+r)a
(:+r)a - :
}
9 =?7777 { (7.7743? (: + 7.7743?)467
(: + 7.7743?)467 - :
}
9 =?7777
{ (7.7743? Ó (4.8=36287?)
4.8=36287? - : }
9 =?7777 { 7.7:==58863
5.8=36287? }
9 =?7777 Ó 7.77?7668?5
9 $5,587.78
]horoflro, uamor ]ori J>

9 tho tltj` dlst lf tho hluso bs> mlwa pjyioat + ilath`y pjyioat Ó 467
9 $?7,777.77 + $5,587.78 Ó 467
9 $?7,777.77 + $857,858.87
9 $837,858.87
Dlst lf `lja
9 ilath`y pjyioat x 467 — $=?7,777
9 $5,587.78 Ó 467 — $=?7,777
9 $857,858.87 — $=?7,777
9 $437,858.87
:5:
Dj`du`jtbla lf ilath`y pjyioat uamor ]ori E
W 9 $=?7,777
a 9 477 ilaths
r 9 7.?84% 9 7.?84 9 7.77?84
:77
I 9W { r (:+r)a
(:+r)a - :
}
9 =?7777 { 7.77?84 (: + 7.77?84) 477
(: + 7.77?84)477 - :
}
9 =?7777
{ 7.77?84 Ó (?.3:23588:?)
?.3:23588?: - : }
9 =?7777 { 7.744=67:8
=.3:23588:? }
9 =?7777 Ó 7.77376?5=
9 $4,:32.46

9 tho tltj` dlst lf tho hluso bs> mlwa pjyioat + ilath`y pjyioat Ó 477
9 $?7,777.77 + $4,:32.46 Ó 477
9 $?7,777.77 + $2?4,878.77
9 $:,774,878.77
Dlst lf `lja
9 $5,587.78 Ó 477 — $=?7,777
9 $2?4,878 — $=?7,777
9 $?74,878
:55
Dj`du`jtbla lf ilath`y pjyioat uamor ]ori D
W 9 $=?7,777
a 9 5=7 ilaths
r 9 7.325% 9 7.325 9 7.77325
:77
I 9W
{ r (:+r)a
(:+r)a - :
}
9 =?7777
{ 7.77325 (: + 7.77325)5=7
(: + 7.77325)5=7 - :
}
9 =?7777
{ 7.77325 Ó(6.6=:447642)
6.6=:447642 - : }
9 =?7777
{ 7.7?5?22448
?.6=:447642 }
9 =?7777 Ó 7.772454254
9 $=,:2?.33

9 tho tltj` dlst lf tho hluso bs> mlwa pjyioat + ilath`y pjyioat Ó 5=7
9 $?7,777.77 + $=,:2?.33 Ó 5=7
9 $?7,777.77 + $:,776,28=.87
9 $:,7?6,28=.87
Dlst lf `lja
9 $=,:2?.33 Ó 5=7 — $=?7,777
9 $:,776,28=.87 — $=?7,777
9 $??6,28=.87
:54
Ejr crjph shlwbac tho ﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso uamor tho throo mbfforoat ilrtcjco ]oris.
Tdjò> :di ≪ $:77,777 la tho vortbdj` jxbs
:5
:7
)
7 8
7
,7
7
7
:
$
x(
o
s
u 6
l
h
f
l
t
s
l
d
`
j
ba
F =
7
]ori
J ]ori
E ]ori
D
Ilrtcjco ]oris
:5=
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
_sbac ]ori J, bt wjs fluam thjt iy pjroats wb`` hjvo tl pjy $5,587.78 por ilath flr 467
ilaths (47 yojrs). ]ho ﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso wb`` eo $837,858.87
_sbac ]ori E, thoy wb`` hjvo tl pjy $4,:32.46 por ilath flr 477 ilaths (5? yojrs). ]ho
﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso wb`` eo $:,774,878.77
_sbac ]ori D, thoy wb`` hjvo tl pjy $=,:2?.33 por ilath flr 5=7 ilaths (57 yojrs). ]ho
﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso wb`` eo $:,7?6,28=.87
]ho ejr crjph la tho provblus pjco dlipjros tho ﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso uamor tho
throo ilrtcjco ]oris J, E jam D.
:5?
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
Bt bs biplssbeò flr iy pjroats tl purdhjso j hluso thjt bs vjùom jt $?77,777.77 wbthlut

j ilrtcjco jam euybac thbs hluso bs `bko`y tl eo tho ebccost bavostioat thoy wb`` ovor
ijko.
]jkbac j ilrtcjco cbvos thoi tho ﬅoxbeb`bty lf sprojmbac tho ropjyioat lf tho hluso lvor
porblms lf 57, 5?, lr 47 yojrs. ]horoflro, ilath`y ropjyioats wb`` eo ilro ijajcojeò
flr thoi. Bf thoy jro mosbrlus lf pjybac tho sij`òst ilath`y ropjyioat wbth tho sij`òst
batorost dhjrco, thoy dja tjko tho lptbla thjt lffors tho ilrtcjco flr 47 yojrs. Horo,
tho ropjyioat wb`` eo $5,887.78 por ilath wbth ja batorost lf =.?% por jaaui. Sbth thbs
lptbla tho dlst lf tho ilrtcjco wb`` eo $437,858.87. J`thluch tho lthor twl lptblas lffor
j shlrtor ropjyioat tbio, tho dlst lf tho ilrtcjco bs sbcab﬊djat`y crojtor.
:56
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
]ho ilrtcjco dj`du`jtblas rovojòm thjt>

:. ]ho ﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso usbac W`ja J wb`` eo $837,858.87. ]ho ilath`y ropjyioat
wb`` eo $5,887.78. ]ho batorost dhjrco flr tho ilrtcjco wb`` eo $437,858.87
5. ]ho ﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso usbac W`ja E wb`` eo $:,774,878.77. ]ho ilath`y ropjyioat
wb`` eo $4,:32.46. ]ho batorost dhjrco flr tho ilrtcjco wb`` eo $?74,878.77
4. ]ho ﬊aj` dlst lf tho hluso usbac W`ja D wb`` eo $:,7?6,28=.77. ]ho ilath`y ropjyioat
wb`` eo $=,:2?.33. ]ho batorost dhjrco flr tho ilrtcjco wb`` eo $??6,28=.77
:53
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
www.ilaoysuporijrkot.dli
www.omoìla﬊ajadbj`.dli
www.woeorjwòr.dli
:58
WULNOD] 8
TOD]BLA 72
JWWOAMBX
]oris usom ba thbs prlnodt>

:. Ilrtcjco> j `lja flr tho purplso lf euybac j prlporty whbdh bs sodurom ey tho
prlporty
5. Fbxom Ujto Ilrtcjco> j ilrtcjco `lja wbth ja batorost thjt mlos alt dhjaco lvor
tho `bfo lf tho `lja
4. Mlwa pjyioat> ja babtbj` pordoatjco pjyioat ijmo whoa tho prlporty bs elucht
la drombt
=. Wrbadbpj`> tho babtbj` jiluat elrrlwom jftor tho mlwa pjyioat bs ijmo
?. Ujto / Batorost Ujto> tho prbdo thjt tho ejak dhjrcos flr tho ilrtcjco. ]hbs dhjrco
bs usuj``y oxprossom js j pordoatjco
6. ]bio> tho auieor lf ilaths bt wb`` tjko flr tho `lja tl eo ropjbm
3. Ilath`y pjyioat> tho jiluat lf ojdh ilath`y bastjìoat
8. Vjrbjeò> j qujatbty thjt dja dhjaco
2. Flriu`j> ja oqujtbla shlwbac hlw tho flur vjrbjeòs, prbadbpj`, rjto, tbio jam
ilath`y pjyioat jro ro`jtom
:52
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla tl motoribao bf tho Flri

Flur Tdboado crlup ba j sodlamjry sdhll`
porflris eottor ba tho jroj lf Ijthoijtbds
thja lthor suenodt crlups.
:47
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Ttumoats usuj``y sjy jam ovoatuj``y dlio tl eo`bovo thjt coaorj``y, Tdboado stumoats
porflri iudh eottor ba Ijthoijtbds thja stumoats ba tho lthor suenodt crlups lf
@jacujcos, Eusbaoss jam ]odhabdj`. ]hbs d`jbi bs alt usuj``y supplrtom ey hjrm mjtj
lr fjdts eut bs ilro lf ja jaodmltj` ajturo. Jftor stumybac sbipò stjtbstbds jam roj`bzbac
thjt bt dja eo usom tl bavostbcjto jaodmltj` d`jbis usbac qujatbtjtbvo mjtj, B hjvo
modbmom tl uso thbs erjadh lf Ijthoijtbds tl stumy tho d`jbi lf iy poors.
]ho purplso lf thbs rosojrdh bs tl motoribao whothor thoro bs j ro`jtblashbp eotwooa

tho suenodt crlupbacs jam tho porflrijado ba Ijthoijtbds jt j pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`.
:4:
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 74
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
Mjtj wjs dl`òdtom frli flur (=) crlups lf stumoats; Tdboado, @jacujcos, Eusbaoss
jam ]odhabdj`. Ojdh crlup dlasbstom lf thbrty (47) stumoats. ]ho ajios lf 47 stumoats
frli ojdh crlup woro p`jdom ba sopjrjto elxos, ﬊ftooa (:?) lf whbdh woro rjamli`y
soòdtom tl ibabibzo ebjs. ]ho ijrks lf tho ﬊ftooa (:?) stumoats frli ojdh crlup woro
oxtrjdtom frli tho tojdhor‒s ijrk-ellk. ]ho oxjibajtbla wjs ijrkom lut lf :77%
wbth tho pjss ijrk eobac ?7%. Ojdh crlup wjs cbvoa twl (5) hlurs tl dlipòto tho
oxjibajtbla. J`` flur (=) crlups wrlto tho sjio Ijthoijtbds oxjibajtbla. Bt shlu`m
eo altom thjt, tho prlnodt wjs mbsdussom wbth tho Ijthoijtbds tojdhors lf tho flur
(=) mbfforoat crlups jam poribssbla wjs crjatom tl poruso jam oxtrjdt mjtj frli thobr
ijrk-ellks.
:45
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]BLA LF
MJ]J
Jftor tho rjw mjtj wjs dl`òdtom frli tho flur (=) crlups, thoy
woro lrcjabzom batl lao tjeò js fl``lws>
D`jss Ijrks
= Tdboado =7, =6, ?:, 66, 63, 3?, 36, 33, 32, 32, 8:, 8?, 88, 2?, 2?
= @jacujco 54, 58, =7, =?, =?, =6, =3, ?8, ?8, ?2, 67, 6:, 65, 6?, 66
= Eusbaoss 53, 45, 4=, 42, =2, ?:, ?5, ?=, ??, ??, ??, ?6, 66, 37, 34
= ]odhabdj` 43, 42, =5, =4, =6, =6, =3, ?:, ?5, ??, ?2, 65, 66, 37, 35
Tuiijry lf tho rosu`ts frli tho flur crlups
Al. lf Al. lf
% % % %
D`jss Ttumoats Ttumoats
Wjssom Fjbòm 57 - 42 =7 - ?2 67 - 32 87 - :77
Tdboado :4 5 7 4 3 ?
@jacujco 8358?7
Eusbaoss :7 ? = 8 4 7
]odhabdj` 8352=7
:44
Jftor tho ioja flr ojdh crlup wjs dj`du`jtom, thoy woro mbsp`jyom
la j ejr crjph jam j pbo dhjrt js fl``lws.
Ejr crjph shlwbac jvorjcos lf tho = crlups
Tjò> :di ≪ :7% la vortbdj` jxbs
87
37
67
O
C
J
U ?7
O
V
J
T =7
T
J
@
D 47
57
:7
TDBOADO @JAC_JCO E_TBAOTT ]ODHABDJ@

FLUI D@JTT
Wbo dhjrt dlipjrbac jvorjcos lf tho = crlups
]ODHABDJ@
8= ·
TDBOADO
::?·
E_TBAOTT
8: ·
@JAC_JCO
8:·
:4=
J`` dj`du`jtblas whbdh woro mlao flr tho Iojax, Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla, Ujaco jam
tho Wbo Dhjrt wb`` eo shlwa horo.
]ho ijrks frli ojdh d`jss woro usom tl dj`du`jto tho ioja ( x̍) lr jvorjco ijrk flr
ojdh d`jss js fl``lws;
]ho sbipò jrbthiotbd ioja ( x) flr j sjipò bs dj`du`jtom usbac tho flriu`j>
̍
Ioja x9 Tui lf j`` sdlros ba tho sjipò

̍
Auieor lf sdlros ba tho sjipò
∽ Ioja (x̍) flr Tdboado crlup 9

=7 + =6 + ?: + 66 + 63 + 3? + 36 + 33 + 32 + 32 + 8: + 8? + 88 + 2? + 2?
:?
9 ::77 9 34.4 %
:?
∽ Ioja (x̍) flr @jacujco crlup 9
54 + 58 + =7 + =? + =? + =6 + =3 + ?8 + ?8 + ?2 + 67 + 6: + 65 + 6? + 66
:?
9 364 9 ?7.2 %
:?
∽ Ioja (x̍) flr Eusbaoss crlup 9
53 + 45 + 4= + 42 + =2 + ?: + ?5 + ?= + ?? + ?? + ?? + ?6 + 66 + 37 + 34
:?
9 368:? 9 ?:.5 %
∽ Ioja (x̍) flr ]odhabdj` crlup 9
43 + 42 +=5 + =4 + =6 + =6 + =3 + ?: +?5 + ?? + ?2 + 65 + 66 + 37 + 35
:?
9 383 9 ?5.? %
:?
]ho ioja ijrk frli ojdh d`jss wjs thoa usom tl dj`du`jto tho Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla. ]ho
Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla flr j sbipò crlup bs dj`du`jtom usbac tho flriu`j
Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla 9 √(x - x̍)5
a
Shoro x bs ojdh bambvbmuj` sdlro
x̍ bs tho crlup ioja
a bs tho auieor lf sdlros ba tho sjipò
Alto> bs tho Crook òttor sbcij
Τ
Bt bs usom ba Ijthoijtbds tl bambdjto tho sui lf j sot lf mjtj.

]horoflro> Τ (x - x̍)5 bs batorprotom js tho sui lf (x - x̍)5
:4?
:. Dj`du`jtblas lf Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla flr Tdboado crlup
Ioja x̍ 9 34.4%
IJUKT x x - x̍ (x - x̍ )5
=7 -44.4 ::78.82
=6 -53.4 3=?.52
?: -55.4 =23.52
66 -3.4 ?4.52
63 -6.4 42.62
3? :.3 5.82
36 5.3 3.52
33 4.3 :4.62
32 ?.3 45.=2
8: 3.3 ?2.52
?8 ::.3 :46.82
88 :=.3 :46.82
88 :=.3 5:6.72
2? 5:.3 =37.82
2? 5:.3 =37.82
Τ (x - x̍)5
a 9 :?
9 4883 .4?
Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla 9 √(x - x̍ )5

a
9 4883.4?
:?
9 5?2.:?663
9 :6.:%
:46
:. Dj`du`jtblas lf Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla flr @jacujco crlup
Ioja x̍ 9 ?7.2%
54 -53.2 338.=:
58 -55.2 ?5=.=:
=7 -:7.2 ::8.8:
=? -?.2 4=.8:
=? -?.2 4=.8:
=6 -=.2 5=.7:
=3 -4.2 :?.5:
?8 3.: ?7.=:
?8 3.: ?7.=:
?2 8.: 6?.6:
67 2.: 85.8:
6: :7.: :75.7:
65 ::.: :54.5:
6? :=.: :28.8:
66 :?.: 558.7:
Τ (x - x̍)5
a 9 :?
9 5=4:.3?
Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla 9 √ (x - x̍ )5
a
9 5=4:.3?
:?
9 :65.::6663
9 :5.3%
:43
:. Dj`du`jtblas lf Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla flr Eusbaoss crlup
Ioja x̍ 9 ?:.5%
53 -5=.5 ?8?.6=
45 -:2.5 468.6=
4= -:3.5 52?.8=
42 -:5.5 :=8.8=
=2 -5.5 =.8=
?: -7.5 7.7=
?5 7.8 7.6=
?= 5.8 3.8=
?? 4.8 :=.==
?? 4.8 :=.==
?? 4.8 :=.==
?6 =.8 54.7=
66 :=.8 5:2.7=
37 :8.8 4?4.==
34 5:.8 =3?.5=
Τ (x - x̍)5
a 9 :?
9 5?56.=
a
9 5?56.=
:?
9 :68.=56663
9 :5.28%
:48
:. Dj`du`jtblas lf Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla flr ]odhabdj` crlup
Ioja x̍ 9 ?5.?%
53 -:?.? 5=7.5?
45 -:4.? :85.5?
4= -:7.? ::7.5?
42 -2.? 27.5?
=2 -6.? =5.5?
?: -6.? =5.5?
?5 -?.? 47.5?
?= -:.? 5.5?
?? 7.? 7.5?
?? 5.? 6.5?
?? 6.? =5.5?
?6 2.? 27.5?
66 :4.? :85.5?
37 :3.? 476.5?
34 :2.? 487.5?
Τ (x - x̍)5
a 9 :?
9 :3=3.3?
a
9 :3=3.3?
:?
9 ::6.?:663
9 :7.32%
:42
Dj`du`jtblas flr tho rjaco lf ojdh crlup.
]ho Ujaco bs tho mbfforoado eotwooa tho `jrcost jam sij`òst vjùos ba j sjipò.
∽ Ujaco 9 @jrcost Vjùo — Tij`òst Vjùo
:. @jrcost vjùo flr Tdboado crlup 9 2?%

Tij`òst vjùo flr Tdboado crlup 9 =7%
Ujaco flr Tdboado crlup 9 2?% — =7% 9 ??%
5. @jrcost vjùo flr @jacujco crlup 9 66%

Tij`òst vjùo flr @jacujco crlup 9 54%
Ujaco flr @jacujco crlup 9 66% - 54% 9 =4%
4. @jrcost vjùo flr Eusbaoss crlup 9 34%

Tij`òst vjùo flr Eusbaoss crlup 9 53%
Ujaco flr Eusbaoss crlup 9 34% - 53% 9 =6%
=. @jrcost vjùo flr ]odhabdj` crlup 9 35%

Tij`òst vjùo flr ]odhabdj` crlup 9 43%
Ujaco flr ]odhabdj` crlup 9 35% - 43% 9 4?%
D@JTT JVOUJCO %
Tdboado 34
@jacujco ?:
Eusbaoss ?:
]odhabdj` ?4
558
Dj`du`jtblas flr jacòs tl roprosoat ojdh crlup sodtlr la tho pbo dhjrt
Jacò tl roprosoat Tdboado crlup 9 34 Ó 467· ≈ ::?·
558
Jacò tl roprosoat @jacujco crlup 9 ?: Ó 467· ≈ 8:·
558
Jacò tl roprosoat Eusbaoss crlup 9 ?: Ó 467· ≈ 8:·
558
Jacò tl roprosoat ]odhabdj` crlup 9 ?4 Ó 467· ≈ 8=·
558
:=7
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
]ho tjeò cbvos j suiijry lf biplrtjat iojsuros dj`du`jtom ba tho prlnodt.
IOJA x ̍ T]JAMJUM UJACO

CUL_W
% MOVBJ]BLA % %
Tdboado 34.4 :6.: ??

@jacujco ?7.3 :5.3 =4
Eusbaoss ?:.5 :5.28 =6
]odhabdj` ?5.? :7.32 4?
]ho mjtj shlw thjt tho ioja flr tho flur crlups> Tdboado, @jacujco, Eusbaoss jam
]odhabdj` jro 34.4%, ?7.2%, ?:.5% jam ?5.?% rospodtbvo`y. ]ho Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla
jro :6.:%, :5.3%, :5.8% jam :7.32% rospodtbvo`y. ]ho rjacos jro ??%, =4%, =6% jam
4?% rospodtbvo`y.
]ho Ioja lf tho Tdboado crlup bs jpprlxbijto`y 57-54% hbchor thja tho ioja lf tho
lthor throo crlups. ]hbs succosts thjt tho ijrks frli tho Tdboado crlup bs iudh eottor
thja thlso frli tho lthor crlups.
]ho Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla jam Ujaco jro iojsuros lf sprojm. ]ho Ujaco mosdrbeos hlw
wo`` tho ioja roprosoats tho crlup jam tho Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla shlws ey hlw iudh tho
stumoats bambvbmuj` sdlros mbffor frli tho ioja lf thobr rospodtbvo crlup.
]ho Ujaco flr tho Tdboado crlup bs ??%. ]hbs rjaco bs fjbr`y `jrco bambdjtbac thjt
tho Ioja lf 34.4% ijy alt eo js roprosoatjtbvo lf tho oatbro crlup. Bt succosts thjt
thoro jro j fow stumoats ba tho d`jss whl jro oxdo`òat jt Ijthoijtbds jam thoro jro j
fow stumoats ba tho d`jss whl jro wojk jt Ijthoijtbds. Tbado tho rjaco bs `jrco, tho
Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla wb`` j`sl eo `jrco, succostbac `jrco sprojm jwjy frli tho ioja ey
j fow stumoats.
:=:
]ho mjtj shlws thjt tho throo crlups> @jacujco, Eusbaoss, jam ]odhabdj`; jro vory
d`lso tl tho sjio ioja, wbth tho ]odhabdj` crlup porflribac s`bcht`y eottor thja tho
lthor twl crlups. ]ho rjacos jam Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla lf tho throo crlups jro òss thja
tho Tdboado crlup. ]hbs succosts thjt thoro bs òss sprojm jwjy frli tho ioja ba thoso
throo crlups thja thjt lf tho Tdboado crlup. Tbado tho iojas lf tho lthor crlups jro
iudh òss thja thjt lf tho Tdboado crlup, lao dja dladùmo thjt tho porflrijado lf tho
Tdboado stumoats bs eottor thja thjt lf tho lthor throo crlups.
]ho ejr crjph jam tho pbo dhjrt shlw thjt tho iojas flr tho @jacujco jam Eusbaoss
crlup jro jpprlxbijto`y tho sjio. ]ho ]odhabdj` crlup‒s porflrijado bs s`bcht`y eottor
thja thjt lf tho @jacujco jam Eusbaoss crlups. ]ho mbjcrjis j`sl bambdjto thjt tho
Tdboado crlup‒s ioja ijrk bs jpprlxbijto`y 57 - 54% hbchor thja thjt lf tho lthor
throo crlups.
:=5
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
]ho ﬊ambacs lf tho mjtj rovojòm thjt :4 lut lf tho :? Tdboado stumoats pjssom
tho oxjibajtbla wbth :7 stumoats letjbabac eotwooa 3?% jam 2?%. 8 lut lf tho :?
@jacujco stumoats pjssom tho oxjibajtbla wbth tho hbchost sdlro eobac 66% jam :7
stumoats sdlrbac eotwooa 54% jam ?2%.
:7 lut lf tho :? Eusbaoss stumoats pjssom tho oxjibajtbla wbth :5 stumoats sdlrbac
eotwooa 53% jam ?6%. 8 lut lf tho :? ]odhabdj` stumoats pjssom tho oxjibajtbla wbth
:: stumoats sdlrbac eotwooa 43% jam ?2% jam j hbchost sdlro lf 35%. ]ho hbchost
sdlro ba ojdh lf tho throo lthor crlups wjs òss thja tho sdlros lf :7 stumoats frli tho
Tdboado crlup.
:=4
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
]ho Tdboado crlup wbth Ioja, Ujaco jam Ttjamjrm Movbjtbla lf 34.4%, ??% jam :6.:%
rospodtbvo`y succost thjt, thbs crlupbac lf stumoats hjs ja bipjdt la tho Ijthoijtbds
porflrijado jt thbs pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`.
:==
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
]ll`sbo, U, (57:5). Jmmbtblaj` Ijthoijtbds> J Dlipòto Dlurso flr DTOD.

www.qulrj.dli
www.ijthcllmbos.dli
www.ijthbsfua.dli
:=?
WULNOD] 2
TOD]BLA 78
JWWOAMBX
:. Ijthoijtbds ijrks dl`òdtom frli tho Tdboado crlup>

2?, 2?, 8?, 32, 3?, 33, 32, 66, 36, 63, 88, 8:, =6, ?:, =7
5. Ijthoijtbds ijrks dl`òdtom frli tho @jacujco crlup>
?2, =3, 6?, ?8, 54, 58, =?, 67, ?8, 65, =6, =7, =?, 6:, 66
4. Ijthoijtbds ijrks dl`òdtom frli tho Eusbaoss crlup>
45, 53, ?6, ??, ?:, ?5, 4=, 66, =2, 37, ?=, 34, ??, 42, ??
=. Ijthoijtbds ijrks dl`òdtom frli tho ]odhabdj` crlup>
37, =5, 43, =6, 42, 65, ?2, ?:, =4, 35, =6, ??, =3, ?5, 66
:=6
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 7:
WULNOD] ]B]@O
Ja bavostbcjtbla batl Wythjclrjs‒

]holroi tl motoribao bts usofuàoss ba
tho roj` wlr`m.
:=3
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 75
BA]ULM_D]BLA
]JE@O LF DLA]OA]T
:. ]btò.......................................................................................... Wjco Auieor
Iy flurth flri d`jss rodoat`y dlipòtom j stumy ba coliotry. Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi

wjs oiphjsbzom. Hlwovor, ijay lf iy poors fjbòm tl uamorstjam bts biplrtjado jam
usofuàoss ba tho roj`-wlr`m. Jftor lesorvbac tho dlafusbla lf iy poors, B modbmom tl
bavostbcjto thbs tholroi jam bts jpp`bdjtbla ba tho roj`-wlr`m.
]ho purplso lf thbs stumy bs tl (b) rosojrdh jam (bb) moilastrjto hlw tho tholroi
dja eo usom tl sl`vo roj`-wlr`m prleòis.
:=8
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 75
IO]HLM LF MJ]J
DL@@OD]BLA
B porusom j auieor lf woesbtos ba lrmor tl letjba hbstlrbdj` baflrijtbla la Ijthoijtbdbja

Wythjclrjs jam hbs fjilus tholroi. B j`sl batorvbowom iy Ijthoijtbds tojdhor tl
jsdortjba hlw Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi dja eo jpp`bom ba roj`-`bfo sbtujtblas.
B usom j iojsurbac tjpo tl iojsuro tho fl``lwbac lenodts>

:. j eomrlli
5. j toòvbsbla sot
4. j p`jybac ﬊o`m
=. j sdhll` eub`mbac
:=2
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 7=
WUOTOA]J]BLA LF
MJ]J
Hbstlrbdj` Worspodtbvo jam Ejdkcrluam lf Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi>
Wythjclrjs (?62 ED — =3? ED) wjs j Crook phb`lslphor jam ijthoijtbdbja. Ho ijmo
biplrtjat dlatrbeutblas tl Wuro Ijthoijtbds jam Coliotry, jam bs drombtom flr dlbabac
tho wlrm Ijthoijtbds. Lao lf tho ilst biplrtjat dlatrbeutblas tl coliotry bs j fjilus
tholroi whbdh eojrs hbs ajio> Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi. Bt bs sjbm thjt thbs tholroi wjs
kalwa tl tho Ocyptbjas flr doaturbos eoflro Wythjclrjs. Hlwovor, Wythjclrjs wjs tho
﬊rst porsla tl prlvo tho tholroi flrior`y.
Wythjclrjs‒]holroi stjtos thjt> Ba jay rbcht-jacòm trbjacò, tho jroj lf tho squjro
la tho hypltoauso bs oquj` tl tho sui lf tho jrojs lf tho squjros la tho lthor twl
sbmos. Shoro tho hypltoauso bs tho sbmo lpplsbto tho rbcht jacò. Wythjclrjs sjw thbs
rosu`t thrluch coliotrbd oyos jam jdtuj``y mrow squjros la tho throo sbmos lf j rbcht-
jacòm trbjacò tl roprosoat tho tholroi.
Fbcuro :> J Wbdturo lf Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi
d5
e5
e d
j5
Jroj lf squjro la hypltoauso d bs d5

Jroj lf squjro la sbmo j bs j5
Jroj lf squjro la sbmo e bs e5
]ho tholroi bs sjybac thjt tho twl sij`òr squjros la sbmos j jam e :?7
dja eo dliebaom tl oxjdt`y ﬊t la tho ebc squjro la sbmo d.
]ho fl``lwbac prosoatjtbla bs ja lut`bao lf hlw tho tholroi dja eo prlvoa>
d
Jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo d bs d5
d d
d
e
Jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo e bs e5
e e
e
j
Jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo j bs j5

j j
Iothlm (:)> prjdtbdj` prllf>

Bf tho throo squjro jelvo jro p`jdom la tho throo sbmos lf j rbcht-jacòm trbjacò, thoa
ejsom la tho Wythjclroja ]holroi> j5 + e5 9 d5
]hbs rosu`t dja eo ostje`bshom ey dlastrudtbac j rbcht-jacòm trbjacò la crjph pjpor

js shlwa ba ﬊curo 5.
@ot d 9 ? di, e 9 = di jam j 9 4 di
So thoa mrjw squjros la tho throo sbmos js shlwa. So thoa ﬊am

tho jroj lf ojdh squjro ey dluatbac j`` tho `bttò squjros basbmo tho
:?: throo squjros.
d
e
Fbcuro 5
]ho auieor lf `bttò squjros basbmo tho squjro la sbmo d shlu`m eo oquj` tl tho auieor
lf `bttò squjro basbmo tho squjro la tho sbmo j pùs tho auieor lf `bttò squjro basbmo tho
squjros la tho sbmo e.
:?5
Iothlm (5) J`coerjbd / Coliotrbd prllf
Bt ijy alt j`wjys eo prjdtbdj` tl mrjw trbjacòs jam dluat squjros. ]horoflro, j coaorj`
prllf wb`` eo ostje`bshom usbac j`coerjbd jam coliotrbd prbadbpòs.
J`coerjbd rosu`ts usom ba prllf>
(j + e)5 9 (j + e) (j + e) 9 j5 + 5je +e5
Coliotrbd rosu`ts usom ba prllf>
(b) ]ho sui lf tho throo batorblr jacòs ba jay trbjacò bs :87·
x ·
x· + y· + z· 9:87·
· ·
y z
(bb) ]ho sui lf tho jmnjdoat jacòs la j strjbcht `bao bs oquj` tl :87·
x· + y· + z· 9:87·
·
y
z ·
x ·
(bbb) ]ho jroj lf j rbcht jacò trbjacò bs 9 ejso Ó hobcht

5
h
J9 eÓh
5
:?4
x
·
x ·
x
·
x
·
d d d d
e e e e
· · · ·
y y y y
j j j j
:. Flur dlacruoat trbjacòs wb`` eo mrjwa wbth sbmos j, e, jam d jam batorblr jacòs
27·, x· jam y·
5. ]ho flur trbjacòs wb`` eo nlbaom tlcothor tl flri j squjro lf sbmo (j + e) js shlwa
eo`lw.
e j
x ·
y ·
]ho sui lf tho throo jacòs ba j

j e trbjacò bs :87·
d d
∽ x + y + 27· 9 :87·
y ·
x · 91 x + y9 27·
∽ tho qujmrb`jtorj` basbmo tho ebc
x ·
y · squjro lf sbmo ( j + e) bs j`sl j
squjro sbmo d.
d d
e j
y ·
x ·
j e
]ho jroj lf tho ebc squjro wbth sbmo (j + e) bs oquj` tl tho sui lf tho jrojs lf tho flur
trbjacòs pùs tho jroj lf tho squjro lf sbmo d.
]hbs wb`` eo usom tl prlvo tho rosu`t> d5 9 j5 + e5
:?=
]ho fl``lwbac bs j prosoatjtbla lf twl prllfs lf tho Wythjclroja ]holroi
Iothlm : Wrjdtbdj` Wrllf> dluatbac squjros.
=
:7
4
2
:?
5
8
:=
: 57
:54= 3 :4
:2
6 5?
:5
:8
?638 5=
::
d
:3
9
54
?d
i
i
2 :7 :: :5 d
= :6
9 55
e
:4 := :? :6 5:
j 9 4di
: 5 4
= ? 6
3 8 2
]ho auieor lf `bttò squjros ba tho squjro lf sbmo 4 di bs 2

]ho auieor lf `bttò squjros ba tho squjro lf sbmo = di bs :6
]ho auieor lf `bttò squjros ba tho squjro lf sbmo ? di bs 5?
Hoado> (b) jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo ? di bs 5? di 5

(bb) jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo = di bs :6 di5
(bb) jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo 4 di bs 2 di5
]hbs bs sl eodjuso ojdh `bttò squjro hjs ja jroj lf : di5
Shoa wo jmm tho jrojs lf tho twl squjro la sbmos j jam e wo cot
2 di5 + :6 di5 9 5? di5.
∽ Jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo ? di 9 Jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo 4 di + Jroj lf squjro wbth
sbmo = di
LU d5 9 j5 + e5
:??
Iothlm 5 J`coerjbd / Coliotrbd Iothlm
e j
x·
y ·
j e Uoqubrom tl prlvo thjt j5 + e5 9 d5

d d
y ·
x ·
x ·
y ·
d d
e j
y ·
x ·
j e
Wrllf>
(b) ]ho jroj lf ojdh trbjacò J 9 e Ó h 9 je
5 5
∽ ]ho tltj` jroj lf tho flur trbjacòs bs = Ó je 9 5je
5
(bb) ]ho jroj lf tho batorblr squjros wbth sbmo d bs d5

(bbb) ]ho jroj lf tho ebc squjro wbth sbmo (j + e) bs
(j + e)5 9 (j + e) (j + e) 9 j5 + je + je + e5 9 j5 + 5je + e5
Dliebabac (b), (bb) jam (bbb) tl cot>

Jroj lf squjro wbth sbmo (j + e) 9 Jroj lf flur trbjacòs + Jroj lf Tqujro wbth sbmo d
∽j5 + 5je + e5 9 5je + d5

91 j5 + e5 + 5je — 5je 9 5je — 5je + d5
91 j5 + e5 9 d5
Z.O.M.
:?6
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 7?
JAJ@RTBT LF MJ]J
5 5 5
Flr tho cbvoa trbjacò, Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi stjtos thjt d 9 j + e
d
e
j
Shjt mlos thbs ioja ba j roj` `bfo dlatoxt< Hlw dja Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi ho`p us tl
sl`vo prleòis ba tho roj` wlr`m<
Bf wo `llk jt tho j`coerjbd stjtoioats d5 9 j5 + e5 d`lso`y, jam tjko tho squjro rllt lf
elth sbmos wo cot
d5 9 j5 + e5 whbdh cbvos> d 9 j 5 + e5
Alw d bs j òacth, whbdh succosts thjt Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi dja eo usom tl motoribao
òacths lr mbstjados. Bf tho òacth d dja eo p`jdom ba j rbcht jacò trbjacò wbth twl
kalwa sbmos, thoa Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi dja eo usom tl ﬊am tho òacth lf d.
:. Eomrlli Slrkijashbp
Jpprlxbijto`y twl (5) yojrs jcl iy pjroats elucht j hluso ba j pjrtbdu`jr hlusbac
movo`lpioat. B hjvo j`wjys hojrm rosbmoats dlip`jba jelut pllr wlrkijashbp ba
tho uabts. B modbmom tl jpp`y iy kalwòmco lf Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi tl tost tho ejsbd
j`bcaioat lf j eomrlli
d e
E D
j
Jt j c`jado, iy eomrlli hjs j rodtjacu`jr shjpo js shlwa jelvo.

]ho mbjclaj` JE bs tho hypltoauso lf trbjacò JED bf jam la`y bf
d5 9 j5 + e5. J`sl, bf d5 9 j5 + e5, thoa tho jacò JDE bs j rbcht jacò
jam tho rlli bs `baom up prlpor`y jam bs j porfodt rodtjacu`jr shjpo.
:?3 Ey iojsuroioat, tho òacth lf j iojsurom := ft jam tho òacth lf e
iojsurom :5 ft.
Hoado, flr porfodt `bao-up lf tho eomrlli tho fl``lwbac iust eo truo> d5 9 j5 + e5.
_sbac tho iojsuroioats
j5 + e5 9 :=5 + :55
9 :26 + :==
9 4=7 squjro foot
]jkbac tho squjro rllt la elth sbmos wo cot> j5 + e59 4=7 ≈ :8.= ft
Hoado, bf tho eomrlli wjs `baom up dlrrodt`y tho òacth lf tho mbjclaj` shlu`m eo
jpprlxbijto`y :8.= foot. Ey iojsuroioat, tho mbjclaj` lf tho rlli iojsurom :3.? foot.
]horoflro, ejsom la Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi, tho jacò JDE bs alt oquj` tl 27· jam
iy eomrlli bs alt j porfodt rodtjacu`jr shjpo. ]horoflro, B dja dladùmo thjt tho
wlrkijashbp wjs sliowhjt pllr.
5. ]oòvbsbla Tdrooa
Jalthor roj`-wlr`m sbtujtbla thjt bs wlrthy lf bavostbcjtbla bs thjt lf tho sbzo lf j toòvbsbla
sdrooa.
d 43’
66’
]ho sbzo lf tho fjib`y‒s toòvbsbla sot wjs sjbm tl eo 3?’. Hlwovor, B iojsurom tho òacth
lf tho toòvbsbla sot jam mbsdlvorom thjt bt bs 66’ ba òacth jam 43’ ba wbmth. ]ho toòvbsbla
sot hjs j rodtjacu`jr shjpo, sl B modbmom tl jpp`y Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi tl motoribao
tho òacth lf tho mbjclaj` d lf tho toòvbsbla sot. _sbac Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi wo cot>
d5 9 665 + 435
9 =4?6 + :462
9 ?35? squjro badhos
]horoflro> d 9 ?35? 9 3?.3’
]horoflro, lur toòvbsbla sot bs jpprlxbijto`y 3?’ j`lac bts mbjclaj`.

]horoflro, ba coaorj`, tho roplrtom sbzo lf j toòvbsbla sot bs tho òacth
lf bts mbjclaj`.
:?8
4. ]ho Thlrtost Mbstjado Eotwooa ]wl Wlbats
?7 i
D
J :57 i
]horo bs j rodtjacu`jr p`jybac ﬊o`m eohbam tho sodlamjry sdhll` thjt B jttoam. Iy frboam
jam B wjs wlamorbac whjt bs tho shlrtost pjth tl cot frli plbat J tl plbat E js shlwa
ba tho mbjcrji. Lao pjth bs tl wj`k frli J tl D jam thoa tl E. Jalthor pjth bs tl wj`k
j`lac j strjbcht `bao frli J tl E. ]ho òacth lf tho ﬊o`m bs :57 i jam bts wbmth bs ?7 i.
Hoado, tho òacth lf tho pjth frli J tl D jam thoa tl E bs (:57 + ?7) i 9 :37 i. Tbado
tho strjbcht pjth frli J tl E bs tho mbjclaj` lf j rodtjacu`jr shjpo, wo dja motoribao
tho strjbcht pjth frli J tl E usbac Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi. Ejsom la tho Wythjclroja
]holroi>
JE5 9 :57 5
+ ?75
9 :==77 + 5?77
5
9 :6277 i
]horoflro> JE 9 :6277 9 :47 i
Hoado, tho shlrtost pjth frli J tl E bs tho strjbcht `bao frli J tl E j`lac tho
mbjclaj` lf tho rodtjacu`jr shjpom ﬊o`m. ]hbs j`sl vorb﬊os thjt tho shlrtost
mbstjado eotwooa twl plbats bs j strjbcht `bao nlbabac tho twl plbats.
:?2
=. Motoribao ]ho @oacth Lf ]ho @jmmor Aoomom ]l W`jdo J Ejaaor La J Sj``
spjdo flr
ejaaor
or
57 ft
mm
`j
wj``
:? ft
]ho sdhll` bs p`jaabac bts jaauj` Djrabvj` jdtbvbty. ]ho Djrabvj` Dliibttoo bs p`jaabac
tl orodt j ejaaor 57 foot jelvo tho crluam jt tho frlat lf tho eub`mbac js shlwa jelvo.
]horo bs j spjdo lf :? foot eotwooa tho frlat lf tho sdhll` jam j wj`` la whbdh tho
`jmmor dlu`m eo p`jdom ba lrmor tl orodt tho ejaaor.
Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi dja eo usom tl motoribao tho òacth lf `jmmor thjt bs aoomom tl
orodt tho ejaaor. @ot tho òacth lf tho `jmmor eod foot.
_sbac Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi wo cot>

d5 9 :?5 + 575
9 55? + =77
9 65? squjro foot
]horoflro> d 9 65? 9 5?’
]horoflro, j `jmmor lf òacth 5? foot bs aoomom tl ho`p tho dliibttoo ba orodtbac

tho ejaaor.
:67
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 76
MBTD_TTBLA LF
FBAMBACT
Ejsom la tho rosu`ts, wo soo thjt Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi bs alt nust ja jestrjdt flriu`j tl
eo òjrat ey rlto. Bt dja eo usom tl ho`p motoribao òacths jam ostje`bsh tho jddurjdy lf
iojsuroioat. Ba thbs prlnodt bt wjs usom tl dhodk tho jddurjdy lf tho iojsuroioat lf
j eomrlli, vorbfy tho sbzo lf j toòvbsbla sot, motoribao tho shlrtost mbstjado eotwooa
twl plbats la j p`jybac ﬊o`m jam motoribao tho òacth lf tho `jmmor thjt bs aoomom flr
j pjrtbdu`jr nle.
Ba dlamudtbac thbs prlnodt j fow dhj`òacos woro oadluatorom.
Iojsurbac tho mbioasblas lf tho sdhll`‒s p`jybac ﬊o`m plsom slio prleòis sbado
tho iojsurbac tjpo thjt wjs usom wjs la`y 5? foot `lac. ]wl lf iy poors jssbstom ba
iojsurbac jam ijrkbac plbats j`lac tho mbioasblas lf tho ﬊o`m. J`sl, bt wjs mbf﬊du`t tl
jsdortjba whothor tho ﬊o`m hjm squjro omcos.
Hoado, bt wjs jssuiom thjt tho omcos lf tho ﬊o`m flriom 27· jacòs whoa thoy iot.
J spbrbt òvo` wjs usom tl motoribao bf tho sdhll`‒s wj``s jam crluam woro elth vortbdj`
jam hlrbzlatj`.
:6:
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 73
DLAD@_TBLA
Wythjclrjs‒ ]holroi dja eo moilastrjtom prjdtbdj``y ey dlastrudtbac j rbcht-jacò

trbjacò la crjph pjpor jam dluatbac tho squjros la tho throo sbmos lf tho trbjacò.
J`coerj jam Coliotry dja eo usom tl prlvo tho tholroi ey dlastrudtbac flur dlacruoat
trbjacòs jrluam j squjro jam sottbac up ja j`coerjbd bmoatbty.
]ho tholroi dja eo usom ba tho roj`-wlr`m tl bavostbcjto tho fl``lwbac sbtujtblas>
:. tho jddurjto dlastrudtbla lf j rodtjacu`jr rlli,
5. tho sbzo lf j toòvbsbla sot,
4. tho shlrtost mbstjado eotwooa twl plbats,
=. tho òacth lf tho `jmmor aoomom tl orodt j ejaaor la j vortbdj` wj``
:65
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 78
UOFOUOADOT
www.erbchthueomudjtbla.dli
www.thofjiluspolpò.dli
www.col.ubud.omu
www.stlrylfijthoijtbds.dli
:64
WULNOD] :7
TOD]BLA 72
JWWOAMBX
(:) Uosu`ts usom ba thbs prlnodt
J squjro bs j qujmrb`jtorj` wbth = oquj` sbmos.

Ojdh batoraj` jacò oquj` tl 27·.
Jroj lf j squjro 9 sbmo Ó sbmo 9 sbmo5
h Jroj lf j rbcht jacò trbjacò 9 ejso Ó hobcht

5
]ho sui lf tho 4 batorblr jacòs ba j trbjacò bs

oquj` tl :87·
∽ j· + e· + d· 9 :87·
e d
]ho sui lf tho jmnjdoat jacòs la j strjbcht `bao

∽ j· + e· + d· 9 :87·
e
j d
:6=
(5) ]oris usom ba prlnodt>
(b) Hypltoauso> ]ho sbmo lpplsbto tho rbcht jacò ba j rbcht-jacò
trbjacò
Hypltoauso
D E
(bb) Mbjclaj`> J `bao nlbabac twl vortbdos lf j pl`ycla whoa thlso vortbdos jro alt la tho
sjio omco.
JE bs j mbjclaj`
E
vortox
vortox
(bbb) ]holroi> J ijthoijtbdj` stjtoioat thjt wjs prlvoa tl eo truo wbthba j cbvoa systoi.
(bv) Z.O.M.> Jeerovbjtbla flr tho @jtba phrjso ‐qulm orjt moilastrjamui’ trjas`jtom
batl Oac`bsh iojas ‐thjt whbdh wjs tl eo moilastrjtom’ usuj``y usom jt tho oam lf j
prllf.
(v) Hlrbzlatj` W`jao> ﬅjt sillth surfjdo wbth al brrocu`jrbtbos.
:6?
57 BMOJT FLU J
IJ]HOIJ]BDT TEJ
SB]H TDOAJUBLT
JAM ]B]@OT
:66
Ijthoijtbdj` ro`jtblas poriojto tho wlr`m, thoroflro, stumoats hjvo j woj`th lf
lptblas frli whbdh thoy dja dhllso. Ttumoats shlu`m ﬊rst `llk wbthba thobr biiombjto
oavbrlaioat jam lesorvo sbtujtblas thjt ijy roqubro bavostbcjtbla. Flr oxjipò>
:. ]ho hlio bs ja oxdo`òat p`jdo tl stjrt `llkbac flr TEJ Wrlnodt bmojs>
j. Drojtbac j eumcot lr ostbijto flr hlio roalvjtblas dja cbvo rbso tl ja TEJ
Wrlnodt.
e. Wurdhjsbac ijnlr btois flr tho hlio dja j`sl spjrk bmojs flr ja TEJ Wrlnodt.
5. ]ho sdhll` bs jalthor p`jdo whoro TEJ Wrlnodt bmojs dja eo movo`lpom. ]ho
fl``lwbac jro j`` crojt dladopts flr TEJ Wrlnodts>
j. jesoatoobsi
e. `jto dlibac
d. biprlpor uabflri
m. pllr djfotorbj sorvbdo
o. stumoats‒ jdjmoibd porflrijado
f. d`jssrlli> Ttumoats shlu`m pjy pjrtbdu`jr jttoatbla tl tojdhors whoa thoy jro
prosoatbac thobr òsslas. ]lpbds sudh js> iojsuroioats, stjtbstbds, coliotry,
ro`jtblas jam fuadtblas jam dlasuior jrbthiotbd jro j`` oxdo`òat tlpbds thjt dja
eo usom ba lrmor tl bavostbcjto roj`-wlr`m prleòis. Shoa j tojdhor bs prosoatbac
j pjrtbdu`jr tlpbd, stumoats shlu`m jsk tho tojdhor tl oxp`jba hlw tho cbvoa tlpbd
dja jssbst thoi wbth tho TEJ Wrlnodts.
4. ]ho dliiuabty bs j`sl j crojt p`jdo tl cot TEJ Wrlnodt bmojs. Ttumoats shlu`m
`bstoa tl dlip`jbats lf pllr sorvbdo ey dustliors. ]hoso dlip`jbats dja thoa eo
bavostbcjtom ey usbac sbipò Ijthoijtbdj` todhabquos.
Coaorj``y, stumoats dja `llk jt jay dlip`jbat lr roj`-wlr`m prleòi whbdh ijy eo
jaodmltj` ba ajturo jam dja eo bavostbcjtom ey usbac j sbipò Ijthoijtbdj` todhabquo.
]ho fl``lwbac bs j `bst lf twoaty (57) sdoajrbls jam tbtòs thjt dja eo usom js rosojrdh
prlnodts uamor mbfforoat tlpbds ba Ijthoijtbds. ]hoso tlpbds jro stjtbstbds, dlasuior
jrbthiotbd, j`coerj, coliotry jam ijtrbdos.
:63
T]J]BT]BDT
TDOAJUBL :
Ttumoats jt tho Flri throo (4) òvo` wrbto tho Ajtblaj` Dortb﬊djto lf Todlamjry Omudjtbla
(ADTO) Oxjibajtbla ovory yojr. Hlwovor, tho rosu`ts lf thoso oxjibajtblas ijy alt eo
sorblus`y jaj`yzom ey sdhll` ijajcoioat tl baflri tojdhbac strjtocbos. J stumoat dja
thoroflro ml j rosojrdh prlnodt ejsom la tho ADTO rosu`ts jam tho tbtò dja rojm js
fl``lws>
‐ Ja bavostbcjtbla lf tho `jst flur (=) yojrs lf ATOD rosu`ts jt j pjrtbdu`jr

sdhll`.’
TDOAJUBL 5
J stumoat ijy wjat tl kalw hlw hbs lr hor sdhll` porflris ba j pjrtbdu`jr suenodt jroj
jt tho Djrbeeoja Todlamjry Omudjtbla Dortb﬊djto (DTOD) Oxjibajtbla. ]ho fl``lwbac
tbtò dja eo usom tl pursuo j prlnodt>
‐J stumy lf tho `jst ﬊vo (?) yojrs lf tho DTOD Oac`bsh @jacujco oxjibajtbla
rosu`ts jt j pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`.’
TDOAJUBL 4
J crlup ijy wjat tl stumy tho porflrijado lf `lwor flri stumoats jt j sdhll` ba j
pjrtbdu`jr suenodt jroj. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo usom flr j rosojrdh prlnodt>
‐J stumoat ijy wjat tl stumy tho porflrijado lf tho `lwor sdhll` stumoats
lf hbs lr hor sdhll` ba j pjrtbdu`jr suenodt jroj. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo
usom flr j rosojrdh prlnodt.’
TDOAJUBL =
]ojdhors lftoa dlip`jba lf Flri ? stumoats eobac tjrmy jam jesoat frli sdhll`. ]hbs
d`jbi dja eo bavostbcjtom ba j prlnodt. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja sot tho coaorj` rosojrdh
thoio flr tho prlnodt>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho puadtuj`bty jam rocu`jrbty lf Flri ? stumoats jt j

sodlamjry sdhll`.’
:68
TDOAJUBL ?
]ho jelvo sbtujtbla dja j`sl eo bavostbcjtom j`lac tho fl``lwbac `bao>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla ba lrmor tl motoribao bf tho mbstjado thjt stumoats `bvo frli
tho sdhll` hjs ja bipjdt la thobr puadtuj`bty’.
TDOAJUBL 6
Wjroats usuj``y sjy thjt oxtrjdurrbdu`jr jdtbvbtbos jffodt tho dhb`mroa‒s jdjmoibd
porflrijado. ]hbs d`jbi dja eo bavostbcjtom ey usbac tho fl``lwbac tbtò js j coaorj`
thoio flr tho prlnodt>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla lf stumoats‒ jdjmoibd porflrijado jt j pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`

ba lrmor tl motoribao bf thoy jro jffodtom ey oxtrjdurrbdu`jr jdtbvbtbos..‒‒
TDOAJUBL 3
]ho sdhll`‒s ijajcoioat hjs sorblus prleòis wbth stumoats j`torbac tho sdhll`
uabflri. J prlnodt dja eo mlao la tho sovorbty lf tho prleòi. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo
usom js j cubmo flr j prlnodt>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho auieor lf uppor sdhll` stumoats jt j pjrtbdu`jr

sdhll` whl j`tor thobr sdhll` uabflri.’
TDOAJUBL 8
Ttumoats ijy dhllso tl bavostbcjto tho jdjmoibd porflrijado lf tho Flri lao
stumoats ba j pjrtbdu`jr suenodt jroj jt j sdhll`. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo usom tl
cubmo tho prlnodt>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho porflrijado lf Flri : stumoats ba tho jroj lf

Ijthoijtbds jt j sodlamjry sdhll`.’
TDOAJUBL 2
]horo jro j`wjys dlip`jbats lf stumoats alt sueibttbac hliowlrk jssbcaioats. ]hbs
d`jbi dja eo bavostbcjtom ey usbac tho fl``lwbac tbtò js j cubmo>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla lf tho hliowlrk hjebts lf tho uppor jam `lwor flris
ba lrmor tl motoribao whbdh crlup bs ilro `bko`y tl sueibt hliowlrk
jssbcaioats.’
:62
DLAT_IOU
JUB]HIO]BD
TDOAJUBL :7
J stumoat dja dhllso tl jssbst hbs lr hor pjroat wbth tho fjib`y‒s eumcot. J eumcot dja
eo drojtom ey tjkbac batl jddluat sj`jrbos jam oxpoambturo. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo j
crojt thoio flr tho prlnodt>
‐Drojtbac j fjib`y eumcot usbac dlasuior jrbthiotbd todhabquos.’
TDOAJUBL ::
]ho Hluso Tystois jt sdhll`s usuj``y uso fuamrjbsors tl ho`p wbth tho purdhjso lf
uabflris jam lthor btois flr Tplrts Mjy. J crlup lf stumoats dja drojto j eusbaoss p`ja
flr j pjrtbdu`jr hluso ba lrmor tl jssbst wbth fuamrjbsbac. ]hoy dja `bst tho btois tl eo
sl`m jam tho prbdo jt ojdh btois iust rotjbòm ba lrmor tl coaorjto j sbcab﬊djat prl﬊t.
]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo usom tl cubmo tho prlnodt movo`lpioat>
‐Movo`lpbac j eusbaoss p`ja tl rjbso fuams flr lao lf tho hlusos thjt
eo`lac tl j pjrtbdu`jr sdhll`‒s hluso systoi.’
TDOAJUBL :5
Tupplso j stumoat‒s fjthor wjats tl so`` hbs iltlr vohbdò jftor obcht (8) yojrs. ]ho
vohbdò hjs moprodbjtom ey j cbvoa pordoatjco ovory yojr flr tho `jst obcht (8) yojrs.
]ho stumoat dja movo`lp j prlnodt ba lrmor tl motoribao tho prosoat vjùo lf tho vohbdò
jam lthor fjdtlrs thjt ijy jffodt tho ﬊aj` so``bac prbdo. ]ho tbtò lf tho prlnodt dja eo
stjtom js fl``lws>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho vjùo lf iy fjthor‒s iltlr vohbdò jftor obcht (8)
yojrs.’
:37
F_AD]BLAT JAM
UO@J]BLAT
CUJWHT & @BAOJU WULCUJIIBAC
TDOAJUBL :4
Mjm bs j pùieor. Ho dhjrcos j ﬊xom foo lf $577 por sbto vbsbt. Ho j`sl dhjrcos j rjto
lf $:77 por hlur. J `baojr ro`jtbla dja eo sot up jam usom ba lrmor tl prombdt tho tltj`
foo thjt Mjm dja dhjrco flr spoambac x hlurs la j nle sbto. ]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja cubmo
tho prlnodt>
‐_sbac j `baojr ro`jtbla ba lrmor tl motoribao tho tltj` jiluat lf ilaoy thjt
iy fjthor dja dhjrco flr hbs pùiebac sorvbdos.’
TDOAJUBL :=
:
]ho dbrduiforoado (D) lf jay dbrdò bs 4 3 tbios bts mbjiotor (m). ]hbs bs stjtom js
:
D9 m, whoro 9 34 . ]hbs bip`bos thjt D bs mbrodt`y prlplrtblaj` tl m. Hoado, j crjph lf
D vs m bs j strjbcht `bao. ]hbs dladopt dja eo usom tl motoribao tho jpprlxbijto vjùo
lf ey usbac prjdtbdj` iojsuroioats. ]ho tbtò lf tho prlnodt dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho ro`jtblashbp eotwooa tho dbrduiforoado lf j dbrdò

jam bts mbjiotor ba lrmor tl motoribao tho vjùo lf pb ( )’.
TDOAJUBL :?
Ttumoats usuj``y ﬊am bt mbf﬊du`t tl ijajco thobr tbio flr stumbos jam lthor jdtbvbtbos.
]hbs bs sl eodjuso, thoro jro usuj``y j auieor lf dlastrjbats la thobr `bvos. @baojr
prlcrjiibac dja jssbst stumoats tl motoribao hlw ijay hlurs lf stumy thjt thoy aoom
la j wook`y ejsbs ba lrmor tl jdhbovo ijxbiui eoao﬊t cbvoa j`` tho dlastrjbats la thobr
`bvos. J tbtò flr thbs prlnodt dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐_sbac `baojr prlcrjiibac todhabquos tl motoribao tho ijxbiui auieor

lf hlurs thjt j stumoat shlu`m stumy ojdh wook ba lrmor tl jdhbovo ijxbiui
eoao﬊ts, cbvoa j`` tho dlastrjbats la hbs lr hor `bfo.’
:3:
J@COEUJ
TDOAJUBL :6
]horo bs j pbodo lf `jam jt tho ejdk lf tho sdhll` thjt dja eo usom ey tho Rluac @ojmors
Crlup tl drojto j rodtjacu`jr vocotjeò cjrmoa. ]ho cjrmoa iust eo foadom jam j
flltpjth iust eo p`jdom jrluam bt flr jddoss. J qujmrjtbd fuadtbla dja eo drojtom tl
ilmo` tho cjrmoa jam tho iothlm lf dlipòtbac tho squjro dja eo usom tl motoribao
tho ijxbiui jroj lf `jam thjt dja eo usom. ]ho prlnodt tbtò dlu`m rojm>
‐_sbac tho iothlm lf dlipòtbac tho squjro tl motoribao tho ijxbiui

jroj lf j vocotjeò cjrmoa.’
TDOAJUBL :3
Ttumoats jro lftoa jskom tl fjdtlrbzo tho j`coerjbd oxprossbla j5 - e5. ]holrotbdj``y, tho
rosu`t lf thbs fjdtlrbzjtbla bs j 5 - e5 9 (j + e) (j - e). J crlup lf stumoats dja jrrjaco wbth
tho Sllmwlrk Mopjrtioat lr j trjmosija tl dut j pbodo lf wllm batl j porfodt squjro
lf j pjrtbdu`jr jroj. J sij`òr squjro dja thoa eo dut frli tho ebccor squjro jam tho
stumoats dja moilastrjto tho rosu`ts j5 - e59 (j + e) (j - e) ba j prjdtbdj` wjy. ]ho tbtò
lf j prlnodt dja rojm js fl``lws>
‐J stumy batl tho j`coerjbd bmoatbty j5 - e5 9 (j + e) (j - e) ba lrmor tl

physbdj``y moilastrjto tho rosu`t.’
:35
COLIO]UR
TDOAJUBL :8
J coaorj` flriu`j (5a - =) Ó 277 bs usuj``y cbvoa tl stumoats tl motoribao tho sui lf
tho batorblr jacòs ba j pl`ycla. ]hbs flriu`j bs usuj``y cbvoa wbthlut prllf. J crlup
lf stumoats dja physbdj``y prlvo thbs rosu`t ey duttbac mbfforoat pl`yclas lut lf Erbstl`
Eljrm jam ro`jtbac ojdh pl`ycla tl j trbjacò js shlwa eo`lw.
Thjpo mbvbmom batl Auieor Dj`du`j- Tui lf

Thjpo
trbjacòs lf sbmos tbla jacòs
4 :x:87· :87·
= 5x:87· 467·
? 4x:87· ?=7·
8 6x:87· :787·
Ttumoats shlu`m eo jeò tl `llk jt tho pjttora jam flriu`jto j coaorj` flriu`j flr tho
sui lf tho batorblr jacòs lf jay pl`ycla. ]ho tbtò lf tho prlnodt dja rojm>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla batl mbfforoat pl`yclas ba lrmor tl motoribao

j coaorj` flriu`j flr tho sui lf tho batorblr jacòs lf jay
pl`ycla wbth tho uso lf j prjdtbdj` iothlm.’
:34
IJ]UBDOT
TDOAJUBL :2
Iy pjroats usuj``y cbvo jwjy hjipors ovory Dhrbstijs. ]hbs yojr thoy wjat tl cbvo lut
toa (:7) hjipors dlasbstbac lf : `btro ib`k djrtlas, ? kb`lcrji pjdks lf rbdo jam 5 `btro
elttòs lf dllkbac lb`. Ojdh hjipor hjs toa (:7) btois. Ib`k dlsts $:5.?7, rbdo dlsts
$47.77 jam lb` dlsts $=?.77.
Hjipor Ib`k Ubdo Lb`

:?45
5=?:
46:4
=53:
?4=4
6:64
3=5=
844=
2:35
:7 4 = 4
Btoi Dlst $
Ib`k :5.?7
Ubdo 47.77
Lb` =?.77
Ttumoats dja drojto twl ijtrbdos ba lrmor tl motoribao>

:. tho tltj` vjùo lf ojdh hjipor
5. tho tltj` dlst tl drojto j`` :7 hjipors
]ho tbtò lf tho prlnodt dja eo wrbttoa js>
‐_sbac ijtrbdos ba lrmor tl motoribao tho tltj` dlst lf

prlmudtbla flr toa (:7) Dhrbstijs hjipors.’
:3=
JWW@BDJ]BLA LF
IJ]HOIJ]BDT
TDOAJUBL 57
Ttumoats j`wjys dlip`jba thjt Ijthoijtbds hjs al roj` wlr`m iojabac tl thoi. ]hoy
j`wjys jsk tho quostblas; ‐Shy ji B mlbac thbs tlpbd<’ jam ‐Shoa wb`` B uso Ijthoijtbds
ba `bfo<’
]hbs prlnodt cbvos stumoats j dhjado tl jaswor thobr lwa quostblas. Ttumoats dja
dhllso throo djroors jam shlw hlw Ijthoijtbds dja p`jy j koy rlò ba thoso ﬊o`ms.
]ho fl``lwbac tbtò dja eo usom js j cubmo flr thbs prlnodt>
‐Ja bavostbcjtbla ba lrmor tl moilastrjto tho biplrtjado lf Ijthoijtbds ba

mbfforoat djroors.’
:3?
UOFOUOADOT
D`jrko, @. Hjrwllm, Jmmbtblaj` Wuro Ijthoijtbds, 4rm Ombtbla

Croor, J. & @jyao, D. O. (:22:)Dortb﬊djto Ijthoijtbds> J Uovbsbla Dlurso flr tho
Djrbeeoja.
Hoac, H. H.; ]jèort, N. F., Jmmbtblaj` Ijthoijtbds, 6th Ombtbla
]ll`sbo, U, (:222). J Dlipòto Dlurso wbth DXD Zuostblas.
www.erbchthueomudjtbla.dli
www.omoìla﬊ajadbj`.dli
www.omuﬅlw.wlrmpross.dli/tjrmbaoss
www.ovorythbacijths.dl.zj
www.froopbk.dli
www.col.ubud.omu
www.cujrmbja.dl.tt
www.ijth.ud`j.omu
www.ijthcllmbos.dli
www.ijthbsfua.dli
www.ijthswlrk.dli
www.ilaoysuporijrkot.dli
www.qulrj.dli
www.so`feub`maowhlios.dli
www.stlrylfijthoijtbds.dli
www.thojstlfom.dli
www.thofjiluspolpò.dli
www.ttdlaaodt.clv.tt
www.uadw.omu/jòcerj
www.vjrsbtytutlrs.dli
www.woeorjwòr.dli
www.wbkbOmudjtlr.lrc
www.wbkbhlw.dli
:36
JEL_] ]HO J_]HLU
Còamla Ttooò hjs eooa tojdhbac Ijthoijtbds flr tho pjst t woaty (57) yojrs. Ho
durroat`y sorvos js Hojm lf tho Ijthoijtbds Mopjrtioat jt Tt. Njios Todlamjry
Tdhll`, ]rbabmjm jam ]lejcl. Ho bs j crjmujto lf ]ho _abvorsbty lf tho Sost Bambos
jam hl`ms j E.Td. Ijthoijtbds (Hlas) jam j Wlst Crjmujto Mbp`lij ba Omudjtbla-
]ojdhbac lf Ijthoijtbds. Ho hjs j`sl eooa j Djrbeeoja Oxjibajtblas Dluadb`
Jssbstjat Oxjibaor flr tho pjst ﬊ftooa (:?) yojrs. Lvor tho yojrs ho hjs eooa
dlasdboatblus`y propjrbac stumoats flr tho jaauj` Justrj`bja Ijthoijtbds L`yipbjm
Dlipotbtbla. Còamla Ttooò bs j dlasuiijto tojdhor ba ijay rocjrms jam hl`ms
tho mbstbacubshom jddlip`bshioat lf offodtbvo`y prosoatbac tho toòvbsbla sorbos, ‘J
Dladoptuj` Jpprljdh tl @ojrabac Ijthoijtbds‒, la ]ho Baflrijtbla Dhjaao` = flr
jpprlxbijto`y ﬊vo yojrs murbac whbdh, oiphjsbs wjs p`jdom la òjrabac Ijthoijtbds
ey eub`mbac la j sot lf fuamjioatj` prbadbpòs. Horo, ho oiphjsbzom thjt Ijthoijtbds
shlu`m alt eo tjucht ey prosoatbac j sot lf todhabquos thjt stumoats shlu`m

ioilrbzo ey rlto eut bastojm bt shlu`m eo tjucht ey ho`pbac stumoats tl rodlcabzo
thjt Ijthoijtbds bs ejsom la j sot lf fuamjioatj` dladopts thjt flri tho ejsbs lf
òjrabac jay tlpbd ba Ijthoijtbds. Ir. Ttooò‒s phb`lslphy bs thjt Ijthoijtbds shlu`m
eo prosoatom ba j ijaaor ba whbdh stumoats dja soo, jdkalwòmco jam jpprodbjto bts
roòvjado ba tho roj` wlr`m jam ovoatuj``y dlio tl fj`` ba `lvo wbth tho suenodt.

The Essentials Mathematics Sba Handbook Glendon Steele

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]HO OTTOA]BJ@

]hbs ellk bs mombdjtom tl iy Djrbeeoja Oxjibajtblas Dluadb` (DXD) L‒ @ovo`

B jttoamom j Ijthoijtbds Tdhll` Ejsom Jssossioat (TEJ) Slrkshlp jpprlxbijto`y

Ml alt flrcot tl hjvo fua j`lac tho wjy.

‐]ho crojt ellk lf ajturo dja la`y eo uamorstllm ey thlso whl

Hlwovor, trjmbtblaj``y,Ijthoijtbds bs tjucht frli toxtellks. Ttumoats jro thoa jssossom

:. rojm jam thbak drbtbdj``y

?. ijko `lcbdj` modbsblas

]ho TEJ Wrlnodts roqubro tho stumoats tl>

]hbs roplrt iust eo propjrom jam prosoatom ba j pjrtbdu`jr lrmor

TOD]BLA LF IJUKT J@DLJ]OM

TJIW@O WULNOD] EOCBAT>

]ho prlnodt dja eo prosoatom js fl``lws>

TOD]BLA :> WULNOD] ]B]@O

TOD]BLA 5> BA]ULM_D]BLA

Wrlnodt ]bt`o .................................................................................................Wjco auieor

TOD]BLA 4> IO]HLM LF MJ]J DL@@OD]BLA

(j) ]HO Z_OT]BLAAJBUO

(e) WOUTLAJ@ BA]OUVBOST

(m) OXJIBAJ]BLA LF UODLUMT

Flr oxjip`o, ba thbs sjip`o prlnodt>

]ho iothlm lf mjtj dl``odtbla dhlsoa wjs porslaj` batorvbows.

huamrom (:77) stumoats flr tho purplso lf tho rosojrdh.’

TOD]BLA => WUOTOA]J]BLA LF MJ]J

Duiu`jtbvo Froquoady ]je`o

Horo, tho fl``lwbac rosu`ts dja eo dj`du`jtom jam prosoatom>

Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 5757

(tho sui lf f) (√f) :77

Alto> Τ bs tho Crook `ottor sbcij.

]ho Duiu`jtbvo Froquoady Durvo bs usom tl motoribao tho auieor lf stumoats

7.? ?.? :7.? :?.? 57.? 5?.? 47.? 4?.?

TOD]BLA 6> MBTD_TTBLA LF FBAMBACT>

TOD]BLA 8> UOFOUOADOT

TOD]BLA 2> JWWOAMBX

Ujw mjtj, tje`os, dhjrts, crjphs, quostblaajbros jam mo﬊abtblas jro

// WUOTOA]J]BLA LF TJIW@O WULNOD] OAMT //

UL@O LF ]HO ]OJDHOU>

Ja bavostbcjtbla batl tho wjbtbac tbio flr

ILAMJR ]_OTMJR SOMAOTMJR

Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf

]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 47

Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf Sjbtbac tbio Auieor lf

Sjbtbac tbio ba Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 8?4?

]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 8?4?

(tho sui lf f) (√f) 47

Sjbtbac tbio ba Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 668?

]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 668?

(tho sui lf f) (√f) 47

Sjbtbac tbio ba Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 638?

]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 638?

(tho sui lf f) (√f) 47

Sjbtbac tbio ba Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 6:8?

]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√fx) 9 6:8?

(tho sui lf f) (√f) 47

Sjbtbac tbio ba Auieor lf D`jss ibmplbat

]L]J@ 47 ]L]J@ 388?

]ho jvorjco lr ioja 9 (tho sui lf f Ó x ) 9 (√ fx) 9 388?

Alto> Τ bs tho Crook `ottor sbcij.