FLOW OF FLUIDS

THROUGH

VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE

. i

By the Engineering Division

I CRANEJ
{·1981-Crane Co.

All rights reserved. This publication is fully protected by copyright

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and nothing that appears in it may be reprinted, either wholly or in
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pubiication and does not assume liability for any losses or damage
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CRANE CO.
300 Park Avenue
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PRINTED IN U. S. A.
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(fwenlielh I'rlnling-1981)
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!I
Bibliography I
I
81
IR.A. Dodge & M. J. Thompson, "F1uid Mechanics";
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc .. 1937; pages 193. 288.
U"As:-..rE Steam Tablcs" (page 2(8), American Socicty of
Mcchanical Engineers, \:ew York. 1967. . i
and 407.
I&/.B. Maxwell, "Data Book on Hydrocarbons"; D. Van
'H. Rouse. "Elementary Mechanics of Fluids"; John Wiley Nostrand Company, Inc .. New York. 1950. I
& Sons. Inc .. New York, 1946. ltC.!. Corp and R.O. Ruble. "Loss of Head in Valves and
'B.F. Grizzle. "Simplification of Gas Flow Calculations by Pipes of One-Half to Twelve Inches Diameter"; University I
Means of a New Special Slide Rule"; Petroleum Engineer. of Wisconsin Experimental Station Bulletin. Volume 9. No.
1,1922.
September, 1945.
17G.L. Tuve and RE. Sprcnkle, "Orifice Dischargc Coeffi-
!
'H. Kirchbach. "Loss of Energy in Miter Bends"; Trans- cients for Viscous Liquids"; Instruments. November. 1933;
actions of the Munich Hydraulic Institute. Bulletin No.3.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York.
page 201. 8
1935. 18L.F. Moody. "Friction Factors for Pipe Flow"; Trans-
$"Dowtherm Handbook"; Dow Chemical Co .. Midland.
actions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Volume 66. November. 1944; pages 671 to 678. I
Michigan. 1954; page 10.
!tA. H. Shapiro. "The Dvnamics and Thermodvnamics of
6R.J.S. Pigott. "Pressure Losses in Tubing. Pi~. and Fit- Compressible Fluid Flo~": The Ronald Press ·Company. I
tings"; Transactions of the American Society oj Mechanical 1953. Chapter 6.
Engineers. Volume 72. 1950; pages 679 to 688.
:!1lV.L. Streeter. "Fluid :-..rechanics". 1st Edition. 1951. I
7"Handbook of Chemistry and Phvsics". 44th Edition. )
"KH. Beij. "Pressure Losses for Fluid Flow in 90 Degree
1962-1963, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co .. Cleveland.
Pipe Bends"; Journal of Research of the National Bureau 8
tR.F. Stearns, R.M. Jackson, R.R. Johnson. and CA. of Standards. Volume 21, July. 1938.
Larson, "Flow Measurement with Orifice Meters";·D. Van
Nostrand Company, Inc .. New York. 1951.
g
~2"Standards of Hydraulic [nstitutc". Eighth Edition, 1947.
"'F1uid Meters"; American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers, Part 1-6th Edition, New York, 1971.
23Bingham, E.C. and Jackson, R.F., Bureau of Standards g
Bulletin 14: pages 58 to 80 (S.P. 298. August, 1910)
(1919).
1°R.G. Cunningham, "Orifice Meters with Supercritical
Compressible Flow"; ASME Paper No. 50-A-45. I
"T. R. Weymouth. Transactions of the American Society of
l1"Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book-Dcsign." Mechanical Engineers. \'olume 3-l. 1912; page 197.
American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 9th Edition, I
New York, 1955. nR. J. S. Pigott. "Thc Flo~' of Fluids in Cioscd Conduits."
Mechanical Engineering. Volumc H, No.8. August 19B.
IJW.L. Nelson, "Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; McGraw- pagc 497. • I:
Hill Book Co.. New York, 1949.
2°Emorv Kemler. ",\ Stud\' of Data on the Flow of Fluids
13Lionel S. Marks, "Mechanical Engincers Handbook"; in Pipes." Transactions oi the American Societv of Mechan- . !
McGraw-Hill Book Co., ;-':ew York, Fifth Edition. ical Engineers. Vol. 55. I'933. HYD-55-2. -.
I
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&:

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 II
Table of Contents I
CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 I
Theory of Flow in Pipe Flow of Fluids !I
page Through Valves and Fittings
Introduction .................................................................... I-I page !I
Physical Properties of Fluids ...................................... 1-2 Introduction .............................................................. 2-1
Viscosity .................................................................... 1-2 Types of Valves and Fittings I
Weight density ........................................................ 1-3 Used in Pipe Systems .................................................... 2-2
Specific volume ........................................................ 1-3 II
Pressure Drop Chargeable
Specific gravity ........................................................ 1-3
to Valves and Fittings ................................................ . 2-2
Nature of Flow in Pipe- Crane Flow Tests I
Laminar and TurbulenL ............................................. 1-4 Description of appururus used. 2-3
Mean velocity of flow .............................................. 1-4
Reynolds number ...................................................... 1-4
Water flow tests .................. . 2-4 iI
Steam flow tests ................ . 2-5
Hydraulic radius ...................................................... 1-4
Relationship of Pressure Drop (I
General Energy Equation- to Velocity of Flow...................................................... 2-7
Bernoulli's Theorem .................................................... 1-5 Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length
LID, and Flow Coefficient C y •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2-8
!
:\feasurement of Pressure .............................................. 1-5
Darcv's Formula- Laminar Flow Conditions .................. . 2-11 !
Gene~al Equation for Flow of Fluids ....................... . 1-6 Contraction and Enlargement ..... 2-11
Friction factor ......................................................... . 1-6
Effect of age and use on pipe friction ................. . 1-7 Valves with Reduced Seuts .... 2-12
!
Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe .................. 1-7 Resistunce of B"nds 2-12
Complete isothermal equation................................ 1-8
Resistance ()f \,Iitcr l3cnds 2-13
Simplified compressible flow-
gas pipe line formula .......................................... 1-8 Flow Through '-.;o::lcs und Orific(;s
Other cOl1ll1lonlv used formulas for General data 2-14
compressible' flow in long pipe lines................ 1-8 Liquid flow.............. ............... . 2-14 Ii
Comparison of formulas for Gas und vapor flow ..
compressible flow in pipe lines .......................... 1-8 ....... 2-14
Limiting flow of gases and vapors ........................ 1-9 :'Iaximum flow of compressible I
fluids in a nozzle.................................................. 2-15
Steam-General Discussion ........................................ 1-10 Flow through short tubes ........................................ 2-15
Discharge of Fluids Through
Vah'es, Fittings, and Pipe I
Liquid flow .............................................................. 2-15
Compressible flow .................................................... 2-15
I
CHAPTER 3

Formulas and Nomographs for Flow

I
CHAPTER 4
Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe I
Examples of Flow Problems
page
Introduction .................................................................. 3-1
Introduction .................................................................... 4-1
page
I
SUlllmary of Formulas ...................................... 3-2 to 3-5
Reynolds Number and Friction Factor for
Furmulas and Nomographs Pipe Other than Steel or Wrought Iron .................... 4-1
for Liquid Flow Determination of Valve Resistance in L,
Velocity ...................................................................... 3-6 LID, K, and Flow Coefficient C y ................................ 4-2
Reynolds number; friction factor for
clean steel and wrought iron pipe.................... 3-8 Check Valves: Reduced Port Valves.............................. 4-3
Pressure drop for turbulent flow ............................ 3-10 Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe ............ 4-4
Pressure drop for laminar flow .............................. 3-12
Pressure Drop and Velocity
Flow through nozzles and orifices ........................ 3-14
in Piping Systems ........................................................ 4-6
Formulas and Nomographs Pipe Line Flow Problems ............................................ 4-10
for Compressible Flow
Velocity ...................................................................... 3-16 Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems ................ 4-12
Reynolds number: friction factor for Flow Through Orifice Meters .................................... 4-15
clean steel ripe .................................................... 3-18
Pressure drop ............................................................. 3-20 Application of Hydraulic Radius
Simplified flow formula ............................................ 3-22 to Flow Problems .......................................................... 4-16
Flow through nozzles and orifices ........................ 3-24 Determination of Boiler Capacity .............................. 4-18
 , '.

APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

Physical Properties of Fluids Engineering Data

and Flow Characteristics of page
Introduction .................................................................. B-1
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
page Equi\'alent Volume and "Veight
Introduction ......................................................... . :'\.-1 FloI\' Rates of Compressible Fluids ... .... B-2

Physical Properties of Fluids Equi \'alents of Viscosity

Viscosity of steam ............................................... :\-2
Viscosity of wateL ............................................. A-2 ..-\-3
Viscosity of liquid petroleum products ...............\-3
Viscosity of various liquids .................................\-4
Viscosity of gases and hydrocarbon vapors ...... :\-5
Viscosity of refrigerant vapors .......................... .\-5
Physical properties of water .................................... .\-6
Specific gravity-temperature
relationship for petroleum oils .........................\-7
Weight density and specific
gravity of various liljuids ................................ .\-7
Physical properties of gases .................................. :'\.-8
Volumetric composition and
specific gravity of gaseous fuels .........................\-8
Steam-values of isentropic exponent. k .................... .\-q
\Veight density and specific
~~.:
\'olume of gases and vapors .....................................-\-10
i Properties of Fluids
r.. ,.:~ Saturated steam und satumted water. .........................-\-12
+
..{.
Superheated steam.........................................................-\-Ill
Supcrheated steam und compressed watcL ................-\-19
Absolute (Dynamic)....... ................................ 8-3
Kinematic .................................................... B-3
Kinematic and Saybolt UniversaL ..................... B-4
Kinematic and Saybolt FuroL ........ __ ................ __ .. B-4
Kinematic, Saybolt Universal,
Saybolt Fural, and Absolute ............................ B-5
Saybolt Universal Viscosity CharL .............. __ ........ . B-6
Equivalents of Degrees API,
Degrees Baume, Specific Gravity,
Weight Density, and Pounds per Gallon ............... B-7
Steam Data
Boiler capacity........................................................ B-8
Horsepower of an engine ....... __ ................. __ .......... __ B-H
Ranges in steam consumption
by prime movers ...................... ____ .... __ ................ B-8
Power Required ior Pumping ..................... __ .. __ ....... . B-9
Equi\'alents (General)
~leasure .......... __ .__ .....................................................

I
Flow Characteristics of B-I0
} ~ ozzles and Orifices "Veight ................................. __ ................................... B-I0
'.":
;.'"
- ....
. Flow coefficient C for nozzles.. ...............................\-20 Velocity .................................................. __ ................ B-I0
•. < Flow coefficient C for Density .. __ ................................................................ B-IO
square edged orifices ........................................ A-20
Net expansion factor Y Physical constants .................................................. B-IO

'r~J for compressible flow ........................................ ,\-21 Temperature ............................................................ B-IO

~. . Critical pressure ratio, Yc Prefixes .................................................................... B-IO
for compressible flow ........................................ A-21 Liquid measures and weights ................................ B-l1
Flow Characteristics Pressure and head ........................ __ ........ __ ................ B-Il
of Pipe, Valves, and Fittings
Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10................... ____ ..... B-12
" Net expansion factor Y for compressible
flow through pipe to a larger flow area: ........\-22
t-~ i. -. Relative roughness of pipe materials and Flow Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
friction factor for complete turbulence .............\-23 Water ........................................................................ B-14

f
"tI
:.~
.. ~
Friction factors for
any type of commercial pipe ............................ :\.-24
Friction factors for clean
commercial steel pipe ........................................ .\-25
Representative Rcsistance Cocfrlcil:nts (K)
for Valves and Fittings-O.K" Factor Table
Air ............................................................................ B-15
Pipe Data-(Carbon and
Alloy Steel; Stainless Steel)
Sizes I.ii thru 3-inch ................................. __ .....................
Sizes JI.:! thru 12-inch ....................................................
Sizes 14 thru :!2-inch ......................................................
8-ll)
B-li
B-18
~ Pipc friction factors ....................................................... :\-26 Sizes 24 thru 36-inch ...................................................... B-19
Formulas; contraction and enlargement .................... '-\-2b
~ Formulas; reduced port \'ulves and fittings .................-\-26 Fahrenheit-Celsius Temperature Conversion ......... B-20
~
Gate. globc. und angle \·alves ........................................ :\-27
Check valve$.................................................................. :\-27 MISCELLANEOUS
:::: Stop-check and foot \·ah·cs ............................................ :\-2R
Bull and butterfly vah·cs................................................ :\-28
Illustrations of Typical Valves
Globe. angle. and stop-check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-26
~ Plug valves and cocks .................................................... :\-29
Bends and fittings ...........................................................-\-29
Lift and swing check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-7 and 3-26
Tilting disc check and foot.... .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . ... 3-26
Pipe entrance and exit.....................................................-\-lQ Gate. ball, and butterfly ......................... A-32
i
~.
" ~ I
(
Equivulent Lengths L and LID und Resistance
Cocks ......................................... A-32
;:::;a
~~ .
Coefficient K Nomograph................................................ :\-30 Bibliography ...................... see second page of book
Equh'alents of Resistance Coefficient f( and Flow Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. see third page of book

I~
,
Coefficient Cv Nomograph .................................................. .-\-31 Nomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. see next page
 I
Unless otherwise stated, all symbols used
Nomenclature in this book are deflned as follows:
I
A cross sectional area of pipe or orifice. in Rf{ hydraulic radius, in feet I
square feet r, critical pressure rauo ior cCJmpre:,sible flow
a cross sectional area of pipe or orince. or flow
area in valve. in square inches
S specinc gravity of liquids at specined temper-
ature relative to water at standard tempera-
I
B rate of flow in barrels (42 gallons) per huul' ture (60 F)
C flow coefficient for oritices and nozzles S. specihc gravity of a gas relative to air = I
= discharge coefficient corrected for vel- the ratio of the molecular weight of the
ocity of approach = Cd / V ~i gas to that of air I
Cd discharge coefficient for orinces and nozzles T absolute temperature. in uegrees Rankine
Cv now coefficient for valves: expresses flow
(460 + I) I
rate in gallons per minute of 60 F water temperature. in degrees Fahrenheit
with 1,0 psi pressure drop across valve V specific volume of fluid. in cubic feet per I
o internal diameter of pipe. in feet pound
d internal diameter of pipe. in inches \,- mean velocity of flow, in feet per minute
e base of natural logarithm = 2.;-18 \'. volume, in cubic feet
i friction factor in formula hL = i L v2,: D 2g v mean velocity of flow. in feet per second
iT = friction factor in zone of complete turbulence L', sonic (or critical) velocitv of flow of a cras
in feet per second - t:> '
g acceleration of gravity = )2,2 feet per
second per second \F rate of 110w. in pounds per hour
H total head. in feet of fluid w rate of flow, in pounds per second
h static pressure head existing at a point, In Il..'a weight. in pounds
feet of fluid x percent quality of steam = 100 minus per
h~ total heat of steam. in Btu per po~nd cent of moisture
y net expansion (actor for compressible flow
hL loss of static pressure head due to fluid
flow. in feet oi fluid through orinces. nozzles. or pipe
static pressure head. in inches of water potential head or elevation above reference
level. in feet
resistance coefficient or velocity head loss
in the formula, hL = KV Zj2g- Greek Letters
Bela
k ratio of specific heat at constant pressure
to specific heat at constant volume = (3 ratio of small to large diameter in orifices
cp/c r and nozzles, and contractions or enlarge-
ments in pipes
L length of pipe, in feet
D.lta
LID = equivalent length of a resistance to flow,
in pipe diameters f:::. differential bet\veen two points
Epsilon
Lm length of pipe, in miles
M molecular weight E absolute roughness or effective height of
pipe wall irregularities. in feet
MR universal gas constant = 1545
Mu
n ~ exponent in equation for polytropic change
(p'\!: = constant) Jl. absolute (dynamic) \'iscosity. in centipoise
P pressure, in pounds per square inch gauge Jl.. absolute viscosity, in pound mass per foot
second or poundal seconds per sq foot
P' pressure. pounds per square inch absolute
J.I.'e absolute viscosity, in slugs per foot second
(see page 1-5/or diagram sh,owing relation-
ship between gauge and absolute pressure) or pound force seconds per square foot
p' pressure. in pounds per squ,are foot absolute Nu
Q rate of flow, in gallons per minute v kinematic viscosity. in centistokes
q rate of flow, in cubic feet per second at v' kinematic viscosity, square feet per second
flowing conditions Rho

q' rate of flow. in cubic feet per second at
standard conditions (14.7 psia and 60F)
rate of flow. in millions of standard cubic
feet per day, MMscfd
rate of flow, in cubic Jeet per hour at stand-
ard conditions (14.7 psia and ooF), scfh
rate of flow, in cubic feet per minute at
flowing conditions
q' lit = rate of flow, in cubic feet per minute at
std. conditions (14.7 psia and 6oF), scfm
R individual gas constant = .\1R/ M
1 545/Al
R. Reynolds number
p weight density of fluid. pounds per cubic ft
p' = density of fluid. grams per cubic centimeter
Theta
IJ angle of convergence or divergence in enlarge-
ments or contractions in pipes r:
Subscripts 'or Diameter
r:
(I) ... defines smaller diameter
(2) ... defines larger diameter
Subscripts for fluid Property
(I) ... defines inlet (upstream) condition
(2) ... defines outlet (downstream) condition
 1- 1

Theory of Flow
In Pipe

CHAPTER 1

The most commonly employed method of transport-

ing fluid from one point to another is to force the
fluid to flow through a piping system. Pipe of cir-
cular section is most frequently used because that
shape offers not only greater structural strength. but
also greater cross sectional area per unit of wall sur-
face than any other shape. Unless otherwise stated.
the word "pipe" in this book will always refer to a
closed conduit of circular section and constant
internal diameter.

Only a few special problems in fluid mechanics ....

laminar flow in pipe. for example .... can be entirely
solved by rational mathematical means; all other
problems require methods of solution which rest. at
least in part, on experimentally determined coeffi-
cients. Many empirical formulas have been proposed
for the problem of flow in pipe, but these are often
extremely limited and can be applied only when the
conditions of the problem closely approach the
conditions of the experiments from which the for-
mulas were derived.

Because of the great variety of fluids being handled

in modern industrial processes, a single equation
which can be used for the flow of any fluid in pipe
offers obvious advantages. Such an equation is the
Darcy* formula. The Darcy formula can be derived
rationally by means of dimensional analysis; how-
ever, one variable in the formula .... the friction
factor .... must be determined experimentally. This
formula has a wide application in the field of fluid
mechanics and is used extensively throughout this
paper.

'\
-The Darcy formula is also known as the Weisbach formula or the Darcy-
Weisbach formula; also. as the Fanning formula. sometimes modified
so that the friction factor is one-fourth the Darcy friction factor.
1-2 CHAPTER I - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE
Physical Properties of Fluids
The solution of any flow problem requires a knowl-
edge of the physical properties of the fluid being
handled. Accurate values for the properties affecting
the flow of fluids ... namely, viscosity and weight
density ... have been established by many authori-
ties for all commonly used fluids and many of these
data are presented in the various tables and charts
in Appendix A.
Viscosity: Viscosity expresses the readiness with
which a fluid flows when it is acted upon by an ex-
ternal force. The coefficient of absolute viscosity
or, simply, the absolute viscosity of a fluid, is a
measure of its resistance to internal deformation or
shear. Molasses is a highly viscous fluid; water is
comparatively much less viscous; and the viscosity
of gases is quite small compared to that of water.
Although most fluids are predictable in their vis-
cosity, in some, the viscosity depends upon the
previous working of the fluid. Printer's ink, wood
pulp slurries, and catsup are examples of fluids
possessing such thixotropic properties of viscosity.
Considerable confusion exists concerning the units
used to express viscosity; therefore, proper units
must be employed whenever substituting values of
viscosity into formulas. In the e.G.S. (centimeter,
gram, second) or metric system, the unit of absolute
viscosity is the poise which is equal to 100 centi-
poise. The poise has the dimensions of dyne seconds
per square centimeter or of grams per centimeter
second. It is believed that less confusion concerning
units will prevail if the centipoise is used exclusively
as the unit of viscosity. For this reason, and since
most handbooks and tables follow the same pro-
cedure, all viscosity data in this paper are expressed
in centipoise.
The English units commonly employed are "slugs per
foot second" or "pound force seconds per square
foot"; however, "pound mass per foot second" or
"poundal seconds per square foot" may also be en-
countered. The viscosity of water at a temperature
of 68 F is:
I centipoise* =
0.01 poise
0.01 gram per cm second
\ 0.01 dyne second per sq cm
o.ooo 672 pound mass per foot second
fJ.e {o.coo 672 poundal second per square foot
, viscosity of saturated, or only slightly superheated,
o.ooo 020g slug per foot second
fJ.. {0.000 pound force second per square ft
0209
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the absolute vis-
cosity to the mass density. In the metric system,
the unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke. The
stoke has dimensions of square centimeters per
+Actually the viscosity of water ut l'S F is 1.005 centipoise.
CRANE •
II:
II;
second and is equivalent to 100 centistokes.
. k 'J !1.
v (centlsto 'es = !
(centipoise). - !1.
-=
. p (grams per cubIC cm)
By definition, the specific gravity, S, in the fore-
going formula is baseo upon water at a temperature
S
-=I::
of .J. C (39.2 F), whereas specific gravity used
throughout this paper is based upon water at 60 F.
[n the English system, kinematic viscosity has
I:
dimensions of square feet per second.
D
Factors for conversion between metric and English
system units of absolute and kinematic viscosity are IS:
given on page 8-3 of Appendix 8.
S;
The measurement of the absolute viscosity of fluids
(especially gases and vapors) requires elaborate
equipment and considerable experimental skill. On
s;:
the other hand, a rather simple instrument can be
used for measuring the kinematic viscosity of oils s.;:
and other viscous liquids. The instrument adopted
as a standard in this country is the Saybolt Universal IR=
Viscosimeter. In measuring kinematic viscosity
with this instrument. the time required for a small I;:
volume of liqUid to flow through an orifice is deter-
mined; consequently, the "Saybolt viscosity" of the g;:
liquid is given in seconds. For very viscous liquids,
the Saybolt Furol instrument is used.
c:
Other viscosimeters, somewhat similar to the Saybolt
but not used to any extent in this country, are the c:
Engler, the Redwood Admiralty, and the Redwood.
The relationship between Saybolt viscosity and
kinematic viscosity is shown on page 8-4; equiva-
c::
lents of kinematic, Saybolt Universal, Say bolt Furol.
and absolute viscosity can be obtained from the
c:
chart on page 8-5. -
c:
The ASTM standard viscosity temperature chart for
liqUid petroleum products, reproduced on page 8-6, c:
is used to determine the Saybolt Universal viscosity
of a petroleum product at any temperature when the &::
viscosities at two different temperatures are known.
The viscosities of some of the most common fluids are
given on pages A-2 to A-5. It will be noted that,
c:
with a rise in temperature, the viscosity of liqUids
decreases, whereas the viscosity of gases increases. c:::
The effect of pressure on the viscosity of liquids and
perfect gases is so small that it is of no practical &::
interest in most flow problems. Conversely, the
c=
vapors is appreciably altered by pressure changes, as
indicated on page A-2 showing the viscosity of steam. Ii::
Unfortunately, the data on vapors are incomplete
and, in some cases, contradictory. Therefore, it is &::
expedient when dealing with vapors other than
steam to neglect the effect of pressure because of the
lack of adequate data.
I::
=
c:
CRAN E CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE 1- 3

Physical Properties of Fluids - continued

Weight density,
specific volume, and specific gravity: The weight
density or specific weight of a substance is its weight
per unit volume. In the English system of units,
this is expressed in pounds per cubic foot and the
symbol designation used in this paper is p (Rho).
In the metric system, the unit is grams per cubic
centimeter and the symbol designation used is p'
(Rho prime).
The specific volume V, being the reciprocal of the
weight density, is expressed in the English system
as the number of cubic feet of space occupied by one
pound of the substance, thus:
In the metric system, the number of cubic centimeters
per gram of a substance can readily be expressed as
the reciprocal of the weight density, that is:
.,
p
The variations in weight density as well as other
properties of water with changes in temperature are
shown on page A-6. The weight densities of other
common liqUids are shown on page A-7. Unless
very high pressures are being considered, the effect of
pressure on the weight of liquiCis is of no practical
importance in flow problems.
The weight densities of gases al1d vapors, however,
are greatly altered by pressure changes. For the so-
called "perfect" gases, the weight density can be
computed from the formula:
In steam flow computations, the reciprocal of the
weight density, which is the specific volume, is com-
monly used; these values are listed in the steam
tables shown on pages A-12 to A-19. A chart for de-
termining the weight density and specific volume of
gases is given on page A-II.
Specific gravity is a relative measure of weight den-
sity. Since pressure has an insignificant effect upon
the weight density of liquids, temperature' is the
only condition that must be considered in designat-
ing the basis for specific gravity. The specific grav-
ity of a liquid is the ratio of its weight density at
specified temperature to that of water at standard
temperature, 60 F.
f any liquid at \
S ~ p \specified temperaturef
p (\vater at 60 F)
A hydrometer can be used to measure the specific
gravity of liquids directly. Three hydrometer
scales are common in this country .... the AP I scale
which is used for oils .... and the two Baume scales,
one for liquids heavier than water and one for liquids
lighter than water. The relationship between the
hydrometer scales and specific gravity are:
For oils,
S (60 F/60 F)
131.5 + deg. API
For liquids lighter
than water,
140
S (60 F /60 F)
130 + deg. Baume
For liquids heavier
than water,

144 pI S (60 F /60 F) 145

p =-wr 145 - deg. Baume

For convenience in converting hydrometer readings

The individual gas constant R is equal to the univer- to more useful units, refer to the table shown on
sal gas constant, MR = 1545, divided by the molecu-
page B-7.
lar weight of the gas,
R = 1545 The specific gravity of gases is defined as the ratio
M of the molecular weight of the gas to that of air. and
as the ratio of the individual gas constant of air to
Values 'of R. as well as other useful gas constants. that of the gas.
are given on page A-8. The weight density of air
for various conditions of temperature and pressure S = R (air) = M (gas)
can be found on page A-lO. q R (gas) M (air)
1-4 CHAPTER I - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE
Nature of Flow in Pipe -
_._---- - _._-_ ... _---,-_ - - -
-........- .-.--
~-.......-
::::-
-
....... --... --- -- ..
~.
-::
-~-----
--~~.~
Flgur. 1-1 Figur. 1-2
Laminar Flow Flow in Critical Zon_, a.twun
Actual photograph of colored Rlaments being Laminar and Tranlition Zon ••
carried along undisturbed by a stream of At the critical velocity. the flIaments begin to
water. break uP. indicating Raw is becoming
turbulent.
A simple experiment (illustrated above) will readily
show there are two entirely different types of flow
in pipe. The experiment consists of injecting small
streams of a colored fluid into a liquid flowing in
a glass pipe and observing the behavior of these
colored streams at different sections downstream
from their points of injection.
If the discharge or average velocity is small, the
streaks of colored fluid flow in straight lines, as
shown in Figure I-I. As the flow rate is gradually
increased, these streaks will continue to flow in
straight lines until a velocity is reached when the
streaks will waver and suddenly break into diffused
patterns, as shown in Figure 1-2. The velocity at
which this occurs is caned the "critical velocity".
At velocities higher than "critical", the filaments
are dispersed at random throughout the main body of
the fluid, .as shown in Figure 1-3.
The type of flow which exists at velocities lower
than "critical" is known as laminar flow and, some-
times, as viscous or streamline flow. Flow of this
nature is characterized by the gliding of concentric
cylindrical layers past one another in orderly fash-
ion. Velocity of the fluid is at its maximum at the
pipe axis and decreases sharply to zero at the wall.
At velocities greater than "critical", the flow is tur-
bulent. In turbulent flow, there is an irregular
random motion of fluid particles in directions trans-
verse to the direction of the main flow. The velocity
distribution in turbulent flow is more uniform
across the pipe diameter than in laminar flow. Even
though a turbulent motion exists throughout the
greater portion of the pipe diameter, there is always
a thin layer of fluid at the pipe wall .... known as
the "boundary layer" or "laminar sub-layer" ....
which is moving in laminar flow.
Mean velocity of flow: The term "velocity", unless
otherwise stated, refers to the mean, or average,
velocity at a given cross section, as determined by
the continuity equation for steady state flow:
q w wV
v = A = Ap = A Equation I-I
(For nomenclature, see page preceding Chaprer I)
"Reasonable" velocities for use in design work are
given on pages 3-6 and 3-16.
CRANE
I
I
Laminar and Turbulent
I
..
-- .-e-
I
- .'~-'- .~
------ ---:;-:.:.-
...... ,.';
-,..;- -
~.~
.~,,:.c
-' I---...,t'
I
.•. ~!.., ", ,,;,.
Flgur. 1-3 I
iurbul.nt Flow
This illustration shows the turbulence in the
stream completely dispersing the colored
flIaments a shari distance downstream from
the point of injection.
Reynolds number: The work of Osborne Reynolds
has shown that the nature of flow in pipe .... that
is, whether it is laminar or turbulent .... depends
on the pipe diameter, the density and viscosity of
the flOWing fluid, and the velocity of flow. The
numerical value of a dimensionless combination of
these four variables. known as the Reynolds num-
ber, may be considered to be the ratio of the dynamic
forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to vis-
cosity. Reynolds number is:
Dvp
R, = Equatioll 1-2
Jl.
(other forms of this equation; page 3-2.)
For engineering purposes, flow in pipes is usually
considered to be laminar if the Revnolds number is
less than 2000, and turbulent if the Reynolds number
is greater than 4000. Between these two values lies
the "critical zone" where the flow .... being laminar,
turbulent, or in the process of change, depending
upon many possible varying conditions . . . . is G
unpredictable. Careful experimentation has shown
that the laminar zone mav be made to terminate at
a Reynolds number as lo~' as 1200 or extended as C
high as 40,000, but these conditions are not expected
to be realized in ordinary practice.
Hydraulic radius: Occasionally a conduit of non-
circular cross section is encountered. In calculating
the Reynolds number for this condition, the equiva-
lent diameter (four times the hydraulic radius) is sub-
stituted for the circular diameter. Use friction
factors given on pages A-24 and A-25.
R =cross sectional flow area
H wetted perimeter
This applies to any ordinary conduit (circular con-
duit not flowing full, oval. square or rectangular)
'but not to extremely narrow shapes such as annular
or elongated openings, where width is small relative
to length. In such cases, the hydraulic radius is
approximately equal to one-half the width of the
passage.
To determine quantity of flow in following formula;
• /hID
q = o.o·n Sd-" iL
the value of d~ is based upon an eqUivalent diameter
of actual tlow area and 4RJI is substituted for D.
CRANE CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF flOW IN PIPE 1· 5

General Energy Equation

Bernoulli's Theorem

The Bernoulli theorem is a means of expressing the
application of the law of conservation of energy to
the flow of fluids in a conduit. The total energy at
any particular point, above some arbitrary horizontal
~H
PI x144
p p
Arbitrary Horizontal Datum Plane
datum plane, is equal to the sum of the elevation
head, the pressure head, and the velocity head,
as follows:
Z + I 44 P + ..:c = H
p 19
,-
If friction losses are neglected and no energy is added
hI.
to, or taken from, a piping system (i.e., pumps or
2.'1 turbines), the total head, H, in the above equation
2!J will be a constant for any point in the fluid. How-
ever, in actual practice, losses or energy increases
PI X 144 or decreases are encountered and must be included
in the Bernoulli equation. Thus, an energy balance
may be written for two points in a fluid, as shown in
the example in Figure 1-4.
Note the pipe friction loss from point I to point 2
is hL foot pounds per pound of flowing fluid; this is
sometimes referred to as the head loss in feet of fluid.
The equation may be written as follows:
Equation '·3

ZI + P
144 I + .0.. = Z2 + 144P2 + v~ + hL
Figure 1·4
PI 2 g P 2 2 g
Energy Ba/anc. for Twa Points in a Fluid

All practical formulas for the flow of fluids are de-

By permission, from Fluid Mechanics l * by
R. A. Dodge and M. J. Thompson. Copyright rived from Bernoulli's theorem, with mOdification~Oi" ,"
1937; McGraw-Hi!! Book Company, Inc. to account for losses due to friction.

Measurement of Pressure
Any Pressure Above Atmospheric
Figure 1-5 graphically illustrates the relationship
l!! between gauge and absolute pressures. Perfect
l!!
iii
~. vacuum cannot exist on the surface of the earth, but
~
Q.
.""
0'::-
::0
it nevertheless makes a convenient datum for the
measurement of pressure.
.~ '"
4i '"
.
E
e
<Xl
E
At Atmospheric Pressure Level-Variable
Barometric pressure is the level of the atmospheric
pressure above perfect vacuum.
+
~-
.~
::0
<.:> >'"
Anl Pressure Below Atmoseheric
"Standard" atmospheric pressure is 14.696 pounds
"
i!:!
per square inch, or 760 millimeters of mercury.
iii i!:!
~ "iii Gauge pressure is measured above atmospheric pres-
Q.

.2l
e
';- sure. while absolute pressure always refers to perfect
::0
"0 :; vacuum as a base.
.2
oC( 5i
..,
<C
Absolute Zero of Pressure-Perfect Vacuum Vacuum, usually expressed in inches of mercury, is
the depression of pressure below the atmospheric
level. Reference to vacuum conditions is often
Figur. 1·5 made by expressing the absolute pressure in inches
Relationship B.tween of mercury; also millimeters of mercury and microns
Gauge and Absolufe Pr... ures
of mercury. U
• Allsup.rior ligures us.cI CIS r.ferenc. maries re/.r fa ,,,. Bibliography, s•• secOtld pall_ 01 book.
1-6 CHAPTER I - THEORY OF flOW IN PIPE CRANE
I
I
Darcy's Formula
General Equation for Flow of Fluids I
I
Flow in pipe is always accompanied by friction of has lower limits based on laminar flow and upper
fluid particles rubbing against one another, and con- limits based on turbulent flow conditions.
sequently, by loss of energy available for work; in
I
At Reynolds numbers above approximately 4000,
other words, there must be a pressure drop in the
direction of flow. If ordinary Bourdon tube pressure
flow conditions again become more stable and definite I
friction factors can be established. This is impor-
gauges were connected to a pipe containing a Rowing
fluid, as shown in Fig-
tant because it enables the engineer to determine I
the flow characteristics of any fluid flowing in a
ure 1-6, gauge PI I, pipe, providing the viscosity and weight density at
would indicate a
flowing conditions are known. For this reason, Equa-
I
higher static pressure
tion 1-4 is recommended in preference to some of
than gauge P2• Figure 1-6
the commonly known empirical equations for the I
flow of water, oil, and other liquids, as well as for
The general equation for pressure drop, known as
the flow of compressible fluids when restrictions g
Darcy's formula and expressed in feet of fluid, is
hL = ILv 2/D 2g. This equation may be written to previously mentioned are observed.
express pressure drop in pounds per square inch, by I
If the flow is laminar CR. < 2000), the friction fac-
substitution of proper units, as follows:
2
tor may be determined from the equation: Ii
t::,P = pi L v Equatian 1-4 I = 64 = 64 Ile = 64
144 D 2g
Re D vp 124
Il
d l'p
g
(For other forms of this equation, see page 3-2.)

The Darcy equation is valid for laminar or turbulent

If this quantity is substituted into Equation 1-4. I
the pressure drop in pounds per square inch is:
flow of any liquid in a pipe. However, when extreme
. velocities occurdng in a pipe cause the downstream
t::,P = o.coo 668 -r
IlLv
Equation 1-5
&:
pressure to fall to the vapor pressure of the liquid,
cavitation occurs and calculated flow rates will be
which is Poiseuille's law for laminar flow. !
inaccurate. With suitable restrictions, the Darcy
equation may be used when gases and vapors (com-
When the flow is turbulent (Re > 4000), the friction E
pressible fluids) are being handled. These restric-
factor depends not only upon the Reynolds number
tions are defined on page 1-7.
but also upon the relative roughness, f/D .... the E
Equation 1-4 gives the loss in pressure due to friction roughness of the pipe walls (E), as compared to the
and applies to pipe of constant diameter carrying diameter of the pipe (D). For very smooth pipes ~
fluids of reasonably constant weight density in such as drawn brass tubing and glass, the friction
straight pipe, whether horizontal, vertical, or sloping. factor decreases more rapidly with increasing Rey- I:
For inclined pipe, vertical pipe, or pipe of varying nolds number than for pipe with comparatively
rough walls.
diameter, the change in pressure due to changes in
elevation, velocity, and weight density of the fluid
E
must be made in accordance with Bernoulli's theorem Since the character of the internal surface of com-
(page 1-5). For an example using this theorem, see mercial pipe is practically independent of the diam- I:
page 4-8. eter, the roughness of the walls has a greater effect

Friction factor: The Darcy formula can be ration-

ally derived by dimensional analysis, with the excep-
tion of the friction factor, I, which must be deter-
mined experimentally. The friction factor for lami-
nar flow conditions (R. < 2000) is a function of
Reynolds number only; whereas, for turbulent flow
(Re > 4000), it is also a function of the character of
the pipe wall.
A region known as the "critical zone" occurs between
Reynolds number of approximately 2000 and 4000.
In this region, the flow may be either laminar or tur-
bulent depending upon several factors; these include
changes in section or direction of flow and obstruc...
tions, such as valves, in the upstream piping. The
friction factor in this region is indeterminate and
on the friction factor in the small sizes. Conse-
quently, pipe of small diameter will approach the
,
I
very rough condition and, in general, will have
higher friction factors than large pipe of the same
,
,
material.
The most useful and Widely accepted data of friction
factors for use with the Darcy formula have been pre-
sented by L. F. Moody l8 and are reproduced on pages
A-23 to A-25. Professor Moody improved upon the I
\vell-established Pigott and Kemler 26 , 26 friction factor
diagram, incorporating more recent investigations I
and developments of many outstanding scientists.
I
The friction factor, I, is plotted on page A-24 on
the basis of relative roughness obtained from the
chart on page A-23 and the Reynolds number. The
I
I

CRAN E CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF flOW IN PIPE
Oarcy/s Formula
General Equation for Flow of Fluids - continued
value of J is determined by horizontal projection from
the intersection of the E/D curve under considera-
tion with the calculated Reynolds number to the left
hand vertical scale of the chart on page A-23. Since
most calculations involve commercial steel pipe, the
chart on page A-25 is furnished for a more direct
solution. It should be kept in mind that these figures
apply to clean new pipe.
Effect of age and use on pipe friction: Friction
loss in pipe is sensitive to changes in diameter and
roughness of pipe. For a given rate of flow and a
fixed friction factor, the pressur.e drop per foot of
pipe varies inversely with the fifth power of the
diameter. Therefore, a 2% reduction of diameter
Principles of
Compressible Flow in Pipe
An accurate determination of the pressure drop of a
compressible fluid flowing through a pipe requires a
knowledge of the relationship between pressure and
specific volume; this is not easily determined in
each particular problem. The usual extremes con-
sidered are adiabatic flow (p'V~ = constant) and iso-
thermal flow (p'',:'. = constant). Adiabatic flow is
usually assumed in short, perfectly insulated pipe.
This \vould be consistent since no heat is tra\lsferred
to or from the pipe, except for the fact that the
minute amount of heat generated by friction is
added to the flo\\,.
Isothermal flow or flow at constant temperature is
often assumed, partly for convenience but more often
because it is closer to fact in piping practice. The
most outstanding case of isothermal flow occurs in
natural gas pipe lines. Dodge and Thompson l show
that gas flow in insulated pipe is closely approximated
by isothermal flow for reasonably high pressures.
Since the relationship between pressure and volume
may follow some other relationship (p'V: = con-
stant) called polytropic flow, specific information in
each individual case is almost an impossibility.
The density of gases and vapors changes considerably
(continued on the next page)
, r 11
1 -7
causes a II % increase in pressure drop; a 5(.; reduc-
tion of diameter increases pressure drop 29%. In
many services. the interior of pipe becomes encrusted
\vith scole. dirt. tubercules or other forei"n mutter'
thus. it is often prudent to m3ke ollo\\"u~ce (or ex~
pecteJ diameter changes.
Authorities~ point out that roughness may be ex-
pected to increase with use (due to corrosion or
incrustation) at a rate determined by the pipe
material and nature of the fluid. Ippen l8 , in discuss-
ing the effect of aging, cites a ~-inch gah'anized
steel pipe which had its roughness doubled and its
friction factor increased 2070 after three years of
moderate use.
with changes in pressure; therefore, if the pressure
drop between PI and p~ in Figure 1-6 is great, the
density and \'elocity will change appreciably.
When dealing with compressible fluids, such as air,
steam, etc., the following restrictions should be
observed in applying the Darcy formula:
I. If the calculated pressure drop (PI - P 2 ) is less
than about I O(~~ of the inlet pressure PI, reason-
able accuracy will be obtained if the specific
volume used in the formula is based upon either
the upstream or downstream conditions, which-
ever are known.
2. If the calculated pressure drop (PI - P2) is
greater than about 10 1.'(" but less than about 4Q1,~';)
of inlet pressure PI, the Darcy equation may be
used with reasonable accuracy by using a specific
volume based upon the average of upstream and
dO\mstream conditions: otherwise. the method
given on page I-Q may be used, , i
3. For greater pressllre drops. such as arc often
encountered in long pipe lines. the methods given
on the next two pages should be used. u.
!
.
I
1
JJ
1- 8 CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE CRANE
I
C
Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe
(continued) E
E
Complete isothermal equation: The Ao\\ of gases Panhandle formula 3 for natural gas pipe lines 6
in long pipe lines closely approximates isothermal con- to 24-inch diameter, Reynolds numbers 5 x. 10 6 to I:
ditions. The pressure drop in such lines is often 14 x 1Of>, and Su = 0.6:
large relative to the inlet pressure. and solution
of this problem falls outside the limitations of
C
the Darcy equation. An accurate determination of
the flow characteristics falling within this category a:
can be made by using the complete isothermal
The flow efficiency factor E is defined as an expe- It
equation:
rience factor and is usually assumed to be 0.92 or
Equation 1-6
92 % for average operating conditions. Suggested
values for E for other operating conditions are given
IS
on page 3-3.
IC
The formula is developed on the basis of these Comparison of formulas for compressible flow
s::
.assumptions: in pipe lines: Equations 1-7, 1-8, and 1-9 are de-
1. Isothermal flow. rived from the same basic formula, but differ in the
g
2. No mechanical work is done on or by the system .. selection of data used for the determination of the
3. Steady flow or discharge unchanged with time. friction factors. g;
4. The gas obeys the perfect gas laws.
5. The velocity may be represented by the ;j\'erage
velocity at a cross section.
Friction rue tors in uccoruunce \vith the .'vlood\-IS dia- g;:
6. The friction factor is constant along the pipe.
gram are normally used with the Simplitled Com-
7. The pipe line is straight and horizontal between pressible 1-10\\' formula (Equation 1-7). However, if e;:
end points. the same friction factors employed in the \Veymouth
or Panhandle formulas are used in the Simplified
formula, identical answers will be obtained. C
Simplified Compressible Flow-Gas Pipe Line
Formula: In the practice of gas pipe line engineer-
ing, another assumption is added to the foregoing:
c:
The Weymouth friction factor 24 is defined as:
8. Acceleration can he neglected hectlllse tr.e pipe
line is long.
I;
(= 0.032
Then, the formula for discharge in a horizontal pipe
. d l ;3
c:
may be written:
, [144
ll:c = g DA2] [(P')~
1 - .IP')~]
2 Equation '.7
This is identical to the Moodv friction factor in the
fully turbulent flow range for 20-inch I.D. pipe only. c:
V't/L P; Weymouth friction factors are greater than Moody
factors for sizes less than 20-inch, and smaIler for c:
This is equivalent to the complete isothermal equa- sizes larger than 20-inch.
tion if the pipe line is long and also for shorter lines c:
if the ratio of pressure drop to initial pressure is
small. The Panhandle friction factorJ is defined as: I::
d )O.14Hl
Since gas Row problems are usually expressed in
terms of cubic feet per hour at standard conditions, /= 0.1225 ( q~
h g
c:
it is convenient to rewrite Equation 1-7 as follows:
In the Row range to which the Panhandle formula is a::
limited, this results in friction factors that are lower
than those obtained from either the Moody data c:
. or the Weymouth friction formula. As a result, flow
rates obtained by solution of the Panhandle formula c:
Other commonly used formulas for compress- are usually greater than those obtained by employing
ible flow in long pipe lines: either the Simplified Compressible Flow formula with
Moody friction factors. or the Weymouth formula.
c:
Weymouth formula 24 : Equation '·8
G:
An example of the variation in flow rates which may
be obtained for a specific condition by employing
these formulas is given on page 4-11.
t::
I::
CRAN E CHAPTER I - THEORY Of flOW IN PIPE 1- 9

Principles of Compressible Flow In Pipe

(continued)

Limiting flow of gases and vapors: The feature in fluid properties due to expansion of the fluid. thev
not evident in the preceding formulas (ELJuations 1--+ are identified as Y net expansion factors; see pag~
and 1-6 to 1-9 inclusive) is that the weight rate of A-22.
flow (e.g .. Ibs/sec) of a compressible fluid in a pipe.
with a given upstream pressure. will approach a cer- The Darcy formula. including the Y factor. is:
tain maximum rate which it cannot exceed. no mat-
ter how much the downstream pressure is further
• j6P
reduced. W = 0.5 2 5 Yd'"\j I< VI Equation f-If

The maximum velocity of a compressible fluid in pipe
is limited by the velocity of propagation of a pres-
sure wave which travels at the speed of sound in
the fluid. Since pressure falls off and velocity in-
creases as fluid proceeds downstream in pipe of uni-
form cross section, the maximum velocity occurs in
the downstream end of the pipe. If the pressure drop
is sufficiently high, the exit velocity will reach
the velocity of sound. Further decrease in the out-
let pressure will not be felt upstream because the
pressure wave can only travel at sonic velOCity, and
the "signal" will never translate upstream. The
"surplus" pressure drop obtained by lowering the
outlet· pressure after the maximum discharge has
already been reached takes place beyond the end of
the pipe. This pressure is lost in shock waves and
turbulence of the jetting fluid.
(Rcoistuncc coefficient I"::' is defined on ra~c I·il)
It should be noted that the value of K in this equa-
tion is the total resistance coefficient of the pipe line,
including entrance and exit losses when they exist.
and losses due to valves and fittings.
The pressur~ drop. 6P, in the ratio 6P/P't which
is used for the determination of Y from the charts on
page A-22, is the measured difference between the
inlet pressure and the pressure in the area of larger
cross section. In a system discharging compressible
fluids to atmosphere, this 6P is equal to the inlet
gauge pressure, or the difference between absolute
inlet pressure and atmospheric pressure. This value
of 6P is also used in Equation 1-11, whenever the
Y factor falls within the limits defined by the re-
sistance factor K curves in the charts on page A-22. i
When the ratio of 6P/P'I, using 6P as defined ji

The maximum possible veloci,ty in the pipe is sonic above, falls beyond the limits of the K curves in the i
velocity, which is expressed as: charts, sonic velocity occurs at the point of discharge i
I
Equation f - f 0 or at some restriction within the pipe, and the limit-
ing values for Yand 6P, as determined from the
1:
v. = ...; kg R T = V kg 144 pI V
tabulations to the right of the charts on page A-22,
The value of k, the ratio of specific heats at con- must be used in Equation I-II.
stant pressure to constant volume, is 1.4 for most
diatomic gases; see pages A-8 and A-9 for values of Application of Equation I-II and the determination
k for gases and steam respectively. This velOCity of values for K. y, and 6P in the formula is demon-
will occur at the outlet end or in a constricted area, strated in examples on pages 4-13 and 4-14.
when the pressure drop is sufficiently high. The
pressure, temperature, and specific volume are those The charts on page A-22 are based upon the general
occurring at the point in question. When com- gas laws for perfect gases and, at sonic velocity
pressible fluids discharge from the end of a reasonably conditions at the outlet end, will yield accurate
short pipe of uniform cross section into an area of results for all gases which approximately follow the
larger cross section, the flow is usually considered to perfect gas laws. An example of this type of flow
be adiabatic. This assumption is supported by ex- problem is presented on page .J.-l J.
perimental data on pipe haVing lengths of 220 and
130 pipe diameters discharging air to atmosphere.
Investigation of the complete theoretical analysis of This condition of Row is comparable to the Row
adiabatic flOW l9 has led to a basis for establishing through nozzles and venturi tubes. covered on page
correction factors, which may be applied to the 2-15, and the solutions of such problems are similar.
Darcy equation for this condition of flow. Since
these correction factors compensate for the changes

I
II,
1 - 10 CHAPTER I - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE
Steam
General Discussion
Substances exist in anyone of three phases, , ' ,
solid, liljuiJ. or gas, When outside conditions are
varied, they may change from one phase to another.
Water under normal atmospheric conditions exists
in the form of a liquid. When a body of water is
heated by means of some external medium, the tem-
perature of the water rises and soon small bubbles,
which break and form continuously, are noted on the
surface. This phenomenon is described as "boiling".
, The amount of heat necessary to cause the tempera-
ture of the water to rise is expressed in British Ther-
mal Units (Btu), where, I Btu is the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water from 60 to 61 F. The amount of heat neces-
sary to raise the temperature of a pound of water
from 32 F (freezing point) to 212 F (boiling point)
is 180.1 Btu. When the pressure does not exceed 50
pounds per square inch absolute, it is usually per-
missible to assume that each temperature increase
of I F represents a heat content increase of one Btu
per pound, regardless of the temperature of the
water.
Assuming the generally accepted reference plane for
zero heat content at 32 F, one pound of water at
212 F contains 180.17 Btu. This quantity of heat is
called heat of the liquid or sensible heat. In order to
CRANE
I
I
I
!
I
I
change the liquid into a \'al,or at atmosrheric fires- I
sure (I +.7 psia). 070.3 Btu must he added to each
pound of water after the temperature of 212 F is !
reached. During this transition period. the tem-
perature remains constant. The added quantity of I
heat is called the latent heat of evaporation. Conse-
quently, the total heat of the vapor, formed when g
water boils at atmospheric pressure, is the sum of
the two quantities .... 180. I Btu and 970.3 Btu, or,
1150.5 Btu per pound.
If water is heated in a closed vessel not completely
filled, the pressure will rise after steam begins to form
accompanied by an increase in temperature.
Saturated steam is steam in contact with liquid
water from which it was generated, at a tempera-
ture which is the boiling point of the water and the
condensing point of the steam. I t may be either
"dry" or "wet", depending on the generating con-
ditions. "Dry" saturated steam is steam free from
mechanically mixed water particles. "Wet" satu-
rated steam, on the other hand, contains water
particles in suspension. Saturated steam at any
pressure has a definite temperature.
Superheated steam is steam at any given pressure
which is heated to a temperature higher than the
temperature of saturated steam at that pressure.
 2-1

Flow of Fluids
Through Valves and FiHings

CHAPTER 2

The preceding chapter has been devoted to the

theory and formulas used in the study of fluid flow in
pipes. Since industrial installations usually con-
tain a considerable number of valves and fittings. a
knowledge of their resistance to the flow of fluids
is necessary to determine the flow characteristics of
a complete piping system.

Many texts on hydraulics contain no information on

the resistance of valves and fittings to flow. while
others present only a limited discussion of the sub-
ject. In realization of the need for more complete
detailed information on the resistance of valves and
o
fittings to flow. Crane Co. has conducted extensive
tests in their Engineering Laboratories and has also
sponsored investigations in other laboratories. These
tests have been supplemented by a thorough study of
all published data on this subject. Appendix A
contains data from these many separate tests and the
findings have been combined to furnish a basis for
calculating the pressure drop through valves and
fittings.

Representative resistances to now of various types

of piping components are given in the "K·· Factor
Table; see pages A-2b thru A-29.

The chart on page A-JO illustrates the relationship

between equivalent length in pipe diameters and in
feet of pipe for 1I00v in the zone of complete turbulence.
resistance coefficient K and pipe size.

The chart on page A-31 may be used to readily deter-

mine the Cr (Jow coefficient of any valve for which the
resistance coefficient is known or can be determined
from the datu presented in the .. ,," Factor Table.

A discussion of the equivalent length and resistance

coefficient K. as well as the flow coefficient C,· meth-
ods of calculating pressure drop through val yes and
u
fittings is presented on pages 2-8 to 2-10.
2-2 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND fITTINGS CRAN E

Types of Valves and Fittings

Used in Pipe Systems

Valves: The great variety. of valve designs precludes Fittings: rittings muy be classified as branching,
any thorough classification. l-educing. exf'anding. or deriecting. Such fIttings s;
,)S tees. crosses, side outlet dbows. etc., ma\" be
I f valves were classi(ieJ accorJing to [he resistance called hranching (ittings.
I;
they offer to Ilow, those exhibiting a straight-thru 110\\
path such as gate, ball, plug, and butterlly val ves Reducing or expanding fittings are those which
woule! fall in the low resistance class, and those having change the area of the fluid passageway. In this It
a change in flow path direction such as globe and angle class are reducers and bushings. Deflecting fittings
valves would fall in the high resistance class .... bends, elbows, return bends. etc ..... are those It
which change the direction of flow.
For photographic illustrations of some of the most B
commonly used valve designs, refer to pages 3-26 and Some fittings. of course. may be combinations of any
A-32. For line illustrations of typical fittings and of the foregoing general classifications. In addi- g;
pipe bends, as well as valves. see pages A-26 to A-29. tion, there are types such as couplings and unions
which offer no appreciable resistance to flow and,
therefore, need not be considered here.
s;:
s;:
g:
m;:
Pressure Drop Chargeable e;:
To Valves and Fittings
C
When a fluid is flowing steadily in a long straight
pipe of uniform diameter, the flow pattern. as indi-
c:
cated by the velocity distribution across the pipe
diameter, will assume a certain characteristic form.
c:
Any impediment in the pipe which changes the direc-
tion of the whole stream, or even part of it, will
c:
al ter the characteristic Row pattern and create tur-
bulence, causing an energy loss greater than that ~
normally accompanying Row in straight pipe. Be-
cause valves and fittings in a pipe line disturb the flow c:
pattern, they produce an additional pressure drop.
~ 6 P2 ~ c:
The loss of pressure produced by a valve (or fitting)
consists of:
~=I"" !.- d -.i _6 c:
1. The pressure drop within the valve itself.
c ~ I
c:
2. The pressure drop in the upstream piping in Flgur. 2-1
excess of that which would normally occur if
there were no valve in the line. This effect Figure 2-1 shows two sections of a pipe line of the
c::
is small. same diameter and length. The upper section con-
tains a globe valve. If the pressure drops. 6.Pl and
c::
J. The pressure drop in the downstream piping in
excess of that which would normally occur if
6.P2, were measured between the points indicated.
it \vould be found that 6.Pl is greater than 6P~. c:
there were no valve in the line. This effect
may be comparatively large. Actually, the loss chargeable to a valve of length "d" I::
is 6P 1 minus the loss in a section of pipe of lenrrth
From the experimental point of view it is difficult to
measure the three items separately. Their combined
"a + h", The losses, expressed in terms of resistu7,ec
eoefflcient "K' of varioLls valves und fittings as gi\'en
e
effect is the desired quantity, however, and this can
be accurately measured by well known methods.
on pages A-2b to A-29 include the loss due to the
length of the valve or fitting.
c::
&;:
CRANE CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-3

Crane Flow Tests

Crane Engineering Laboratories have facili-

ties for conducting water, steam, and air flow
tests for many sizes and types of valves and
fittings. Although a de-
tailed discussion of all the
various tests performed is
beyond the scope of this
paper, a brief description
of some of the apparatus
will be of interest.
The test piping shown in Figure 2-3 is unique
in that 6-inch gate, globe, and angle valves or
90 degree ells and tees can be tested with
either water or steam. The vertical leg of the
angle test section permits testing of angle lift
check and stop check valves.
Figure 2-2
Saturated steam at 150 psi is available at flow rates Flow fesf piping
for J 2-ineh cost steel
up to 100,000 pounds per hour. The steam is throt- angle valve
tled to the desired pressure and its state is deter-
mined at the meter as well as upstream and down-
stream from the test specimen.
For tests on water, a steam turbine driven pump sup-
plies water at rates up to 1200 gallons per minute the straight test section. Measured pressure drop
through the test piping. for the pipe alone between piezometer stations is
subtracted from the pressure drop through the valve
Static pressure differential is measured by means of plus pipe to ascertain the pressure drop chargeable
a manometer connected to piezometer rings upstream to the valve alone.
and downstream from test position I in the angle test
section, or test position 2 in the straight test sec- Results of some of the flow tests conducted in the
tion. The downstream piezometer for the angle Crane Engineering Laboratories are plotted in Fig-
test section serves as the upstream piezometer for' ures 2-4 to 2-7 shown on the two pages following.

Exhaust to
Atmosphere
Determination of
State of Steam

Flgur.2-3
T•• , piping apparalul for mealurlng
Ih. pressure drop Ihrough valvel and Elbow Can Be Rotated to~::
fllllngi on .team or waler lin ••. Admit Water 01 Steam

~.
2-4 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITIINGS
CRA NE
It
~
Crane Water Flow Tests
10
9
8
II 'I I/,
7l7, 11/1
10

8
9
I i I
7 I
I
7 -=
nil 1111/1 13 t---r-.. i il if I I::
1111/ r;;11!J N===f--.- fj / 7
VI/II!J WI! 14
t---f--.-
I
I r71 7 II / I::
\1 u/ I III II

-=
-~ I I
rI rl/ll/IVI 15 t--- It
I, 71 7!11l!.
I II 1/////II
r-----___.
!

t--
Mi/ I

1
--Vvrf!
IS r--
3
f/;V1/W/II
VI. ~V~ ~~
3
-
-------'--I -I II:t:

2
17 r--.
f--.- t-t-.
il
J1 VI 1:1
~ Ih ~ ~~ Jt---.~3 I--- --
18 r-. t-- t- if ~V
t--
~F7V m:
I~ ~ ~ r.J.~ ~ ,j"" 777W
<II
" "-...4
21
:>
0
<II
"C
<:
II s;::
a.. 5
II
:::I
o
.: 1. 0 f'-... J
"-...s ~ 1.0
ci:
e
9 '.),(1 I W..'I
IVI. ~'//) 'IJ "-... ~ ci:
9
I 1/
/ / II 1 I s;:
0
., 8 1/) '(J l)lIm VI. r--. "'-7 o
o 8 /
7 I I I II
g;:
3
<II
<II
:!! 5
) v/; fAr/I. I'-- ~8
:!!
:::I
<II
<II
7
6 I II V
a..
5
Vh '(f- Kc ~r// I'-. r--.l'--... :!!
Cl.. 1/ 1// II I
I'll. lfU .5 i;:::
" '-. '9
I 1/ I
4 I!. '(I ''jJj!lJ .......,
IL I / / I
'II) IV/I 'I."" ~ "-... .4
"10
I e;::
.3
/, VI IIA ~ VI ~ r--.~
I 1/ 111/ I II
Vh J ~ rJ t'--- "11 .3
V J J I j e;:::
W. VJJ VA ~12. VV V
.2~
~
V .2/ I
I)
E::
~

~
7 G:
V
.1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
.1
V; ~
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
c::
Water Velocity, in Feet per Second Water Velocity, in Feet per Second c::
Flgur.2-4 Figur. 2·5
c:
Water Flow Tests Curves 1 to 18
Curve Size, I I::
Fluid Valve Type*
No. Inches
1 3,4
c;::
2
3
2
4
Class 150 Cast Iron Y.Pattern Globe Valve,
Flat Seat c::
4 6
5
6
1%
2
c::
Figure 2-4 Class 150 Brass Angle Valve with Composition Disc,
7
8
2%
3
Flat Seat c::
Water 9
10
11
12
lYz
2
2¥z
3
Class 150 Brass Conventional Globe Valve
With Composition Disc-Flat Seat
=
c:
13 %
14
15
1h
3,4
c::
Figure 2-5 Class 200 Brass Swing Check Valve
16 11,4
17
&;::
2
18 I 6 I Class 125 Iron BodV Swing Check Valve
I::
*Except for check valves at lower velocities where curves (14 to 17) bend, all \'olvcs were tested with disc fully lifted.
£:
CRANE CHAPTER 2 - fLOW Of fLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND flnJNGS 2-5

Crane Steam Flow Tests

10 1.0
9 / I L .9 I
/ / lL .8 If
7 I I 'I J
.7
/ JI
.6 / /
5 AI I1/
I
./ .5 / ,;
/'" "" I
/
/
4

3
II
'"A "'V
II
IX
/
I .4

.3 j
/
J
I
V /
I /

/' l- f- ~I"---. V / N V 1'19

L 71
2
r---t'- '} V It "I "20 v~ II
/ VI"- fl.L~ ~"-. 1'21 V
~ 'I"27
vI~ "-
0.>

V< f'., /
.Ii
V
'" ~
0.
-g
/ 22 =>

.:
0
1/ I
/ I
1/
"VI
11/"-. "-
o
a...
.s I V i'-2B

c:
9 g: .09 I I .1.
o
Ci
~
8
7 V
I
1/
I
1/ II rt
0~
'"
!"-..
23
.
o .08
~ .07
11
IJ L
/ '-....,
29
I/,
~ '" '" '"
I / lL~
=> j '"
6 / ct
'"'"~ / v .06
a... 1/ il I V' 1'24 V V j. ~
.5
II
V /
VI
'" '"
.05
II , .L
I "- 3D

'"'" ""
V .':'--
4 / .04
/ IIJ f'25 V .J. ~
V N r--- 31
.3
1/ VI;! '" .03
V
J
j
V 1/

.21/
/ III/ V "'" 1'26

.0 21L ·V V
l/ Iii ,j ~I/

/J~~
V
.0 I 3
II ,/
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 45678910 20 30
Steam Velocity. in Thousands of Feet per Minute Steam Velocity. in Thousands of Feet per Minute
Flgur. 2-6 Figure 2-7

Steam Flow Tests Curves 19 to 31

Fluid Figure
No.
Curve
No.
Size,
Inches
I Valve* or Fitting Type

19 2 Class 300 Brass Conventional Globe Valve ••.•..•....•••• Plug Type Seat
20 6 Class 300 Steel Conventional Globe Valve .••••.••.....•.• Plug Type Seat
21 6 Class 300 Steel Angle Valve .•••.•.•••.•.•••...•••...•.•• Plug Type Seat
22 6 Class 300 Steel Angle Valve ........................... Ball to Cone Seat
Figure 2-6
23 6 Class 600 Steel Angle Stop.Check Valve
Saturated 24 6
Steam Class 600 $teel Y·Pattern Globe Stop·Check Valve
25 6 Class 600 Steel Angle Valve
50 psi 26 6
gauge Class 600 Steel Y·Pattern Globe Valve

27 2 90° Short Radius Elbow for Use with Schedule 40 Pipe

28 6 Class 250 Cast Iron Flanged Conventional 90° Elbow
Figure 2-7 29 6 Class 600 Steel Gate Valve
30 6 Class 125 Cast Iron Gate Valve
31 6 Class 150 Steel Gate Valve

*Except for check valves at lower velocities where curves (23 and 24) bend. all valves were tested with disc fully lifted.
2-6 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW O~ FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS eRA NE

Figure 2·8
Flow le.1 piping
for 2 Y2 ·;nch cast
steel angle valve.

Figure 2·9
Sleam capacity lest
of a '12 ·inch bran
relief valve.

Figure 2·10
Flow lest piping for
2·jnch fabricated sleel
y.pattern globe valve.
CRANE CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-7

Relationship of Pressure Drop to Velocity of Flow

:Vlany experiments have shown that the head loss due

to valves and fittings is proportional to a constant
power of the velocity. When pressure drop or head
loss is plotted against velocity on logarithmic co-
ordinates. the resulting curve is therefore a stmight
line. In the turbulent flow range. the value of the
exponent of v has been found to vary from aboLit
1.8 to 2.1 for different designs of valves and fittings.
However. for all pmctical purposes. it can be as-
sumed that the pressure drop or head loss due to Figure 2.11
the f1mv of fluids in the turbulent range through V-Pattern Lift Check
Swing Check Valve Valve
valves and fittings varies as the square of the j
velocity.

This relationship of pressure drop to velocity of flow

pulsation. causing noisy operation and rapid wear of
the contacting moving parts. :I j
:
,
I
1
is valid for check valves. only if there is sufficient , I
. I !
flow to hold the disc in a wide open position. The The minimum velocity required to lift the disc to the ! I
point of deviation of the test curves from a straight full-open and stable position has been determined by I !
line. as illustrated in Figures 2-5 and 2-6. defines the
Jlow conditions necessary to support a check valve
tests for numerous types of check and foot valves.
and is given in the "t<" Factor Table (see pages A-26
III!
disc in the wide open position. thru A.-29). It is expressed in terms of a constant times
the square root of the specific volume of the lIuid being II
\'{ost of the difficulties encountered with check valves.
both lift and swing types. have been found to be due
handled. making it applicable for use with any tluid.
II
to oversizing which results in noisy operation and pre-
mature wear of the moving parts.
Sizing of check valves in accordance·with the specified
minimum velocity for full disc lift will often result in
valves smaller in size than the pipe in which they are
I
Referring again to Figure 2-6. it will be noted that
the velocity of 50 psig saturated steam. at the point
installed; however. the actual pressure drop will be
little, if any. higher than that of a full size valve which
Oli
where the two curves deviate from a straight line. is is used in other than the wide-open position. The
about I-1-.000 to 15.000 feet per minute. Lower veloci- advantages are longer valve life and quieter operation. :1
;1
ties are not sufficient to lift the disc through its full The losses due to sudden or gradual contraction and
stroke and hold it in a stable position against the enlargement which will occur in such installations
'I
stops. and can actually result in an increase in pres-
sure drop as indicated by the curves. Under these
with bushings. reducing flanges. or tapered reducers
can be readily calculated from the data given in the
I
conditions. the disc fluctuates with each minor flow .. K" Factor Table.

.,.

Flgur.2.12
01
Bolh wale, and ,Ieam le.I. are conducted on Ihl• ..I· up. i
i

__ iiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilii~~~~,.,..,J.J ..I
 2-8 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FlnlNGS CRANE
II
I:
Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length L/D,
And Flow Coefficient Cy .::
C
Pressure loss test data for a wide variety of val ves The same loss in stmight pipe is expressed by the
and fittings are available from the work of numerous
investigators. Extensive studies in this field have been
Darcy equation, s:
conducted by Crane Laboratories. However, due to Equation 2-3 &:
the time-consuming and costly nature of such testing,
it is virtually impossible to obtain test Jata for every
size and type of valve and fitting.
It {ollows that, It
It is therefore desirable to provide a means of reliably Equation 2-4 Ie
extrapolating available test information to envelope
those items which have not been or cannot readily be The ratio L/D is the equivalent length, in pipe diam- It
tested. Commonly used concepts for accomplishing eters of straight pipe, that will cause the same pres-
this are the "equivalent length L/ D·', .. resistance sure drop as the obstruction under the same flow con- C;
coefficient 1<"', and .. flow coefficient Cv ". ditions. Since the resistance coefficient K is constant
for all conditions of flow, the value of L/ D for any e;;
Pressure losses in a piping system result from a num- given valve or fitting must necessarily vary inversely
ber of system characteristics, which may be categorized with the change in friction factor for different flow c;:
as follows: conditions.
I. Pipe friction, which is a function of the surface
roughness of the interior pipe wall, the inside
diameter of the pipe, and the fluid velocity,
The resistance coefficient 1< would theoreticall v be a
constant for all sizes of a given design or line o(valves
-=C
and fittings if all sizes were geometrically similar.
density and viscosity. Friction factors are dis- However, geometric similarity is seldom, if ever,
cussed on pages 1-6 and 1-7. For friction data, achieved because the design of valves and fittings is G:
see pages A-23 thru A-25. dictated by manufacturing economies, standards,
2. Changes in direction of flow path.
3. Obstructions in flow path.
structural strength. and other considerations. c:
4. Sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section
and shape of flow path.
c:
12-IHCH SIZE
1/6 SCALE
2-INCH SIZE
a= B:
Velocity in a pipe is obtained at the expense of static
head, and decrease in static head due to velocity is. £:
v 2
hL = -
zg'
Equation 2.1 I::
which is defined as the "velocity head". Flmv
through a valve or fitting in a pipe line also causes a
a=
reduction in static head which may be expressed in B;:
terms of velocity head. The resistance coefficient K
in the equation, Figure 2.13
Geometrical dissimilarity between 2 and G:
v2 12-inch standard cast iron flanged elbows
hL = K-,
zg
Equation 2-2
a:
An example of geometric dissimilarity is shown in
therefore, is defined as the number of velocity heads Figure 2-13 where a l2-inch standard elbow has been Ii::
lost due to a valve or fitting. It is always associated drawn to 1/6 scale of a 2-inch standard elbow, so that
with the diameter in which the velocity occurs. In their port diameters are identical. The /low paths t=
most valves or fittings, the losses due to friction (Cate- through the two fittings drawn to these scales would
. '.:
,'.'.
~:'. ,,
gory I above) resulting from actual length of flow path also have to be identical to have geometric similarity; &::
are minor compared to t.hose due to one or more of the in addition, the relative roughness of the surfaces
other three categories listed.

The resistance coefficient K is therefore considered as

would have to be similar.

Figure 2-14 is based on the analysis of extensive test

being independent of friction factor or Reynolds num-
ber, and may be treated as a constant for any given
obstruction (i.e., valve or fitting) in a piping system
under all conditions of flow, including laminar How.
-=I::
data from various sources. The K coefficients for a
number of lines of valves and fittings have been plotted
against size. It will be noted that the K curves show E::
a definite tendency to follow the same slope as the
(conl/nueJ 0" "ext page' £:
 CRANE CHAPTER 2 - fLOW Of fLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-9

Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length LID,

And Flow Coefficient C v - continued
10 10.0 f'lA .r..
9.0 \\ T l':
8.0 \.\. ~ i.
8 8 \\\ 1 y '(
7.0
6 6.0 Ll> -<I'.- ~ 1 \ di
Ul
~ 5.0 \ \\ 1\ \ \ -<>- \
\~ ~ ~
\
i
4
u
c:
~ 4.0 1 I 1\ 1 .\
I
\ ~ \.
I
Ul
(1)
..c:
u
c: 3
aD
'&3.0 fll
[l
\ \ ~\ ~

l~
\
c: ~

~
2V2 ...-
I
(1)" Ul
(1)
N
2 ~ 2.0 ( 1\ ~
V)
2
(1\ \\\p- p
l\ \
CD 0 \
c:
.....
..... 1\/2 Q.; 1\ 1\
W 1.5
u:: IYl
q
>
0
(1)
2:
ro
11,4
114 Ero

~ 1.0
0
(1)
\ .~~ Ie,{
~ \
11'-\:
\
b t5
\
kl\
\
.9 -= \\ 9\ i\
\ IM'r b \ 'rc1' ti
=
=
3,4= ....
.8
\ \ \ l'\
<U Q)
:; .7
:;
'"
<U
.c
\/2 -g
.<: .6 \ t \ \ In
~\/2 '-'
V>

.5
~ ~
.1 .15 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 J . .9 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1o
K - Resistance Coefficient
Figure 2-14, Variation of Resistance Coefficient K ( = f LID) with Size
\
} Symbol Product Tested Authority

0 Schedule 40 Pipe, 30 Diameters Long (K = 30 /T)* .... .Moody A.S.M.E. Trans .. 0Iov.-19-!-!18
0- Class 125 Iron Body Wedge Gate Valves ............... Cniv. of Wisc. Exp. Sta. Bull.. Vol. 9; No. I. 192216
'( Class 600 Steel Wedge Gate Valves ..................... Crane Tests
-0 90 Degree Pipe Bends, RiD = 2....................... Pigott :\.S.ME. Trans .. 1950.
6 90 Degree Pipe Bends, RiD = 3....................... Pigott ,\.s.~vLE. Trans., 19506
-0- 90 Degree Pipe Bends, R;D = I ...................... . Pigott .-\.s.:-"1E. Trans .. IQ50.
¢ Class 600 Steel Wedge Gate Valves, Seat Reduced ........ Crane Tests
Class 300 Steel Venturi Ball.Cage Gate Valves ........... Crane-:\rmour Tests
-<>-
($ Class 125 Iron Body Y.Pattern Globe Valves ............ Crane-Armour Tests
0. - Class 125 Brass Angle Valves, Composition Disc ......... Crane Tests
)l: - Class 125 Brass Globe Valves, Composition Disc ......... Crane Tests

*/T = friction factor for flow in the zone of complete turbulence; sec page A-26.

(continued from the preceding page)

f(LID) curve for straight clean commercial steel pipe tends toward a constant for the various sizes of a given
at Row conditions resulting in a constant friction line of valves or fittings at the same How conditions.
factor. It is probably coincidence that the effect of
geometric dissimilarity between different sizes of the On the basis of this relationship, the resistance co-
same line of valves or fittings upon the resistance co- efficient K for each illustrated type of valve and fitting
efficient K is similar to that of relative roughness. or is presented on pages A-26 thru A-2c). These coeffi-
size of pipe, upon friction factor. cients are given as the product of the friction factor for
the desired size of clean commercial steel pipe with
Based on the evidence presented in Figure 2-14, it can 1I0w in the zone of complete turbulence, and a con-
be said that the resistance coefficient I<. for a given stant, which represents the equivalent length LID for
) line of valves or fittings, tends to vary with size as the valve or fitting in pipe diameters for the same; /low
/ does the friction factor./. for straight clean commercial conditions. on the basis of test Jata. This equivalent
steel pipe at flow conditions resulting in a constant length, or constant. is valid for all sizes of the valve or
friction factor, and that the equivalent length L./ D fitting type with which it is identified.
2 - 10 CHAPTER 2 - flOW OF flUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS eRA N E
I
I
Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length LID,
And Flow Coefficient Cv - continued ac
B:
The friction factors for clean commercial steel pipe When 8 piping system contains more than one size of
with /low in the zone of complete turbulence (fT), for pipe, \'alves, or rlttings, Equation 2-5 may be lIseJ &:
nominal sizes from Ij2 to H-inch, 8re tabulated at the to express all resistances in terms of one size. [;or
beginning of the "I<" Factor Table (page A-26) for this ense, subscript "a" relates to the size \vith ref- I:
convenience in converting the <llgebrnic expressions of erence to which all resistunces ure to be expressed.
I':" to arithmetic quantities. nnd subscript "b" relates to any other size in the &:
system. For sample problem, see Example -i-14.
There are some resistances to flo\\' in piping, such as
sudden and gradual contractions and enlargements, I t has been found convenient in some branches of the
a
valve industry, particularly in connection with con-
and pipe entrances and exits, that have geometric
trol valves, to express the valve cnpacity and the II
similarity between sizes, The resistance coefficients
(K) for these items are therefore independent of size, valve flow characteristics in terms of the flow coeffi-
as indicated by the absence of a friction factor in their cient Cv . The Cv coefficient of a valve is defined as I:
values given in the "K" Factor Table. the flow of water at 60 F, in gallons per minute, at
a pressure drop of one pound per square inch across s;
the valve.
As preViously stated, the resistance coefficient K is
always associated with the diameter in which the
C
velocity in the term v2j2g occurs. The values in the By the substitution of appropriate equivalent units
"1<" Factor Table are associated with the internal in the Darcy equation, it can be shmvn that, G
diameter of the following pipe schedule numbers for 2q.qd2
the various A:-.JSI Classes of valves and fittings. Cv = v7< Eqflation 2-6 G
Class 300 and lower ....... , ............. Schedule 40
. Class 400 and 600 ...................... Schedule 80 c:
Class 900 ................ " .......... , .Schedule 120
Class 1500 ............................. Schedule 160
Class 2500 (sizes Y2 to 6") ................ ' ..... )(.,'CS Also. the quantity in gallons per minute of liquids of C
Class 2500 (sizes 8" and up) .............. Schedule 160 low viscosity* that will flow through the valve can be
determined from: I:
V (6:4)
When the resistance coefficient K is used in flow equa-
tion 2-2, or any of its equivalent forms gi\'en in Chap- Q = Cv !1P Equation 2-7 C;
ter 3 as Equations 3-14,3-16, 3-19 and 3-20, the veloci-
ty and internal diameter dimensions used in the
.V-;
I !1P Ii:
equation must be based on the dimensions of these Q= 7·e) Cv
schedule numbers regardless of the pipe with \vhich
the valve may be installed. and the pressure drop can be computed from the
I:
same formu la arranged as follows: I:
An alternate procedure which yields identical results
for Equation 2-2 is to adjust K in proportion to the
fourth pO\ver of the diameter ratio, and to base values G;
Eqflatlon 2·7
of velOCity or diameter on the internal diameter of the
connecting pipe. g
Since Equations 2-2 and 2-7 are simply other forms
Equation 2-5 of the Darcy equation, the limitations regarding I:
their use for compressible tlow (explained on page 1-7)
Subscript "a" defines K and d with reference to apply, , Other convenient forms of Equations 2-2 and Ii:
the internal diameter of th~ connecting pipe. 2-7 in terms of commonly used units are presented on
page 3--t. E
Subscript "b" defines J( and d with reference to the
internal diameter of the pipe for which the values of
1< were established, as given in the foregoing list of
*When handling highly viscous liquids determine flow
rate or required valve C v as described in the ISA
s=
pipe schedule numbers. Handbook of Control Valves. I:
* * * * * I:
I:
Ie
 CRANE CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF flUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2·11

Laminar Flow Conditions

_ the usual piping installation, the flow \vill change
from laminar to turbulent in the range of Reynolds
numbers from 2000 to ..!'oOO, defined on pages A-2-1- and
A-25 as the critical zone. The lower critical Reynolds
number of 2000 is usually rccognized as the upper
limit for the application of Poiseuille's law for laminar
flow in straight pipes,
lo\\'er range of the transition :onc, turbulent mixing
and laminar motion may alternate unpredictably.
Equation 2-2 (hL = Kv 2/2g) is valid for computing the
head loss due to valves o.nd flttings for all conJitions
of flo\\', incluJing laminar flo\\', using rcsisto.nce co-
cl'ficient K as given in the ''1','' [7 Llctor Table.

hL ~ O.Oq62 (~7:) Equation 2 .. 8
which is identical to Equation 2-3 when the value of
the friction factor for laminar flow, J = 64/ R., is fac-
tored into it. Laminar flow at Reynolds numbers
above 2000 is unstable, and in the critical zone and
When Equation 2-2 is used to determine the losses in
straight pipe. it is necessary to compute the Reynolds
number in order to establish the friction factor, j, to
be used to determine the value of the resistance co-
efficient I< for the pipe in accordance with Equation
2--1- (I< =JL/D). See Examples, pages -1---1- and -1--5.

Contraction and Enlargement

8 Equotion 2.12
The resistance to flow due to sudden enlargements If, o <: 45° ....... , c. = 2.6 sin -
2
may be expressed by,
Ir, 45° < 8 <: 180° .... C. = 1 Equation 2·12.1
dt2)2 Equation 2-9
1<1 = (1 - d2
2
The losses due to gradual contractions in pipes were
and the resistance due to sudden contractions, by established by the analysis of Crane test data, using
the same basis as that of Gibson for gradual enlarge-
Equation 2-10 ments, to provide a contraction coefficient, Ce , to be
applied to Equation 2-10.
Subscripts 1 and 2 define the internal diameters of The approximate averages of these coefficients for dif-
the small and large pipes respectively. ferent included angles of convergence, 0, are defined
as follows:
I t is convenient to identify the ratio of diameters of
the small to large pipes by the Greek letter {3 (beta). If, 8 <: 45~. , .... , . , Cc = 1.6 sin ~2 Equation 2·13
Using this notation, these equations may be written,
Sudden Enlargement If, 45° < 0 <: 180° '.' .. Cc = VSin ~ Equalion 2.13.1

K\ = (1 - (32)2 Equalion 2·9.1

The resistance coefficient K for sudden and gradual
Sudden Contraction enlargements and contractions, expressed in terms of
K\ = 0.5 (1 - (32) Equalion 2.10.1 the large pipe, is established by combining Equations
2-9 to 2-13 inclusive.
Equation 2-9 is derived from the momentum equa-
tion together with the Bernoulli equation, Equation Sudden and Gradual Equation 2.14
2-10 uses the derivation of Equation 2-9 together with Enlargements . 8
the continuity equation and a close approximation of 2. 6 sm-
2
the contraction coefficients determined by Julius 8 <: 45°· ... , .... 1<2 ~ - - - - { 3 - 4 - - - -
Weisbach. SCI
The value of the resistance coefficient in terms of the 45" < 8 < 1800 •.• K2 = (1 ~r)2 Equalion 2·14.1
larger pipe is determined by dividing Equations 2-9
~ ,
and 2-10 by {34,
Sudden and Gradual Equalion 2-15
Kt Equalion 2·11 Contractions . 8
K 2 ~ {34 o. 8 sm-
0
2
The losses due to gradual enlargements in pipes were 8 <: 45 • •••• , ••• K2 - ----{3...,4---
~ (. ) investigated by A. H. Gibson,21 and may be e~pressed Equalion 2-15.1
= '-.......- as a coeffIcient, C" applied to Equation 2-9, Approxi-
mate averages of Gibson's coefficients for different
included angles of divergence, 8, are defined by the
0·5 J-;:;:r (1 - (32)

equations: ~
2 - 12 CHAPTER 2 - flOW OF flUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS eRA NE

Valves with Reduced Seats

Valves are often designed with reduced seats, and the contruction and enlargement II ill bring calculLlted I< II:
transition from seat to valve ends may be either values for reduced scat globe Jnd angle valves into
abrupt or gradual. Straight-through types, such as reasonably close agreement with test results. In the &;
gate and ball valves, so designed with gradual tran- absence of Jctual tcst Jata, the resistance coefficients
sition ore sometimes referred to as venturi valves. for reduced scat globe and angle vakes may thus be
Analysis of tests on such straight-through valves indi- computed as the summation of EljllJtions 2- 11 and
I:
cates an excellent correlation between test results and i3 times Equations 2-14. I and 2-15.1 at () = 180°.
calculated values of 1< based on the summation of I:
Equations 2-11, 2-14, and 2-15. The procedure for determining 1< for reduced seat
globe and angle valves is also applicable to throttled ~
Valves which exhibit a change in direction of the tlow globe and angie valves. For this case the value of {3
path, such as globe and angle valves, are classified as must be based upon the square root of the ratio of Ii:
high resistance valves. Equations 2- I 4 and 2-15 for areas,
gradual contractions and enlargements cannot be read- g;
ily applied to these configurations because the angles
of convergence and divergence are variable with re-
spect to different planes of reference. The entrance
m:
and exit losses for reduced seat globe and angle valves \,,,·here:
are judged to fall short of those due to sudden expan- !:=
at ... defines the area at the most restricted point
sion and contraction (Equations 2-14.1 and 2- 15.1
in the flow path G=
at 8 = 180°) if the approaches to the seat are gradual.
Analysis of available test data indicates that the fac- a2 ... defines the internul areu of the connecting
tor. {3 applied to Equations 2-14 and 2-15 for sudden pipe. c:
c:
Resistance of Bends &:
c=
Secondary flow: The nature of the flow of liquids
in bends has been thoroughly investigated and many
Resistance of bends to flow: The resistance or head
loss in a bend is com'entionallv assumed to consist r=:
interesting facts have been discovered. For example,
when a fluid passes around a bend in either viscous
of . . . . (I) the loss due to cu;vmure . . . . (2) the
excess loss in the downstream tangent. .. and (3)
.m=
or turbulent flow, there is established in the bend a the loss due to length, thus:
condition known as "secondary flow". This is rotat- ht = hI> + he + hL EquatiOll 2-16 Ii::
ing motion, at right angles to the pipe axis, which is
superimposed upon the main motion in the direction
of the axis. The frictional resistance of the pipe
walls and the action of centrifugal force combine to
\vhere:
ht
hI>
total loss, in feet of fluid
=
excess loss in downstream tangent, in feet of
=
-=a;
produce this rotation. Figure 2-15 illustrates this fluid
phenomenon. he = loss due to curvature, in feet of fluid B;
hL = loss in bend due to length, in feet of {Iuid
if: a:;
hb = hI> + he Equatloe 2-17

then: Ii;

I
;( h t =hb+hL

However, the quantity hb can be expressed as a func- -=I:

r tion of velOcity head in the formula:
( v2
c:
"" Figure 2-15
Secondary Flow In Benda
where:
hb - K b -2g

Kb = the bend coefficient

v - velocity through pipe, feet per second
Equal/Oil 2-18

1:=
S;
g "" 32,2 feet per second per second
I:
CRAN E CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2 - 13

Resistance of Bends - continued

fi
_e__'

/ I~ t::::-,.
5

II ~ I
')
4 I!
----r
3
f\ ~ ~~~ / ~
I
I~ ~V\ ~
I

\
I

2
I
~
\ ~

1
I
0
10 12 14
,.6I 18 zo 22
Relative Radius. r/d

Figure 2-16, Bend Coellicients Found by Various InvHlillators (BeW ' )

Fro,.. "PrenurelosM. lot fh"d Flow in 90° Pip. lend," by K.. H. kij.
Court", 0' Journal of R...Qrch 01 Notional a. . .eolol of StondordL
Investigator Diameter Symbol

Balch ...... " ........... "

Davis ... " ......... ".. "
".J-inch. "
.... ,-inch .. " ..... " •o
o•
Brightmore .......... . "" J-inch .. "." .... ""
Brightmore .. . ." .-I-inch ........ .
Hofmann . .... '-i-inch (rough pipe) . ...
Hofmann ..... . . " .. '-i-inch (smooth pipe) . 6-
Vogel. .......... " " . .... 0.8. and Io-inch. y
Beij ... " ...... " ." .. -I-inch. "."
•
"-

The relationship between K.b and rid (relative radius*) made up of continuous 90 degree bends can be deter- /'
is not well defined, as can be observed by reference mined by multiplying the number (n) of 90 degree 0 "

to Figure 2-16 (taken from the \vork of Seij2l). The bends less one contained in the coil bv the value of K
curves in this chart indicate that Kb has a minimum due to length. plus one-half of the v~lue of J( due to
value when rid is between 3 and 5. bend resistance. and adding the value of 1< for one 90 " I

degree bend \page A-29).

Values of K for 90 degree bends with various bend
ratios (rid) are listed on page A-N. The values (ulso Equation 2-20
,I
based on the work of Seij) represent average con- ·1"
ditions of llow in 90 degree bends.

The loss due to continuous bends greater than 90 Subscript I defines the value of K (see page A-29)
degrees, sLich as pipe coils or expansion bends, is less for one 90 degree bend.
than the sLimmution of losses in the total number of
90 degree bends contained in the coil, considered sepa- Example:
rately, because the loss h p in Equation 2-16 occurs A 2" Schedule 40 pipe coil contains five complete
only once in the coil. turns, i.e., twenty (n) 90 degree b~nds. The relative
radius (rid) of the bends is 16, and the resistance co-
The loss due to length in terms of K is equal to the efficient 1<1 of one 90 degree bend is 42fr (42 x .019
= .80) per page A-29.
developed length of the bend, in pipe diameters, mul-
tiplied by the friction factor iT as previously described
Find the total resistance coefficient ([(8) for the coil.
and as tabulated on page A-26.
KB = (20-1) (0.25 x O.OH) 11' X 16 + 0.5 x 0.8) + 0.8
Equation 2-19 ~ 13

In the absence of experimentul data, it is assumed Resistance of miter bends: The equivalent length
that h p = he in Equution 2-16. On this basis, the of miter ben"'s, bused on the work of H. Kirchbuch-1,
total value of K for a pipe coil or expansion bend is also shown on page :\-29.

*The relative radius of a bend is the ratio of the radius of the bend axis to I'
the internal diameter of the pipe. Both dimensions must be in the same units.
2 - 14 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS eRA N E

Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices

Orifices and noz:les 8re used principally to meter I'ate of 110\\' .\ portion
of the theory is cOl'ereel here, r~or more complete datu, rder LO I?>ii'ii-
ography sources S, l), ano 10, , , or to information supplied by the meeer
manufacturer.

Oriflces arc also used to restrict 1101\' or CO reduce pressure. For liquid
flo\\', several orifices 8fC sometimes used to reduce pressure in steps so 8S
to u\'oid cavitation, O\'Crall resist<lnce coefficient 1'- for an orillce is 'Lilen
on page ;\-20, For 8 samplc problem, see page ,),-7, U

The rate of flow of any Iluid through an orifice or
nozzle, neglecting the velocity of approach, may be
expressed by:
Equation 2-21
Velocity of approach may have considerable effect on
the quantity discharged through a nozzle or orifice.
The factor correcting for velOcity of approach,
may be incorporated in Equation 2-21 as follows:
q = CA Equation 2-22
The quantity
is defined as the flO\\! coefficient C. Values of C
for nozzles and orifices are shown on page A-20, Use
of the flow coefficient C eliminates the necessity for
calculating the velocity of approach, and Equation
2-22 may no\\' be written:
Equatian 2-23
- C.\ '-h- _ (' .1 ~2g(1.j.4)b.P
q - n " 2g L - '- n
p
Orifices and nozzles are normally used in piping sys-
tems as metering devices and are installed with
Range taps or pipe taps in accordance with ASME
specifications. The values of hL and b.P in Equation
2-23 are the measured differential static head or
pressure across pipe taps located I diameter upstream
and 0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of
the orifice plate or nozzle. when values of C are taken
from page A-20. The Row coefficient C is plotted
for Reynolds numbers based on the internal diameter
of the upstream pipe.
Flow of liquids: For nozzles and orifices discharg-
ing incompressible lluiJs to atmosphere, C values
may be taken from page .-\-20 if ilL or b.P in Equa-
tion 2-23 is wken as rhe upstream heaJ or gaugc
pressure.
Flow of gases and vapors: The Row oi compres-
sible tluids through noz:les and orifices can be ex-
pressed by the same equation used for liquids except a::
the nct expansion factor Y must be included.
&::
If = rCA \ 2g (144) L.P Equation 2 -24
. p
u:
The expansion factor Y is a function of:
I. T:1C specific heat ratio, k,
s:
1 The ratio ((:3) of orifice or throut "Iimnetcr to c;:
inlet diameter,
3. Ratio of do\\nstre8m to upstream absolute
pressures,
t::
Iii::
This factor~·lo has been experimentally determined
on the basis of air, \\'hich has a specific heat ratio of &;:
I,-.t, anJ steam ha\'ing specific heat ratios of approx-
imately 1.3. The data is plotted on page A-21.
E=
\'8Iues ot k for some of thc common \·apors 8nd gases
,lre gi\'en on pages /\-K and :\-l). The spcciflc heat iii;:
r8tio, k. may \'ary slightly I'or Jit·l..:rcnt pressures anJ
temperatures, but for most prnctical problems the II::
\'alues gi\'en I\'ill provide reason8bly 8ccurnte results.
Equation 2-2-.t may be use,,1 for orifices Jischarging
compressible tluicls to atmosphere by using:
I. Flow coefficient C gi\'en on page A-20 in the
Reynolds number range where C is a constant
for the given diameter rntio, J.
2. Expansion factor Y per page ;\-21.
3. Differential pressure D.P, equal to the inlet
gauge pressure.
This also applies to nozzles Jisch[jrging compressible
fluids to atmosphere only if the absolute inlet pres-
sure is less than the absolute atmospheric pressure
divided by the critical pressure ratio 'c; this is
discussed on the next page. When the absolute inlet
pressure is greater than this amount, Row through
nozzles should be calculated as outlined on the
following page.
CRAN E CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FlnlNGS
Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices -
Maximum flow of compressible fluids in a noz-
zle; A smoothly convergent nozzle has the property
of being able to deliver a compressible Auid up to the
velocity of sound in its minimum cross section or
throat. providing the available pressure drop is
sufficiently high. Sonic velocity is the maximum
velocity that may be attained ir, the throat of a
nozzle (supersonic velocity is attained in a gradually
divergent section following the convergent nozzle.
when sonic velocity exists in the throat).
The critical pressure ratio is the largest ratio of
downstream pressure to upstream pressure capable
of producing sonic velOCity. Values of critical pres-
sure ratio rc. which depend upon the ratio of nozzle
diameter to upstream diameter as well as the specific
heat ratio k. are given on page A-21.
Flow through nozzles and venturi meters is limited
by critical pressure ratio. and minimum values of Y
to be used in Equation 2-24 for this condition. are
indicated on page A-21 by the termination of the
curves at p12/ Pll = re.
Discharge of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Liquid Bow; To determine the flow of liqUid through
pipe, the Darcy formula is used. Equation 1-4 (page
1-6) has been converted to more convenient terms in
Chapter 3 and has been rewritten as Equation 3-14.
The form of Equation 3-14 which is most applicable
Figur. 2-17
Pressure mea.urement. made of ,trategic poin#J
In a valve in order to e,tabli.h opllmum design.
2 -15
continued
EquJtion 2-2'+ may be used [or discharge oi com-
pressible Auids through a nozzle to atmosphere. or
to a downstream pressure lower than indicated by
the critical pressure ratio r e. by using values of:
Y .... minimum per page A-21
C ... page A-20
6.P . P't (I - r,); T, per page A-21
p . . . . weight density at upstream condition
Flow through short tubes; Since complete experi-
mental data for the discharge of Auids to atmos-
phere through short tubes (LID is less than. or equal
to. 2.5 pipe diameters)l are not available. it is sug-
gested that reasonably accurate approximations may
be obtained by using Equations 2-23 and 2-24. with
values of C somewhere between those for orifices
and nozzles. depending upon entrance conditions.
If the entrance is well rounded, C values would tend
to approach those for nozzles. whereas short tubes
with square entrance would have Gharacteristics
similar to those for square edged orifices.
to liquid flow is \vritten in terms of flow rate in 0·-
~
gallons per minute.
h _ 0. 002 59 KQ2
L - d4
Solving for Q, the equation can be rewritten,
Equatioll 2-25
~-h
~
hLd4 2 L
Q =
0. 002 59
/"
'- = 19· 6 5d K'
Equation 2-25 can be employed for valves, fittings.
and pipe where K would be the sum of all the resist-
ances in the piping system. including entrance and
exit losses when they exist. Examples of problems
of this type are shown on page 4-12.
Compressible Bow: When a 'compressible fluid flows
from a piping system into an area of larger cross sec-
tion than that of the pipe. as in the case of discharge
to atmosphere. a modified form of the Darcy formula.
Equation I-II developed on page 1-9. is used.
The determination of values of K. Y. and 6. P in this
equation is described on page 1-9 and is illustrated
in the examples on pages 4-13 and 4-14.
u
;1
---..--~." '" .
2 - 16 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE
a-
li
s;
c:
i:
I:
I:
Ie
Figure 2-18
II:
Flow fesf on plasfic pipe fa defermine
pressure drop due fa 90 degree bends. a::
a:
c:
II:
S
s:
c:
-=Ii:
E:
g:

-=
-=
-=
-=
-=E:
c;
&;
s;
s;
E:
(-)"
"'--~ -

u
 3-1

Formulas and Nomographs

For Flow Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe

CHAPTER 3

Only basic formulas needed for the presentation of

the theory of fluid flow through valves, fittings, and
pipe were presented in the first two chapters of this
paper. In the summary of formulas given in this
chapter, the basic formulas are rewritten in terms of
units which are most commonly used in this country.
This summary provides the user with an equation
which will enable him to arrive at a solution to his
problem with a minimum conversion of units.

Nomographs presented in this chapter are graphical

solutions of the flow formulas applying to pipe. Valve
and fitting flow problems may also be solved by means
of these nomographs by determining their equivalent
length in terms of feet of straight pipe.

Due to the wide variety of terms and the variation in

the physical properties of liquids and gases, it was
necessary to divide the nomographs into two parts:
the, first part (pages 3-6 to 3-15) pertains to liquid flow,
and the second part (pages 3-16 to 3-25). pertains to
compressible flow.

All nomographs for the solution of pressure drop prob-

lems are based upon Darcy's formula, since it is a
general formula which is applicable to all fluids and
can be applied to all types of pipe through the use of
the Moody Friction Factor Diagram. Darcy's form-
ula also provides a means of solving problems of flow
through valves and fittings on the basis of equivalent
length or resistance coefficient. Nomographs provide
simple, rapid, practical, and reasonably accurate solu-
tions to flow formulas and the decimal point is accu-
rately located.
Accuracy of a nomograph is limited by the available
page space, length of scales, number of units provided
on each scale, and the angle at which the connecting
line crosses the scale. Whenever the solution of a
problem falls beyond the range of a nomograph, the
slide rule or arithmetical solution of the formula must
be employed.
3-2 CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Summary of Formulas

To eliminate needless duplication, formulas have • Head loss and pressure drop
been written in terms of either specific volume V in straight pipe:
or weight density p, but not in terms of both, since Pressure loss due to flow is the same in a sloping,
one is the rec iprocal of the other. vertical, or hori:ontal pire. However, the dif-
I ference in pressure due to the difference in head
P = -c=
must be considered In pressure Jror caleula t ions:
V'
see page 1-5.
These equations may be substituted in any of the
formulas sho\lm in this parer whenever necessary. Darcy'. formula: Equation 3-S

2
JLv
0. 186 3 -d-

JLQZ
Equation 3-1 0.0311 ~
• Bernoulli's theorem:
lHP JLBZ
z+ p
H 0. 01 51.4 -r
JLpv Z JLpVZ
6.P 0.001 294 --d- 0.000000 J 59 --d-

_ JLpqZ JLpQz
6.P -r
• Mean velocity of flow in pipe:
(Continuity Equation) Equation 3-2
43·) = O.OCO 216 -(-i'-

JLpB2 JL W'zV
q q Q 6.P 0.000 10 58 ~ = 0.000003 36 d'
t' =
A
18 3.3 -er- 0·408 CF
B w\i \\I'V 6.P
V = 0.286
CF
= 18 3.3
er- 0.05 0 9 CJ.2
JL(q' h)ZS/
q'h T q'hS. 6.P 0.000000019 59 d'p
V = 0.001
44 P'd2 0.003 8 9
--;;J."2
For simplified compressible fluid
\/ qm Wi'V WV formula, see page 3·22.
A 2.40 -a- 3 .06 ----cJ.2

V
q'h T q'h S •
0. 086 5 P'd2 0·1.33 -,;J.2 • Head loss and pressure drop
with laminar flow in straight pipe:
I:
• Reynolds number
For laminar flow conditions (R,< 2000), the friction II:.:
factor is a direct mathematical function of the
of flow in pipe: Equation 3-3
Reynolds number only, and can he expressed hy
Dvp Dvp dvp the formula:! = 6~/R,. SubstitutinA this value of
lIP
R, = r
-=E
11.3·9 - -
31.·2/l'. /l in the Darcy formula, it can he rewritten:
. /lLV Equation 3-6
hr. 0.09 b 1. .. - -
(i2p

W 'S Bp . /lLq /lLQ

I:
R, 6·31 d/l 0·481. q d/l· 35·4 dp. hr. I;,.b; CFP 0.0393 d"'i'P
R, Dt'
-,
dtl dv
hr. 0.02i;
j.lU3
--:FP 0.004 90
j.lL\\? I:
ii4°
." lu7
"
d 4 pz

R,= I'P9000"j 3160 ~

WV
394--;;1 6.P 0.000668
j.lLt·
T 0.122;
/lLq
d4
-=I:
/ltD
6.P
• Viscosity equivalents: Equation 3-4

p.LW
0.000 191 ~
'Y
6.P = --cFP I;:
" = 0.000 0)40

£;
CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3-3 ,
". !

Summary of Formulas - continued

• Limitations of Darcy formula • Empirical formulas for the flow

of water, steam, and gas
Non.comprellible flow; liquids:
The Darcy formula may be used without restriction :'\lthough the rational method (using Darcy's for-
for the flow of water. oil. and other liquids in pipe. mula) for soh'ing flow problems has been recom-
However, when extreme velocities occurring in pipe mended in this paper, some engineers prefer to use
empirical formulas.
cause the downstream pressure to fall to the vapor
pressure of the liquid, cavitation occurs and cal-
culated flow rates are inaccurate.
Hazen and Williaml
Compressibl. flow; gOI8l and vapors: formula for flow of wat.r: Equation 3·9
When pressure drop is less than 10% of PI, use p or
V based on either inlet or outlet conditions. 0. = 0.~.+2 d2 . 63 c ( PI -L P2)O.H
When pressure drop is greater than 10% of PI but
where:
less than 40% of PI, use the average of p or V
c 140 for new steel pipe
based on inlet and outlet conditions, or use Equa-
c 130 for new cast iron pipe
tion 3-20. C l i O for riveted pipe
When pressure drop is greater than 40% of PI, use
the rational or empirical formulas given on this
page for compressible flow, or use Equation 3-20
(for theory, see page I-q). Equation 3· J 0
(deleted)

• Isothermal flow of gas Equation 3·7

in pipe lines

Spitzgla .. formula for low pr... ur. gas:

(pressure less than one pound gauge) Equation 3·"

q'h =

Flowing temperature is 60 F.

• Simplifled compressible flow Equatian 3·7a

for long pipe lines Weymouth formula
for high pressure gas: Equatian 3·12

Panhandle formula' for natural gas

pipe line. 6 to 24.inch diameter
and It, = (5 x 1()6) to (14 x 1()6): Equation 3·' 3

q'h = 36.8£ d2.618Z( (P'I)2 Zrn (P'2)2 y.5394

• Maximum (sonic) velocity of where: gas tcmpcratl:.lrc 60 F
. compressible fluids in pipe
Sf} = 0.6
The maximum possible velocity of a compressible E flow efficiency
fluid in a pipe is equivalent to the speed. of sound
E \.09 (IOOC:C) for brand ne\v pipe without
in the fluid; this is expressed as: any bends. elbows, valves, and change
of pipe diameter or elevation
.JkgRT Equation 3·8
£ 0.9; for very good operating conditions.
v, = .J k g 144P' V £ 0.92 for average operating conditions
E 0,85 for unusually unfavorable
v. = 68.1 .J k P' V operating conditions
3-4 CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE •
I
Summary of Formulas - continued
S;
• Head Ion and pressure drop
through valves and f1Hings
• Resistance coefficient, K, for sudden and gradual
enlargements in pipes ).
Head loss through valves and fittings is generally
given in terms of resistance coefficient I< which If, e <: 45°,
indicates static head [oss through a valve in terms
of "velocity head", or, equivalent length in pipe
Kl = .
~.l)SIn-
/) ( 1 - .d"'"
2 .
-J- 'Equation 3-77 =
'I
diameters L/ D that will cause the same head loss
as the valve. If, 45° < e'< 180°.
K1 (I - p'iF
I:
= • Equation 3-17.1
From Darcy's formula, head loss through a pipe is:
I:
f -L -v
2
hL = Equation 3·5 • Resistance coefficient, K, for sudden and gradual
D 2g
contractions in pipes I
and head loss through a valve is:
If, e <: 45°,
I:
Eq ualion 3·14
K 1 = 0.0, Sin
. -8 ( I . *Equation 3-18
therefore: K = f ~ Equation 3·15
2. I
D
If, 45° < e '< 180
0
,
I
To eliminate needless duplication of formulas, the
following are all given in terms of 1<. Whenever l~
'l=~')V
~ -.j .
sm;
0
'Equation 3·18.1
necessary, substitute (f Lj D) for (K). I
52 2 K q2 KQ2 I
d4 = 0.002 59 ---;JI Equation 3·14 *!\ivte: The values of the resistance COelTIcicnts (1<)
in equations 3-17. 3-17.1, 3-18, and 3-18.1 arc
KB2
0.001 270 ~ = 0.000 040 3
KW'2V2
d4
based on the velocity· in the small pipe. To de- I
termine f( values in terms of the greater diameter,
divide the equations by {34.
6P 0.000 1078 Kpv 2 = 0.000 000 03 00 Kp \/2 )1
6P
Kpq2 KpQ2 . i
}.62 --cFt = 0.000 017 99 ~
• Discharge of fluid through valves,
6P 0.000 008 82 ~
KpB2 flHings, and pipe; Darcy's formula i
Equation 3·19
I< \\12 V Ii
6P = 0.000 000 280 d4 q
I
K(q' h)2 T So
6P 0.000 000 000 60 5 d4 P' Q

6P = 0.000 000 001 633

K (q'h)2 S/
d4 p
w
O.0438pd
2
~ *' I
I
For compressible flow with hL or ll.P greater than approxi-
mately \0% of inlet absolute pressure, the denominator W= 157.6pd2~ ~ I
should be multiplied by yz. For values of Y, see page A-22.
Compressible flow:
I
Equalion 3·20
• Pressure drop and flow of liquids of low
viscosity using flow coefficient I
b.P = (QCv Y 62.4
p Equation 3·' 6 I
q'm
I
Q Cv~ l:.P 6: = 7·90Cv ~-z;p
-p-
4

~ l:.P (62.4)
2<).9 d2 2<).<) d2
Cy =
Q vfL/D "K
891 d 4
K =
(Cy)2 Values of )' are shown on page A-22. For K Y, and
t::..P determination, ~ee examples on pages 4·13 and 4-14.
CRANE CHAPTER 3 _ FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROl1GH VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE 3-5

Summary of Formulas - concluded

• Flow through nozzles and oriflces • Specific gravity of liquids

(h Land LlP measured across pipe taps Any liquid: Equation 3-25
at 1 diameter and 0.5 diameter) -ce-" 'lny liquid at 60 F, )
~~:.__ ~_,.;:.. - i :->
( unless otherwise spec ifled
Liquid: Equation 3-2 J p
p {water at 60 FI
Oils: Equation 3-26

1
S (00 F. bo F) = 14 .)
1 3I 5 + Deg :'>IV [

Equation 3-27
-
19.65d12C"';hL = 2}od 12 C,-p-
. 16P Liquids lighter than water:
Q 14 0
S (60 F.'60 F) =
110 + Deg Baume
tv O.0438dt2C"'; hLP? = 0·525 d12C ,;6Pp
Liquids heavier than waler: Equation 3-28
W' 157.6d12C"';hLp2 = 1891 d12 C"J6P p
145
Values of C are shown on page A-20 S (60 F /60 F) =
145 - Deg Baume
Compressible fl uid.: Equation 3-22

• Specific gravity of gases Equation 3-29

R (air) 53.3
S. R (gas) = R (gas)
!'vI (gas) M (gas)
S, hI (air) 29

• General gas laws for perfect gases

P'V. Wa RT Equation 3-30

Wa p' 144 P' Equation 3-31

p
Va RT ---p:r
1545 144 P' Equation 3-32
R ---;;r-
fiT
~ ~~
Equation 3-33
w 1891 Y dt C
2

Values of C are shown on page .'\-20

Values of Yare shown on page :\-21
Equation 3-34

p'M P'M 2.70 P'Sg

• Equivalents of head loss p = T T
Equation 3-23 1545 T 10.72
and pressure drop
hL P where:
6P na = wa/AJ number of mols of a gas
144

• Hydraulic radius· Equation 3·35

• Changes in resistance coefficient, K,
required to compensate
for different pipe I. D. R cross sectional How area (sq. feet)
TT = \vetted perimeter (feet)
Equation 3·24

Csee page A-lOJ EqUivalent diameter relationship:

0= 4RH
Subscript a refers to pipe in which valve will be installed. J = 48R H
Subscript b refers to pipe for which the resistance coefficient
K was established. ·See page 1-4 for limitations .

.....:. .:.,.:' .. '.",'

.... ~ .. :::.. :..:::...-;'
3-6 CHAPTER 3-FORMUlAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR flOW THROUGH VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
a
Velocity of liquids in Pipe
:

The mean velocity of any flowing liquid can be calculated

from the following formula, or, from the nomograph on the
):
opposite page. The nomograph is a graphical solution
of the formula. =
::
v =
E
(For valucs of d, see pagcs 8-16 to B_I'))
It
The pressure drop per I00 feet and the velOCity in Sched-
ule 40 pipe, for water at 60 F, have been calculated for C
commonly used flow rates for pipe sizes of H to 2-+-inch;
these values are tabulated on page B-I-+.
C
\~. Ii p
C
Qlq
i:
S
II
C.

Example 1 Example 2
)&::
Given: No. 3 Fuel Oil at 60 F flows through a 2- Given: Maximum flow rate of a liquid will be 300
E
inch Schedule 40 pipe at the rate of 45,000 pounds gallons per minute with maximum velocity limited
per hour.· to 12 feet per second through Schedule -+0 pipe. i:
Find: The rate of flow in gallons per minute and Find: The smallest suitable pipe size and the I:
the mean velocity in the pipe. velocity through the pipe.
Solution: Solution:
c:
1. P = 56,02 .............. page .-\-; I Connect
I Read I:
I
-
Connect I
I
Read I 1. I Q = 300 I v = 12 I d = 3.2 Ii:
2. W = 45000
I P= 6. I Q= 100
5 0 '1. 2. 3V2" Schedule 40 pipe suitable g
J. Q = 100 I 2" Sched 40 I v = 10 J. Q = 300 13Y2" Sched 40 I v = 10 i:
I:
Reasonable Velocities II:
For the Flow of Water through Pipe
C
Service Condition Reasonable Velocity
c
Boiler Feed ............ , ....... , .8
Pump Suction and Drain Lines .... 4
to 1 5 feet per second
to 7 feet per second Ja;
General Service ............ " .... 4 to 10 feet per second
City ...... , . , ..... , .. , , . , . , . , .. , to 7 feet per second &:
r;
CRAN E CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR flOW THROUGH VALVES, FlnINGS, AND PIPE
3-7
(I'-
,

' I
,,
Velocity of Liquids In Pipe I
i
I
I
(continued)
It
,f
:VS .5
W Q q
10000 100
40000 .6
8000 SO 1/2
30000
6000 60
.7
20000
40
4000 .S
3/4
30
3000 .9 I,
10000
20
2000
8000
6000
1.0

p
I"
10
4000
1000
800
3000
6
1)4
~3J
il i
L5 :1
1 !I

·600 2000 1\2 L

40 !
I'
400
1000 100
300 SO
;; 800 0
0 "0
60 0
:x: c: '" LL.
;;; 200 .e 600 0
.,<.> 40 "'
-B 2\2
'"
"'<.> <.>
45
Q. :r 30 c:
2.5 .c: .0
c: en :r
en '0
.= u
'0 -:E4OO ;;; 20
<:
0
<:
<:
:r .S c. .,<.> <:
;;;
.," .,-
~300 .,., 15
0 Q.
en
a.. Q.

-; 100 '"
<:
.6 LL. 10 ;;; a..
C. '"
'0 i
11
0
Q. a.. <:
:r
en '" 8 .,., ....
<:>
"0 80 :;; 200 ., 3.5 '0
0
a.. 50

I
.Q

...en
<:
<!> .4 :r 6 3\2
c:
U LL.
:r .e., c:
:r 60
.3
c: 4 <: .,
'0
0
.c: ;i 3 .c: E
J5
f- ~- J5 u
en '" '".,
c:
40 ~ 100 .=! 2 u
-;
0 <:
.2 LL. 0 n;
;i '0 80 a; ., ::
0
55
.=! 30
., '0
., > N
en .ec: .,.
.c:
1
'" 60
LL.
n; n; '0;
-; Il:
a:: .S ;;:
<:
.e 20 I .1 .6 '" e ~
'" 0>40 .4
0
2: 6
Il:
.08 "" Q. 60
30 .3
.06
:::.. .2
10 20
.04
8 .1 a 8 65
.03
6 9
10
.02
10 10 70
4
6
3
.•01 12
.008 14
2
.006
16 15
.004 I
18

.8
.003
20 I'
I
20 I
.6 .fX\2
.8
24
.6 11
.4 25 I,
.5
.001 . ~
.3 . ;;
~ t
,( ,
'

I!
I ,'1.
 Co)
I
Reynolds number may be calculated from the formula (I)
below, or, from the nomograph on the opposite page.
The nomograph is a. graphical solution of the formula.
qp Qp W'
R. = 22700 - - = 50.6 - - = 6.31 - -
d~ d~ d~
(For values of d, see pages n-16 to B-19)
n
x
The friction factor for clean steel pipe can be obtained >-
."
-<
from the chart in the center of the nomograph. Friction m
factors for other types of pipe can be determined by using '"...
I
the calculated Reynolds number and referring to pages
0
A-23 and A-24. -n ~
-. ;;0 c:

q.Q
w
}J d

p
-"'n"
o::s·
('I)
"<
::s
0
Q..
;:
'">-
z0
z
-n III 0

-....."'"
C ~
n 0
Z Cl
0 C '"
>-
."
3 X

f 0 0- '"
('I) 0
"'" .....
(') "'" '"
~

in 0 0
1:
Example 1 Example 2
C "'"
::s r- -<
x

Given: Water at 200 F flows through 4-inch Schedule

40 steel pipe at a rate of 41 5 gallons per minute.
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour, the Reynolds
Given: Fuel Oil No. 3 at 60 F flows through 2-inch
Schedule 40 steel pipe at a rate of 100 gallons per minute.
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour. the Reynolds
- ..a'_.
til
CD
CD
c
Q..
-n
0'"

<
c:
Cl
x
>-
:;:
number, and the friction factor. number, and the friction factor. -.
"'0
"ts
0
.'""'
('I) ~ ~

Solution: Solution: :l
z
Cl
1. p 60.1 0 7 . rage :\-l) 1. p 56 .02 .. pagc A-7 !"
. page :\-3 >-
z
2. ~ 0.3 0 2. ~ 9·4 .pagc A-3
0
."
I
:;
Connect Read Connect I Read m

J. Q = ·P5 p = IWI = 200 000

60.107 J. Q= 100 I = 56.02 I W'
p = 45000
4· W' = 200000 4" Sched 40 I Index 4· \V = 45000 I 21/ Sched 40 I Index
5· Index J1. = 0·30 IR, = 1 000 000 5· Index I ~ = 9·4 I R. = 14 600 n
6. R • -- d-I
1000000 thorizontally
____ Q, _ - 4·03
If -- 0 .017 6. R = I 600
~_ _ _ ~
I horizontally
(0 d = 1.07
I f = 0.03
;lID
~
Z
m

~ "
L
" ft " " " ft " n n ft "
·-U·
00 UfJ .., VI U1I W ft " tV "
. Ell
:.:J
,.... !\.?~
,: ""
 n
q Q TV jJ d ;0

20 000
10 000
8000
Index
Internal Pipe
Diameter, InClles

L~
.2
31'1,5 l>
Z
m
.3
10 000 1/2 .6

'~::
6000
~ 000 .4

IDt'OO'
8
6
4000
3000
4000
3000
2000
H,
IO 00 I
~8

l~==;
.5
.6
.7
.8
3/4
{' .8
.9
1.0
p

r-70
()
:z:
»
."
;;l

~ I
1.0 '"
W
600 I
4 2000 1000 400 I
BOO ,\ l-n/
."
0
3
1000
600
III
200 I
100 I
, ..
1
2
II',4
1.5
65 -n
..,
n
-.
;:IC
C'P
~
c
;
2-t '- 1-3/4
O· -<:s
C/O
800 400 ;;; '"c 601 I 1~ »
<>
~ 40 ' - 1/2 :s 0
z0
600 300 =:: 3 III
Q) OIl
0

,g 200 1\1 1\ .= (1)

0
u.. Q.. z
'" '" -n III
400 ~
300 ::
200 Co

'"
'"c
l-
e: 100 ~\ ,\,' 'I' 4
5
C;
CL
:;:;
'-'
c:

::
2
.=
'-'
-=c:
60
.l:l
:::>
C
n
-+ Z
0
3:
0
G)

'"
'"
<>
~.

'"
.0
60
40 6
c::
0.) Q; 2~ 2.5 .-. c..>
..,0 C ~
."

200 ~ 100 ~ E '\ (.)

.!:- '"
.~ '" n
-... 3 :l:
:::> .\' 7 c:: Q.
Q.
0 C/O
c 80 III
'" z: ID Q. III ::l 0.., 0-
2
co
'\ 8 =
.... 3 3
55
"0
c:: ..,
C'P 0,.,
~ .3 60 '"c OIl

'"c:o 10 \ ~ 0 :::> ::l

'" 100
<!)
'"'" 6
'vj
0
Q)

~ 312
;;;
W
0
0-
c:
tt>
()
(i)
...... ."

0
(.) c
40 '" >. u Q.. 0 ~
.: .2 80 '-:'
~
30
<>
..c
l-
Q)
0::
4 (/J

;;>.
Q)
J:.
'-' 4
E
'"
C
:s
""I
...,.,
en £. !:: :l:

60 ~
~. e: Cl
2 '" 0
2
~ .1 40 <>
20 ~.
~
.01 .02 .03 .04 .0 ID-l :§
0
'" 5
OJ
E '"
OIl
c: ....
Vl
(()
.0
C
c
G)
2 I - Friction (/J N
:IJ Cl :l:

~ .08 '"
31 0::
-:0
LL- .6
Factor for Clean
Steel Pipe
.l:l
«:
en ~
c .c::
C'P 0: <
»
.4
~ .06 10 '0 iU~ '"e: 6 "" "U
-n ~
~
6 '"
20
J 8 '"'" .2 40 E ~
'U
0 !A

<:>-
J .04 0>
6
0::
.1 50
0
z: 7 "'" (() ~ ."

~
.03 0.. Z
60 8 ·B
-i
G)
1O 4 70 l45
.02
8 3 == 80 9
.C/O

»
z
100 10 10 0

'Ol~'
."
."
m
12
.008 4
1 14
.006 3 .8 IDa 16 15 40
.004 2 .6 18·
300
.003 .4 20
1 «10 20
.0024
.3 W
.B 500 24
.2 600 24 -0
.6

'-:':
. :.. ;';"-'-;;;;:':~=~.------.- ..- -.. -~..,..,...-.. -..-~..::..::......:..;;=~'-.-~-- .....,-"_.,. .... . ........._- ..... ~-----.....------.
 Co)

The pressure drop of flowing liquids can be Example 1

-
o

calculated from the Darcy formula that fol-

Given: Water at 200 F flows through 4-inch Schedule 40
lows, or, from the nomograph on the opposite
new steel pipe at a rate of 200,000 pounds per hour.
page. The nomograph is a graphical solution
of the formula. Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe.
()
:J:
jpv jpq~
2
.......
435 0 Solution: >
!;:"P IOO 0. 12 94 -d-
d" ...
"tJ m
I. P 60.107 .................... ["luge A-b
(tI '"
jpQ2 j W2 1.11
!;:"P IOO 0.0216 ~ 0.000 33 6 7P 2. 1.1 0.3 0 .................... ["lug!; A-3 1.11

J. I 0.017 .... Exampk I. page J-H ...C

(tI
(For values of d, see pages B-16 to /3-19) Q 4 15 .......... Example' I. pag!; 3-H
4·
...C0
Connect Read "0
_._.•....
...... - - - - - .__ .... _-
q Q p L::,.P IOO I = 0.017 Index 5'
12 I d
5·
6. Index I
p =

Q =
60.1°7

4 15 Index
I

2
r-
.0'
7· Index 2 4/1 Sched 40 !;:"P 100 = 3.6 c
-,
c.. 0
r- '"
5' -n
5
(tI
VI
~
Example 2
..... ....
:J:

Given: No. 3 Fuel Oil at 60 F flows through a 2-inch ...0 '"0c

Cl
Schedule 40 pipe at a velocity of 10 feet per second. -of :J:

When flow rate is given in pounds per hour (W), use the Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe.
...C-
C <
>
following equation to convert to gallons per minute (Q), c ~
~
or use the nomograph on the preceding page. Solution: (tI -n

I. P 56 .02 ................... page A-7 ....

::::I
~z
W "T1 Cl
Q =-- ~
8.02p 2. Q 100 . Example I. Step 3; page 3-6 0
>
0.03 0 ~ z
For Reynolds number less than 2000, flow is considered
J. I ......... Example 2. page 3-H 0

...
~

laminar and the nomograph on page 3-13 should be used. Connect

j--~-=~.~ . . m

The pressure drop per 100 feet and the velocity in -/-. p = 56.02 j = 0.030 I I ndcx I

Schedule 40 pipe, for water at 60 F, have been calculated 5·

I ndex I Q = 100 1--1 ;~d~~-;----'-
for commonly used flow rates for pipe sizes of VB to
24-inch; these values are tabulated on page B-I4. 6. Index 2 2" Scheel 40 I !;:"P 100 = 10 n
;Q

>
Z
m

n
~,
,,~ ft ~ I ft ft n ft n " " " ~ft
 '/liE"fiI*tR!tift
l , if'.. .-~~;b{[ysrrit><
'
....
, ..' -- lInnUntnr[r If''·~DnDg--l!MTlrlrrr-p;-n----'''c--o·
.~~~ , ~
. 1::.••,...-iJ
:.,'~.~

u
HH&Anlft . H Mi
. \lJ~

"~
-r "IT'' ~~~
. •. .- -
r q Q
''"1' .. lll·

(')
;:0
p l>
50
20 000 z
Index 2 40 m
65 6 P lOU
30
20-+ 10 000
8000
Ii n
:c
30 »
wfGOOO
8 4 !XX)
24
60 .,
'"'0
."
,;;1
6 3000 Cl) '"
w
VI I
VI
Index 1 2 000 0
.<=
'-' .,C '"
16 .3 Cl) 3:
c:
I 0 );:
'0
12 o =>
.4 ., '"
»-
.05 '"'-' 2
0
10 10 :;; 55 ~ CT
!/> .5 0 z
9 -5 .6 'tJ <:>
'"
en
600 S B. -= .0
=>
'""'-
::J
z
0
.04 '"c. 7 '-' '"<=
'0 .8 3:
r- 0
-:;; 400 6 ",' '" => I G'l
"'- 0

'"
u...
.S
300
"'-
a.. '"
'0
a.. .!l '"
»
."
n C :c
.6 '"=>o 0
.03 oS
u
:0
::0
o
a.. §: Q.. '"
200
'"
U- '-' .4 ~
'" 50 '"'"
U- ::l
!::
'"•• 3 E c
'" '" = (1) ::J
.~ o ::=- :=; c.. Cl)
u "
o
100 '"c: '""'- 4
VI
...... -<
:c
U- .2 ::'" o'"
.02 U-
o
80
'"
c: .<=
0.
e 5 .,
0 '"c:0
~ 60 6 C>
""
..
C>
"-. -I :c
'" .I
0:: '" C <
40 ";:; == => »
.015
~
.08 '"'"
'"
10 C'"
C
<
m
30 45 Q. a.. !:"
.06 ~

-
Cl) ~

~
::0
LU.:: ::J
.04 ::;;
.( 20 Z
." G'l
.01 .03 '"c. !:"
<J 0 »
30
.02
10;'" ~
Z
<:>
8~ ~
."
C!l m
6
.01-
4
,,- VS
.008 0
t- 1-40 80
3 ~ 100
.006 0

2 co'"
._=
en""
.004 0:: -;0",
",-
.- =>
'.003 I E'O
'" 1
0- ~'fiL I- 37
en •
 CHAPTER 3- FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
I:
3 - 12
S;
Pressure Drop in Liquid Lines for Laminar Flow
I:
'\
'-=
Pressure drop can be calculated from the formula below, I:
or, from the nomograph on the opposite page, only when
the flow is laminar. The nomograph is a graphical
solution of the formula.
a:
Flow is considered to be laminar at Reynolds number of r:
2000 or less; therefore, before using the formula or nomo-
graph, determine the Reynolds number from the for- Ie
mula on page 3-2 or the nomograph on page 3-9·
~v ~q ~Q
s::
L:::..P 100 = 0.0668 d2 = 12.25 d.4 = 0. 02 73 --;[I
c:
(For values of d, sec pages B-16 to B-19)
s:
Qq
d

s:
s:
s=
)r:.
S;
Example 1 Example 2
&:
Given: SAE 30 Lube Oil at 60 F flows through a Given: SAE 10 Lube Oil at 60 F flows in a 3-inch
6-inch Schedule 40 steel pipe at a rate of 500 gal~ Schedule 40 pipe at a velocity of 5 feet per second. I::
Ions per minute.

Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe.

Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute and the
pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe. c::
Solution:
Solution. I:
I. P 54. 64 ..... PU/.tC ;\-7
I. p 56.02 ............... pu/.tC :\-7
2. Q 115 .. PU/.tl' 3-7
&;
2. J.I. 45 0 .• .• . . . . . . . . . . . puge ;\-3
J. ...... pu/.tc ;\- 3
~ 95 &;
J. R. 55 0 '" ............ page 3-9 -I. R, 1100 . ..... page 3-<)

4· Since R. < 2000, the flow is laminar and the ). Since R. < 2000. the flow is laminar and the c:
nomograph on the opposite page may be nomograph on the opposite page may be
used. used. Ii:
I
Connect I Read Connect I Read
&:
:
5· J.I. = 45 0 I Q = 5 I Index 00 6. J.I. = 95 I Q= I 15 Index
6. Index I 6" Sched 40 I L:::..P1oo = 4.5 7· Index I 3" Sched 40 I L:::..P loO = 3.4 c.:
C;

_)1;
s;::
I:
 CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3 - 13

Pressure Drop in Liquid Lines for Laminar Flow

(continued)

Q If
fJ, LOOO
Index
1000
900 1500
d
800
700 25
24 1000
600 20 6PlOO
20 800
500
18 0.1
600
400 15 16
500
14
110 12 400

10 10 300 .2
alO 9
8 8 200
150 7 .3
150
6 6
.4
lOO 5 100
.5
80 00
4 .6
70 .15 ..<:
~ 00 .7 u
<=
60
50 .8
3 ~
50 .10 .9
40 -0 1.0 '":::>0-
'"'" 2:::>
'"'"u
40 2'h ..<: .08 '"
0
V)

u
'"'" ..<:
.=
u
.:: 30 '"
v>
~
Co
0
'"<= 2 <=
::E .06 ;;; 1.5
II Co

<=
;;; .05 Co
'"c:
-0

~20
",-
:::>
'"
c..:>
",-

Co 1\1 Co
c: .04 '"'" 2
0
a..
,- c: a.. 1.5 a.. 0 1.1.-
20
~
-:; 1\-4 ...
0 :;; 15
<!l .03
u
.Q
c:

'" '"
:; c: :::> Q)

'"u c..:> Q)
15 0 -0 3 1.1.-
'"E 1.0 :i 10 c:

>'" '" .9
u'"
..<:
.=! 8
.02
~-
=
~
0 V)
1.1.-
.=! 4 :;;
10 '":::> -;;; .8 3/4 -:; -:; 1.1.- Co
-.; =: '" '" -:; 5 Co
en 2 .7 N
8
8 .Q
c: '"
7
-<
.6 1/2: cr:: .01 2 6 0

'"'" '"
cr:: 7 ~
:::>
6 .008
~
~ .5 3/8 Z~ 0 8 '"en
~ 9 ~
.006 10 a..
4 .4 .005
1/4
3 .3
.004
15 ~
-1/8 .003 <l
al
2 1.0
.002
.2 .8
1.5 .0015 II
.15
.001 40
1.0
.0008 50
.8 60
.10
.7 .0006
.09 70
.6 .0005 80
.08
.5 .07 .0004 90
100
.4 .06 .0003
~ .1
.3

.2
3 - 14 CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRA NE

Flow of Liquids Through Nozzles and Orifices

Example 2 !::
The iioll <)1' wdtn, <It be r~ through a ()-inch
(;il'('/1·
Schedule -to pipe, is to be: restricted to 225 gpm by c)~
The now o[ liquids through nozzles and
means of a square: e:dged orifice, across which there
orifices can be determined [rom the [al-
will be a differential head of .J. [eet of \\'ater when
lowing [ormula, or, [rom the nomograph
measured ,.!Cross taps locLlted I diameter upstream ~
on the opposite page. The nomograph is
LInd 0, j ~liamC[cr ~1()\\nsLre:lm,
a graphical solution o[ the formula.
Fill,i The size of [he orifice opening,
Soitllioll,
I, P 62·371 . , ['age ,\-()
1.1 .... p.:q~c :\- 3
/6.P
23 6d I-\...
Qf '
\J-p- J. 1<" 1 0 5000 = (1.05 :, 10",)
4· Assume a (3 ratio, say 0.50
), d2 6.065 ...... , . , , .
(,' q Q 6, dl 0.50 d2 = (0,50 x 6.c6,) 3. 0 33
/. c 0.62 . , , ,page .. \-20

Connect Read
8. C = 0,62 Index
Q. Index () = 225 d1 = 3"
10. An orifice diameter of 3 inches will be
satisfactory, since this is reasonably close
to the assumed value used in Step 6-.
11. I [the value of d1 determined from the nom-
ograph is smaller than the assumed vulue
used in Step 6. repeat Steps 6 to 10 inclusive, using
reduced assumed valucs for d1 until it is in reason-
able agreement with the value determined in Step 9.
Example 1 Example 3
Given: A differential pressure of 0.5 psi is meas-
Given: A differential pressure of 2.5 pSI IS meas- ured across taps located [ diameter upstream and
ured across taps located [ diameter upstream and 0·5 diameter Jownstream from the inkt face of a
0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of a l.ooo-inch J.D. square edged orince assembled in
2.000-inch 1.D. nozzle assembled in a 3-inch Schedule [h -inch Schedule 80 steel pipe carrying SAE 30
So steel pipe carrying water at 60 F. lubricating oil at bo F.
Find: The /low rate in gallons per minute. Find: The 1100v rate in cuhie feet per second.
Sallltion: Solution:
1. p 56.02 .................. page :\-i
1. d2 2.900 , .. , ,3" Scheu RO pipe; page 13-16
{3 Z. d2 ,III" Sched KO pipe; page [3-ll)
2. (2.000 -;- 2.900) = 0.69
(1.000 1.2i~) = O.iX,
J. c 1.13 .. turbulent flo\\' a~sllmcJ; rage A-20
4,0 , , , , ' , Sllsp~ct ilow is laminar since
4· p ()2.37 I ...... , . , .... , , ' , ... ' ... rage A-lJ I'iscosit\' i~ high: rage A-J
). C I .0., ,<l"lIIl1ed; page :\-20
Connect I Read
Connect
f· 6.P = 2·5 Ip = 62·371 I hI. = 5. 8 - -!- Read

6. hL = 5.8 Ie = I. 13
I Index 6. 6.P 0.; p = ;6.02 I hr. = 1.1

;. Index Id '= l 2.000 I Q = 215 7· hL 1.3 C = 1. 0 5

- I [ndeX~
8. Calculate Rr based on J.D. of pipe (2.9°0").
8. Index d1 = 1.0 I q = 0.052
9. J.I. I. I ' , , ..... , . ". , , , . , , .. page 1\-3 Q. Calculate R, based on J.D. of pipe (1.278/1).
10. Rt = 2.1 X 105 ................... rage 3-9 10. R, = II 5 ' , , , , , , , .... , . , . , .. , , . rage J-<)
1 1. C = 1.13 correct for R. = 2.1 X 105 ; page A-20 11. C = 1.05 ,correct for H. = 110; page A-20
12. When the C factor assumed in Step J is not 12. \Vhen the C factor assumed in Step 5 is not
in agreement with page A-20, for the Reyn- in agreement with page A-20, for the Reyn-
olds number hased on the calculated flow, the olds number based on the calculated flow, it must
factor must be adjusted until reasonable agreement he adjusted until reasonable agreement is reached
is reached by repeating Steps J to 11 inclusive. by repeating Steps 5 to 11 inclusive.
CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3·15 ?""~
J 'i

I
Flow of Liquids Through Nozzles and Orifices l•

( continued)
d1 p
6P hL Index C q Q 24
1000 27
6000 L24 2000
800
1000 5000 1.2 1500
600
800 4000 1000
800 400
600 3000 l.l 300
600 ])
SOO 15
2000 400 200
400 1.0
300
1500
100
ZOO
80
1000 .9
60
800 100 10
80 40
150 600 30 35
500 .8 60
400 40 20 Q.)
3
.c ::>
u
.:: '"
Q.)
"C
30
:: 0
80 ])0 N .:: ::l; <J) 0

~
N
0
.7
0
u
<1>
10 ;;:; '"u i.J,..
u
60 '"
"0 z: 20 0. c:
::>
0- 200 :§ "0 "";;:; 8 '"
.:: c:
.0
::I
,i
V> c:
50 IJ..
6 0 c..:> ' !
: ..
;;:; '" 0.

150 -; -:;; ",-

'"u to '" ~40

0.
<I)
"C
.::
':::>
-:;;
'"
u.
Q.)

--
'"
u.
u
8
4
3
(.::J

-; -
0
u

~
<I)
"0
.:: .i
100 c: 0 .6 6 '"c: ::I
0
a..
.0
::I
-0
-; 0
a.
~ c..:>
c:: SO ",-
c:
'"::>
<J) ;;; c::
ZO ~ '"
0
...J
~
<1l
0
.s::;
Q.)

E
e 60 .;:; ~ t- ,- 4 i'::
0
"0
2 '" 'on
15 50 '"
<1l Q; u.. 2 1.0 :: Q
~ 45
::'! :c:
.8 -;;;
== 40 0
c.:> '0 ~ c: 0
en .5
::'!
10 Q..
en
30 -<:::
. ~
0
~
'" 1.0
0::
.6
0
I.J...
Q)

c::
.<::

""
i::
.4
'0 '"
3:
8 I .8 .e
"...... 20 v ~
.6 .3 '"
0:: "€
6 Cl..
50
<1 15 .2 2.5
5 .4 0-
4 .4 .3
10 .1
3 8 .2
.08
.06 55
6
2 5 .35 .1
.04
.08
1.5 .06 .03 1.5
3 .02 60
.04
1.0
.3 .03
2
.8 .01
.02
1.5 .008
.6 .006 65
.5 .01
1.0 .004
.4 .9
.008
.003
.006 .8 70
.004 .002
.003
.001
.6

.5
 ....
w

The mean velocity of compressible fluids in pipe can be 0-

computed by means of the following formula, or, by using 1" p
\ll "
the nomograph on the opposite page. The nomograph ..----_.--,
is a graphical solution of the formula.

v = 3. 06 WV 3.06 W
--cJ2P
()
d2 :x:
....m...
>-
(For values of d, see pages B-16 to B-19) '"
'"1
Example 1 <
(l)
0
'"c:~
Given: Steam at 600 pounds per square inch gauge 0 ;:
and 850 F is to flow through a Schedule 80 pipe at a
rate of 30,000 pounds per hour with the velocity limited
to 8,000 feet per minute.
Example 2
Given: Air at 400 pounds per square inch gauge and 60 F
-
Q.
'<
...
0
'"
:.-
z<:>
Z
flows through a I Y2-inch Schedule 40 pipe at the rate of n
0
~
Find: The suitable pipe size and the velocity through
the pipe. 144,000 cubic feet per hour at standard conditions
(14.7 psia and 60 F).
0
3
..
0
Cl
:.-
.."

Solution: ...
"'0 :I:
'"
Connect I Read
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour and the velocity
in feet per minute.
(l)
en
!!!.
.
0

I. H50 F I
vcrticully to I boo psig Soilltion: 0-
(l)
0
~
2. '-bo;-p~ig--rh;;;:'izon~~ll ~- y' -, -v--==- ;.22 I. \\,1 11 000, using Su 1.0 . page 8-2 "TI
....
:I:

J. V = 1.22 I WI ,a 000 1----I~Jex--· 2. p = 2.lb .......... page: :\-10

--1
C
c..
'"c:
0
Cl
:I:

4. Index I \. 8000 I d = 3·7 Connect Read I en <

:.-
5.
b. InJex
4" Schedule 80 pipe is suitable.
I 4" Sched 80 pipe I ~:
---_.
= 7 600
).

4· t p = 2. I

__ . I ndl:x
6 WI
I ;
= I I

~ /I Schl:d 40 1_\_.:=_ 6_000

::J
:t!
"'0
(l)
<
m
~
....
:j
zCl
~
:.-
Reasonable
-------..,.----- - Velocities _
for Flow of Steam Through Pipe
_.... .... _.. _ - - _ ... -_.__ ._-----------------------_.__ .
z
<:>
Condition Pressure Service Reasonable Velocity ~
of (?) ( \ .) .."
m
Steam
~CC[
========i====P=S=ig====~= _.... _._ .... _. __ .
per l\linu[c
o to 25 Heati~~-(short lin~~) I 4 000 to 6 000
Saturated ---------~------------
25 and up Power house equipment, process piping, etc. I 6 000 to 10000
n
.. ~~I~_--_-.?-~-O-a-'n-d-u-p---;;---
--S-u-pe-rh-e-a-te-d-.- __ ----B~lk;:-~nd-~~bi~~-I~ads.~ etc. ______ .~ _ _~O'~~_t~~_~?~__ .. :10
>
Z
m

{"
'_.

" .. " .. """ " ., VI nw()n n " " n n n V1 "n 11 11 n lin Ti "n
;:f""~"Ji.:·i.("fJ""6"~8~~_. _ _ _ ,_. __ _
-...::;::.;;".

'~'.~.:.~.~., .
n
TV d ',;o-~tl'!,,/ jjlQ

Index 1500 .8 »
v P
.9
z
'fie Vol f Steam m
03 1000 LO
4 800
ZO~--~
1.2
600
1.4 n
6 500 :I:
15
400 1.6 ....m~
8 e
1.8 '"
(.)

10-= 10 300 I

8
2 <
(f)
0
'"
"$
200 c
0 ;:
2.5 n
150 ::;: '">
2 :> '< z
~
0
Ll..
2
:>
c
V 100
0
:r
Q; '"'" 3.
....
0 z
0
~
0

3 :;; :i 80
c. ..c:
u
n 0
:> '" 0 (;)
Q

;;;
a.>
c..
60
-c
<=
:> -=
.: ~ 3 '"
...
>
c.
g;
a.>
u..
50
0
0- .; 4.
n
0
a ...
"0
!l)
:I:
'"
0
""'"c 10 .2-
6 0 40 '"
0... 5' CI>
'"
:> 'C c: ~. ~
0
0... '"
-g II
C

'"'"
0
Q;
Cl>
a.. c- o
~
8 c :> .....
'":>'" !l) ....
.,'"E
0
0>- .c :I:
1-~- 1.0 .;:- 0
.c t- ."
'"0c
20 c
t- c
-.
tl)
c C (;)
c
a.>
C .- ~
(;
c a.. :I:
:;:;; .;:- 15 .!: Gi <
co
...'" '-'
0
.2
Ll..

0
C -.
CII

::J
>
~
2 a.> 10 !'"
> 2
,I '" "<:l ::..t! ~

2.5 Q, "" '0 ~

:- (f) Z
(;)
6
.- .'"
.5 >
Z
0
~
;:::

8
10
alD llD 400 500 60ll 700 800 90U 1000 11 00 1.5
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
'0~~~
w
II <0 'V'b 't'
Schedule Number ~
 w

-
C»

The Reynolds number may be determined from the for-

mula below or from the nomograph on the opposite page.
The nomograph is a graphical solution of the formula. W' i' d
The friction factor for clean steel pipe can be obtained ()

from the chart in the center of the nomograph. Friction ::I:

»
factors for other types of pipe can he determined
the cLdculateJ Reynolds number and referring
by lIsing
to pages
..
."
;;::
..,
I
A-23 and A-24.
W' , q',. Sv ."
;:0
(I)
-<
:l
..0
~
c:
R.. = 0·31 'd;;" 0.4 82 '-'d~'- :!. ;en
n
::!'.
2-
Q., »
(Fnr "alm', of d. SL'e pag<:, n··It, to B-I<l) f 0 en Z
:l 0
Z z
." 0
C

- .......
0 ~
Example 1 n 3 0
Q

..,
0 0- '"»...
(jiven: Natural gas at 250 psig and 60 F, with a specific (I)
::I:
Example 2 -.. '"
gravity of 0.75, flows through an 8-inch Schedule 40
clean steel pipe at a rate of 1,200,000 cubic feet per hour Given: Steam at 600 psig and 850 F flows through a ... ...0
0 0
'"
() "0
at standanl conditions (scfh). 4-inch ScheJule 80 steel pipe at a rate of 30,000 pounds ()
ct> 0 ~
per hour. a ....::I:
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour, the Reynolds :::l 3
number, and the friction factor.
Solution:
1. W' 69000, using Sg = 0.75 .. , .puge B-2
Find: The Reynolds number and the friction factor.
Solution:
d 3. 826 .... page 13-17
-
VI
ct>
ct>
...
"0
(I)
III
!!!.
0-
0'"
c
Q
::I:
<
»
~
I.

I" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-5 . page A-2

J:! (I)
.'"
2. 0.011 2. J.l. 0. 02 9 "0
ro ." "
~
Connect Read Connect ___ . . . __. ____·_1_ Read
0
~
z
Q
.'"
). W' = 69000 I" = 0.011 Index J. \\., = ,0 000 r = J.l I0.029 I nLin )-
z
0

oJ· Index 18" Sched 4opi~e IRt = 5000000 -/.

---I~--:Icx'--'r--d = ~'~~'~~~-f/~~-:-l-iOO-O()O ...
~
m

). - 5' oo/·····Tiorizontally-·--·I·j - -0' 014---- ). 1~--~--'---'-I'-"11(;riZo;:;taITY-I--j--~ '0 017- .

Re - 0000 to: 8" J.D. -. e - 1700000 to:d = ).826 -.
- .......... - ..... .._----_._--." .... --.-.... -.- _.

Note: Flowing pressure of gases has a negligible effect

upon viscosity, Reynolds number. and friction factor. n
;Ia

>
Z
m

" "fr ., " " " " " n n n n " "~n TV ?J en VI tV W n " " n t1J W"/1J1l ~ W
 . .·· ....• . . . . : ....... :$r"
-:. .•~ :J;.:~~~~ ~·~t···:·~:...~~_~~~":~-.,- ....·

tar4tD'eiiimfatr ...
.~
_~_M'*·Ni·'iiii.;'I.r..,;.·r·trPitftitt'fft*:£in'±&!eitjF:ti't.+')':i€iij$_f'·,·,~~tk~~~··
_,¥,..I,J'

ll' Index J.L d ;0

»
1000
.3l z
800
600
oW] .4
m

500
.009
400 Internal Pipe Diameter .5
in Inches
300 .01O~ .6 112 n
:c
»
36 .7 ."
-<
200 .011~ m
.8 3/4 '"
<->
.9 I

~;;
:;0
.012~
LO <P 0
"TI -<:::J '"c~
.013

~ro
100 ;; :::!. 0 }:
n
l\~ =-. U>

I~:
0
80 ::c: .014 0... »
1.5 en 0 \It Z
Q:; en
1\2 ~
60 c. Re ~ .015 a.>
.J:: u
:::J
Z
0
z
u 0
"'=>'"c::" c:
50
C ."
10 000 - 1= :;. .016 -cc:: 2 a 3;:

40 8000 4 =
- i-= .-c ....
n 3 0
~
0

-'" 6000
-, 3 - U
:;:; .017
0.> 2\2 .; ... .,0-
0
Q
'"
»
-=:=
<P ."
30 0 4000
3000
2
f=
.-c .018 c.
C>-
C>-

... .....
o .....
:c
U>

"'"c:: 2000
I 1\1 : r- S .019 '; 3 3
o
., .,0 0
2O~ ::
=> \ II 1~ - I- .~ .020
~ 3\~
'"
:; (')
'"
~

0
'" \\ II I
<.>
en a.> -0 (') 0
.J::
~ 1000 1 -:: e '" t'O 0 ~
l- E .c
a
E ~ 800 3/4 ~ :=r- > '" u
(/)
3 -<
:c

..
Q
~ :::J
;; 600 V2 5 ~ "0., '"

IDl i
0
I- '" '"E V\ c
t=. 400 '" '"N <P Q
8 u:: .: 300 ~ .025 '"
c; 6 6 V; <P VI :c
<
CI) ~. »
6 0 :;;- 200 \
7 ro . 0- :;::
5
a.>
':;j
c::
.0
e I.''I~\~'1\ ~
I
8
c
e
'"
~ r0- m
_V>

'"
z: 9 z: "0 ."
."
4 1m! ::t .030J <P
~
'"
31 10 10 0
'0
60 z
~
c Q
c::
::= >.
40 12 ~

'"
c:: 30 14 »
z
2 .035-i 15-+-16
0
20 1\1'1 -0

18 -0

~ 1\ m
10 .040-1 20
8
6 201- 24
.8
.6
4
3
,,"
0045j 30
.5 2
.050
I~
.01 .02 .03 .04 .05
.4 r- Friction Factor for Clean 40-.3
-0
. Steel Pipe
.3

~-===:=-". ------- -·-~-·:::~:-·'~::-~~~~~~~~~'-:'~·:~::·-:·-·;:::::=:==;:-=:i~--~:~·:~.~:~.~:~~:-:~.~:~:"--.-.-.-'.:: ....- -......

-=O'''-- ... ;~.. ;Ii
'·-'""'4il'''''.-fl·-;(M!::
 w
~
The pressure drop of flowing compressible fluids can be o
calculated from the Darcy formula below, or, from the
nomograph on the opposite page. The nomograph is a
graphical solution of the formula.
f \\/'2\1 f W2 6
\\?
6.P JOO 0.000 n 6 - ds -·- 0.000 33 6 --:dbp p r I,
['IOU
()
:x:

f (q.~, )2 S 02
~

l::.P100 0.000 001 959 ~

'"...,
1
(For values of d, see pages 8-16 to 8-19)
...-C
CD
0
When the flow rate is given in cubic feet per hour at CJ1 ~'"
c:
CJ1
>:
standard conditions (q' h), use the following equation or
the nomograph on page B-2 to convert to pounds per
...CD
c:
'">-
z
hour (\\'I').
...C
0
z
0 a
WI = 0.0764 q' h So 1J ~
a
Cl
Air: For pressure drop, in pounds per square inch per ::::J ..,:x:'">-
100 feet of Schedule 40 pipe, for air at 100 psig and 60 n '"
F, see page B-1 5. 0
Example 2 3 0
'"
Given: Natural gas at :~50 psig and 60 F flows through ...CD
1J "TO

0
~
Example 1 an 8-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 1,200,000 standard CJ1
~.
....
Given: Steam at 600 psig and 850 r- (lows through a 4- cubic feet per hour; its specific gravity is 0.75. :x:
,.
0- ac:
inch Schedule 80 steel pipe at a rate of 30,000 pounds Find: The (low rate in pounds per hour and the pres- CD Cl
:x:
per hour. sure drop per 100 feet of pipe. "T1
<
~
0
Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe. Solution: ~ m<
~
Solution: 1. \\'! 69000 using So = 075; page I)-:? !:: "TO

d
::::J ~
1. 3. 826 .. page B-17
J.l 0.011 CD z
2. I)age :\. CJ1 Cl
~
2. J.I 0. 02 9 page :\-2
J. f 0. 01 4 .page )·1<) ~
z
J. f 0.017 .page 3-19 0

\' 1.22 . page 3-17 or A-17 4· P 1.03 .. pagc,\-IO ..,m:l!

4·
.. -----------
Connect Read Connect Read

). \\'I' = 30000 Id 3. 826 Index 2 ,. \\I' = 69000 I8" Sched 40 pipe I Index 2

6. Index 2 If 0.017 . Index I 6. -- Index 2 I f= 0.014 I Index I n

;. Index 1 Iv [,22 I !:::"P
-------------
100 = 7.5 j 7· Index I l __ p__:'.__l:~_J._.6.Ploo = 0.68 ;10

~
Z
m

~ ',-,,'
~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ M " " " " " " " ~ ~ " " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "
CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3 - 21

Pressure Drop in Compressible Flow Lines

(continued)

<::> = lnoH lad spunod 0001 u! 'MOlj fO dt 8H- hi

~~ ggg~~g ~ §~g~~~ ~ :=!OOtDLO~M C'l .-~~~~~ ~ -;

11I1I11"""Jld, I I 1,",I'IIIII,"I",!,I'\,I, 1,1,",1",,1",11".1,1,1,1,1, 1II"I,",!II"I,I.I,I,I,I, 1,111,,1,",111111

I' , I , I (j ( , , , , "II r I I' 1 ' I ' I' ,I I I' , I , I" '1 I I , , , I' I' I' I ' I I I' I' I " I' , , i I
~ ~ ~C'"Jco,......,tD"U") --=:t" (T') N -01oqr---:'-C! U1 ~ ~ C"'!
sa4:lul U! 'ad!d fO JalaWIl!O IIlUJalUl-Ji
4:lUI aJllnbs Jad spunod U! 'laaj 001 Jad dOJO aJnssaJd-'>t'd'V
~ '" (T') qo a.nr..or-oocn:= ~ ~ g ~ ~
I! ,lr!tll!!!!!!!,,!!!!!I!!!!1 I 1,111,1,1 r! 1 ,1!!!I!!!"!!!!"I!!!!,.!!1

N
~-----------------------------------------------------------------
-c
c:

-
~------------------------------------------------------------------~------------
.5
 . £: -
3-22 CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE eRA NE
',~
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids
Pressure Drop, Rate of Flow, and Pipe Size ~

The simplified flow formula for compressible fluids is

c~
accurate for fully turbulent flow; in addition, its use
provides a good approximation in calculations involving Values of (I
compressible fluid flO\v through commercial steel pipe for
most normal flow conditions. II' ('
I
~
If velocities are low, friction factors assumed in the 2500
simplified formula may be too low; in such cases,' the 1500 C
formula and nomograph shown on pages 3-20 and 3-2 I 2000
may be used to p~ovide greater accuracy.
1500
C
The Darcy formula can be written in the following form: II' ('
I II' C
w·{0.00~r,336f)17 = (\\J210-9)(136~bOOf)\' 10 .1 .1 10 1000 1000
.09
.08 900
900
800
C
.07 .15
800
700
600
c;:
The simplified flow formula can then be \'vTitten: .2 700 500 ;;:
.25 400
p ::;
0
.3 ::;
0
600 I::
:t: ::r: llO
Q;
0-
!/)
.4
Q;
a.
!/)
500 2SO !=
-0
c:: ;2
C1 = discharge factor from chart at right. ::::J
0
.5 :5
a
200
t;;:
a... a...
C z = size factor, from table on next page.

.::r
.6

The limitations of the Darcy formula for compressible

flow, as outlined on page 3-3, apply also to the Simplified
'0
~
~ 3.5
til
.015 -
~

'0
!/)
.7
.8
'0
!/)
'0
i'5
!/)
400
ISO
--
'0
tI)
::::J
sa
OJ .9 g
flow formula. ::::J
$
i= .01
.009
(OJ
>
1.0 i=
1XJ
100
90
"i'5
>
C
,S ,-
;;- .008 80
0
w::
.007
1.5
::
.2
u..
70 C
Example 1 2,5 .006 250
'0 '0 60
Given: Steam at 345 psig and ;00 F flows through 8-inch cu
co .005 cu
ro 50 C
Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 240,000 pounds per hour. a:: a::

Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe. :.....

.004 2.5
:.....
alO 40 I:
Solution: C1 .003 30
57
.0025
II:
0.146 25
1.5 150
1.45 .... " .. ,pagc3-17cr 1\-16 .002 20 &;
57 x 0.146 X \.45 = 12
.0015 15 C
8
Example 2 1.0 .001
9
10 100 10
C
.0009
Given: Pressure drop is 5 psi with 100 psig air at 90 F
flowing through 100 feet of 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe.
.9 .0008 I:
.0007
.8
Find: The (low rate in standard cubic feet per minute. .0006 Ii::
Solution: D.P 100 = 5.0
C2 5.17
I:
P 0.564 .,., .... , .. ,.,pageA-IO C;
C1 (5.0 x 0.564) + 5-l i' = 0.545 For C, valuer and an example on "determining pipe size",
W' 23 000 see the opposite page. ( )1;
q'm \\J + (4.58 Sp) ................ page 13-2
q'm = 23000 + (4.58 X 1.0) = 5000 scfm r:
I:
CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FlnJNGS, AND PIPE 3 - 23

Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids

Pressure Drop, Rate of Flow, and Pipe Size - continued

Values of C2

~i~k~:! I ~~b~l: Value

of C, ~~r;k7:! I ~~~b~~ I
Value
of C, ~~r;k7:! I ~~~b~l: Value
of C,
Inches II Inches II Inches
Vs 40 s 7920000. 5 40 s I.S9 16 10 0.00463
80 x 26200000. 80 x
120
2.04
2.69
I 20
30 s
0.00483
O.OOS 04
1/4 40 s IS90 000. 160 3.S9 I 40 x :
0.00549
80 x 4290000. ... xx 4.93 60 0.00612
% 40 s 319000. 6 40 s 0.610 80 0.00700
80 x 718000. 80 x 0.798 100 0.00804
120 1.015 120 0.00926
I/z 408 93500. 160 1.376 140 ; 0.01099
80 x 186100. ... xx 1.861 160 0.012 44
160 430000. ,
'" xx 11180000. 8 20 0.133
30 0.138 18 10 0.00247
405 0.146 20 0.00256
% 405 21200. 60 0.163 .. 5 0.00266
80 x 36900. 80 x 0.185 30 0.00276
160 100100. .. x 0.00287
' .. xx 627000. iOO O.liI 40 0.00298
120 0.252
1 408 5950. 140 0.289 60 0.00335
80 x 9640. ... xx 0.317 80 0.00376
160 22500. 160 0.333 I 100 0.00435
.... xx 114100. 120 0.00504
10 20 0.0397 140 0.0057J
1V. 408 1408. 30 0.0421 160 0.00669
80 x 2110. 405 0.044 7
160 3490. 60 x 0.0514
' .. xx 13640. 80 0.0569 20 10 0.00141

1% 405 627. I
100
120
0.0652
0.0753
I 205
30x
40
0.001 SO
0.00161
0.00169
80 x 904. 140 0.090 S 60 0.00191
160 1656. 160 0.1052
'" xx 4630. 80 0.00217
12 20 0.0157 100 0.00251
2 408 169. 30 0.0168 I 120 0.00287
80 x 236. ... 5 0.0175 I 140 0.00335
160 488. 40 0.0180 160 0.00385
.. xx S99. . .. x 0.0195
60 0.0206
2% 405 66.7 24 10 0.000534
SOx 91.S SO 0.0231 205 0.000565
160
'" xx
146.3
380.0
100
120
0.0267
0.031 0 I .. x
30
0.000597
0.000614
140
160
0.0350
0.0423
I 40
60
0.000651
0.000741
3 40s 21.4
80 x
160
2S.7
48.3
14 10
20
0.00949
0.00996
I 80
100
0.000 S35
0.000972
'" xx 96.6 305 0.01046 120 0.001119
40 0.01099 140 0.001274
31/ 2 40 S 10.0 .. x O.Oll 55 160 0.001478
80 x 13.2 60 0.012 44
4 40 s
80 x
5.17
6.75
SO 0.01416 I Note
The letters s, x. and xx in the col-
100 0.01657
120 8.94 120 0.01898 umns of Schedule Numbers indicate
160 11.80 140 0.0218 Standard. Extra Strong. and Double
'" xx lS.59 160 0.0252 Extra Strong pipe respectively.

Example 3
Given: An 8; psig saturated Solution: f).P 100 = 10 v= 4.4 ....... pagcJ-17or ..\-IJ
steam line with 20,000 pounds C1 = 0.4 Cz = 10 + (0.4 x 4.5) = 5·56
per hour flow is permitted a
maximum pressure drop of 10 Reference to the table of C2 values above shows that the 4-inch size is
psi per 100 feet of pipe. the smallest Schedule 40 pipe having a C2 value less than;. 56.
Find: The smallest size of The actual pressure drop per 100 feet of 4-inch Schedule .joO pipe is:
Schedule 40 pipe suitable. f:::.P 100 = 0.4 x ;.li x 4·4 = 9.3

-I
3 - 24 eRA N E
CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS fOR flOW THROUGH VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
flow of Compressible Fluids Through Nozzles and Orifices

The flow of compressible fluids through nozzles and

orifices can be determined from the following for-
mula, or, by using the nomograph on the next page.
ww c-
V
-r
. g:
The nomograph is a graphical solution of the ~
formula.

==
c:
c:
(Pressure drop is measured across taps located 1
diameter upstream and 0.5 diameter down-
stream from the inlet face of the nozzle or orifice)
Example 2 g:
Given: :\ differential pressure of 3 psi is measured
Example 1 across taps located [ diameter upstream and 0.5 B::
diameter downstream from the inlet face of a 0.75C-
Given: A differential pressure of II. 5 pSI IS meas-
ured across taps located I diameter upstream and
inch I.D. square edged orifice assembled in I-inch s;:
0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of a Schedule -to steel pipe, in which, dry ammonia (NH 3)
I.ooo-inch ID. nozzle assembled in a 2-ineh Schedule gas is flowing at -to psig pressure and 50 F. c:
40 steel pipe, in which, dry carbon dioxide (C02 ) Find: The flow rate in pounds per second and in
gas is t10wing at 100 psig pressure and 200 F. cubic feet per minute at standard conditions (scfm). I:j:
Solution:
Find: The flow rate in cubic feet per hour at stand-
ard conditions (scfh). 1. R = 90.8 }
a;:
Sg : 0.587 ............ for NH3 gas; page A-8
Solution: 2.
a::;:
. I. R = 35.1 } J. k - 1. 29
=
2.

J.
Sg
k =
1.5 16 ............ forCO.gas;pageA-B

1.28 4·
Steps 3 through 7 are used to determine the Y factor.
14·7 = 40 + 14·7 = 54·7
P't = P +
)=
Steps 3 through 7 are used to determine the Y factor. 5· 6.PjP'1 =3. 0 + 54·7 = 0.0549 C
4· P't = P + 14·7 = 100 + 14·7 = 114·7 6. d2 1.049 ........ 1" Sched 40 pipe; page B-16
5· 6.P/P'1 = 11.5 + 114.7 = 0. 100 3 7· i3 0.75 0 + 1.049 = 0·716 c:
Y
6.
7·
d2
{3
2.067 ........ 2' Sched 40 pipe; page B-16
1.00 + 2.067 = 0.484
8.
9· C
0.98
0·71
........................ page A-21
.. turbulent Row assumed; page A-20
c:
8. Y 0.93 ......................... page A-21 10. T 460 + t = 460 + 50 = 510 I::
9. C 1.02 .. turbulent Row assumed; page A-20 II. PI 0.17 ........................ page A-IO
TO. T 460 + t = 460 + 200 = 660 Connect I Read I::
[ [. PI 0·71 ................ , ....... page A-IO
12. 6.P = 3. 0 I PI = 0.17 I Index I r.;:
Connect I Read I 1 J. Index I
IC = 0·71 I Index 2
I;:
[ 2. 6.P = 11.5 I PI = 0·71 I Index I
14· Index· 2 Id l = 0·75 I Index 3
IJ. Index I
Ic = 1.02
I Index 2 [ 5· Index J Iy = 0.98 Iw = 0.145 C
[4· Index 2 I dl = 1.0001 Index 3 16. Index 3 Iy = 0.98 IW = 520
[5· Index 3 I y = 0·93 W = 5000 I C;
[6. q'h 44 000 scfh .................. page B-2
[·7· q'm
W
-8 S = 8
520
8
4· 5 x 0·5 7
= 195 .. page B-2
4· 5 g
I:
[7· Jl 0.018 .................. page A-5 18. Jl = 0.010 ................. " .... page A-5
[8. R. = 860000 or 8.6 x 105 •.•....• page 3-2 19· R, 310000 or 3.10 x loS ...... pageJ-2 I::
[9. C 1.02 is correct for 20. C = 0.702 is correct for
R, 8.6 = x 105 ••• page .A-20 Rt = 3.10·X 105 .. page A-20 c;:
20. When the C factor assumed in Step 9 is not
in agreement with page A-20, for the Reyn-
21 . When the C factor assumed in Step 9 is not
in agreement with page A-20. for the Reyn- )c;:
olds number based on the calculated flow, it must olds number based on the calculated Row, it must
be adjusted until reasonable agreement is reached be adjusted until reasonable agreement is reached J;:
by repeating Steps 9 through 19. by repeating Steps 9 through 20.
:1::
 CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FJnINGS, AND PIPE 3-25

Flow of Compressible Fluids

f Through Nozzles and Orifices
(continued)

61' d1
'I I J IF W 11 C' r p
1.24
600 1000 1.2 .75
3)00 BOO 1.3
500 .B
ZOOO 600 1.1 1.2
400 -400 .9 1.1
300 1.0
1000 1.0 1.0
300 BOO ZOO .9
600 .9
200 400 100 .S .S
300 BO
150 ZOO 60 Y .7
40 .7 1.5
1.0
100 30
100 .6
.c:
u 80 ZO
80
c:
VI 60 .6
'" .9
'" .c:
u 40 ~ 2 .5 0
'"c:r
:::> ..= 10 :::> 0
60 3) 8 0
(l.
IJ..
V> c: u
, 2.5 6 .5
50 Q;
c; ZO ,8 Q; .Q
:::>
Co Co

40 VI

"'":::>
c:
o·
--
0
u

10
4
3
'"'"
IJ..
.4 c.:>
;;;
Co i
u
30 a.. -; 8 2
VI

c: 6
.7 .4 :g 3 "'"c:
:::>
2 £ c.:> 0
u
~ '" (l.

e
20 Cl
E 4 1.0 '"
IJ..
c: .3 c:
'"
Cl 3 .8 c: .35 ",-
;I
~
0
.(;; E :;::
:::> <0 2 .6 c .6
:::>
15 VI
e: '" -04 .25 VI
c
'"~ .4 Q.. >
1.5 '"
c
><
UJ .3 <.> '"
Cl
a.. .3 :c;
1.0 .55 u
10 .8 .2 t '"
a-5 ""
8
.....
" "ti' .6 ~
VI
.2
=='"
<J .5
.4 .1 N'"
N
I~ 6 <:l.
6 0

5 t t
:;
.45
z
"'c:"
4 1.0
"., 0 "'" c
0 "">< .,'"'" 7

-
>< >< :t: <.> u
;;;
3 .9
"''"c" '"c
-0
Q. '"'";;; ..='"
"'" .4 0
"'"'"c
Co

:::>
VI
.£ 9
.8 0
(l.
"'"c c::
2 :::>
0 10 .1
'"
-
0

- .35
(l. '<:j
0
0 c:
:1
1.5 .7
.09
;: ~- '"0
c.:>
0
.2 .08
u:
1.0 .6 -;
2
-
IJ..

2co
3:
.2
IJ..

I 15
.07
'"
0:: 0:: u 16 .0625
I I
.5 3
.:~ ==

~L
..:;, ,
;~
. .

.,=
~
~
'j,--
3 -26 CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE
CRANE

Types of Valves
~-
{For other valve types, see page A-32}

c-)~

C
C
I:
E
~

C
G
Conventionol Globe Valve Conventional Globe Valve Conventional Angle Valve
With Disc Guide
G
g:
~

I:
)1:
C
C
C
I:
I:
V·Pallern Globe Valve
With Stem 4S degrees from Run
Globe Stop-Check Valve Angle Stop-Check Valve Ii
I:
C
J:
t::
I:
)1:
Conventional Swing Check Valve Cleorway Swing Check Volve Globe Type lift Check Valve
I:
:C
 4·1

Examples of
Flow Problems

Theory and answers to questions

regarding proper application of
formulas to flow problems can CHAPTER 4
be presented to good advan-
tage by the solution of practical
problems. A few simple flow
problems were presented in
Chapter 3 to illustrate the use
of the nomographs. Other
problems, both simple and com-
plex, are presented in this
chapter.

Many of the examples given in this chapter employ the basic

formulas of Chapters 1 and 2; these formulas were rewritten in
more commonly used terms for Chapter 3. Use of nomographs,
when applicable, are indicated in the solution of these problems.

The controversial subject regarding the selection of a formula

most applicable to the flow of gas through long pipe lines is
analyzed in Chapter I. It is shown that the three commonly used
formulas are basically identical, the only difference being in the
selection of friction factors. A comparison of results obtained,
using the three formulas, is presented in this chapter.

An original method has been developed for the solution of prob-

lems involving the discharge of compressible fluids from pipe
systems. Illustrative examples applying this method demonstrate
the simplicity of handling these, heretofore complex, problems.

Reynolds Number and Friction Factor

For Pipe Other Than Steel
The example·below shows the procedure in obtaining the Reynolds
number and friction factor for smooth pipe (plastic). The same
procedure applies for any pipe other than steel sLich as concrete,
wood stave, riveted steel, etc. For relative roughness of these
and other piping materials, see page A-23.
Example 4· 1 ... Smooth Pipe (Plastic)
Given: Water at 80 F is flowing through 70 feet of 2. p= 62.220 ................... page :\-6
2-inch standard wall plastic pipe (smooth wall) at J. d = 2.067 ................... page B-16
a rate of 50 gallons per minute.
",. p. = 0.85 ................... pap;e A-3
Find: The Reynolds number and friction factor.
).
R _ 50.6 X 50 X 62.220
Solution: •- 2.067 X 0.85
_ 50.6 Qp R, = 89600 or 8.96 x 10·
I. R ................... page 3-2
•- dp. 6. f = 0.0182 for smooth pipe . .. pa[.lc A-24
 I -
4-2 CHAPTER" - EXAMPLES OF FlOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Determination of Valve Resistance

!
In L, LID, K, and Flow Coefficient Cv "~) ~

Example 4-2 ••• L, L/D, and K from Cy for Example 4-3

I
Conventional Type Valves continued

Given: A 6-inch Class 125 iron Y-pattcrn globe valve

hns a flow coeffIcient, C v, of 600.
Find: Resistance coefficient 1< and equivalent lengths
5· ,
);

Lj D and L for now in zone of complete turbulence. 6. ~ = 2.)) = 150

f for r:raphical solutions
. .... \ of steps 5 thru 7, use I
D 0.017 lpages A-30 and A-31
Solution: I
7· L = 15 0 X 3·826 = 47.8
I. K. Lj D, and L should be given in terms of 6- 12
inch Schedule 40 pipe; see page 2-10. I
4
K= 89 1 d ... page 3-4 or A-31
2.
Cv 2 I
Example 4-4 ••• Venturi Type Valves
3· d = 6.065 ...... page 8-17
D = 0.5054 Given: A 6 x 4-inch Class 600 steel gate valve with I
inlet and outlet ports conically tapered from back
4· K = 89 1 X 1352. 8 = 3.35 jbased on 6'
..... lSched 40 pipe of body rings to valve ends. Face-to-face dimension I
6002
is 22" and back of seat ring to back of seat ring is
L K about 6". I
). ...................... p'age 3-4
75=7 Find: K2 for any flow condition, and LID and L for
6.

7·
1=0.015

.!::D = K1 = l1i. = 223

0. 01 5
for 6.065' I.D. pipe in fully
. {,turbulent flow range; page A-25
flow in zone of complete turbulence.
Solution:
l. K2 , LID, and L should be given in terms of 6-
,
I

inch Schedule 80 pipe; see page 2-10.

).,
8. L = (5)D = 223 X 0.5054 = 113 2. Kl = 8 iT ...................... page A-27
I
K 2=
Kl + sin ~1- [0.8 (I - 3 2) + 2.6 (I - ,62)2]

.B' I
............. page 3-4 I
Example 4-3 ... L, L/D, K, and C.. for
Conventional Type Valves
,6 -- ~
d2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26 I
Given: A 4-inch Class 600 steel conventional angle
valve with full area seat. I
). d1 = 4.00 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valve seat bore
Find: Resistance coefficient K, Aow coefficient Cv , d2 = 5-761 · ...... 6' Schcd. 80 pipe; page 8-17
and equivalent lengths LID and L for flow in zone of I
complete turbulence.. h=0.015 · ........... for 6" size; page A-26

Solution: ,6 = 4.00 = 0 69 I
4· 5-76 1 .
I. K. LID, and L should be given in terms of
4- inch Schedule 80 pipe; see page 2-10. 8 0.5 (5.761 - ·\,.00)
I
tan - =
2. K = 150 iT .................... page A-27 2 0.5 (22-b)
I
V
C = 2~:2 ................... page 3-4 tan ~=
2
.110 = sin ~ approx.
2.
I
L L K K 8XO.015+0.110(0.8xO. 52+2.6xO.52 2 )
K '" 1 D; or 15 '" iT . . . . . . . ..... page 3-4 ).
2 u 0.23 I
(subscript "T" refers to flow in zone of complete
K2 = 1.06
turbulence) I
J. d = 3.826 .................... page 8-17
6. L 1.06 = 70 ... diameters 6" Sched. 80 pipC"
iT ~ 0. 01 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26 D
=
0.015 ) I
fbased on 4" L 70 X 5·761 34 cd
4· K = 150 X 0.017 - 2.55 ..... tScheJ. 80 pipe
i· =
12
= ..... feet of 6" Sch .80 pipe
I
I
CRANE CHAPTER ~ - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-3

Check Valves Reduced Port Valves

Determination of Size Velocity and Rate of Discharge

Example 4-5 .•. Lift Check Valves Example 4-6 ... Reduced Port Ball Valve

Given: A globe type lift check valve with a wing- Given: Water at 60 F discharoes from a tank with
guided disc is required in a }-inch Schedule 40 hori- 11- feet J,verage head to atmosphere through:
zonto.l pipe carrying 70 F water at the rate of 80 200 feet-}/f Schedule 40 pipe
gallons per minute. 6_}11 standarc.l qoo threJ,ded elbows
1_}'1 Ilanged bcill valve having a 1.%'1 di-
Find: The proper size check valve and the pres- ameter seat, I t)" conical inlet, and
sure drop. The valve should be sized so that the }Oo conical outlet end. Sharp-edged
disc is fully lifted at the specified now; see page 2-7 entrance is lIush with the inside of
for discussion. the tank.
Solution: Find: Velocity of now in the pipe and rate of dis-
charge in gallons per minute.
1. Vmin = 40VV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-27 Solution:
0-408 Q VZ V1. h g L
v =--d2- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2 1. h L = K - or v = K ........ page 3-4
2g

" . . . . . . . . . page 3-4

V = 0.408 ~ or Q = 1..451 vd2 •••. page 3-2

2. K=o.) .............. entrance; page A-29

Kl = 600 iT ................... page A-27 K = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exit; page A-29
Kl + {3 (0.5 (I - (32) + (1 - (32)2] A 27
fr = O.OIS
K2 = (34 •• page - ................... page A-26
3· For K (ball valve), page A-1.S indicates use of
~
{3 -- d . • . . . . . • • • . . . • . • . . . • . • page A-26
Formula). However, when inlet and outlet
angles (e) differ, Formula ) must be expanded to:
2

2. d1 = 2.46q .. for 2%" Scheel. 40 pipe; page B-16 K +.8 sin ~ (I - pZ) + 1..6 sin ~ (I _ (32)2
K2 = 2 2
d2 = 3.068 ... for 3" Scheel. 40 pipe; page 8-16 p4
.V = 0.01605 . . . . . . . . . 70 F water; page A-6 4· {3 = dd.. . ! = 2·375 = o.n . . . . . . . . . page A-26
2 3. 068
p=62·305 . . . . . ...... 70 F water; page A-6
5· sin e/2 = sin So = 0.14 . . . . . . . . . valve inlet
fr = 0.018 . . . . . for 27lt or 3" size; page A-26
6. sin e/2 = sin 15° = 0.26 ....... valve outlet

3· Vmin = 40VO.01605 = 5.1 K. = } X .018 + 0.8 X 0.14 (I - 0·77'2) +

7· - 0.77 4
0.408 X 80
v = 3. 0682 = 3.5 ......... for 3" valve _
2._0~X~0_._2_6~(_I~-_0_.~7/~-2~)2 8
0.77 4 = 0 .)- I
.••• vave

Inasmuch as v is less than Vmin. a 3-inch

valve will be too large. Trya 2Yrinchsize.
K = 6 x30fr = 180 X :).018 = }.24
. .. 6 elbows; p. A-29
0.408 X 80 L O.OIS X 2CO X 12 8
6 2 5·35 . . . . . . for 2.H" valve
V =
2·4 Q
= K = f 15 = }.068 = 14·0 pipe; p. 3-4

Based on above, a 2H-inch valve in-

stalled in 3-inch Schedule 40 pipe with
8. Then, for entire system (entrance, pipe, ball
valve, six elbows, and exit), li
n"
reducers is advisable. li
K = 0·5 + 14.08 + 0.,3 + 3.24 + 1.0 ~ IQ.4
I:
2.46q
{3 =-68 8 9· v = V(64.4 x 22) + IQ.4 ~ 8.5 ""

4· =0.0 'I
:
0 3. Q= 2.451 x S.5 X 3.0682 a 196
(32 = 0.64 10. Calculate Reynolds number to verify that fric-
tion factor of O.OIS (zone of complete turbu-
{3~ = 0·41 !
lence) is correct for How condition ... or, use "vd" I
scale at top of Friction Factor chart on page A-25.
K 600x.018+.8 [0·5(1-0.64)+(1-0.64)2]
5· 2 = 0.41 vd = 8.5 x 3.068 = 26
II. Enter chart on page A-25 at vd = 26. Note f
K2 = 27 for 3-inch pipe is less than 0.02. Therefore,
now is in the transition zone (slightly less than fully
6
6. 6.P 2 IS X 10- X 2i X 62.105 x 802 = 2.2 turbulent) but the difference is small enough to
3·068~ forego any correction of l\.. tor the pipe.
!

_.... -.
.. .....:.... ....

'Lei
 4-4 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS
eRA NE

Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe

In Row problems where viscosity is high, calculate the Reynolds

Number to determine whether the Row is laminar or turbulent.

Example 4-7 Example 4-8

Given: S.A.E. 10 Lube Oil at 00 F Ilo\\'s through thl: Given: S.:\E. ,a Lul--c: Oil ,It IOc) I~ is Ilo\\'in!.!; ,It
system described in Example .j.-O at the same Jif- the rate of llOO harre:s per hOll r l hrollgh "co reet
ferential head.
of S-inch Schedule .j.0 :'ipe. in '.\hich an S-inch con-
ventional globe valve ·.;.ich full ,lrea scat is installed.
Find: The velocitv in the pipe and rate of flow in
gallons per minute. Find: The pressure drop due co 1I00v through the
pipe and valve.
Solution:
Solution:
v2
I . hL = I< -2g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . page 3-4 .::.P = 8.82 :< 10-6 t\.p[32
d4 ........... page 3·4

V = V2~L R _ 35·4 pB
e - dJ.L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2

Q
V = 0.408 d2 .................... page 3-2 1<1 = 340 iT ......... '..... valve; page A·27

Q=2-45 IVd2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe; page 3-4
dvp
Re = 124 - j.I. '" ................. page 3-2 _ 64
.f - R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe
_ 64
/ - R. . ......... pipe, laminar flow; page 3-2
S = 0.0 I b at 60 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·7
K =fD-L .................... pipe; page 3-4 S = o.qo at 100 F . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-7

2. 1(2 = 0.58 " . . . . . . . . . . . . valve; Example 4-6 .... . 8" Sched. 40 pipe; page B.17

K = 3. 2 4 ............. 6 elbows; Example 4-6 j.I. = 470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-3

K = 0·5 .............. entrance; Example 4-6 iT = 0.014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26

K = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exit; Example 4-6
J. p = 62·371 x 0.0:: = ;6.1
P~54.64 ..................... pageA-7
R• 35·4 X (;loo X ;:0.1 8 c:
j.I. = 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A.3 = = 3I
hL = 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 4.6
7.q81 X 472

R. < 2000; therefore tlow is laminar.

c:
3· *Assume laminar flow with v = ;.
64
a::
f ~ - ~ 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe
R
•=
124 x 3. 0 68 X; x 54.64
100 = 1040
- 3 18
c:
K1 = 340 x 0.0[4 = 4·7() '" ......... valve
f = 64 + 1040 = 0.062 .............. pipe I::
K 0.062 X200 X 12 8 _ I"' =
0.20 X 200 X 12 .
= bOo I.j. . . . . . . . . pipe
7.q81
= 3.068 =4·, ......... pipe Ie:
K= 48.5 + 0.58 + 3.24 + 0.5 + 1.0 I< ~ 4· 76 + 60. 14 = 04.Q ....... total system
I::
K= 53. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . ........ entire system tJ.p = 8.82 X 10-6 X 04.0 X 50. I X 600 2
f·
4· V = V 64 .4 X 22 =
53·8
5.13
~P = 2.85
;-.q8[4 C:
I::
5· Q = 2·451 X 5.13 X 3.0682 ~ 118
*Noce: This problem has two unknowns and, therefore. requires
a trial.nnd.error solution. Two or three rrinl assumptions will ~
usually bring the solution and final assumption into agree.
ment within desired limits. I::
It
CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-5

Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe - continued

In Row problems where viscosity is high, calculate the Reynolds

Number to determine whether the Row is laminar or turbulent.

Example 4-9

Given: S.A.E. 70 Lube Oil at 100 F is (Jowing

through 5-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 600
gallons per minute, as shown in the following sketch.

5" Class 150 Steel Angle

Valve with full area
seat-wide open
5" Class 150 Steel Gate
Valve with full area
PI seat-wide open
1 Elevation 50'

50'
ifFW\';:
_
~-=:::::~~ ______~~---______~,~~______-4__-1 Elevation 0
i
' - - - - - - - 1 7 5 ' - - - -...- - 75' 'II

Find: The velocity in feet per second and pressure

difference between gauges PI and P~.

Solution:
0.408Q 50.6 X 600 X 56 . 1 8
[. v= -d-2- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2 4· Re = = II
5.047 X 470

_ 50 .6 Qp Re < 2000: therefore flow is laminar .

Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2
- dp.
64
due to flow; page 3-4 5· f = -- = o.oSq
1055 liS

.1P = hLP loss due to elevation change; page 3-, 6. Summarizing 1< for the entire system (gate
14.j. valve, angle valve, elbow. and pipe).
2. K1 = Sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . gate valve; page A-27 K = (8x 0.016) + (150 x 0.016) + (20 X o.olb)
K1 = 150fT .......... angle valve; page A-27 (0.08Q X 300 x 12)
+ -'..:..-.:....:....::::.....:..:...!...:....::...:..:..:.::..:.. = bb·3
1< = 20 fr ............... elbow; page A-29 5·047

I< = f ~ . . ................ pipe; page 3-4 v= 0.408 x 600 = 9.6

7· ;.047 2

f -- b4
Re ................... pipe; page 3-2
.1P = 18 x 10 -~ x 66.) x 56. I x 6002 + 50 x 5b. I
8.
d = 5.047 . . . . . . 5" Sched. 40 pipe; page B-17 5.0474 144

S=0.qI6at60F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-7 .1P = 56.6 ........................ total

S= O.qo at 100 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-7

p. = 470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-3

p - 62.371 X o.qo = 56.1

iT ~ 0.016
4-6 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS eRA N E

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems

Example 4-10 ... Piping Systems-Steam Example 4-11 ... Flat Heating Coils-Water
Given: 600 psig steam at 850 F !lO\vs through ..j.oo Given: Water at 180 F is Aowing through a Aat
feet of horizontal 6-inch Schedule So pipe at a rate heating coil. shown in the sketch below, at a rate
of QO,ooo pounds per hour. of I 5 gallons per minute.
The system contains three qo degree weld elbows 4" r
ha ving a rebt ive radius of J. 5, one fully-open 6 x 4-
inch c::!ass 600 venturi gme valve as Jescribed in
EXclmple ..j.-4, and one 6-inch Class 600 y-pattern 1" Schedule
c
globe valve. Latter has a seat diameter equal to O.q
of the inside diameter of Schedule So pipe, disc
l' .0 Pipe
c
fully lifted.
Find: The pressure drop through the system. 4" r I"r
c
Solution: c;
Find: The pressure drop from Point A to B.
28 x 10- 8 1<W V 2
.I. uP = d4 . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-4
Solution: I:
2. For globe valve (see page A-I7), 8x 10-0 KpQ~
[ . ~p =
i
d4 . . . . . . . . . pa.:c 3--+
£;
_ 1<\ + f3 [0·5 (I - f32) + (1_/3 2)2]
K2- f34
_ 50 .6 Qp s:;
K\~55IT
R C - d
ll
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pa~c '-2
f3 = O.q I:
K IT ....... 90° weld
1<=115 . . . . . . . . . . . . straight pipe; pa~c ;-f
]. = 14 elbows; page A-29
~
E< = I~ ................... pipe; page 3-4 rid = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe bends
)E
.. - /
W' ...... 90° benJs; page :\-29
R. = 6.3 I dJ.l ................... page 3-2 ~
4· d = 5.76 I . . . . . . 6" Sched. SO pipe; page B-17 K8 = (n-I) (.25 rrlr 2+·5 K 9O) + 1<90 £
v= 1.216 .... 600 psi steam, S50 F; page A-17 ....... 180° bends; page :\-~9

J.I = 0.027 .................... page A-2 I:

2. p = 60·57 · . . . . . . . . . water, ISO F; page ;\-6
IT = 0.0 [ 5 .................... page A-26
11 = 0·34 . . . . . . . . . . . water, ISO F; page A.-' I:
). For globe valve,
d = 1.04C) · ..... I" Schell. -+0 pipe; page B- I 6
l
.~ 55 x .01 5 +.q [.5 (I - .0 2) + (I - .02)2] Ie:
'2 =
.q4 JT = 0. 02 3 · ..... 1" ScheJ. 40 pipe; page A-26

K2 = 1.44 R. = 50 .6 x ("i X 60.5i - I:

J. =1.3XIO·
1. 0 4Q X 0.34
6·31 x 00000 . ~
6. Re = = 3.05 x [0
I = 0. 02 4 ........................ pipe
E
5.761 x 0.027
I = 0. 01 5 ................ pipe; page A-2S '
I'- =
0.024:~ 18 X 12
= ..j..O..j. Ill' straight pi!,e
E
I.04Q
x 400 X
1< = 0.015 5.7 6
I
12
= 12·5 . . . . . . . . pipe
K = 2 X I.J. X 0.023 = o.O..j. . . . two 90° hcn-ls E
E< - 3 x 14 5 ~ 0.63 4· for seven [80° bends,
X O.QI 3 elbows; page A-29
E
...... 6 X 4" gate valve; Example 4-4 KI1 = 7[(2-1) (0.25rr x 0.023 x ..j.) +

Summarizing K for the entire system (globe (0·5:< 0·32) + 0.32] = 3.87 I:
i·
valve, pipe, venturi gate valve, and elbows), ). KTOTAL = 4·04 + 0.b4 + 3. 8 7 C).45
=
E
K ~ 1.44 + 12.5 + 0.63 + 1.44 ~ 10 6. ~p = 18 X Ic-~ x l).4S x 60.57 :< 15 2 = 1.91
p,
s. uP = 28 x 8
10- X I 6 X 02 X
5.7 614
8
10 X I. 2 I 6
1.0..j.L)4

,
AP - 40.1
,
CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES Of fLOW PROBLEMS 4-7

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-12 ... Orifice Size for Given Example 4-13 ... Flow Given in International
Pressure Drop and Velocity Metric System (51) Units-Oil

(;irl'n, ,\ 1:'.-inch Scheclule -+0 steel l-'Ipe llo !"eet Given: Fuel oil with a density of 0.8 15 grams per
long, contuinlng ;1 stanclurcl gme I'ull'e 10 reet I'rom cubic centimeter and a kinematic viscosity of 2,7
the I.:nUClnCC, ,..II>churc-;cs lYJ F Iluter to ;ltmosf,hcrc centistokes is !lowing through 50 millimeter I D,
i'rom u rcscrl'()iI" The cnuance projects inward into steel pipe (30 meters long) at a rate of 70 liters per
the re5C["\'011' unci its center line is I:: i'eet hcloll the second.
Ilater !e,'el in the resen'oir,
Find: Head loss in meters of fluid and pressure
Find, The diameter of thin-plate ori flee that must
drop in kgjcm2, bar, and megapasca\ (MPa).
be centrally installed in the pipe to restrict the
\'elocity of flow to 10 feet per second when the gate Solution: I. Define symbols in SI units as follows:
\'ail'c is \I'ide open, A .. ,cross-sectional area of pipe. in meters'
Solution: D ... internal diameter of pipe. in meters
~ 2ghL g ... acceleration of gravity = 9.8 meters/sec/sec
[. hL = K - or System K = -2- , , . ,page 3·4 h L . .. head loss. in meters of fluid
2g V
L . ' . length of pipe. in meters
R. 12]·0
= -"---''----'-
dvp q ... rate of flow. in meters3/second
.. , .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2
J..I v ". mean velocity of flow. in meters/second
p . , ,fluid density. in gmms/eentimeter~
2. K = 0.78 .............. entrance; page A-29 ::"p (kg/em2) ••• pressure drop. in kilograms/centimeter'
K = 1.0 · .................. exit; page A-2? ::" P (bar) ..... pressure drop. in bars
::"p (MPa) .. ' . pressure drop. in megapaseals
Kl = 8fT · ............. gate valve; page A-27
. L 2. Use metric-imperial equivalents as indicated be-
K=f75 .................... pipe; page 3-4 low and on pages S- I 0 and B- [ I .
3. d= Il.q38 ..................... pipe; pageB.17 meter (I) = 3.28 feet = 30· 37 inches
fT = 0.01 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26 bar = 0.q8067 x kg/cm 2
p = 62.]7 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·6 megapascal = 0.oq8067 x kgjcm2
JL = 1.1 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-3 A column of fluid one square centimeter in cross-
R,= I2].QX 11.038 X lOX (n·3,1 = 8.4X 10 5 sectional area and one meter high is equal to a
4· pressure of 0.1 p kgjcm2; therefore:
I.I
~P (kgjcm 2) equals ... 0.lp hL
f = 0.014
.................... page A·2S
:::.P (bar) equals ..... 0.C)8007 .:lP (kgjcm 2)
5· Total K required = 64.4 X 12 + 102 = 7.72
.:lP (MPa) equals .... 0.oC)8007 .:lP (kgjcm~)
K,= 8 x 0.013 = 0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . gate valve

I< = 60 x 0.014 = 0.84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe q 7 X 10-3 ,

3· v=-;\=(11' +
• . =3.5bb
4) x 50· x 10-"
Then, exclusive of orifice,
... page 3-2
I<total = 0.78 + 1.0 + O. I + 0.84 = 2.72
6.
R. = 774 0 X JO·37 D X 3. 28v = Dv X lo'i
I<orifice = 7·72 - 2·72 = 5 v v
- I "7 {3~ ...... page 3-Z
7· I'nrilicc ~ C~{3'1 ............ page ,-\-20
0.050 X 3·56b x loS h b 4
8. Assume {3 = 0., .. C = 0·7 page ;\-20
R• = = v. X 10
2·7
then I, ~ 4.\ .. .{3 is too large f = 0.023 . ............•••.... page A-ZS
9· Assume {3 = 0.l15 .. c= 0.67 page ;\-20
then " ~ ,. I .. f3 is too small hL =f L v
2
= 0.023 X 30 X J.5()\)2 = 8.95
[0, Assume {3 = o.b, C = o.b~h ..
page A-ZO
.j..
D 2g 0.050 X 2 X l).8
then " ~ ;.8 .. lise {3 = 0.b8
. .......••••••• page 3-4

I [ . Uri nee size ~ I 1.931:) X o.()t\ = H.l" j,P (kgjcm 2) = 0.1 X 0.8 15 x 8.0; = 0.729
uP (bar) = 0.<)8067 x 0.72<) = 0.715
uP (MPa) = 0.oq8067 X 0./2l) = 0.0715
:.
\.
,I.,
."
4-8 CHAPTER .. - EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS eRA NE

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-14 ... Bernoulli's Theorem-Water

Giuen. Water at 60 F is Rowing through the piping

system, shown in the sketch belov,', at a rate of
400 gallons per minute. IT = 1)1)11)

5" Welding Elbow 5" Schedule 40 Pipe P, ,13 = 4·016 = 0.80

-/-.
5. 0 47

10-----150' - - _ Z2 - Z( = 75 - 0 = 75 fect

5" Schedule 40 Pipe

_+-__-L--I'+~-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _EI~vation Z,.::.0 VI = 10.08 , .. 4" pipe, pat:\c B·14

5
N
X 4" Reducing Welding Elbow Vz = 6.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S" pipe, page 1\·[4

Find: The velocity in both the 4 and ,-inch pipe

sizes and the pressure differential between gauges
p( and P 2 ,
). For Schedule 40 pipe,

Solution:
R< = 50.6 x 400 x 62·37I
-
,
= 2.05 x ,0-'
4·02l) XI, 1
I, Use Bernoulli's theorem (see page 3-2) : . . . . . . . . . . 4" pipe
2
"" 144 PI v (
L.\ + -P-- + 2g
I
R. = 50 .6 x 400 x 62 371 = 2.27 x 10-'
Since, p( = P 2 5.047 X 1.1
. . . . . . . . . . 5" pipe

1=0.018 .4 or 5" pipe; page :\-25

0.oI8x225xI2
2, , ............. lpage 3·4 6. K = or
5·047 '

_ 50 . 6 Qp K =q.6 . . . . . . . for 22 S' of 5" Scheel. 40 pi pe

R . . . . . . . . . . , ......... page 3·2
• - d}J.
0.oI8x IIOX 12
L I( = or
K =175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·4 4.026 '

K 5-q
IL small pipe, in terms of
= . . . . . . . for 110' of 4" Sched. 40 pipe
K = D{34 . . . . . . . . .. { larger pipe; page 2·ll
With reference to velOCity in 5" pipe,
K = 14 IT . . . . . . . . . . . . 90° elbow; page A·29
K2 = 5.q .;. 0.84 = 14.4

reducing 90°
. . . .. { elbow; page A·26 I< = 14:< 0.016 = 0.22 ....... 5" 90° elbow

Note: In the absence of test dara for increasing elbows, the reo 0.3 62
sistance is conservatively estimated to be equal to the summation I"/' = 0.22 + -0.184 = 0.54 .... 5x4" 90° elbow
of the resistance due to a straight size elbow and a sudden
enlargement.
7. Then, in terms of 5-inch pipe,
. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . page A·26
KTOTAL = q.6 + 14.4 + 0.22 + 0.54 = 24.8

J. p - 62·371 ........... , ....... page A·6

8.
p. - I. I . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . , .... page A.3

..... ,4N Sched. -to pipe; page B-17

9·
 CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-9

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-15 ... Power Required for Pumping

Given. Water at 70 F is pumped through the piping For 500 feet of 3-inch Schedule 40 pipe,
system below at a rate of
100 gallons per minute. Elevation =. _400'

r Schedule 40 pipe 3rr--- I<

And,
= 0.021 X 5CO x
3.008
[2
= .J.! .oll

KroTAL=2.16+0.14+27.0+410b+1 =71.4
Four 3" Standard 90'
Threaded Elbows , __ 0.00250 X 71...). x 1002
8. hu = 21
Elevation =, . 0 3. 0684

9· H=400+21=421
------70' ----I
2\1" Globe Ult Check Valve with wing-guided disc
installed with reducers in 3" pipe bh = 100 x 421 X 62.3 0 5 = 15.2
P 24700 x 0.70
Find: The total discharge hcad (H) at RO\ving condi-
tions and the brake horsepower (bhp) required for a Example 4-16 .•. Air lines
pump hm'ing an efficiency (e p ) of 70 per cent.
Given: Air at 65 psig and 110 F is flowing through
Soltllion: I. Use Bernoulli's theorem (see page 3-2'1: 75 feet of I-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 100
V2 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm).
'"' 14-+P 1 1 '"' 144P 2 V 2Z '
-I + -P-- 2g = -2 + -----;;;- + 2g hL
I
T T
Find: The pressure drop in pounds per square inch
2. Since PI = P 2 and VI = V2, the equation can be and the velocity in feet per minute at both up-
rewritten to establish the pump head, H: stream and dO\vnstream gauges.
Solution: I. Referring to the table on page B-1 5,
IH (PI - P z)
p read pressure drop of 2.21 psi for 100 psi, 60 Fair
0.0025Q I<Q2 at a flow rate of 100 scfm through 100 feet of I-inch
J. hL = d4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-+ Schedule 40 pipe .
2. Correction for length, pressure,
dvp
R, = 123.Q-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2 and temperature (page B-15):
}L
60
0-408 Q 6P = 2.21 (75) (100 + 1.J..7) (4 + 110)
v= d2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page - 1
J-_ 100 65 + 14·7 520
6P = 2.61
bhP = QH p
247000ep ................ pageB-9 J. To find the velocity, the rate of flow in cubic
feet per minute at flowing conditions must
4· K = 30 fr ........... 90° elbow; page A-:9 be determined from page B-15.
K 1 = 8 iT ............ gate valve; page A-"27
q
m =
q
'm ( 7P) (4 52 + t)
I.J..
1.J.·7 +
60
0
K =iDL . . . . . . . . . . . . straight pipe; page 3-4
At upst ream ~all~e:

K = [.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exit; page A-19 60

qm = 100 ( 1.J..7 ) (4 + 110) = 20.2
1.J.·7 -I- 6 5 52 0
5· d = 3.068 ...... 3" Sched. 40 pipe; page 8-16
At downstream ~au~c:
p = 62.305 ................... page A-6
}L = 0.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-3 qm = 100L4'7+~:;~2.6IJ(46~:~ 10) =20.9
fr = 0.018 ................... page A-26
.j..
\:
v = qA.. .................... pu~e 3-2
0.408 x 100
.. ~ 6. V = 3.0682 = 4.33 A::o.oOQ .................... pllgcB-16
5·
i V = 20.2 "" 3367
x 3. 068 4· H X 62.3 0 5 6.
~ R,= 123·0 X
=I.[X[O
•
0.000
..... at upstream ~nugc

t* 0·Q5
v= 20·9 "" 3483
f
l ;~ '-'.'

7· I<
=

=
0.021
4 X 30 X 0.018
................... page A-25
= .2. [6 .. four 90° elbows
0.006
... at downstream gauge

.:~~, K 1= 8 X 0.0 [8 = o. [4- .......... gate valve

lift check valve with
.~'''()I':: Example -1-16 may also be solved by use of the pressure
drop formula and nomograph ~hown on pages 3-2 and 3-21
rc!<pcctivc\~' or the velocity formula and nomograph ~hown
. :':,1,
~,,,! .
.......... , {reducers; Example 4·5 on pages 3-2 and 3-17 re!<pectivc\y .
4 -10
B: -
CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS CRANE

~
Pipe Line Flow Problems

'f'~
Example 4-17 . .. Sizing of Pump for Oil Pipe Lines ~

Given: Crude oil 30 degree :\P[ at 15.6 C with a viscosity ~

of 75 Universal Saybolt seconds is flowing through a 12-
inch Schedule }O steel pipe at a rate of 1900 barrels per
hour. The pipe line is 50 miles long with discharge at an
a:
elevation of 2000 feet above the pump inlet. Assume the
pump has an effiCiency of 67 per cent.
c:
Find: The brake horsepO\ver of the pump.
a:
Solution: a:
JLpB2 j Equation 3-5 on pagc 3-2 s;:
l. 6P = 0.0001058-r or. after com'crting l3 to Q,

t = 1.8 te + }2
). use nomograph on page 3-II

........... pagc B-IO

.::
Bp
.... page 3-2 or 3-11
t;:
R. = 35·4 dp.

hL = 1446P A=
... page 3-5
p
QHp If+=
brake horsepO\ver = _~-.C..-_ ... _.. pagc 13-9
247000 e p
I;:
2. t = (1.8x 15.6) +}2 = 60 F
J. p = 54. 6 4 - - ... pagc 13-7 F
4.
S = 0.8762
d = 12.09
.. pagc 13-7

__ page B-17
-=
B
d5 = 25 8 30 4

5. 75 USS = 12.5 centipoise ....... pagc 13-5 C

35·4 x 1900 x 54. 6 4
6. Rc =
12.09 x 12.5
= 24300 C
/', J= 0. 02 5 .. page A-25 a:
8. 6P = 0.000 10,8 x 0. 02 5 x 50 x 5 280 X 54.64 X 19002
I::
258 304
6P = 533 Ii:
9· h L = 144X533
6
-
= 140 , I:
54-4
10. The total discharge head at the pump is: a;
H = 140'5 + 2000 = 3405
a;
fl. Q = C9~bhl) (~I) (6~) = 1330
I:
12. Then. the brake horsepower is:
I:
133 0 X 340 5 x 54·64 = 1496' ,orsav 1500
247000 x o. 6 7 •
~
a;
&;
 CRANE CHAPTER" - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-11

Pipe line Flow Problems - continued

Example 4-18 ... Gas

,~
Given: A natural gas pipe line, made of 14-inch
Schedule 10 pipe, is 100 miles long. The inlet 9· q'd = (449
0000 3
(t ) (24
I 000000 hr day
*) = 107.8
pressure is I JOO psia, the outlet pressure is 300
psia, and the average temperature is 40 F. 10.
R = 0.4 82 q' hSO ra~e 3-2
e dJ.1.
The gas consists of 75% methane (CH), 217c
ethane (C 2 H s), and 4% propane (C 3Ha). [ I. J.1. = 0.011 ... estimated; rage :\-5

12.
R, = 0.4 82
4490000 x 0.693X
Find: The flow rate in millions of standard cubic 13.376 x 0.011
feet per day (MMscfd).
R, = 10 190000 or 1.019 x 1'0 7
Solutions: Three solutions to this example are I]. f = 0.0128 ... page A-25
presented for the purpose of illustrating the varia-
tions in results obtained by use of the Simplified 14. Since the assumed friction factor (j = 0.0128)
Compressible Flow formula, the Weymouth for- is correct, the flow rate is 107.8 MMscfd.
mula, and the Panhandle formula. If the assumed friction factor were incorrect, it
would have to be adjusted and Steps 8, 9, 12, and 13
repeated until the assumed friction factor was in
reasonable agreement with that based upon the cal-
Simplifled Compressible Flow Formula
(see page 3·31 culated Reynolds number.

I Weymouth Formula
I. q'h =
11 4 .2\j
1[(P\)2 - (P 2)2J d5
fLmTSg (.ee page 3·31

2. d= IJ.376 pnge 8-1H

d5 = 4 2818 5
3. f = 0.0128 turbulent flow assumed; page A-25 16. d2• 667 = 1009
4. T = 460 + t = 460 + 40 = 500
5. Approximate atomic weights: 17· q' h = 28.0 x 1009 I(13 00 2 2
300 ) (5 20)
-
'\j 0.693 x 100 500
Carbon. . . . .. C = 12.0 q' h = 4 380000
Hydrogen. . .. H = 1.0
6. Approximate molecular weights: 18. 'd = (4380000 ft3) (24hr) = 105.1
/' q 1 000 000 hr day
Methane (CH4 )
,'-;'
M = (1 X 12.0) + (4 x 1.0) = 16 Panhandle Formula
., (.ee page 3-3)
Ethane (C 2H6)
PI
M = (2 x 12.0) + (6 x 1.0) = 30 19. q',.= 36 .8 Ed2.6182 [(
)2
1 Zm (Pi 2
)2J 0 5394
•

Propane (CaHa)
20. Assume average operation conditions; then
M = (3 x 12.0) + (8 x 1.0) = 44
efficiency is 92 per cent:
Natural Gas E = 0.92
M = (16 x 0.75) + (30 x 0.21) + (44 x 0.04)
21. d2.6182 = 889
M = 20.06, or say 20.1
S = M (gas) = 20.1 = 06 I (13002 - 3002) 0.5394
7· M (air) 29 . 93 ... pa~c 3-5 22. q h = 36.8 X 0.92 x 889
g 100
q' h = 5 57 0 000
8. I ~ (13 002 - 3002 ) 428 185
q = 114·2
h
0.0128 x 100 x 500 x 0.693
q' h = 4 490 000
2].
q
I d == (5 000 000
I
5iO ft3) (24 hr)
ooollr day
= 133.7

..,,
,
! .:
I;'

:11
 4-12 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS
CRAN E

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems

Example 4-19 ... Water

Given: Water at 60 F is flowing from a reservoir ,_0.or8xroxr2_ ~

/'\. - 68 - 0./0 .. 10 feet. 3" pipe
through the piping system below. The reservoir has 0 3.
a constant head of [ [.5 feet.
Water For 10 feet of 1-ineh pipe. in terms of 3- inch
at 70 F pipe,
11.5' / Standard Gate Valve· i'Jlde Upen
/ I< = o.org x 10 x [2 =
·3" Schedute 40 Pipe 1. 06 7 x 0.6i rO.g
Z" Schedul e 40 Pipe

3" Miter/.•
Bend
JLIO' --011._--- 20' _ _ _ _ ..j
For 1-inch exit, in terms of 3-inch pipe,
1< = 1 + 0.67 4 = 5.0
Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute. For sudden contraction,
/ _ 0·5 (I - 0.67 2) (I) _
J'\.2- 6 -1.37
O. 74
Solution: I. . page 3--+

and. KTOTAL = 0.5 + 1.08 + 0.14 + 0.70 +

_ 50.6 Qp lO.g + 5.0 + 1.37 = Ig.7
R• - dlJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2

{3 ~ d1/dz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26 ). Q = Ig.65 X 3. 0682 V 11.5 + Ig.i = 141

2. K = 0.5 · .............. entrance; page A-29 (this solution assumes flow in fully turbulent zone)

K = 60fr . . . . . . . . . . . . mitre bend; page A-29 6. Calculate Reynolds numbers and check friction
factors for Amv in straight pipe of the 2-inch
· ............. gate valve; page A-27 size:

· ............. straight pipe; page 3-4

R - 50 . 6 X 141 x 62·371 = I.q6 x 10.
e - 2. 06 7 X I.I

f = 0.021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-25

.... sudden contraction; page A-26 and for flO\v in straight pipe of the 3-inch size:
R = 50 .6 X I.J.I x 62·371 _ 10.
small pipe. in terms of
. . . . . . . . . . .. {larger pipe; page 2-5
e
3·00'8 x 1.1 -l.3 2 X

f = 0.020 .................... page A-25

K=":'
{34
exit from small pipe
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. { in terms of larger pipe
i· Since assumed friction factors used for straight
pipe in Step 4 are not in agreement with those
J. d = 2.067 · ...... 2" Sched. 40 pipe; page 8-16 based on the approximate How rate, the K factors for
d = 3.068 these items and the total system should be corrected
....... Y Sched. 40 pipe; page B-16 accordingly.
J.I.= 1.1 ....................... pageA-3
K -_0.020XIOXI2 = 0·7
8
.. 10 feet, 3" pipe
p = 62.37 1 .................... page A-6 3. 0 68

IT = 0.01<) · ............. 2" pipe; page A-26 For 20 feet of 2-inch pipe, in terms of 3- inch
pipe,
iT = 0.018 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3" pipe; page k-26

4· {3 = 2. 06 7 + 3.068 = 0.67 K = 0.021 X 20 X 12

4
=
12.1
2.067 x o. 67
• . . . . . . ..•........... 3' entrance
and, KTOTAL - 0.5 + 1.08 + 0.14 + 0.7 8 +
K = 60 X 0.018 = 1.08 . . . . . . . 3" mitre bend 12. I + 5.0 + 1·3 7 ~ 21.0

K 1- 8 X 0.018 = 0.14 . . . . . . . . . 3" gate valve 8. Q - Iq.65 X 3.0682 V II.) + 21 - 137

 CRANE CHAPTER ~ - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-13

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-20 . .. Steam at Sonic Veloci~y

Given: A header with 170 psia saturated steam is feeding

a pulp stock digester through }o feet of 2-inch Schedule
40 pipe which includes one standard 90 degree elbow and a
fully-open conventional plug type disc globe valve. The
initial pressure in the digester is atmospheric.

Find: The initial flow rate in pounds per hour. using

both the modified Darcy formula and the sonic velocity and
continuity equations.

Solutions-for theory. see page 1-9:

Modifled Darcy Formula Sonic Velocity and Continuity Equation.

l. .... page 3-4 9· vs = V kg 144 P' V page 3-3

V d2
W= .... Equation 3-Z; page 3-2
... pipe; rage 3-4
0.0509 V
10. P' = P'I - 6P
2. K I = 340 fT ........... globe valve; page A-27
P' = 170 - 1 33·5 = 36.5
K = 30 fr ............. 90° elbow; page A-29 6 P determined in Step 6.
K = o. 5 ..... entrance from header; page A-Z9
II. hg = 1 196 .. 170 psia saturated steam; page A-14
K = 1.0 .......... exit to digester; page A-29

J. k = 1.297 or say I. 3 ................ page A-9 12. At 36.5 psia. the temperature of steam with
total heat of 11<)6 Btu/lb equals 3 17 F. and
d = 2.067 d2 = 4.272 ... 2* pipe; page 8-16
V = 12.4 ............. pages .\-13 and A-16
fr = 0.01<:) '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26
I J. Vs = "';1.3 X 31.2 X 144 X 36.5 X 12.4
VI = 2.673 8 ......... , ......... page A-14
Vs = 1652
0.01<:) X }O X 12 , .
~ 4· K = 6 = 3·3 I ....... 30 feet. 2 pIpe 16 52
.£ 2.0 7 W = X 4·272 = 11180
:.i 0.050<:) X 12.4
K I = 340 X 0.01<:) = 6.46 ...... Z" globe valve
K = }O X 0.01<:) = 0.57 ........ 2" 90° elbow
NOTE
and. for the entire system.
In Steps II and 12 constant total heat hg is assumed.
..:.; K=3·3 1 +6.46+0.57+0.5+ 1.0= 11.84 But the increase in specific volume from inlet to outlet
requires that the velocity must increase. Source of the
6P 170- 14.7 155.3 kinetic energy increase is the internal heat energy of
5· -
P'! =
170
= -170
- = 0.914
the fluid. Consequently. the heat energy actually de-
6. Using the chart on page A-22 for k = 1.3. It IS creases toward the outlet. Calculation of the correct
found that for K = 11.84. the maximum hg. at the outlet yields a flow rate commensurate with
the answer in Step 8.
6P/P'\ is 0.785 (interpolated, from table on page
A-n). Since t:,.P/P'I is less than indicated in Step
5. sonic velocity occurs at the end of the pipe. and
t:,.P in the equation of Step I is: •
6P = 0.785 x 170 = I J3. 5
interpolated from
7· Y == 0·710 . . . . . . . . . . . .. {table; page A-12

~
.) 8. 13J.5
W= 189I xO,7IX4.27 2 8
II. 4 x z.
68
73
W = 11780
4- 14 CHAPTER" - EXAMPLES OF fLOW PR08l~MS CRANE

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-21 ... Gases at Example 4-22 ... Compressible Fluids

Sonic Velocity at Subsonic Velocity

Given: Coke oven gas having a specit1c gravity of Given' Air at a pressure of 19.3 psig and a tem-
0.41., a header pressure of 11.5 psig, and a tem- perature of 100 F is measured at a point 10 feet
perature of 140 F is flowing through 1.0 feet of 3- from the outlet of a ~2-inch Schedule 80 pipe dis-
inch Schedule 40 pipe before discharging to atmos- charging to atmosphere.
phere. Assume ratio of specific heats, k = 1·4· £
Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per
20' of 3" Schedule 40 Pipe
minute (scfm). £
Solution:
I
E
I
1. q'm = 678 Yell f6.P p ragc 3-4
\j K T t So E
Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per K=j.!:: raf.(C 3-4
. hour (scfh). D ~
2. pIt = 19.3 + 14·7 = 34.0
Solution-for theory, see page 1-9: C
J. 6.P= 19.3
I Yd 2 f6.P P't pa~c 3-4
q 40 700 \j K T t So d d2
I. h = = o.qb = 0.2981 . page 8-16 S
D = 0.0455
K=f.!:: paf.(c 3-4

2.

J.
pIt
f
=

=
D
125 + 14.7
0.0175
= 139.7
..... page .'\-25
).

6. K
f =

=
0.02 75

j'!::'
D
=
.. fullv turbulent flow: page A-25

0. 02 75 x 10= 6.04
0.0455 .. for pipe
,
&;

K 1.0
Note: The Revnolds number need not be cal-
culated since' gas discharged to atmosphere
K
=

= 6.04 + I = 7.04
. for exit: page A-29
.............. tmal
)1
through a short pipe will have a high R" and
flow will always be in a fully turbulent range,
6.; = 19·3 = 0.5 68
I
in which the friction factor is constant. 7·
P 1 34. 0
4· d = 3.068 d2 = 9.413 ...... page 8-16
8. Y = 0.76 ........ page A-22
I
D = 0.2557
9· TI = 460 + tl = 460 .;. 100 = 560 I
5·
K = j'!::'
D
= 0.0175 x 20 = I. 6
0.2557 3 9 .. for pipe
10. q' m = 678 x 0.76 x 0.29 81 f 19·3 X ~4.0 I
K = 0.5 .......... for entrance; page A-29 \j 7.04 x 5 0 X 1.0

K = 1.0 q' m = 62.7

.............. for exit; page A-29 I
K = 1.369 + 0.5 + 1.0 = 2.87 ...... total

6.P = 139·7 - 14·7 = 12 5. 0 = 08 I

6.
Pll 139.7 139.7' 95
7. Using the chart on page A-n for k = 1.4. it
I
is found that for K = 2.87. the maximum
6.Pj P't is 0.657 (interpolated from table on page I
A-n). Since 6.PjP'l is less than indicated in
Step 6. sonic velocity occurs at the end of the pipe I
and 6.P in Step 1 is:
6.P = 0.657 Pil = 0.657 XI 39.7 = 91.8 I
8. Tl = 140 + 460 = 600
............. {interpolated from
9· Y = 0.637 \table; page A-22
10. q'h is equal to:

~
91.8XIJ9.7
4 0 700 x o. 6 37 x 9·~ 13 8 7 X 6 00 X 0.41
1.

q' h = 1 028 000

 CRANE CHAPTER" - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4 -15

Flow Through Orifice Meters

Example 4-23 ... Liquid Service Example 4-24 ... Laminar Flow

/ njluu' I'ruhl,,,,s ",hat' rhe riscoslfy l.\ hl~h. t'"hdtlr,'

Given: A square edged orifice of 2.0-inch diameter
is installed in a -t-inch Schedule -to pipe having a
mercury manometer connected between taps located
I diam~ter upstream and 0.) diameter downstream.
Find: (al The theoretical calibration constant
for the meter when used on 60 F water and for the
flow range where the orifice Row coefficient is
constant . . . and (bl. the flow rate of 60 F water
when the mercury deflection is ..J..4 inches.
Solution - (a)
rh,' I<l'"nu/tls nllmhcr rtl ./damllll' rhl' rYI'e ," ·/UI,..
CI!'en. SAE 10 Lube Oil at 90 F is !lowing through
a i-inch Schedule -to pipe and prouuccs G~ psi pres-
sure differential between the pipe taps of J. :.15-inch
J.D. square edged orifice.
e Find The flow rate in gallons per minute.
Solution:
I. . page ,-i or 3-15

1. Q= 23 6 d/ e ~ 6.pP . pagc 3-5 or 3-15

ragt: ,-2 or J-x

R= 50 . 6 Qp page 3-2 or 3-X

, dj.l 2. j.I = 38 ...... suspect lamtnar no\). "agt: ;\- J

2. To determine differential pressure J. d2 = }.068 {'age B-It)

across the taps, d1 2. I 5
6.P = 6.h m p 4· J; = }.068 = 0·70
12 X 144
where: ~hm = differential head in inches of mercury ). e= 0.8
... fpagc .\-20: as'umed value
based on lan,inar Ilow

]. The weight density of mercury under water 6. S = 0.876 at 60 F "age .-\-7

equals Pw(SHO - Sw), where (at 60 F): S = 0.87 at 90 F page ;\-7
Pw = dcnsit\· of water = 62·371 .. page :\-b 62..+ xo.87
/ . p = = 54.} "a~.\C ;\-7
SHu = specific gra\'ity of mercury 13.57 .. page ;\-7
Su: = specific gravity of water 1.00 .. page .'\-11 0
8. Q= 2}6x 2 .15 2 XO.8 1 .4 = 75
Andpof Hu under HzO = 62.371(13.57 - 1.00) \j 54· 3
4·
= 784lblft3 R _ 50 . b x 75 x 54.} 1768
9· r- }.068 x 38
6.P = .6.h m (7 84) = 0 . ..J.54.6.h m
).
11. 'l( 144 10. e= o.g for R. = I 768 page .-\-20
6. d2 = 4. 026 . page B-17 Since the assumed e
value of 0.8 is not cor-
d1 1..00
rect. it must be adjusted by repeating Steps
7· - = -- = 0·497 ), 8, 9, and /0.
d2 4.026
8. e= 0.625 ................ page A-20 II. e= 0.87 .... assumed rage A-20

9· Q= 2}6 X (2.0)2 X 0. 62 5 10'4~4 .6.h m 12. Q= 2}6Xl.L5ZXO.87\jlo.4 = 81.5

\j 2·34 54· 3
Q = 50.4" 6.h m .... calibration constant _ 50 . 6x8 1.5X 54·}_
I J. R, - 68 8 - IQ20
Solution - (b): 3. 0 x 3

10. Q = 50.4"'; 6.h,n = 50.4" 4.4 = 106 e = 0.87 for R, = 1920 rage :\-20

II. J.I.=t.1 .......... . ... palle A-3 Since e

= 0.8i is correct for the tlow, the
Row through the meter is 81.5 gallons per
R _ 50 . 6 X 100 X 62·371
minute.
12.
• - 4.026 x t. I
.~ R. = 75500 or 7.55 x 10~
I]. e = 0.625 is correct for R. = 7.55 X 10 4, per
~ page A-20; therefore, the flow rate through
the pipe is 106 gallons per minute.
:tC... · 14. When the e
factor on page A-20 is incorrect,
for the Revnolds number based on calculated
flow, it must b~ adjusted until reasonable agree-
~ ment is reached by repelJting Steps 9, 10, and 12.

~
h........________~_____
4 - 16 CHA~TER ~ - EXAMPLES Of FLOW PROBLEMS eRA NE
8:
~
Application of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems
):
..

Example 4-25 ..• Rectangular Duct &Z:

Given: A rectangular concrete overflow aqueduct. 25 feet ~
high and 16.5 feet wide. has an absolute roughness C~) of
0.01 foot.
B:

::::::::::::::::::::::::~16.5' wide
a:
a:
II::
Find: The discharge rate in cubic feet per second when
a:
the liquid in the reservoir has reached the maximum height
indicated in the above sketch. Assume the average tem- a:
perature of the water is 60 F.
Solution:
a:
l.
19
2
hL=v2 CKe+Ka} =v (Ke+ fRL)
19 4 H 5·
-
R/ i -
2
16.jXlj
(lb.5+lj)
.
f
=-J.·97 t. -=c:
2. v=.!L 6. Equi\'alent diameter relationship:
A D = -J.Rf{ = -J. x -J..97 = 19.88 .............. page 3-5
d = .j.8R II = ..J.8x..J..97 = 239.............. page 3-5
E:
J. . ..... page 3-4 1::
7· Relative roughness, E/ D = 0.0005 .. page .\-23 II:
8. f = 0.017 ....... . 'fullv turbulent flow
. .. , assumed: page ,\-23
a:
200
9· q = 8.05X25 X 16·5 0.017 X 1000 a:
19. 88
q= 30 500
a:
where; K, = resistance of entrance and exit
K. = resistance of aqueduct
10. Calculate R. II:
and check, f = 0.0 17 for q = 30 500 cfs flow.

To determine the friction factor from the Moody

II. p = 62·371 ... " .... page .\-6 a:
diagram, an equivalent diameter four times the
hydraulic radius is used; refer to page 3-5.
12. )J. = I. I .... page .\-3
D:
R = cross sectional flow area
H wetted perimeter
I

14·
J. R, __ 473

f =
X

0.017
30 50 0 x 62.3i1
4.97
R,= 164 000 000 or 1.6.j. x
XI.I

...... for
lOS

calculated R,; page A-H

-=
IiJ:
... page 3-2
15. Since the friction factor assumed in Step 8 liZ:
and that determined in Step 14- are in agree-
4. Assuming a sharp edged entrance, ment, the discharge flow will be 30500 cfs.
K = 0.5 .......... page A.29
D:
16. If the assumed friction factor and the friction
Assuming a sharp edged exit to atmosphere, factor based on the calculated Reynolds num·
K = 1.0 .......... page A.29 ber were not in reasonable agreement, the former
Then, resistance of entrance and exit, should be adjusted and calculations repeated until
K.=0.5+ 1.0= I.; reasonable agreement is reached.
 CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4 - 17

Application of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems - continued

Example 4-26 ... Pipe Partially Filled

With Flowing Water

Girm: \ GIst il"On I'if'c is t\\"O-thirLls full of stcJeiy, I I). The cn)';'; ,e(tional Ilu\\' ,1I'ca elju<tls:
uniform ilu\\ in'.!; \\<lte!" ll):) Fl.Thc I,ipc h~lS eiJl insielc
LiiellllCter ()l' ' .. inches em" a slope ()r %-inch I,er
rout. \!otL: the sketch Lhat rollows.
\'later
Surface .. x ]2C.2 ,
II. - - . - - = .. C)

Hl
.--t 11"

A
6 ----
-....8~-~T-"I___
1',
4" 24"
1.0. C.;-) .
12. hI. = ~h = - - - = Q.olH) rt ~'cr It
12
\ . I 1?1i
~ C"
I]. The wetted perimeter equals:

'TI 7r d (218. 94 \
300 )

Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute. ~" ,,(218.

_.. 94 ) = ..).9 in.
360
Solution:
" ,hL D
I. Q = 19· 6 5 d- \ / L

Since pipe is flo\\'ing partially full an equi\'ulmt

diameter based upon hydraulic radius is suhstituted [5. Lqui\'aknr Jiameter d=-+8Rf[ ...... .... page 3-5
for 0 in Equation I (see page 1--+). d = -+8(0.580) = 27.::)
D = -l-Rf{ . ........................... rage ) - 5
16. Relati\'c roughness ~ = 0.00036 ..... page .-\-23

Q-_ 6- d~\j-n- IhL 4 R /; d" IhI_ RII

2. 19·) = 39·, -\j-jL- f = O. GI 55
........... [assuming fully turbu-
17· !,lent Row; page /\-23

J.
cross sectional flo\\' area
Rll = --;'ettedperimeter-- ........ page 3-5 18. Q= 39 3 X 408 ~-0.0625
----
xO.'i80
0.0155 X I
Q= 2-l- seo gpm

R..= -R -;;=
473Qp Qp
.J.. 1. 8 54 Ru;; ........... page 3- 2 19. Calculate the Reynolds number to check the
H friction factor assumed in Step 17. i\ I
i<
; ..
20. p = 6z.3i 1 · ..................... page A-6 ,
). Depth of flOWing water equals:
21. J'=1.1 · ..................... page A-3
..:. (24) = 16 in.
3
R = l.oQX24 500x62'1~ .,
22.
6. Cos (j = ±r = -±-
12
= 0.333 • 0·5 8o XI.1
R, = 2 520000 or 2.52 X 10 6
(j = ;-0°31'
23, ! = O.CI 55 · ..................... page A-24
i I
0: = 90° - ;-0°32' = 19°28' = 19.47°
.11
24· Since the friction factor assumed in Step Ii i'
\
.-.rea\. -
r _ 7r d~ [180 -;- (2 x IQ.4i)] and that determined in Step 21 are in agree- 'I
7·
4 360 ment, the flO\v rate \vill be 24 500 gpm. .l

r\
1r24~
rea C.' = --l--
(2 360-
\8.94)
= 275 ..,
In- 25. If the assumed friction factor and the friction
.j factor based on the calculated Reynolds num-
8. b = 'I'r~ -4~ = \ 12~ - Ib = \1.31 in. ber were not in reasonable agreement, the former
should be adjusted and calculations repeated until
9. Area A = :\rea 8 = !:? Lt b) = ~,~ (4 x I I.) I) reasonable agreement is reached.
Area :\ or B = n.b in~
4 -18 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS
eRA NE
a::
Determination of Boiler Capacity ECl=
~'
.' :-'!o-.~

~
Example 4-27
.::
Given: A steam boiler operating at
steam has a maximum capacity of
300
100,000
psia saturated
pounds per
c:
hour.
a:
Find: The boiler capacity in both kilo Btu per hour and
in boiler horsepower. B:
Solutions: II:
Kilo Btu per Hour:
a:
1. Boiler capacity -. rage B-ll
a:
2. hg
hg
= total heat of steam
= 1202·9 Btu/lb
_pageA-15
a:
J. hI
hI
= heat of liquid
= 394. 0 Btu/lb
- .. _... _page A-15 -=
a:
4·
B '1
01
.
er capacity =
100000 (1202.9 - 394. 0 )
1000 a:
= 80 890 kilo Btu/hr )::

Boiler horsepower
Boiler Horsepower:

= W (h g - hI)
-=
a:
5· . - - - I'age B-1!
97 0 .3 x 34.5

6. For values of h g and hr, see Steps 2 and J. lit:

7· B01'I er horsepower =
100000 ( 1202·9 - 394. 0 ) II:
97 0 .3 x 34.5
= 2420 It
g:
at
•a:
..
It

t II;
It
 A-l -rT
•

Physical Properties of Fluids

and Flow Characteristics of
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
I
I'
APPENDIX A
I
I

The physical properties of many commonly used

fluids are required for the solution of flow problems.
These properties, compiled from many varied refer- ';

ence sources, are presented in this appendix. The

convenience of a condensed presentation of these
data will be readily apparent.

Most texts on the subject of fluid mechanics cover in

detail the flow through pipe, but the flow character-
istics of valves and fittings are given little, if any,
attention, probably because the information has
not been available. A means of estimating the re-
sistance coefficients for valves, deviating in minor
detail from the standard forms for which the coeffi- : ;

cients are known, is presented in Chapter 2. ! !

;!
! ~
1i
The Y net expansion factors for discharge of compres-
sible fluids from piping systems, which are presented
here for the first time, provide means for a greatly
I
simplified solution of a heretofore complex problem.

,
;.,I
J

, l..
~

i
A-2 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Viscosity of Steam and Water

T,· 111 IJ. \·i"·I>,il'· or SI"a", alld Wain -Ill (:"lllipoiSl'iJLi

r .. _~:iaJ
'2
psia
-.J
pSia _ .
-I' _;~~\)aJ. 2()
p:-;ia
.i()
p:-'liJ I:~~~ I. -':~i(~l
';()o
p~la
I
1000
,,~i;j
I '2000
p~la
.-,O()O
p:-.ia
7.i()()
p:-.ia
I<HHHI
p~la
I 1'2()(H I
p,ia
, 1

, .667
Sat. water .52,~ .388 .:313 .255 .1'.17 .IM . l:lll .111 .0')4 .078
Sat. steam. 0 10 .010 .011 .012 .012 .0 l:l .01-+ .015 .017 .019 . ()2:l
1500° .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .(){2 .(m .(H2 .(){-+ .1){6 .04!l .();')()
1-+50 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .(HI .(J41 .(J4:! .W;) .Wi .O·N
I.j.()() .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .0:39 .039 .m9 .040 .040 .042 .(){-+ .(J47 .044
1350 .038 .038 .038 .038 .0:18 .m8 .038 .O:18 .0:18 .038 .0:19 .041 .04-+ .(H4
.0-+6
1300 .037 .037 .037 .037 .O:17 .o.n .037 .O,)? .O:17 .037 .0:18 .040 .0-+:) .04S .048
1250 .03S .035 .035 .035 .035 .035 .0:15 .036 .O:l6 .036 .037 .039 .0-+2 .045 .O-l8
1200 .034 .034 .034 .0:l4 .O:l4 .O:l4 .O:l-+ .0:34 .0:l5 .O:l,~ .036 .031l .041 .WS .0-l8
1150 .034 .034 .034 .0:l4 .O:l4 .0:l4 .034 .O:l-+ .03-+ .m4 .O:l4 .O:l7 .041 .045 .044
1100 .032 .032 .032 .032 .O:l2 .032 .032 .032 .033 .033 .0:14 .o:n .040 .045 .0.')0
1050 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .032 .032 .m:l .036 .0-+0 .0;')2
.047
1000 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .0:10 .030 .030 .031 .0,,2 .03;) .0-+1 . OS.')
.W9
950 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .030 .031 .m:; .0-+2 .052 .0;')')
900 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 028 .028 .029 .m5 .0-+,,) .OS7 .064
850 .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .027 .027 ..027 1 .027 .028 .035 .052 .064 .070
800 .025 .025 .025 .02.1 .025 .02.1 .025 .025 .026 , , .026 .027 .0-+0 .062 .071 .07.')
7.10 .024 .02-+ .02-+ .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .025 I .02.1 .026 .057 .071 .078 .081
700
650
.023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 I .024 .026 .071 .079 .08.1 .086
.022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .023 .023 .023 .082 .088 .092 .0')6
600 .021 _021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .087 .091 .096 .101 .104
.5.10 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .019 .09.~ .101 .IO.~ .109 .1 J:3
500 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 _018 .018 .103 .105 .1l1 .11-+ .119 .122
-+50 .018 .018 .018 .018 .017 .017 .017 .017 .115 .116 .118 .123 . p-
~,
.131 .1.35
.j.()() .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .131 .132 .13-+ .138 .143 .147 .150
350
300
.01.1
.014
.01.1
.014
.015
.014
.015
·014
.015
.014
.015
;.Ql!
.015
.182
.132
.183
.153
.183
.154
.184
.155
.18,~
.160
.190
.16-+
.194
.168
.198
.171
.201
II:
250 .013 .013 .013 .013 .013 .228 .228
200 .012 .012 .012 .012 .300 .300 .300
.228
.300
.228
.:101
.229
.301
.231
.303
.23.1
.:106
.238
.310
.242
.313
.:2+.')
.:116
II:
J.50 .011 ill 127 .427 .-+27 .427 .-+27 .427 .-+27 .428 .429 .-+31 '-+3-+ ,-+:17 .43')
100
.::;0
.680
1.299
.680
l.299
.680
l.299
.680
1.299
.680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .681 .682 .683 .683 Ii;
1.299 l.299 l.299 1.299 1.299 1.298 1.296 1.289 1.28·~ 1.279 1.275
32 1. 75:) 1.7.::;3 1.753 1.-_75:3
.... _"
1. 753
. -- -. . -- 1.753 1. 7.~3

Values directly below underscored viscosities are for water.

1.752 1. 7.~ I 1.749 I. 74.~
@)
I. 7:l:l
.........
Critical point.
1.72:3 I. 713 1. 70;')
a
II:

-=a:
..
Ii:

..
II:

iii:
)1;
II:
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of fLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES. fITTINGS. AND PIPE A-3

Viscosity of Water and

, - Liquid Petroleum ProductsH.12.23

4000
!
3000 21
1
2000 19 \ \
17
18 ~ , \
\
Ii
1000 .\ \ 1\ ,
1. Ethane (C,H,J

2. Propane (C.,H ,)
800 ,
600 \ 3. Butane (C,H III)
\ \ \ \ \
400 \ \ 4. Natural Gasoline

300 \\ 1\ \ \ 5. Gasoline

200
161\ \1\ \ \ i\ 6. Water

I
\ 1\)\ \ \ \ 7. Kerosene

100 I 13 1\ f\ l\ \ \ \ 8. Distillate
80 ; ,I
<l.)
(/)
\\.,\.
I
, , 9. 48 Deg. API Crude
0 60 1\ 1\ \....\:
L\
, I
Cl.
, , 10. 40 Deg. API Crude
c 40 12 \ 1\ \ \ _\ \ \
<l.)
, \
u
c:: 30
..........
f\ '\\ \ \ 11. 35.6 D.. g. API Crude

"' 1\ \\ 1\ \ \
I

c 20
I
, 11"-... 15 ~ 1\ 12. 32.6 Deg. API Crude

(/)
0
,
14 l"- I'\, .~
\ \ \ 1\ .'. 13. Salt Creek Crude
u
(/)

> 10 10
'" '" f'.... ~ ~f\ \ ~\ \ 1\ 1\ ! 1 ;
14. Fuel 3 (Max.)
I 8 . IL I 15 . Fuel 5 (Min.)
:::I.
6 i
I
8"
('..

,"."" \ \'1. L\
\
I

, ;
16. SAE 10 lube (I 00 V.I.)

...''''~~ L\ \ \ 1\ :_\ I

4 i"-
;
9
-- ~ 1-
l' ~~'\ \ 1\\ \ \ 1 \ ; ,
; 17. SAE 30 lube (100 V.I.)
3
'" i ' ~,,~ \ ~ J\~
i
i'-1' i 18. Fuel 5 (Max.) or
\ [l' i
2 Fuel 6 (Min.)
l' I' \ ~
~" 1\ \ t\ \!\ \\ 1 i
1.0
, 61 . . . . . . .
..........
, I
, ~ "",~ \ j~ \\ ~
19. SAE 70 lube (100 V.I.)

20. Bunker C Fuel (Max.) and

.8 5 M.C. Residuum

.6 :-..
b, ~
"'I'.' "- "" ......
~'\.l\.
\ \
\ \
21. Asphalt

.4
.3
.2
,
3-
4_
r--
---- r- ...
1- ...
~,

r-....: I
I l'.,
I~
"" r--.
"
'\r-.
..... I
i
1\

I i
~ I'

.1
1--2
- r--. - r- ~I • I
-
~
" Data extracted in part
by permbsion from the
.08
.06
I- ~

- i--

- '"
........

""
L "
I
," \
.'.
\
'\.
Oil and Gus Juurnal.

.04
.U3 I' I
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit

~.
:/'
.'t
'.~:.' Example: The vis..:osi ty of watcr Jt
12; F is o.p centipoisc (CLlI'\"C ~(). t') .

;
"

:.'~:.---------............-------~~~
A-4 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FlnINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
fI:
a;::
Viscosity of Various liquids 5. H. 11
.~
10
6.0
5.0
1\ \ I~ 1~ c::
4.0
1{\ \ ~ ~

3.0 ~ 1\ ' i\. -=

11
18\~
16~ ~\ \ -=
2.0

\ I~--' ~
, t\.
-=
8
'\ ~
~\ -=
1.0
.9 IY--""
"'5/ ~ ~\ ,,"'"- ~
7
12
f\
~\
E=

-=
X", " "- "" I'\. '"
~
.7
.8 I\'\.
6'\. "-
,\. r-...
"I'\. " .......
"\.
..........
-=
-=
<ll

~ i'... '" ........... ~

til

g, .6 ~
c:
c3 .5
~\
4
"''"' ~ '" '" ~\
"- "-.
..............
"'" I:i=
i3
til
U
o
;;.
.4

.3 ~ ~
3~
-........;:::
........ "
r'::: '"
~ I~ l"'-..
i"......
~
~
~
~
~
I
::t f::::::: r::::::: l=:::::- I"'---
~ II:
.2 ---. r--- m:
~- I'"
-~ Ii:

o. 1
1\
\
~ !'...
s
.09
.08 ~ a
i\
.0 7
.0 6 \
\
.......
............ -=B
.0 5
.04 \ , " '~
...... I:
.0 3
-40 o
\
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 -=
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit 8:
8:
1. Carbon Dioxide •• CO.
2. Ammonia •••.•••• NH, 9. Ethyl Alcohol 16. 10% Sodium Chloride Brine ... 10% NaCI
3. Methyl Chloride •• CH~CI I O. Isopropyl Alcohol 17. 20% Sodium Chloride Brine ••• 20% NoCI
4. Sulphur Dioxide •• SO. II. 20% Sulphuric Acid •••••• 20% H,SO. I B. 10% Calcium Chloride Brine •• I 0% CoCh
5. Fr-eon 12 ........ F·12 I 2. Dowtherm E 19. 20% Colcium Chloride Brine •• 2.0% CaCI.
6. Freon 114 ....... F·114 13. Dowtherm A
7. Freon II ........ F·II 14. 20% Sodium Hydroxide •• 20% NoOH Example: The viscosity of am-
8. Freon 113 ....... F·113 IS. Mercury monia at ~o F is.a, I ~ centipoise.
2
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE A-S

Viscosity of Gases and Vapors

= Viscosity of Various Gases

The curves for hyclrocurhon \'upors and
nmuml guses in the churt elt the upper
right are taken from \!ax\\'eIP;; the
; cur\"Cs for elll other guses (except helium 7)
in the churt elre bel sed upon SutherlelJl,Js
formula, us follows:

14 0(°,555 To + C) (~r'2
14 0.555 T + C To
\vhere: '"
'"
g
14 viscosity, in centipoise at c ·...:.'1 =.5 HYDRO
u'"

~
CARBON
temperature T. c VAPOR
.75 ANO

140 viscosity, in centipOise at :::

.;;; f---+---¥--,,L-jo'-h'-r--+-t-7''--,---r---;----,...q.----,1 ;-;'J = I. 00
NATURAL
GAS ES

temperature To. g
.~
>
T absolute temperature, in de-
grees Rankine (460 + deg. F) "-

for \vhich viscosity is desired.

To absolute temperature, in de-
grees Rankine, for which vis-
cosity is knO\vn.
C = Sutherland's constant.

'" •.. /Note: The variation of viscosity with

pressure is small for most gases. For
c gases given on this page, the correction 100 200 300 iOO 500 600 700 800 900 1000
of viscosity for pressure is less than 10 I - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
per cent for pressures up to 500 pounds
per square inch.

Viscosity of Refrigerant Vaporsll

Approximate (saturated and superheated vapars)
Fluid Values of HC"
.019
127
I
;
, ,,\)~
0" .018 ,
Air 120 ! t f/!I
N, III .017
i I
/'"
I
/i
CO. 240 ,/' i I,....
.016
V ./"
I~
;
CO 118
i V

vr -;;:;-- J-
;
SOt 416 ~ .015 , /1 V V
~
'0 !
NH3 370
Co
1.........- /'
~ .014
H, 72 u
: ""'1 /'/~ r-\\~
.: .013
I V F-"""
~
'0; l~ ~ r~\~ --k ....- C\\.C~
Upper chart example: The viscosity 8VI .012 ..-:;:;
~
~ :.:...-::::: ~
V \,-\\3
of sulphur dioxide gas (S02) at 200 F :;;: Y V /

:...-:::: --
I .01
is 0.016 centipoise. :1.
IV V ~ ~ ."P'
.01 0 ........... V ..... ~
;;:;.;;...V
Lower chart example: The viscosity .009:::;:::;.-- &.
~ /
,,-/
~
,of carbon dioxide gas (C0 2) at about 80
;F is 0.015 centipoise. .008,.....
I
II I
.007
-40 o iO 80 120 160 200 240
I - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
A-6 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE CRAN E -= -
Physical Properties of Water -=
~

k
-----_._----------------- . __ ... _-- - . ---_., - - - --- _. --------
---- ---_. s:
-=
Tcmrcraturc Saturation Srce itle Weight Weight
of Water Pressure Volume Density

P' \' p

PounJs per
It:

-=B
Degrees Square Inch (:uhic Fect PounJ, per PounJs
Fahrenheit Absolute Per P,)unJ Cubic Foot Per C,dlon

32 0.08859 0.016022 62A14 8.343&

40 0.121&3 0.016019 &2A2& 8.3451
50 0.1779& 0.016023 &2.410 8.3430
60 0.25&11 0.016033 62.371 8.3378
~
70 0.36292 0.016050 &2.305 8.3290
80 0.50&83 0.016072 62.220 8.3176
90 0.69813 0.016099 62.116 8.3037 ~
100 0.94924 0.016130 61.996 8.2877
110 1.2750 0.016165 &1.862 8.2698
-=
•
120 1.6927 0.016204 61.7132 8.2498
130 i! 2.2230 0.016247 &1.550 8.2280
140 n 2.8892 0.016293 61.37& 8.2048

•
I
I;
150 3.7184 0.016343 61.188 8.1797
160 i: 4.7414 0.016395 60.994 8.1537
170 II 5.992& 0.016451 60.787 8.12&0
180 II
7.5110 0.016510 &0.569 8.0969
190 9.340 0.016572 &0.343 8.0&&7 IS:
200
210
II
I
!
11.526
14.123
14.69&
0.016637
0.016705
0.016719
60.107
59.862
59.812
8.0351
8.0024
)-
J

•
212 7.9957
220 iI 17.18& 0.016775 59.613 7.9690
240 24.968 0.016926 59.081

•
7.8979
260 35.427 0.017089 58.517 7.8226
280 49.200 0.0172&4 57.924 7.7433
0.01745 57.307

•
300 67.005 7.6608
350 134.604 0.01799 55.586 7.4308
400 247.259 0.01864 53.648 7.1717

•
,'.

450 422.55 0.01943 51.467 6.8801

500 680.86 0.02043 48.948 6.5433
550
600
1045.43
1543.2
0.02176
0.02364
45.956
42.301
6.1434
5.6548
•
•
650 2208.4 0.02674 37.397 4.9993
700 3094.3 0.03662 27.307 3.6505

Specific graVity of water at bo F = 1.20

I
I
Weight per gallon is based on 7.48052 gallons per cubic foot.

All data on volume and pressure are abstracted from AS~\llE Steam
I
Tahles (1967). with permission of publisher. The .\mcrican Society of
Mechanical Engineers. New York .. N. 'Y.
I
I
I
I
I
CRANE APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-7

l2
Specific Gravity-Temperature Relationship for Petroleum Oils
(Reproduced by permission from the Oil imd Gas JournClI)

I..!..
Cl
<..0

ru O.9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
OJ
~

.8
"'0
~ 0.8~~~~. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
'+-
~
0:::

2
.3
ro
~
Cl..
E
~
I- 3.6
»
c:
<t:
.....ro
0
...-
0
.2:-
>
ro
c.!)
u

u
~
Cl..
v.>

100 200 300 400 SOil 800 900 1000

C:Hs=Ethane
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
C,H,=Propone iC.H,o=lsobutane '1:
I:
C.H IO =8utane iC,H 12 =lsopentane To find the weight density of a petroleum oil at its flowing temperature t\
Example: The specific gravity
when the specific gravity at 60 F/60 F is knO\vn, multiply the specific I.;
of an oil at 60 F is 0.85 The gravity of the oil at flowing temperature (see chart above) by 62.4, the
density of water at 60 F.
. :,I).
~
specific gravity at 100 F = 0.83. ,,
i;

ii
Weight Density and Specific Gravity* of Various Liquids
dI',!
Liquid Temp. Weight Specific
Density Gravity
Liquid Temp. Weight I Specific
Density Gravity 'Liquid at specificd tem- 1I
perature relative to water d
I p S I P S at 60 F. ~!
. :1
'c~: ~~.r 'cb~: ~~~
Deg. Deg.
Fahr. Fahr. tMilk has a weight den-
.-\cetone
Ammonia, Saturated
I 6010 49.4
40.9
0.792
0.656
Mercury
Mercury
20
40
IH9.74
848.oJ
13.623
13.596
sity of b4.2 to b4.t:l .
:1
tlOO Viscosity Index.
Benzene 32 50.1 0.899 Mercury 60 846.32 13.568
Brine, I Oc~, Ca CI I
Brine, IO(:~ Na CI
l3unkcrs C FuclMax.
I
32
32
()(}
08.05
07.24
63.25
1.091
1,078
1.014
Mercury
Mercury
Milk
80
100
...
844.62
842.93
t
13.541

113::~4 Values in the table at 'I

I
!
Carbon Disulphidc 32 80.6 1.292 Olive Oil 59 57.3 0.919 the left were taken
Distillate I ()(} 52.99 0.850 Pentane 5t) 38.9 , 0.624 from Smithsonian !
Fuel 3 Max. 60 50.02 0.898 SAE 10 Lubct 00 54.64 0.876 Physical Tables,
Fuel 5 Min. bO t:l0.23 0.960 SAE 30 Lubct 00 56.02 0.898 Mark's Engineers'
Fuel 5 Max.
Fuel o Min.
()(}
00
I 61.92
I bl.92
0.993
0.993
SAE 70 Lubet
Salt Creek Crude
bO
bO
57.12
\
0.916
52.56 I 0.843 Handbook, and 12Nel-
Gasoline 60 4b.81 0.751 12.6° API Crude 60 n.77 I 0.1102 son's Petroleum Re-
Gasoline, Natural ()(} 42.42 0.680 35.6° API Crude bO 52.81 0.847 jinery Engineering,
Kerosene
M. C. Residuum
60
60
50.85
58.32
0.815
0.935
40° API Crude
48° API Crude
bO
bO
51.45
49:16 I
0.825
0.788
A-8 APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES. fITiiNGS. AND PIPE eRA NE

l3
Physical Properties of Gases
(Approximate values at 68 Fond 14.7 psia)
Cp = specinc heat at constant pressure
c, = specific heat at constant volume

Name Chemical Approx. Weight Specific IncH- Specific Heat Heat Capacity k
of Formula Molecu- Density, Gravity vidual at Room per equal
Gas or lar Pounds Rela- Gas Temperature Cubic Foot to
Symbol Weight per tive Constant Btu/Lb "F cp Icv
Cubic
Foot
to Air
i
'" p Sg R cp Cv
I Cil Cv

i
Acetylene (ethyne) C 2H 2 26.0 .0682 0.907 59.4 0.350 0.269 .0239 .0184 1.30
Air
Ammonia
-
NH,
29.0
17.0
.0752
.0448
1.000
0.596
53.3
91.0
0.241
0.523
0.172
0.396
.0181
.0234
I .0129
.0178
lAO
1.32
Argon A 39.9 ,1037 1,379 38,7 0,124 0.074 .0129 .0077 1.67

Butane C,H IO 58.1 ,1554 2.067 26.5 0.395 0.356 .0614 .0553 1.11
Carbon dioxide CO 2 44.0 .1I50 1.529 35.1 0,205 0.158 .0236 ,0181 1.30
Carbon monoxide CO 28.0 ,0727 0,967 55.2 0,243 0.173 .0177 .0126 lAO
Chlorine C1 2 70.9 .1869 2.486 21.8 0,115 0,086 .0215 .0162 1.33

,Ethane C,Hr, 30.0 .0789 1.049 51.5 0.386 0.316 .0305 ,0250 1.22
Ethylene C 2 H, 28.0 ,0733 0,975 55.1 0.400 0,329 .0293 .0240 1.22
Helium He 4,0 .01039 0,1381 386.3 1.250 0,754 .0130 ,0078 1.66
Hydrogen chloride HCl 36.5 .0954 1.268 42.4 0.191 0.135 .0182 .0129 1041

Hydrogen H~ 2.0 ,00523 0.0695 766,8 3.420 2.426 .0179 .0127 1.41
Hydrogen sulphide H 1S 34.1 ,0895 1.190 45,2 0,243 0.187 .0217 ,0167 1.30
Methane CH, 16,0 ,0417 0,554 96.4 0,593 0.449 .0247 .0187 1.32
Methyl chloride CHaCl 50,5 ,1342 1.785 30,6 0.240 0,200 .0322 ,0268 1.20

Natural gas - 19.5 .0502 0.667 79.1 0,560 0.441 .0281 .0221 1.27
Nitric oxide NO 30.0 ,0780 1.037 51.5 0.231 0.165 .0180 ,0129 1.40
Nitrogen N1 28.0 .0727 0.967 55.2 0,247 0.176 .0180 ,0127 1.41
Nitrous oxide N 20 44.0 .1I51 1.530 35.1 0,221 0.169 .0254 ,0194 1.31
I
Oxygen O2 32.0 .0831 1.105 48.3 0.217 0,155 .0180 .0129 1.40
Propane C,H, 44.1 ,1175 1.562 35.0 0.393 0.342 .0462 .0402 1.15
Propene (propylene) C,H. 42.1 .1091 1.451 36.8 0,358 0.314 .0391 ,0343 1.14
Sulphur dioxide S02 64,1 .1703 2,264 24,0 0,154 0.122 .0262 .0208 1.26

Molecular Weight, Specific Gravity. Individual Gas Constant. and Specific Heat values were ,-
abstracted from, or based on. data in Table 24 of ~lark's "Standard Handbook for :Y!cchanical
Engineers" (seventh edition). . IE
Weight Density values werc obtained by multiplying density of air by specific gra\'ity of gas.
For values at 60 F, multiply by 1.0154.
•
•
Natural Gas values arc representative only. Exact characteristics require knowledge of specific
constituents.

Volumetric Composition and

•
•
13
Specific Gravity of Gaseous Fuels
Chemical Composition
Percent by Volume
Specific
Gravity
Relative •
Type of Gas
Hydro- Carbon
gen
Paraffin
Mon- Hydrocarbons
oxide
Illuminants Oxy-
gen
Nitro- lCarbon to Air
gen I
Diox-
ide Sv
•
•
I

!
Meth-I Eth- EthYl-I Ben-
nne nne ene :ene I
I I

Natural Gas. Pittsburgh

Producer Gas from Bituminous Coal
I 14.0 27,0
I
83.4
3.0
I
15,8

I I I
0,6
0.8
50,9 4.5
I
0,61
0.86
•
•
BlaSt Furnace Gas 1.0 27.5 60,0 11.5 1.02
Blue Water Gas from Coke
Carbureted Water Gas
I 47,3
40.5
37.0
34.0
1.3
10,2 6.1 2.8
0.7
0.5
8,3
2.9
5.4
3.0
0.57
0.63
Coal Gas (Cont. Vertical Retorts) 54.5 10.9 I 24.2 I I 1.5 I 1.3 I 0.2 4,4 3.0 I 0,42
Coke-Oven Gas
Refinery Oil Gas (Vapor Phase)
Oil Gas. Pacific Coast I
46,5
13.1
48,6
6.3
1.2
12.7
32.1
23.3
26.3 I 21.7
I
3.5
39,6
2.7 I
0.5

1.1 I
0.8
1.0
0.3
8,1

3.6
2,2
0,1
4.7 I
0.44
0.89
0.47
--'I:
)
 ,t'

CRAN E APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE A·9

Steam
Values of Isentropic Exponent, kl4

1.34
i'
II
I

1.32 300 F
- r----
-
I"-Z
)I' SATURATED V~POR iI
LL I
I
I
-
---~ 1'/ I
1----
~O~f __
r, I
--~
1----
,202..~ _
1-- +-
-- -~ ~ I:
-- ---
1--- ,--- 1---- -... J
al 1.30
I
~~F .-
6Cl.
x
lJ.J ---
r-Z00 F
--- - ~ --
--~
/ /
--- - - - - - - - 1---- t--~~ -}~
I
/
u
'0.
.§
r?~.E.. ""-, - /

" \ -- K"-
c:: 1.2 8
C1l
Ul 1000 F
1--- 1---- .j.....-- 1---- t---~ I\.-"\' ./
./
I
/
~ ... 1\
1.26
1200 F 1 ,. --- -\2"- I I~./
/

1400 F -- -- K!/ 1-.... '

,
;

1.2 4

10 20 50 100 200 500

pi _ Absolute Pressure, Pounds per Square Inch

For small changes in pressure (or volume) along an isentropic, pv k = constant

,j

J'
A-l0 APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FIITINGS, AND PIPE eRA NE

Weight Density and Specific Volume

Of Gases and Vapors

The chart on page A-I I is based on the formula:

\! N ....;,./
144 P' ,\lP' I p I' /'
p = ----p:[ =
10./2 T
where. P' = 14·7 + p T {

Problem: What is the density of dry CH 4 if [he temperature is 100 F and the
gauge pressure is 15 pounds per square inch?
Solution: Refer to the table on page A-8 for molecular weight, specific gravity;
or individual gas constant. Connect 96.4 of the R scale with 100 on the temper-
ature scale, t, and mark the intersection with the index scale. Connect this
point with 15 on the pressure scale, P. Read the answer, 0.08 pounds per cubic
foot, on the weight density scale p.
Weight Density of Air

T~~p'll
Weight Density of Air. in Pounds per Cubie Foot
For Gauge Pressures Indicated
DcgF. (Based on an atmospheric pressure of 14.696 and a molecular .:eight of 28.97)

5
psi psi
10 20
~
I 30
~
I 40
~
I 50
~
, 60
~
I'
~
70 I 80
~1~i~:~I~
90 I 100 : 110 I 120 130
psi
140
p:--i
150
psi
30°
40
.0811
.0795
.1087 .1363
.1065 .1335
.1915
.1876
.247
.242
.302 I .357
.295 ·350
.412
.404
.467
I, .451
..158
.522
.512
I' .578
.566
I .633 I .688
.620 I .674
! .743
i
I .798 I .853 [ .909
50 .0782 .1048 .1314 .1846 .238 .291 .344 .397 .504 I .557 I .610 ,I .728
.663 I .717 iI .782
.770
I .83& .890
.823 i .87&
60 .0764 .1024 .1284 .1804 .232 .284 .336 .388 .440 .492 .544 I .5% .648 I .700 I .752 .S04 .856
70 .0750 .1005 .1260 .1770 .228 1
.279 I .330 .381 I ,432 .483 . 534 I .585 ! .636 . .687 I .738 .789 .840
. 80 .0736 .0986 I.
1236 .1737 .224 .274 .324 ; .374 ,I .424 .474 i .524 i .574 i .&74 .724 ! .774 .824I
90
100
.0722
.0709
.0968 .1214
.0951 1 .1l92
.1705
.1675
.220
.216
.269
.264
.318 •. 367
.312 : .361
.41&
I .409
I'

,
.465
.457
i .515 ,
, .505 i
.564 i
.554 i
.624 I', .&&2
.613
.&02
, .711 .760 .809
.650 , .698 .747 ! .795
.544 I
,:~~ :~~
110 .0697 .1645 .212 .259 .307 .449 : .497 : .591 : .639
:~~~ ! :~~t
.09341 .1171 .781
120 .0685 .0918 .1151 .1&17 .208 .255 .302 ! i .441 I .488 I .535 , .581 , .628 : i .768
I .480 ,
130
140
150
175
.0673
.0&62
.0651
.0626
.0902 .1131
.0887 .1l13
.0873 .1094
.0834 .1051
.1590
.1563
.1537
.1477
.205
.201
.1981
.1903
.251 '·2%
.246
.242
.233
.291
.287
.342

·:m
.275 .. 318
.388:

:~~~
.361
II'
.434
.427
.420
.403
II
.472 i
.464 Ii
.446
.5251
.517
.508
.488,
.571 I .617
.562 I .607
.553 i .597
I .573
.641
:m I :~gi II
.686
.755
.742
.730
.659, .701

-=
.531 .616
200 .0602 .0807 .1011 .1421 .1831 .224 1 .265 : .306 .347 .388 .429 , .470 I .511 I .552 .593 .634 .675
225 .0580 .0777 .0974 .1369 .1764 .216 .255 .295 'I .334 ' .374 : .413 I .453 I.492 .571
I I .610 ! .650
250 .0559 .0750. .0940 .1321 .1702 .208 .246 ,.284 I .361 ! .399 1 .437 I .475 .531
.513 .589 i .627
275
300
.0540
.0523
.0724 .0908
.0700 .0878
.1276
.1234'
.1644
.1590
.201 .238
.1945 .230
.275
.266
.322
.311
.301 1 I
.348
.337
: .385
: .372 I
.422 i .459
.408 i .443
.495
.479
.551
.532 i
.515
.569
.550
.606
.586
I II:
350 .0490 .0657 .0824 .1158 .1491 .1825 .216 .249 , .283 .J16 i .349 I .383 t .416 , .449 .483 .516 .550
400
450
.04&2
.0436
.0619 .0776
.0585 .0733
.1090 .1405
.1030 .1327
.1719 .203
.1624 .1921 .222
.235 I .266
.252
.298
.281
I .3291
I .311
.360 ; .392
.341 .370
.423
.400
.455
.430
I .486
.459
.518
.489
I a:
500 .0414 .0555 .0695 .0977 .1258 .1540 .1821 .210 I .238 .267 : .295 .323 .351 .379 .407 I .436 I .464
550 .0393 .0527 .0661 .0928 .1196 .1464 .1731 .19991 .227 .253 \ .2S0
i .267
I .307 .334 .360 .387 ! .414 i .441
600 .0375 .0502 .0630 .0885 .1l40 .1395 .1649 .1904 .216 .241 .292! .31S .343 .3&9 i .394 ' .420 II:
175 200 225 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 11000
psi psi psi psi psi psi psi , psi psi psi i psi psi
30· , 1.047 1.185 1.323 1.460 1.736 2.29 2.84 3.39' 3.94 4.49 i 5.05 5.60 Air Density Table
II:
40
50
1.026 1.161 1.296 1.431 1.702 2.24 2.78 3.32 3.86 I
4.40 4.95 5.49
1.009 1.142 1.275 1.408 1.674 2.21 2.74 : 3.27 3.80 4.33 4.S7 5.40 The table at the left is cal- £
60 .986 I.U6 1.246 1.376 1.636 2.16 2.68 3.20 3.72 4.24 14.76 5.28
70 .968 1.095 1.223 1.350 1.605 2.12 2.63 ,3.14 3.65 4.16 4.67 5.18 culated for the perfect gas
80 .950 1.075 1.200 1.325 1.575 2.08 2.58 13.08 3.58 4.08 4.58 5.08 law shown at the top of the
90
100
.932
.916
1.055
1.036
1.178
1.157
1.301
1.278
1.547
1.519
2.04
2.00
2.53 13.02
2.48 12.97
3.51
3.45
4.00 4.50 4.99
3.93 4.42 4.90
page. Correction for super- II:
110 .900 1.018 1.137 1.255 1.492 1.967 2.44 12.92 3.39 3.86 4.34 4.81 compressibility, the devia-
120
130
.884
.869
1.001
.984
1.117
1.098
1.234
1.213
1.467
1.442
1.933
1.900
2.40 ! 2.86
2.36 : 2.82
3.33
3.27
3.80 4.26 4.73
3.73 4.19' 4.65
tion from the perfect gas
law, would be less than
II:
140 .855 .967 1.080 1.193 1.418 1.868 2.32 '2.77 3.22 3.67 4.12 4.57
150
175
.841
.807
.951
.914
1.062
1.020
1.173
1.127
1.395
1.340
1.838
1.765
2.28 . 2.72
2.19 2.62
3.17
3.04
3.61 4.05 4.50
3.47 3.89 4.32
three percent and has not
been applied. a
200
225
250
275
300
350
.777
.749
.722
.698
.675
.633
.879
.847
.817
.790
.764
.716
.982
.946
.913
.881
.852
.800
1.084
1.044
1.088
.973
.941
.883
1.289
1.242
1.198
1.157
1.119
1.050
1.698
1.636
1.579
1.525
1.475
1.384
2.11 ; 2.52
2.03 2.43
1.959 2.34
1.893 2.2&
1.830 !2.19
1.717 2.05
!
2.93
2.82
2.72
2.63
2.54
2.38
3.34 3.75 4.16
3.21 3.61 4.00
3.10 3.48 3.86
3.00 3.3613.73
2.90 3.25 3.61
2.72 3.05 3.39
I The weight density of gases
other than air can be deter-
mined from this table by
multiplying the density
•
Ii;
listed for air by the specific
400
450
500
550
.596
.563
.534
.508
.675
.638
.604
.575
.753
.712
.675
.641
.832
.786
.745
.708
.989
.934
.886
.842
1.303
1.232
1.167
1.110
1.618 , 1.932
1.529 1.82&
1.449 : 1.731
1. 377 , 1. 645
2.25
2.12
2.01
1.912
2.56 2.87 3.19
2.42 2.72 3.01
2.29 2.58 2.86
2.18 2.45 2.72
gravity of the gas relative
to air, as listed in the tables
-1
600 .484 .547 .611 .675 .802 1.057 1.312 : 1.567 1.822 2.08 2.33 2.59 on page A-8.
I;
IT;
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A -11

Weight Density and Specific Volume

Of Gases and Vapors - continued
M R 0U
1 0.35
150
p if
0.4 .015
Index 60 j)
.02 50 0
40
.03
0.5 30
15 5
100 .04
.05 20 10
90 0.6 .06
.07
...... .08
80 0
0 .09 -0
20
20 I.l.. .10 10 :::l0'" T t
0.7 u
9 Il..
:.0 200
U
:::l
8 n;0.
7 ..... ......
70 n; Q.)
180 '0; 30 Q.)
0. Q.) .<:: co
0.8 (/) 6 I.l.. '"~ :::I
...... - <=
C'O
-0
u .<:: c.::l
.<::
OJ) 2V> '" .2
:::I
0 5 :.0:::I a.>
C'O
I.l.. 40 .<::
u
-<=-
Q.)
;:;c 0 z:.
.:;:
Il.. U :; 60 140 (/) .=
;;; _0 60 0.9
t::
4 '" til Q.)
Q.) Q.)
V> C'O
>: n; tiD ;;;
11 \ :::I - co c:3 ...... Q.)-
0.. 120
'Vi .3
'i (,!J
Q.) :::I
U E E t:r
<ll 0
~ 3 :::I Q.) U"J
0 co t::
0 l- n;
::;: - ::>
'0 1.0 'u 0
Q.)
> IDO
I
30-:2:
Q.)
c. ...... .4 U
.&
:::I
0.
(/)

~
U"J '§ !E 0(/) -0
- '.=0 50 I '0;
.5 u 80 t::
2 Q.) .c :::I
0
I ""
C'.:)
3= 0. <Z: Il..
- ~ I .6
U"J
I
I
60 t::
Q.,
I;:;.. ~
.7
.8 40
.9 30
1 1
.9
.8
.7
.6
2 .5
.4
3

for application of chart, refer to the

explanation on the preceding page.

Molecular weight, specillc gravity, and individual

constant. for various gases are given on page A-S.
A - 12 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
11=

Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water* s=

Absolute Pressure Vacuum Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume 'F
-=
Inches ature the of of Stearn
Lbs. per
Sq. In.
Inches
of Hg of Hg Liquid Evaporation V
pi t ho Water Steam

-=
Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb. Cu. ft. per lb.
0.08859 0.02 29.90 32.018 0.0003 1075.5 1075.5 0.016022 3302,4
0.10 0.20 29.72 35.023 3.026 1073.8 1076.8 0.016020 2945.5
0.15 0.31 29.61 45.453 13.498 1067.9 1081.4 0.016020 2004.7
0.20 0.41 29.51 53.160 21.217 1053.5 1084.7 0.016025 1526.3 Ii=
0.25 0.51 29.41 59.323 27.382 1060.1 1087.4 0.016032 1235.5
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.61
0.71
0.81
0.92
29.31
29.21
29.11
29.00
64.484
68.939
72.869
76.387
32.541
36.992
40.917
44.430
1057.1
1054.6
1052.4
1050.5
1089.7
1091.6
1093.3
1094.9
0.016040
0.016048
0.016056
0.016063
1039.7
898.6
792.1
708.8
-=
II::
0.50 1.02 28.90 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.5
0.60 1.22 28.70 85.218 53.245 1045.5 1098.7 0.016085 540.1
58.10 1042.7 1100.8
0.70
0.80
1.43
1.63
28.49
28.29
90.09
94.38 62.39 1040.3 1102.6
0.016099
0.016112
466.94
411.69 Ii::
0.90 1.83 28.09 98.24 66.24 1038.1 1104.3 0.016124 368.43
1.0
1.2
2.04
2.44
27.88
27.48
101.74
107.91
69.73
75.90
1036.1
1032.6
1105.8
1108.5
0.016136
0.016158
333.60
280.96
II::

-=
1.4 2.85 27.07 113.26 81.23 1029.5 1110.7 0.016178 243.02
1.6 3.26 26.66 117.98 85.95 1026.8 1112.7 0.016196 214.33
1.8 3.66 26.26 122.22 90.18 1024.3 1114.5 0.016213 191.85
2.0
2.2
2.4
4.07
4.48
4.89
25.85
25.44
25.03
126.07
129.61
132.88
94.03
97.57
100.84
1022.1
1020.1
1018.2
1116.2
1117.6
1119.0
0.016230
0.016245
0.016260
173.76
158.87
146.40 -=
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.29
5.70
6.11
7.13
8.14
24.63
24.22
23.81
22.79
21.78
135.93
138.78
141.47
147.56
152.96
103.88
106.73
109.42
115.51
120.92
1016.4
1014.7
1013.2
1009.6
1006.4
1120.3
1121.5
1122.6
1125.1
1127.3
0.016274
0.016287
0.016300
0.016331
0.016358
135.80
126.67
118.73
102.74
90.64
-=a::
4.5 9.16 20.76 157.82 125.77 1003.5 1129.3 0.016384 83.03
5.0 10.18 19.74 162.24 130.20 1000.9 1131.1 0.016407 73.532
5.5 11.20 18.72 166.29 134.26 998.5 1132.7 0.016430 67.249 II:
.~k:
6.0 12.22 17.70 170.05 138.03 996.2 1134.2' 0.016451 61.984
6.5 13.23 16.69 173.56 141.54 994.1 1135.6 0.016472 57.506
7.0 14.25 15.67 176.84 144.83 992.1 1136.9 0.016491 53.650
7.5 15.27 14.65 179.93 147.93 990.2 1138.2 0.016510 50.294
8.0
8.5
16.29
17.31
13.63
12.61
182.86
185.63
150.87
153.65
988.5
986.8
1139.3
1140.4
0.016527
0.016545
47.345
44.733
11=

-=
9.0 18.32 11.60 188.27 156.30 985.1 1141.4 0.016561 42.402
9.5 19.34 10.58 190.80 158.84 983.6 1142.4 0.016577 40.310
10.0 20.36 9.56 193.21 161.26 982.1 1143.3 0.016592 38.420
11.0 22.40 7.52 197.75 165.82 979.3 1145.1 0.016622 35.142
12.0
13.0
24.43
26.47
5.49
3.45
201.96
205.88
170.05
174.00
976.6
974.2
1146.7
1148.2
0.016650
0.016676
32.394
30.057
a:
14.0 28.50 1.42 209.56 177.71 971.9 1149.6 0.016702 28.043
11=
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
Lbs. per Sq. In. ature the of of Steam II:
Absolute Gage Liquid Evaporation V
pI p
t
Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb.
hu
Btu/lb.
Water
Cu. ft. per lb.
Steam
Cu. ft. per lb. a:
14.696
15.0
16.0
0.0
0.3
1.3
212.00
213.03
216.32
180.17
181.21
184.52
970.3
969.7
967.6
1150.5
1150.9
1152.1
0.016719
0.016726
0.016749
26.799
26.290
24.750
a:
17.0
18.0
19.0
2.3
3.3
4.3
219.44
222.41
225.24
187.66
190.66
193.52
965.6
963.7
961.8
1153.2
1154.3
1155.3
0.016771
0.016793
0.016814
23.385
22.168
21.074
a:
20.0 5.3 227.96 196.27 960.1 1156.3 0.016834 20.087
21.0 6.3 230.57 198.90 958.4 1157.3 0.016854 19.190 II:
22.0 7.3 233.07 201.44 956.7 1158.1 0.016873 18.373
23.0
24.0
25.0
8.3
9.3
10.3
235.49
237.82
240.07
203.88
206.24
208.52
955.1
953.6
952.1
1159.0
1159.8
1160.6
0.016891
0.016909
0.016927
17.624
16.936
16.301
a:
26.0 11.3 242.25 210.7 950.6 1161.4
27.0 12.3 244.36 212.9 949.2 1162.1
0.016944
0.016961
15.7138
15.1684 8:
28.0 13.3 246.41 214.9 947.9 1162.8 0.016977 14.6607
29.0 14.3 217.0 946.5 1163.5
248.40 0.016993 14.1869
Iii:
~
30.0 15.3 250.34 218.9 945.2 1164.1 0.017009 13.7436
31.0 16.3 252.22 220.8 943.9 1164.8 0.017024 13.3280
32.0 17.3 254.05 222.7 942.7 1165.4 0.017039 12.9376
33.0 18.3 255.84 224.5 941.5 1166.0 0.017054 12.5700
34.0 19.3 257.58 226.3 940.3 1166.6 0.017069 12.2234
·Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967). with permission ot the publisher, The ;\merican Icon,lnued on
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017. 'he next poge)
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A - 13
1
Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water-continued 1
Pressure Temrer- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Srecific Volume
Lbs. rcrSq, In. ature the of of Steanl -
Liquid E varora t ion V
Absolute Gage ( hQ Water Steam
pi
I P Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lh. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb. I Cu. ft. per lh.
35.0 20.3 259.29 228.0 939,1 1I67.1 0.017083 11.-8959
36.0
37.0
38.0
21.3
22.3
23.3
I 260.95
262.58
264.17
229.7
23l..t
233.0
938.0
<)36.9
<)35.8
1167.7
1168.2
1168.S
0,017097
0.017111
0.0171H
11.5860
11.2923
11.0136
39.0 24.3 265.72 234.6 934.7 1164.3 0.017138 10.7487
40.0 25.3 267.25 236.1 <)33.6 116<).8 0.017151 10.4965
41.0 26.3 268.74 237.7 <)32.6 1170.2 0.017164 10,2563
42.0 27.3 270.21 239.2 931.5 1170.7 0.017177 10.0272
43.0 28.3 271.65 240.6 <)30.5 1171.2 0.017189 9.8083
44.0 29,3 273.06 242.1 929.5 1171.6 0.017202 9.5991
45.0 30.3 27-l.44 243.5 928.6 1172.0 0.017214 9.3988
46.0 31.3 275.80 244.9 927.6 1172.5 0.017226 9.2070
47.0 32.3 277.14 246.2 926.6 1172.9 0.017238 9.0231
48.0 33.3 278.45 247.6 925.7 1173.3 0.017250 8.8465
49.0 34.3 279.74 248.9 9H.8 1173.7 0.017262 8.6770
50.0 35.3 281.02 250.2 923.9 lIN. 1 0.017274 8.5140
51.0 36.3 282.27 251.5 923.0 1174.5 0.017285 8.3571
52.0 37.3 283.50 252.8 922.1 117-l.9 0.017296 8.2061
53.0 38.3 284.71 254.0 921.2 1175.2 0.017307 8.0606
54.0 285.90 255.2 920A 1175.6 0.017319 7.9203 ,
39.3
55.0 40.3 287.08 256.4 919.5 1175.9 0.017329 7.7850 i
56.0 41.3 288.24 257.6 918.7 1176.3 0.0173-l0 7.6543 :1
57.0 42.3 289.38 258.8 917.8 1176.6 0.017351 7.5280
58.0 43.3 290.50 259.9 917.0 1177.0 0.017362 7.4059
59.0 44.3 291.62 261.1 916.2 1177.3 0.017372 7.2879
60.0 45.3 292.71 262.2 915A 1177.0 0.017383 7.1736
61.0 46.3 293.79 263.3 914.6 1177.9 0.017393 7.0630
62.0 47.3 294.86 264.4 913.8 1178.2 0.017403 6.9558
63.0 48.3 295.91 265.5 913.0 1178.6 0.017413 6.8519
64.0 49.3 296.95 266.6 912.3 1178.9 0.017423 6.7511
65.0 50.3 297.98 267.6 911.5 1179.1 0.017433 6.6533
66.0 51.3 298.99 268.7 910.8 1179.4 0.017443 6.5584
67.0 52.3 299.99 269.7 910.0 1179.7 0.017453 6.4662
68.0 53.3 300.99 270.7 909.3 1180.0 0.017-l63 6.3767
69.0 54.3 301.96 271.7 908.5 1180.3 0.017472 6.2896
70.0 55.3 302.93 272.7 907.8 1180.6 0.017482 6.2050
71.0 56.3 303.89 273.7 907.1 1180.S 0.017491 6.1226
72.0 57.3 304.S3 274.7 906.4 1181.1 0.017501 6.0425
73.0 58.3 305.77 275.7 905.7 1181.4 0.017510 5.9645
74.0 59.3 306.69 276.6 905.0 11S1.6 0.017519 5.8885
75.0 60.3 307.61 277.6 904.3 1181.9 0.017529 5.8144
76.0 6L3 308.51 278.5 903.6 1182.1 0.017538 5.7423
77.0 62.3 309.41 279.4 902.9 1182.4 0.017547 5.6720
78.0 63.3 310.29 280.3 902.3 1182.6 0.017556 5.6034
79.0 64.3 311.17 281.3 901.6 1182.S 0.017565 5.5364
80.0 65.3 312.04 282.1 900.9 l1S3.1 0.017573 5.4711
81.0 66.3 312.90 283.0 900.3 1183.3 0.017582 5.4074
82.0 67.3 313.75 283.9 899.6 1183.5 0.017591 5.3451
83.0 68.3 314.60 284.8 899.0 1183.8 0.017600 5.2843
84.0 69.3 315.43 285.7 898.3 1184.0 0.017608 5.2249
85.0 70.3 316.26 286.5 897.7 1184.2 0.017617 5.1669
86.0 7L3 317.08 287.4 897.0 1184,4 0.017625 5.1101
87.0 72.3 317.89 288.2 896.4 1184.6 0.017634 5.0546
88.0 73.3 318.69 289.0 895.8 1184.8 0.017642 5.0004
89.0 74.3 319.49 289.9 895.2 1185.0 0.017651 4.9473
90.0 75.3 320.28 290.7 894.6 1185.3 0.017659 4.8953
91.0 76.3 321.06 291.5 893.9 1185.5 0.017667 4.8445
92.0 77.3 321.84 292.3 893.3 1185.7 0.017675 4.7947
93.0 78.3 322.61 293.1 892.7 1185.9 0.017684 4.7459
94.0 79.3 323.37 293.9 892.1 1186.0 0.017692 4.6982
95.0 80.3 324.13 294.7 891.5 1186.2 0.017700 4.6514
96.0 8L3 324.88 295.5 891.0 1186.4 0.017708 4.6055
97.0 82.3 325.63 296.3 890.4 1186.6 0.017716 4.5606
98.0 83.3 326.36 . 297.0 889.8 1186.8 0.017724 4.5166
99.0 84.3 327.10 297.8 889.2 1187.0 0.017732 4.4734
100.0 85.3 327.82 298.5 888.6 1187.2 0.017740 4.4310
101.0 86.3 328.54 299.3 888.1 1187.3 0.01775 4.3895
102.0 87.3 329.26 300.0 887.5 1187.5 0.01776 4.3487
103.0 88.3 329.97 300.8 886.9 1187.7 0.01776 4.3087
104.0 89.3 330.67 301.5 886.4 1187.9 0.01777 4.2695
105.0 90.3 331.37 302.2 885.8 1188.0 0.01778 4.2309
106.0 91.3 332.06 303.0 885.2 1188.2 0.01779 4.1931
107.0 92.3 332.75 303.7 884.7 1188.4 0.01779 4.1560
108.0 93.3 333.44 304.4 884.1 1188.5 0.01780 4.1195
109.0 94.3 334.11 305.1 883.6 1188.7 0.01781 4.0837

l..,:,:
A- 14 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FlnlNGS, AND PIPE CRANE
Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water-continued
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
Lbs. per Sq. In. ature the of : of Steam -
Absolute Liquid Evaporation: V
Gage t hy Water Stearn
P' P Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb. Cu. ft. per lh.
110.0 95.3 334.79 305.8 I 883.1 , 1188.9 0.01782 4.0484
111.0 96.3 335.46 306.5 882.5 i, 1189.0 0.01782 4.0138
112.0
113.0
97.3
98.3
336.12
336.78
307.2
307.9
882.0
881.4 , 1189.2
1189.3
0.01783
0.01784
3.9798 ~
, 3.9464
114.0 99.3 337.43 308.6 880.9 1189.5 0.01785 3.9136
115.0
116.0
100.3 338.08 309.3 880.4 1189.6 0.01785 3.8813 ~
101.3 338.73 309.9 879.9 1189.8 0.01786 3.8495
117.0 102.3 339.37 310.6 879.3 1189.9 0.01787 3.8183
118.0
119.0
103.3
104.3
340.01
340.64
311.3
311.9
878.8
878.3
1190.1
1190.2
0.01787
0.01788
3.7875 It
3.7573
120.0 105.3 341.27 312.6 877.8 I 1190.4 0.01789 3.7275
121.0
122.0
106.3 341.89 313.2 877.3 I 1190.5 0.01790 3.6983 B
107.3 342.51 313.9 876.8 1190.7 0.01790 3.6695
123.0 108.3 343.13 314.5 876.3 I 1190.8 0.01791 3.6411
124.0 109.3 343.74 315.2 875.8 1190.9 0.01792 3.6132 Ii:
125.0 110.3 344.35 315.8 875.3 1191.1 0.01792 3.5857
126.0
127.0
128.0
111.3
112.3
344.95
345.55
316.4
317.1
874.8
874.3
1191.2
1191.3
0.01793
0.01794
3.5586
3.5320
-=
•
113.3 346.15 317.7 873.8 1191.5 0.01794 3.5057
129.0 114.3 346.74 318.3 873.3 1191.6 0.01795 3.4799
130.0 115.3 347.33 319.0 872.8 1191.7 0.01796 3.4544

•
131.0 116.3 347.92 319.6 872.3 1191.9 0.01797 3.4293
132.0 117.3 348.50 320.2 871.8 1192.0 0.01797 3.4046
133.0 118.3 349.08 320.8 871.3 1192.1 0.01798 3.3802

•
134.0 119.3 349.65 321.4 870.8 1192.2 0.01799 3.3562
135.0 120.3 350.23 322.0 870.4 1192.4 0.01799 3.3325
136.0 12l.3 350.79 322.6 869.9 1192.5 0.01800 3.3091

•
137.0 122.3 351.36 323.2 869.4 1192.6 0.01801 3.2861
138.0 123.3 351.92 323.8 868.9 1192.7 0.01801 3.2634
139.0 124.3 352.48 324.4 868.5 1192.8 0.01802 3.2411
140.0
141.0
142.0
143.0
125.3
126.3
127.3
128.3
353.04
353.59
354.14
354.69
325.0
325.5
326.1
326.7
868.0
867.5
867.1
866.6
1193.0
1193.1
1193.2
1193.3
0.01803
0.01803
0.01804
0.01805
3.2190
3.1972
3.1757
3.1546
•
144.0
145.0
129.3
130.3
355.23
355.77
327.3
327.8
866.2
865.7
1193.4
1193.5
0.01805 3.1337
J-
•
0.01806 3.1130
146.0 131.3 356.31 328.4 865.2 1193.6 0.01806 3.0927
147.0 132.3 356.84 329.0 864.8 1193.8 0.01807 3.0726
148.0 133.3 357.38 329.5 864.3 1193.9

•
0.01808 3.0528
149.0 134.3 357.91 330.1 863.9 1194.0 0.01808 3.0332
150.0 135.3 358.43 330.6 863.4 1194.1 0.01809 3.0139

•
152.0 137.3 359.48 331.8 862.5 1194.3 0.01810 2.9760
154.0 139.3 360.51 332.8 861.6 1194.5 0.01812 2.9391
156.0 141.3 361.53 333.9 860.8 1194.7 0.01813 2.9031

•
158.0 143.3 362.55 335.0 859.9 1194.9 0.01814 2.8679
160.0 145.3 363.55 336.1 859.0 1195.1 0.01815 2.8336
162.0 147.3 364.54 337.1 858.2 1195.3 0.01817 2.8001

•
164.0 149.3 365.53 338.2 857.3 1195.5 0.01818 2.7674
166.0 151.3 366.50 339.2 856.5 1195.7 0.01819 2.7355
168.0 153.3 367.47 340.2 855.6 1195.8 0.01820 2.7043
170.0
172.0
174.0
155.3
157.3
159.3
368.42
369.37
370.31
341.2
342.2
343.2
854.8
853.9
853.1
1196.0
11%.2
1196.4
0.01821
0.01823
0.01824
2.6738
2.6440
2.6149 •
176.0
178.0
180.0
161.3
163.3
165.3
371.24
372.16
373.08
344.2
345.2
346.2
852.3
851.5
850.7
1196.5
11%.7
0.01825
0.01826
2.5864
2.5585
•
•
1196.9 0.01827 2.5312
182.0 167.3 373.98 347.2 849.9 1197.0 0.01828 2.5045
184.0 169.3 374.88 348.1 849.1 1197.2 0.01830 2.4783
186.0 171.3 375.77

•
349.1 848.3 1197.3 0.01831 2.4527
188.0 173.3 376.65 350.0 847.5 1197.5 0.01832 2.4276
190.0 175.3 377.53 350.9 846.7 1197.6 0.01833 2.4030
192.0 177.3 378.40 351.9 845.9 1197.8 0.01834 2.3790
194.0 179.3 379.26 352.8 845.1
196.0 181.3 380.12 353.7 844.4
1197.9
1198.1
0.01835
0.01836
2.3554
2.3322
I
198.0 183.3 380.96 354.6 843.6 1198.2 0.01838 2.3095
200.0
205.0
185.3
190.3
381.80
383.88
355.5
357.7
842.8
840.9
1198.3
1198.7
0.01839
0.01841
2.28728
2.23349
I
210.0 195.3 385.91 359.9 839.1 1199.0 0.01844 2.18217
215.0
210.0
200.3
205.3
387.91
389.88
362.1
364.2
837.2
835.4
1199.3
1199.6
0.01847
0.01850
2.13315
2.08629
I
225.0 210.3 391.80 366.2 833.6 1199.9 0.01852 2.04143
230.0 215.3 393.70 li
235.0
240.0
220.3
225.3
395.56
397.39
368.3
370.3
372.3
831.8
830.1
828.4
1200.1
1200.4
1200.6
0.01855
0.01857
0.01860
1.99846
1.95725
1.91769
U
245.0 230.3 399.19 374.2 826.6 1200.9 0.01863 1.87970 Ie
Ij
 CRAN E APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of FLUIDS AND fLOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE A-15

Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water-concluded

Pressure Teznper- Heat of : Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
Lbs. per Sq. In. ature the of of Steazn
Liquid Evaporation V
Absolute Gage [ ho Water Steam
P' P Degrees F. Btu/lb. ! Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb. Cu. ft. per lb.
250.0 235.3 400.97 376.1 825.0 1201.1 0.01865 1.84317
255.0 240.3 402.72 378.0 I 823.3 1201.3 0.01868 1.80802
260.0 245.3 404.44 379.9 I 821.6 1201.5 0.01870 1.77418
265.0 250.3 406.13 381.7 820.0 1201.7 0.01873 1.74157
270.0 255.3 407.80 383.6 818.3 1201. 9 0.01875 1.71013
275.0 260.3 409.45 385.4 816.7 1202.1 0.01878 1.67978
280.0 265.3 411.07 387.1 815.1 1202.3 0.01880 1.65049
285.0 270.3 412.67 388.9 813.6 1202,4 0.01882 1.62218
290.0 275.3 414.25 390.6 812.0 1202.6 0.01885 1.59482
295.0 280.3 415.81 392.3 810.4 1202.7 0.01887 1.56835
300.0 285.3 417.35 394.0 808.9 1202.9 0.01889 1.54274
320.0 305.3 423.31 400.5 802.9 1203.4 0.01899 1.44801
340.0 325.3 428.99 406.8 797.0 1203.8 0.01908 1.36405
360.0 345.3 434.41 412.8 791.3 1204.1 0.01917 1.28910
380.0 365.3 439.61 418.6 785.8 1204.4 0.01925 1.22177
400.0 385.3 444.60 424.2 780.4 1204.6 0.01934 1.16095
420.0 405.3 449.40 429.6 775.2 1204.7 0.01942 1.10573
440.0 425.3 454.03 434.8 770.0 1204.8 0.01950 1.05535
460.0 445.3 458.50 439:8 765.0 1204.8 0.01959 1.00921
480.0 465.3 462.82 444.7 760.0 1204.8 0.01967 0.96677
500.0 485.3 467.01 449.5 755.1 1204.7 0.01975 0.92762
520.0 505.3 471.07 454.2 750.4 1204.5 0.01982 0.89137
540.0 525.3 475.01 458.7 745.7 1204.4 0.01990 0.85771
560.0 545.3 478.84 463.1 741.0 1204.2 0.01998 0.82637
580.0 565.3 482.57 467.5 736.5 1203.9 0.02006 0.79712
600.0 585.3 486.20 471.7 732.0 1203.7 0.02013 0.76975
620.0 605.3 489.74 475.8 727.5 1203.4 0.02021 0.74408
640.0 625.3 493.19 479.9 723.1 1203.0 0.02028 0.71995
660.0 645.3 496.57 483.9 718.8 1202.7 0.02036 0.69724
680.0 665.3 499.86 487.8 714.5 1202.3 0.02043 0.67581
700;0 685.3 503.08 491.6 710.2 1201.8 0.02050 0.65556
720.0 705.3 506.23 495.4 706.0 1201.4 0.02058 ' 0.63639
740.0 725.3 509.32 499.1 701.9 1200.9 0.02065 0.61822
760.0 745.3 512.34 502.7 697.7 1200.4 0.Q2072 0.60097
780:0 765.3 515.30 506.3 693.6 1199.9 0.02080 0.58457
800.0 785.3 518.21 509.8 689.6 1199.4 0.02087 0.56896
820.0 805.3 521.06 513.3 685.5 1198.8 0.02094 0.55408
840.0 825.3 523.86 516.7 681.5 1198.2 0.02101 0.53988
860.0 845.3 526.60 520.1 677.6 1197.7 0.02109 0.52631
880.0 865.3 529.30 523.4 673.6 1197.0 0.02116 0.51333
900.0 885.3 531.95 526.7 669.7 1196.4 0.02123 0.50091
920.0 905.3 534.56 530.0 665.8 1195.7 0.02130 0.48901
940.0 925.3 537.13 533.2 661.9 1195.1 0.02137 0.47759
960.0 945.3 539.65 536.3 658.0 1194.4 0.02145 0.46662
980.0 965.3 542.14 539.5 '654.2 1193.7 0.02152 0.45609
1000.0 985.3 544.58 542.6 650.4 1192.9 0.02159 0.44596
1050.0 1035.3 550.53 550.1 640.9 1191.0 0.02177 0.42224
1100.0 1085.3 556.28 557.5 631.5 1189.1 0.02195 0.40058
1150.0 1135.3 561.82 564.8 622.2 1187.0 0.02214 0.38073
1200.0 1185.3 567.19 571.9 613.0 1184.8 0.02232 0.36245
1250.0 1235.3 572.38 578.8 603.8 1182.6 0.02250 0.34556
1300.0 1285.3 577.42 585.6 594.6 1180.2 0.02269 0.32991
1350.0 1335.3 582.32 592.2 585.6 1177.8 0.02288 0.31536
1400.0 1385.3 587.07 598.8 567.5 1175.3 0~02307 0.30178
1450.0 1435.3 591.70 605.3 567.6 1172.9 0.02327 0.28909
1500.0 1485.3 596.20 611.7 558.4 1170.1 0.02346 0.27719
1600.0 1585.3 604.87 624.2 540.3 1164.5 0.02387 0.25545
1700.0 1685.3 613.13 636.5 522.2 1158.6 0.02428 0.23607
1800.0 1785.3 621.02 648.5 503.8 1152.3 0.02472 0.21861
1900.0 1885.3 628.56 660.4 485.2 1145.6 0.02517 0.20278
2000.0 1985.3 635.80 672.1 466.2 1138.3 0.02565 0.18831
2100.0 2085.3 642.76 683.8 446.7 1130.5 0.02615 0.17501
2200.0 2185.3 649.45 695.5 426.7 1122.2 0.02669 0.16272
2300.0 2285.3 655.89 707.2 406.0 1113.2 0.02727 0.15133
2400.0 2385.3 662.11 719.0 384.8 1103.7 0.02790 0.14076
2500.0 2485.3 668.11 731.7 361.6 1093.3 0.02859 0.13068
2600.0 2585.3 673.91 744.5 337.6 1082.0 0.02938 0.12110
2700.0 2685.3 679.53 757.3 312.3 1069.7 0.03029 0.11194
2800.0 2785.3 684.96 770.7 285.1 1055.8 0.03134 0.10305
2900.0 2885.3 690.22 785.1 254.7 1039.8 0.03262 0.09420
) 3000.0
3100.0
2985.3
3085.3
695.33
700.28
801.~
814.0
218.4
169.3
1020.3
993.3
0.03428
0.03681
0.08500
0.07452
3200.0 3185.3 705.08 875.5 56.1 931.6 0.04472 0.05663
3208.2 3193.5 705.47 906.0 0.0 906.0 0.05078 0.05078
A - 16 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE eRA NE
ar:
Properties of Superheated Steam * If:
v = specific volume, cubic feet per pound .)rt:
hg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound
Pressure
Lbs, per
Sat,
Temp Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t) -=
P'
Sq. In.
Abs. Gage
P t
3500 400 0 500 0 600 0
I 700 0 800 0 900' 10000 11000
13000 1500° -=
If:
.-
15.0 0,3 213,03 \' 31.939 33.963 37,985 41.986 45,978 49.964 53.946 57.926 61.905 69.858 77.807
hg 1216,2 1239,9 1287,3 1335.2 1383,8 1433.2
-
1483.4 1 1534,5 1586,5 1693.2 1803,4 II:
20.0 5.3 227,96 V 23.900 25.428 28.457 31.466 34.465 37.458 -10.4471 43.435 46.420 52.388 58.352
hg 1215.4 1239.2 1286.9 1334.9 1383.5 1432.9 1483.2 1534.3 1586.3 1693.1 1803.3 B
30.0 15.3 250.34 V 15,859 16.892 18.929 20.945 22.951 24.952 26.949 28.943 30.936 34.918 38.896
hg 1213.6 1237.8 1286.0 1334.2 1383.0 1432.5 1482.8 1534.0 1586.1 1692.9 1803.2 II:
40.0 25.3 267.25 V 11.838 12.624 14.165 15.685 17.195 18.699 20.199 21.697 23.194 26.183 29.168
hg 1211.7 1236.4 1285.0 1333.6 1382.5 1432.1 1482.5 1533.7 1585.8 1692.7 1803.0 If:
50.0 35,3 281.02 V 9.424 10.062 11.306 12,529 13.741 14.947 16.150 17.350 18.549 20.942 23.332

60,0
hg
V
1209.9 1234.9 1284.1 1332.9 1382.0 1431.7 1482.2 1533.4 1585.6 1692.5 1802.9
-=
•
45,3 292.71 7.815 8.354 9.400 10.425 11.438 12.446 13,450 14.452 15.452 17.448 19.441
hg 1208.0 1233.5 1283.2 1332.3 1381.5 1431.3 1481.8 1533.2 1585.3 1692.4 1802.8

.
V

•
70.0 55.3 302.93 6.664 7.133 8.039 8.922 9.793 10.659 11.522 12.382 13.240 14.952 16.661
hg 1206.0 1232.0 1282.2 1331.6 1381.0 1430.9 1481.5 1532.9 1585.1 1692.2 1802.6
80.0 65.3 312.04 V 5.801 6.218 7.018 7.794 8.560 9.319 10.075 10,829 11.581 13.081 14.577
hg 1204.0 1230.5 1281.3 1330.9 1380.5 1430.5 1481.1 1532.6 1584.9 1692.0 1802.5
90.0 75.3 320.28 V

•
5.128 5.505 6.223 6.917 7.600 8.277 8.950 9.621 10.290 11.625 12.956
hg 1202.0 1228.9 1280.3 1330.2 1380.0 1430.1 1480.8 1532.3 1584.6 1691.8 1802.4
-
100.0 85.3 327.82 V
~
4.590 4.935 5.588 6.216 6.833 7.443 '8.050 8.655 9.258 10.460 11.659
hg 1199.9 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6 1379.5 1429.7 1480.4 1532.0 1584.4 1691.6 1802.2
120.0 105.3 341.27 V 3.7815 4.0786 4.6341 5.1637 5.6813 6.1928 6.7006 7.2060 7.7096 8.7130

•
9.7130
hg 1195.6 1224.1 1277.4 1328.2 1378.4 1428.8 1479.8 1531.4 1583.9 1691.3 1802.0
140.0 125.3 353.04 V ... 3.4661 3.9526 4.4119 4.8588 5.2995 5.7364 6.1709 6.6036 7.4652

•
8.3233
hg ... 1220.8 1275.3 1326.8 1377.4 1428.0 1479.1 1530.8 1583.4 1690.9 1801.7
160.0 145.3 363.55 V 3.0060 3.4413 3.8480 4.2420 4.6295 5.0132 5.3945

•
5.7741 6.5293 7.2811
hg .' . 1217.4 1273.3 1325.4 1376.4 1427.2 1478.4 1530.3 1582.9 1690.5 1801.4
180.0 165.3 373.08 V ... 2.6474 3.0433 3.4093 3.7621 4.1084 4.4508 4.7907 5.1289 5.8014

•
6.4704
hg ... 1213.8 1271.2 1324.0 1375.3 1426.3 1477.7 1529.7 1582.4 1690.2 1801.2
200.0 185.3 381.80 V ... 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583 3.3783 3.6915 4.0008 4.3077 4.6128 5.2191 5.8219

220.0 205.3 389.88

h9
V
...
...
1210.1 1269.0 1322.6
2.1240 2.4638 2.7710
1374.3 1425.5 1477.0
3.0642 3.3504 3.6327
1529.1
3.9125
1581.9 1689.8
4.1905 4.7426
1800.9
•
•
5.2913
hi ... 1206.3 1266.9 1321.2 1373.2 1424.7 1476.3 1528.5 1581.4 1689.4 1800.6
240.0 225.3 397.39 V ... 1.9268 2.2462 2.5316 2.8024 3.0661 3.3259

•
3.5831 3.8385 4.3456 4.8492
hi ... 1202.4 1264.6 1319.7 1372.1 1423.8 1475.6 1527.9 1580.9 1689.1 1800.4
260.0 245.3 404.44 V .. . .. 2.0619 2.3289 2.5808 2.8256 3.0663 3.3044 3.5408 4.0097

•
4.4750
hi .. . ... 1262.4 1318.2 1371.1 1423.0 1474.9 1527.3 1580.4 1688.7 1800.1
280.0 265.3 411.07 V .. ... 1.9037 2.1551 2.3909 2.6194 2.8437

•
3.0655 3.2855 3.7217 4.1543
hi .. . ... 1260.0 1316.8 1370.0 1422.1 1474.2 1526.8 1579.9 1688.4 1799.8
300.0 285.3 417.35 V .. . ... 1.7665 2.0044 2.2263 2.4407 2.6509 2.8585 3.0643 3.4721 3.8764
hi .. . ... 1257.7 1315.2 1368.9 1421.3 1473.6 1526.2 1579.4 1688.0 1799.6
320.0
I
305.3 423.31 V .. . ... 1.6462 1.8725 2.0823 2.2843 2,4821 2.6774 2.8708 3.2538 3.6332
hi .. . ... 1255.2 1313.7 1367.8 1420.5 1472.9 1525.6 1578.9 1687.6 1799.3
340.0
I
325.3 428.99 V .. . ... 1.5399 1.7561 1.9552 2.1463 2.3333 2.5175 2.7000 3.0611 3.4186
hi ., . ... 1252.8 1312.2 1366.7 1419.6 1472.2 1525.0 1578.4 1687.3 1799.0
360.0 345.3 434.41 V .. . .. 1.4454 1.6525 1.8421 2.0237 2.2009 2.3755 2.5482 2.8898 3.2279
)1
h, ... .. 1250.3 1310.6 1365.6 1418.7 I 1471.5 1542.4 1577.9 1686.9 1798.8
I
·Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967) with permission of the publisher. the (continued on
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 345 East 47th Street. New York. :-J. Y. 10017, 'he nex' poge)
I
I
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-17

Properties of Superheated Steam - continued

\ = specific volume, cubic feet per pound
hg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound

Pressure Sat.
Lbs. per Temp. Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)
Sq, In.

Abs.
pI
I Gage 500 0

600
0
I 700
0
I 800 0 ! 900 0 ' 1000' i 1100 0
1200" I 1300' 1400" 1500 0

P t , I \

,
;

380.0 365.3 439.61 - 1.3606 1.5598

\i 1. 7410 11.9139 2.0825 2.24841 2.4124 2.5750 2.7366 2.8973 3.0572
hg 1247.7 1309.0 1364.5. 1417.9 1470.8 . 1523.8 I 1577.4 1631.6 1686.5 1742.2 1798.5
i
400.0 385.3 444.60 V 1.2841 1.4763 1. 6499 11.8151 1.9759 2.1339 2.2901 2.4450 2.5987 ' 2.7515 2.9037
hu 1245.1 1307.4 1363.4 1417.0 1470.1 1523.3 1576.9 1631.2 1686.2 1741.9 1798.2
,
420.0 405.3 449.40 V 1.2148 1.4007 1.5676 1.7258 1.8795 2.0304 2.1795 2.3273 2.4739 2.6196 2.7647
hg 1242.4 1305.8 1362.3 1416.2 1469.4 i 1522.7 1576.4 1630.8 1685.8 1741.6 1798.0
440.0 425.3 454.03 V 1.1517 1.3319 1.4926 1.64451 1.7918 1.9363 2.0790 2.2203 2.3605 2.4.998 2.6384
hu 1239.7 1304.2 1361.1 1415.31 1468.7 1522.1 1575.9 1630.4 1685.5 1741.2 1797.7
460.0 445.3 458.50 V 1.0939 1.2691 1.4242 1.5703 1.7117 1.8504 1.9872 2.1226 2.2569 2.3903 2.5230
hu 1236.9 1302.5 1360.0 1414.4 1468.0 1521.5 1575.4 1629.9 1685.1 1740.9 1797.4
,
480.0 465.3 462.82 V 1.0409 1.2115 1.3615 1.5023 1.6384 1.7716 1.9030 2.0330 2.1619 2.2900 : 2.4173
hu 1234.1 1300.8 1358.8 1413.6 1467.3 1520.9 1574.9 1629.5 1684.7 1740.6 ' 1797.2
500.0 485.3 467.01 V 0.9919 1.1584 1.3037 1.439711.5708 1.6992 1.8256 1.9507 2.0746 2.1977 ! 2.3200
hg 1231.2 1299.1 1357.7 1412.711466.6 1520.3 1574.4 1629.1 1684.4 1740.3 . 1796.9
520.0 505.3 471.07 V 0.9466 1.1094 1.2504 1. 3819 11.5085 1.6323 I 1.7542 1.8746 1.9940 2.1125 2.2302
hg 1228.3 1297.4 1356.5 1411.8 1465.9 1519.711573.9 1628.7 1684.0 1740.0 1796.7
540.0 525.3 475.01 V 0.9045 1.0640 1.2010 1.3284: 1.4508 1.5704 I 1.6880 1.8042 1.9193 2.0336 2.1471
hg 1225.3 1295.7 1355.3 1410.911465.1 1519.1 I 1573.4 1628.2 1683.6 I 1739.7 1796.4
560.0 545.3 478.84 V 0.8653 1.0217 1.1552 1.2787 1.3972 1.512911.6266 1.7388 1.8500 11.9603 2.0699
hg 1222.2 1293.9 1354.2 1410.0 1464.4 1518.6 1572.9 1627.8 1683.3 1739.4 1796.1
1
580.0 565.3 482.57 V 0.8287 0.9824 1.1125 1.2324! 1.3473 1.4593 1.5693 1.6780 1.7855 1.8921 1.9980
hg 1219.1 1292.1 1353.0 1409.21 1463.7
I
1518.0 1572.4 1627.4 1682.9 1739.1 1795.9
I
600.0 585.3 486.20 V 0.7944 0.9456 1.0726 1.1892! 1.3008 1.4093 1.5160 1.6211 1.7252 i 1.8284 1.9309
hg 1215.9 1290.3 1351.8 1408.3' 1463.0 1517.4 1571.9 1627.0 1682.611738.8 1795.6
i
650.0 635.3 494.89 V- 0.7173 0.8634 0.9835 1.0929 1.1969 i 1.2979 1.3969 1.4944 1.5909\ 1.6864 1.7813
hg 1207.6 1285.7 1348.7 1406.0 11461.2 1515.9 1570.7 1625.9 1681.6 1738.0 1794.9
700.0 685.3 503.08 V- ... 0.7928 0.9072 1.0102 1.1078 1.2023 1.2948 1.3858 1.4757 1 1.5647 1.6530
hg ... 1281.0 1345.6 1403.7 1459.4 1514.4 1569.4 1624.8 1680.7\1737.2 1794.3
750.0 735.3 510.84 V ... 0.7313 0.8409 0. 9386 11.0306 1.1195 1.2063 1.2916 1.3759! 1.4592 1.5419
hg .
'.' 1276.1 1342.5 1401.5 1457.6 1512.9 1568.2 1623.8 1679.81 1736 .4 1793.6
800.0 785.3 518.21 V ... 0.6774 0.7828 0.8759 0.9631 1.0470 1.1289 1.2093 1.2885 I 1.3669 1.4446
hg ... 1271.1 1339.3 1399.1 1455.8 1511.4 1566.9 1622.7 1678.9 1735.7 1792.9
850.0 835.3 525.24 V ... 0.6296 0.7315 0.8205 0.9034 0.9830 1.0606 1.1366 1.2115 1.2855 1.3588
hg ., . 1265.9 1336.0 1396.8 1454.0 1510.0 1565.7 1621.6 1678.0 1734.9 1792.3
900.0 885.3 531.95 V ... 0.5869 0.6858 0.7713 0.8504 0.9262 0.9998 L0720 1.1430 1.2131 1.2825
hg ... 1260.6 1332.7 1394.4 1452.2 1508.5 1564.4 1620.6 1677.1 1734.1 1791.6
950.0 935.3 538.39 V ., . 0.5485 0.6449 0.7272 0.8030 0.8753 0.9455 1.0142 1.0817 1.1484 1.2143
ho ... 1255.1 1329.3 1392.0 1450.3 1507.0 1563.2 1619.5 1676.2 1733.3 1791.0
1000.0 985.3 544.58 V ... 0.5137 0.6080 0.6875 0.7603 0.8295 0.8966 0.9622 1,0266 1.0901 1.1529
ho ... 1249.3 1325.9 1389.6 1448.5 1505.4 1561.9 1618.4 1675.3 1732.5 1790.3
1050.0 1035.3 550.53 V ., . 0.4821 0.5745 0.6515 0.7216 0.7881 0.8524 0.9151 0.9767 1.0373 1.0973
ho ... 1243.4 1322.4 1387.2 1446.6 1503.9 1560.7 1617.4 1674.4 1731.8 1789.6
1100.0 1085.3 556.28. V ... 0.4531 0.5440 0.6188 0.6865 0.7505 0.8121 0.8723 0.9313 0.9894 1.0468
ho ... 1237.3 1318.8 1384.7 1444.7 1502.4 1559.4 1616.3 1673.5 1731.0 1789.0
1150.0 1135.3 561.82 V ... 0.4263 0.5162 0.5889 0.6544 0.7161 0.7754 0.8332 0.8899 0.9456 1.0007
ho ... 1230.9 1315.2 1382.2 1442.8 1500.9 1558.1 1615.2 1672.6 1730.2 1788.3
A-18 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE CRANE '-=
'11=
Properties of Superheated Steam - concluded

\ = specific volume, cubic feet per pound

h" = total heat of steam, Btu per pound
-,-&
~

-=
Pressure Sat.
Lbs. per Temp. Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)
Sq. In.
Abs. Gage 0
pi 650 0 700 I 750 0 8000 900 0 10000 1100" 1100" 1 1300° 1400° 115000 Il=
P C I
-=
1 1
-
1200.0 1185.3 567.19 V 0.4497 0.4905 0.5273 0.5615 0.6250 0.6845 0.7418 0.7974 0,8519 0.9055 0.9584
hg 1271.8 1311.5 1346.9 1379.7 1440.9 1499.4 1556.9 1614.2 1671.6 1729.4 1787.6
1300.0 1285.3 577.42 V
hg
0.4052
1261.9
0.4451
1303.9
0.4804 0.5129
1340.8 1374.6
0.5729
1437.1
0.6287
1496.3
0.6822
1554.3
0.7341 0.7847 0.8345 0.8836 II::
1612.0 1669.8 1727.9

-=
1786.3
1400.0 1385.3 587.07 V 0.3667 0.4059 0.4400 0.4712 0.5282 0.5809 0.6311 0.6798 0.7272 0.7737 0.8195
hg 1251.4 1296.1 1334.5 1369.3 1433.2 1493.2 1551.8 1609.9 1668.0 1726.3

-=
1785.0
1500.0 1485.3 596.20 V 0.3328 0.3717 0.4049 0.4350 0.4894 0.5394 0.5869 0.6327 0.6773 0.7210 0.7639
hg 1240.2 1287.9 1328.0 1364.0 1429.2 1490.1 1549.2 1607.7 1666.2 1724.8

-=
1783.7
1600.0 1585.3 604.87 V 0.3026 0.3415 0.3741 0.4032 0.4555 0.5031 0.5482 0.5915 0.6336 0.6748 0.7153
hg 1228.3 1279.4 1321.4 1358.5 1425.2 1486.9 1546.6 1605.6 1664.3 1723.2 1782.3
1700.0 1685.3 b13.13 -
V
hg
0.2754
1215.3
0.3147
1270.5
0.3468
1314.5
0.3751
1352.9
0.4255
1421.2
0.4711
1483.8
0.5140
1544.0
0.5552
1603.4
0.5951
1662.5
0.6341
1721.7
0.6724
1781.0 -=
1800.0 1785.3 621.02 V
hg
0.2505
1201.2
0.2906
1261.1
0.3223 0.3500
1307.4 1347.2
0.3988
1417.1
0.4426
1480.6
0.4836 0.5229
1541.4 1601.2
0.5609
1660.7
0.5980
1720.1
0.6343
-=
-=
1779.7
1900.0 1885.3 628.56 V 0.2274 0.2687 0.3004 0.3275 0.3749 0.4171 0.4565 0.4940 0.5303 0.5656 0.6002
hg 1185.7 1251.3 1300.2 1341.4 1412.9 1477.4 1538.8 1599.1 1658.8 1718.6 1778.4
2000.0 1985.3 635.80 V
hg
0.2056
1168.3
0.2488 0.2805 0.3072 0.3534 0.3942
1240.9 1292.6 1335.4 1408.7 1474.1
0.4320 0.4680 0.5027
1536.2 1596.9 1657.0
0.5365 0.5695
1717.0 1777.1 -=
2100.0 2085.3

2200.0
642.76

2185.3 649.45
V 0.1847 0.2304 0.2624 0.2888 0.3339 0.3734 0.4099 0.4445 0.4778 0.5101 0.5418
hg
V
hg
1148.5
0.1636
1123.9
1229.8 1284.9
0.2134 0.2458 0.2720
1218.0 1276.8 1323.1
1329.3 1404.4 1470.9. 1533.6
0.3161 0.3545 0.3897 0.4231 0.4551
1400.0 1467.6 1530.9 1592.5 1653.3
1594.7 1655.2 1715.4
0.4862
1775.7
0.5165
-:r-=
1713.9 1774.4
2300.0 2285.3 655.89 V
hg
...
...
0.1975
1205.3
0.2305 0.2566 0.2999 0.3372
1268.4 1316.7 1395.7 1464.2
0.3714 0.4035
1528.3 1590.3
0.4344 0.4643 0.4935 II::
1651.5 1712.3 1773.1
2400.0 2385.3 662.11

2500.0 2485.3 668.11

V
hg
V
...
,

...
..
0.1824 0.2164 0.2424 0.2850
1191.6 1259.7 1310.1 1391.2
0.3214 0.3545 0.3856
1460.9 1525.6 1588.1
0.1681 0.2032 0.2293 0.2712 0.3068 0.3390 0.3692 0.3980
0.4155
1649.6
0.4443
1710.8
0.4724
1771.8
0.4259 0.4529
-=
Ie
hg ... 1176.7 1250.6 1303.4 1386.7 1457.5 1522.9 1585.9 1647.8 1709.2 1770.4
2600.0 2585.3 673.91

2700.0 2685.3 679.53

V
hg
V
...
...
...
0.1544 0.1909 0.2171 0.2585
1160.2 1241.1 1296.5 1382.1
0.1411 0.1794 0.2058 0.2468 0.2809 0.3114 0.3399
0.2933
1454.1
0.3247 0.3540 0.3819
1520.2 1583.7 1646.0

0.3670
004088
1707.7
0.3931
0.4350
1769.1
0.4184
-=
11=
hg ... 1142.0 1231.1 1289.5 1377.5 1450.7 1517.5 1581.5 1644.1 1706.1 1767.8
2800.0 2785.3 684.96

2900.0 2885.3 690.22

V
hg
V
...
, ..

...
0.1278 0.1685 0.1952
1121.2 1220.6 1282.2
0.1138
0.2358
1372.8
0.1581 0.1853 0.2256 0.2585
0.2693 0.2991 0.3268
1447.2 1514.8 1579.3
0.2877 0.3147 0.3403
0.3532
1642.2
0.3785
1704.5
0.3649
0.4030
1766.5
0.3887
-=
11=
hg ... 1095.3 1209.6 1274.7 1368.0 1443.7 1512.1 1577.0 1640.4 1703.0 1765.2
3000.0 2985.3 695.33 V
hg
...
..
0.0982 0.1483 0.1759 0.2161 0.2484 0.2770 0.3033
1060.5 1197.9 1267.0 1363.2 1440.2 1509.4 1574.8
0.3282 0.3522 0.3753 11=
,
1638.5 1701.4 1763.8
3100.0 3085.3 700.28

3200.0 3185.3 705.08

V
hg
V
.. .
, ..

.. .
...
...
, ..
0.1389 0.1671
1185.4 1259.1
0.2071 0.2390 0.2670 0.2927
1358.4 1436.7 1506.6 1572.6
0.1300 0.1588 0.1987 0.2301 0.2576 0.2827
0.3170
1636.7
0.3065
0.3403
1699.8
0.3291
0.3628
1762.5
0.3510
-=
8:
hg .. . " . 1172.3 1250.9 1353.4 1433.1 1503.8 1570.3 1634.8 1698.3 1761.2
3300.0 3285.3 .. . V
h,
,
. ..
.. ...
...
0.1213 0.1510 0.1908 0.2218
1158.2 1242.5 1348.4 1429.5
0.2488 0.2734 0.2966
1501.0 1568.1 1623.9
0.3187
1696.7
0.3400
1759.9
a:
3400.0 3385.3 .. . V
hg
. ..
...
...
. ..
0.1129 0.1435 0.1834 0.2140 0.2405 0.2646 0.2872
1143.2 1233.7 1343.4 1425.9 1498.3 1565.8 1631.1
0.3088
1695.1
0.3296 .~-=
1758.5
II:
a:
 ,1

CRAN E APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE A-19
! -

Properties of Superheated Steam and Compressed Water*

v = specific volume, cubic feet per pound

hg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound

Absolute Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)

Pressure

Lbs. per
Sq. In. 200 0 400
0
I 5000 1 600 0
I 700 0 800 0
I 900
0 i
i
I
1000° 1100
0
I 1200° I 1300' I 1400° ; I
1500"

3500
--
\/ 0.0164
hg 176.0
0.0183
379.1
0.0199
487.6
0.0225 0.0307 0.1364 0.1764
608.4 779.4 1224.6 1338.2
;
0.2066
1422.2
0.2326
1495.5
i 0.2563' 0.2784 0.2995
1563.6 1629.2 1693.6
0.3198
1757.2
-
3600 V 0.0164 0.0183 0.0198 0.0225 0.0302 0.1296 0.1697 0.1996 0.2252 0.2485 0.2702 0.2908 0.3106
hg 176.3 379.3 487.6 608.1 775.1 1215.3 1333.0 1418.6 1492.6 1561.3 1627.3 1692.0 1755.9
3800 V 0.0164 0.0183 0.0198 0.0224 0.0294 0.1169 0.1574 0.1868 0.2116 0.2340 0.2549 0.2746 0.2936
hg 176.7 379.5 487.7 607.5 768.4 1195.5 1322.4 1411.2 1487.0 1556.8 1623.6 1688.9 1753.2
4000 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0198 0.0223 0.0287 0.1052 0.1463 0.1752 0.1994 0.2210 0.2411 0.2601 0.2783
hg 177.2 379.8 487.7 606.9 763.0 1174.3 1311.6 1403.6 1481.3 1552.2 1619.8 1685.7 1750.&
4200 . V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0197 0.0222 0.0282 0.0945 0.1362 0.1647 0.1883 0.2093 0.2287 0.2470 0.2645
hg 177.6 380.1 487.8 606.4 758.61 115 1.6 1300,4 1396.0 1475.5 1547.6 1616.1 1682.6 1748.0
4400 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0197 0.0222 0.0278 0.0846 0.1270 0.1552 0.1782 0.1986 0.2174 0.2351 0.2519
hg 178.1 380.4 487.9 605.9 754.8 1127.3 1289.0 1388.3 1469.7 1543.0 1612.3 1679.4 1745.3
4600 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0197 0.0221 0.0274 0.0751 0.1186 0.1465 0.1691 0.1889 0.2071 0.2242 0.2404
hu 178.5 380.7 487.9 605.5 751.5 1100.0 1277.2 1380.5 1463.9 1538.4 1608.5 1676.311742.7
4800 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0196 0.0220 0.0271 0.0665 0.1109 0.1385 0.160& 0.1800 0.1977 0.2142 0.2299
hg 179.0 380.9 488.0 605.0 748.6 1071.2 1265.2 1372.6 1458.0 1533.8 1604.7 1673.1 1740.0
-
5200 V 0.0164 0.0181 0.0196 0.0219 0.0265 0.0531 0.0973 0.1244 0.1458 0.1642 0.1810 0.1966 0.2114
hg 179.9 381.5 488.2 604.3 743.7 1016.9 1240.4 1356.6 1446.2 1524.5 1597.2 1666.8 1734.7
5600 V 0.0163 0.0181 0.0195 0.0217 0.0260 0.0447 0.0856 0.1124 0.1331 0.1508 0.1667 0.1815\ 0.1954
hg 180.8 382.1 488.4 603.6 739.6 975.0 1214.8 1340.2 1434.3 1515.2 1589.6 1660.5 In9.5
6000 V 0.0163 0.0180 0.0195 0.02161 0.0256 0.0397 0.0757 0.1020 0.1221 0.1391 0.1544 0.1684 0.1817
hg 181.7 382.7 488.6 602.9 736.1 945.1 1188.8 1323.6 1422.3 1505.9 1582.0 1654.2 1724.2
6500 V 0.0163 0.0180 0.0194 0.0215 0.0252 0.0358 0.0655 0.0909 0.1104 0.1266 0.1411 0.1544 0.1669
hg 182.9 383.4 488.9 602.3 732.4 919.5 1156.3 1302.7 1407.3 1494.2 1572.5 1646.4 1717.6
7000 V 0.0163 0.0180 0.0193 0.0213 0.0248 0.0334 0.0573 0.0816 0.1004 0.1160 0.1298 0.1424 0.15012
hg 184.0 384.2 489.3 601.7 729.3 901.8 1124.9 1281.7 1392.2 1482.6 1563.1 1638.6 1711.1
7500 V 0.0163 0.0179 0.0193 0.0212 0.0245 0.0318 0.0512 0.0737 0.0918 0.1068 0.1200 0.1321 0.1433
hg 185.2 384.9 489.6 601.3 726.6 889.0 1097.7 1261.0 1377.2 1471.0 1553.7 1630.8 1704.6
8000 V 0.0162 0.0179 0.0192 0.0211 0.0242 0.0306 0.0465 0.0671 0.0845 0.0989 0.1115 0.1230 0.1338
hg 186.3 385.7 490.0 600.9 724.3 879.1 1074.3 1241.0 1362.2 1459.6 1544.5 1623.1 1698.1
9000 V 0.0162 0.0178 0.0191 0.0209 0.0237 0.0288 0.0402 0.0568 0.0724 0.0858 0.0975 0.1081 0.1179
hg 188.6 387.3 490.9 600.3 720.4 864.7 1037.6 1204.1 1333.0 1437.1 1526.3 1607.9 1685.3
10000 V 0.0161 0.0177 0.0189 0.0207 0.0233 0.0276 0.0362 0.0495 0.0633 0.0757 0.0865 0.0963 0.10501
hg 190.9 388.9 491.8 600.0 717.5 854.5 1011.3 1172.6 1305.3 1415.3 1508.6 1593.1 1672.8
11000 V 0.0161 0.0176 0.0188 0.0205 0.0229 0.0267 0.0335 0.0443 0.0562 0.0676 0.0776 0.0868 0.01)52
hg 193.2 390.5 492.8 599.9 715.1 846.9 992.1 1146.3 1280.2 1394.4 1491.5 1578.7 1660.6
12000 V 0.0161 0.0176 0.0187 0.0203 0.0226 0.0260 0.0317 0.0405 0.0508 0.0610 0.0704 0.0790 0.0869
hg 195.5 392.1 493.9 599.9 713.3 841.0 977.8 1124.5 1258.0 1374.7 1475.1 1564.9 1648.8
13000 V 0.0160 0.0175 0.0186 0.0201 0.0223 0.0253 0.0302 0.0376 0.0466 0.0558 0.0645 0.0725 0.07'l1) t
hg 197.8 393.8 495.0 600.1 711.9 836.3 966.8 1106.7 1238.5 1356.5 1459.4 1551.6 1637.4 .,
14000 i7 0.0160 0.0174 0.0185 0.0200 0.0220 0.0248 0.0291 0.0354 0.0432 0.0515 0.051)5 0.0670 0.0740
hg 200.1 395.5 496.2 600.5 710.8 832.6 958.0 1092.3 1221.4 1340.2 1444.4 1538.8 1626.5
15000 i7 0.0159 0.0174 0.0184 0.0198 0.0218 0.0244 0.0282 0.0337 0.0405 0.0479 0.0552 0.0624 0.06'lO
hg 202.4 397.2 497.4 600.9 710.0 829.5 950.9 1080.6 1206.8 1326.0 1430.3 1526.4 lbI5.9
15500 V 0.0159 0.0173 0.0184 0.0198 0.0217 0.0242 0.0278 0.0329 0.0393 0.0464 0.0534 0.0603 0.0668
hg 203.6 398.1 498.1 601.2 709.7 828.2 947.8 1075.7 1200.3 1319.6 1423.6 1520.4 1610.8

·Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1%7) with permission of the publisher. The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, ::-.I. Y. 10017
A-20 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Flow Coefficient C for Nozzles 9

C
110
iii
i ,1 l-----t- ;
I
o. :f
!.I 8
V Vf'1
I I, 11 o. 725
If;
./
!.I 6
-7 i 'I
r:::==r I i I '"
~
II , J.-l-.r o. 70 .~ ~
1
I V vI I;i 1
~ i II
o
'"c.
" '"
"
o. 675
~
Hiil L----+-
1........- , 1
a:::
.8
"0
1.08
1/ v f-tT1 l--~ ~
..;...
i
o.65 ~
o. 625 fij
II£:
/' . . . v Vjl l-- o. 60 a

-
Flow_ 1.06
,..... I--- '"
1.04
1/v i I o. 5]5 ~
o.!is .g Ie
1-- - ~ -:::: v ~ I o. 50 '0

~ v 1..-1-
1.02 .g
r:-t ~
j.......:
o.45
o.40 ~ Ie:
1.00
- -- 0.30

Example: The flow coeffi- 0.98

/:::::: r:::::: ~ i-'-"
~ I i'0.20
II:
cient C for a diameter ratio ~ I I
-=
0.96
{3 of 0.60 at a Revnolds i I
number of 20,000 (2 x [0 4) 94 "l; i

!I
-=11=
equals 1.03_ !
92
4 6 8 10' 2 4 6 8 10' 2 6 8 10'
N,· - Reynolds Number based on d z

9
Flow Coefficient C for Square-Edge Orifices
c
,17
a:
: : 1i T1!! Illd I
! 'I
,i:- 1-I' i ~T ~
I' \\
I
, , -=
-):
I --+--rF d - ..l =80 I /.
I ~t=751~ Y, 1-+: i ,,: \
o

-=
-=
:.: v ~ ~\t--d _~
2-V//1 i : = 1
-=II:
v r ~ '~t= : : III ! -----'f--+-+-1
J i·

o.4~~~;r+--l-+-+--+----H-+--+---1f-;-++--~i-+-++-i
I; i.
II:
O.3~~~+t+:_+-+.c-±-:;!::-:Il::;--_+----L--c1i......:!--b--!:-i i! _...L....L+...J
3 4 6 S 10 ,0 4Q 60 80 l()l 4 6 3 10' 4 6 8 10'
~
fl.· - Reynolds Number based on d2

0.78
d,/d. -II a
Row_ I
0.76
..........
l-
i
I ~'"
a
Q74 o. 75 is
t-t-
0.72
! '"
o. 7250:
a. 11=
F== -l- i
,I o
o. 70

*.. -=
OJ0 ::
t-- '- i

•s
0.68 &i
o.65 is
0.66
i--- I ,
, u

r--- o.6O~
0.61 o
I---- I i
O.55 '0
M2 o.50~
0.60
I-- t- o.~ 8! -
~
)a
I . iT i
1\0.30
0.20

•
0.58
2 4 6 & 10 I 6 & 10' , 6 I 10'

N.· - Reynolds Number based on d 2

•
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE A·21

Net Expansion Factor, Y Critical Pressure Ratio, rc

, )'
For Compressible Flow through
Nozzles and Orifices 9
For Compressible Flow through
Nozzles and Venturi Tubes~)

5 k = 1.3 ,q'!"'r<lximu[c·I\· ...... I I

I fIJr C:O,. ~()2, I I,U. II,S. '-;1 1:1, '-.i,O, OJ, C:H ,. C: 111,. :.nd ell l ,
...............
t-.. I l
,
............
~ 10 , i-L I
r--- 1'-- ,
~,;- ,j
, 0.95

a:-
......
60
.........
N,
I'r---
......
~l
I
'i
i

1/''"
l'
I

0.90 'N
a.. i"- t-... l r--- t-.. :
:~

,
~ .su
0;]
I..L.
c::
0
0.85
Square Edge Orifice
~ =0.2
=0.5
=0.6
=0.7
=0.75
II .1 8i"-
t"-...
......
t----.J'- t--.... ~:I""V
i'l. . . . . . l'--.. ~
I'-.- ~~ v
(/) .16

F=::::: ~
c::
~ ~ 0.80
"
r--::: s:::
x p
N~ ~ .....--
l.LJ .......... ~
iii • -.....,
"" 0.75
Nozzle or ~ ...........-1'
>-- ~ ~ vfo,
Venturi Meter
tl1
0.70
~ = 0.2
=0.5 , i
i
=0.6
=0.7 ,
I

~ =0.75 1.25 1.3 u

0.65
~
0.60
~/ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
D,.p
~
Pressure Ratio p;
I k = 1.4 approxiln<Hely
(for.\ir. H 2. O2, \J2. CO. "lO. and HCll
:i1 1.0

~
0.95

:e
0.90
:g Square Edge Orifice
.su /1 ·0.2
' 0.5
.~ 0.6

:5 '"
I..L.
0.85
= 0.7
-·0.75
c:
0

~
(/)
c: 0.80
'"x
Cl.

~
l.LJ
0.75

::i ;,...
0.70

~
0.65
~
~

:;( 1,
0,60
0.2 0.4 0.6
<- " D,.p
Pressure Ratio
~ p;

~
A- 22 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITIINGS, AND PIPE eRA NE '1=
Net Expansion Factor Y for Compressible Flow ~
7,

Through Pipe to a Larger Flow Area "';:l<-It

J:-
~
k = 1.3
~

0.95
r\ ~
""-.
I
i
:
!
Limiting Factors
For Sonic Velocity r;;:
~~~
\ Ie = 1.3
!
,,~
I i ~
0.90 I
6P
0.85 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i K 1 pIt I/
y
c:
0.80
I~ ~ ~ ~t':
~~~ t:-...
f'-
1.2
1.5
.525
.550
I .612
I .631 -=
y
0.75
'\
~ ~"~F::l:":
~~~
~ ~ ~t----
2.0
3
.593
.642
.635
.658
-=1=
~ ~I~ ~~
""~~"~t'::~ 4 .678 .670
0.70 ~ ~~ ~~~~~
,,_,,_1\,- 1'- ,__ 1 6 .722 .685

~ ~ "'"l'o"/'0 t'o ~ "'0 Vo il 8 I 11=

'\
11'- " .750 .698
1'-" lil 0
10

-=s.:
0.65 " 1'- " <:?o
-,,-~-
.773 .705
1'\
i'o1'- 1'-~" D~ r'~'0I~o '0
15 .807 ' .718
0.60 I 20 .831 .718

0.55 I r~y '°1 40

100
.877
.920
.718
.718
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
l;;.p
p'1
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
fIe
-=
1.0
(k =approximardv
k = 1.4
. CO. \;0 and Hell
1.-1 f,)r Air. H 2: 0.,- \; •.
-=II:
1'\I'--- ""-.
f\..
!
i
I
I ! I , :
Limiting Fadors
For Sonic Velocity
0.95
,\ ~ ~'
i 1 i
Ie = 1.4 II:
I
!
:
~~~ !
!
I
I

I I!
""~~~ I~~I E
0.90
1
i
!
I ,
I
I

~
! i ! i,i K y
0.85 ! i ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t-...... i
i
i
I
iI
1
1.2 .552 .588
S
0.80 I i I 1.5 .576 .606

~ ~~~ ~
'\
~~ ~
1
2.0 .612 .622
r
Y
0.75 I 3 .662 .639
a
0.70 I ~ ~~~~R:~§~~J 4
6
.697
.737
.649
.671 s.
I~ "'-f"'.""" "to"O .f.':f"~-+~-1-~-
0.65
i N "'- ~ i"oi 1-t"
1- ~"O!
,,~~ ~I 'bo
\S' i
8
10
.762
.784
.685
.695 •
•
i :

,,\~ 11-1"':1".:;\,0 I
15 .818 .702
0.60
i 1 ~+ ~ ~() I 20 .839 .710
I :'' ' ~J~'O I 40 .883 .710
1'-""
I 'oS' Ii 100 .926 .710 ~ )5
0.55
a 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
l;;.p
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
•
p'I
•
•
 CRAN E APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE
A- 23

Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors

For Complete Turbulence!!1

Pipe Diameter, in Feet - f)

'{2 3 4 5 E , 2 L1 2 3 4 r.J E 0
\ I
10 2U 25
1 t
,,
I I
,05
lJ7
,04
r-, OE
,03 "'- I\. I'.
.\ "- 1\
"-
,02 f'.. ~ ~ 1-, 05

i\... I"r-., ",

f'~ r'li\... ['\
/-' 04
.01 ~ r'\
.OOB
"'-"'-,, "-
035
.006 '\. "1'.', RIVETED
,~ STEEL
I"
, I
.OU5 1"- "- , l\.
"'- "I.
1"- I'
1-, 03
.004
" ~
"-
"'- ,,~

1\.1"I I "-
ON RETE
I"
"-"f"\" 1'.1'\
.U03 ~
, r-"l'\. WOOD
r'I~STAVE
I' "t:'" G25
f\. r'ieJl
.O(J2
i\... "i'I'r\ r-., 1'\ ~" t'\. I'"

"
VI
Q)
<::J..
0..

r-., ~ r\ "1\ I'...

1\
.... ::::;

~
1

Q)
.001
.• OOOB
" I'...
-....
I'-
~ "'I'

,
, ...... " I'-
~
,~,

'~"I"
:,,-s>.~
I'
~
_.... t:'
'I,'
1".01-
f'\ 1-, Oi

01£
Cia
:::l
a
::.:::
Q)-
u

~ .0006 I"
r\
~ ,("i>o}"-
I' ~ a:;
~
"
['\
§ ,0005
:::I

I' ,a-.,.1I.. "

-e
~> .0004
::J
_.'I

~~"
f'
OlE r-
:§ .0003
Q)
e:::
'"1'\ I" 01',(> 1-~1'.
-Y'1( "'~6\. J'I\
I'.. ['\
f'I
C"I.
,"""
«'
Q)

OJ
<::J..
E
>-~ /'?~f\ f'I ~.;>
.0002
I'N>
() 0 01-
'101'>- I" I' I' ['\
1'\ , r-, 0148
0
''? 1\ I' I\..
"",,-,
""0
['('1(
01- I....
1\ 1'1' "
~ [\ 1"\ 1\1'. i'
I.L.
I

.0001 012
.00008
'>- , ~«'~
...[ "
I\,. ~~
.00006 I" I" I'\. '«'~!I..
.00005 "'-"- ~~ ~,
.-~
.00004 i-------' () !.'«'~
,"" i:?Q
,
~'1, ",-,,~
"-
~1- ~ooo, ~ .ul
.00003
~~ "" -="
:~
, ....
.00002
~Q
'r\ ~"
" '\
~
"- r\: - .009
~oo
.0000 1
\. ~
«'
I\,.
.008
.00000 8 "
"".0.
I ~0o. 1"-
.000006 II~.S'
.000005 1 20 30 4U 5060 80 100
2 345£ BlO 200 300
Pipe Diameter, in Inches-r/
":~l

[)atu l'xtractcJ frolll /:",'(it'll Problem: Determine absolute and rdati\'c roughness. <lnJ friction fuc-
!-'llcl,)fS /~>r Pi/'" FIl.1I' 1:>\ 1..1-', tor. for fully turl'ltlent flow in lo-inch cast iron pipe (l.D. = lo.lb").
\looJ\'. with I'tTnll~'I(ln (If tilt'
I'ublishcr. Tile ,\mcrkan Sod- Solution: Absolute roughness l E) = 0,00085,., .. Rcluti \'C rou"hness
"i" ) et\' of ,\ kd1anical l:nginnT', (E 0) = 0.001, . . . . I:riction factor at fully turhuknt flo\\' (j) = ; 0 I l)lJ.
}:
",
"
 VALUES OF ( ..d) FOR WATER AT 60· F (VELOCITY IN Fl./SEC. X DIAMETER IN INCHES) :t>

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 O.S 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600

<J>'"
aoo ..,. o? cl>
.~
s:.'" 1:>'"
'o~ "'~
SOl'" ...,
~
I I I I II I I I II I I I" I I I Ii I I I II

o.lISII' ,11II/FIIU]"'!!I1""'" , "~UH~~~N!T!HNE' ""'''''"' IIIHIIII

...»-
."
.05 Z
0
)(
.04 »-
.06 H.. I'.
.03
'"T1
~
n
. ."
I
:I:
:!'. -<
VI

nr 0 i'i
:::J ~

.04~\\
3 .02
.015
"T1
a
n
.....
...
'"0
~

::r
~
cr .01 ..,
0
m

--..,
VI V>

" .OOB 0
f 11111 .006 0
."

....
."

Friction .03 Relative c

Factor = .004 Roughness »

:::J
0
V>
»-
....:: z
ilL .025 0

(i,p.i .002 J)
-4
'<
"'C
0
~
D "2g (D ,...
.02 :I:
.001
0008
.0006
.0004
--
0
(')
0
»-
,...'"»-
~
'"
v;
.U'~I J ~~-lI1'i-I-/cU:::: I I I I Illi·J I III I I I I III I I III 3 ....
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .,.. i'i
.0002 3 VI

..,
(D ~
Q. <
»-
.0001
Q ~

-
!"
.00005
::.t?

-
."
.01 ....
"'C ~
(D z
ex; Cl
!"
008 - ~....... .OOOCH »-
. UP 2 3 4 5 6 8 10' 2 3 4 5 6 8 10\ 2 3 4 5 6 8 10' 2 3 4 56 ~ 10' ' " 2 , 3 4 5 6 8 10 z
0

j) /' .!.. =.000,001 !.. = 000 005 ...

~
N, - Reynolds Number = --p [) ., J).' m
J.ie
For a/her form. of the R, equation, .ee page J. 2. n
Problem: ;:IQ
Determine the friction factor for lo-inch cast iron Solution: The relative roughness (sec page ,.1.-2 J) is »
pipe (10.1 ()I! I.D.) at a Reynolds number {low of 30 ,000. 0.001. Then, the friction factor (j) c'-luals o.oll). z
m

tr·" " " ~ " ~ " " " ~

'--
R R
• MM. • • • • • ~
n n·11 '" n
 "'-·,1 II ~r)ff~"~iiT.~~~~;;;~tk~t;~~~~;;;;i*lRilf""'~'*~";.'1~'ilj'#~'W'i_
n
VALUES OF (vd) FOR WATER AT 60' F (VELOCITY IN FT./SEC. X OIAMETER IN INCHES) ::0
l>o
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 '\.~- 'l-~- to~- 'O~- lb. "\.~ ..
Z
.0 I
I
+ --+- t ·ITrr .
I
. CRITICAL
I I I I
--
I I '"
1\--i . t IT J~J;t1: 1'"
1"
f
-
I

. -...,-'
I I /I I I
"
1 /I
r " . . '"
I
, ,
I!
"oj" ,
If m

.0
·~~~~lZ~03N~E~~~~~~~"~0~u!~·Jt!BUILtE~H~T~Z~O~JH~IE~It~~~~~tt~~~~~i;E1~~~~
'~L'AMI"AR
)NET
~,!
,\
I : . T ITIQN
E, I ,
.. CO L,ETE "fURB
--
. .'
Hc¥'B'f'.-::'.:'::.,;'H:::"R=ffi-H:rrn
.. . ~
~.-
..
. f--.. ..
~
."

Z
0
Ii I \ ~ ..-~. - .. .. .- .... "- . x
.0
~I ~~ -n »-
I
+h-
+I -- r--
~
\
\!!
i'..
:
I
_}-

+c -.-. - -- =-.- . '.. . -----..:= =:. .. .

_ e-"'-
- - -.
. _ _ -
.~=
e--"-
-.~
Inside
Nominal
Pipe -
:!.
n
...,I
:r
-<
V>
r;
.04 rt Diameter, 0

+-t -'U\ ~ ~ ::~ .. --- - .- -- -. Inches

r~' ~I/8
Size,
Inches
::s
-n
»-
~

...,
'"
-
0.20 C 0...,
T:j '1!\ ~ ~r--. \. 0.25 <c:~, n
I -;:;\ 0 ............i"o... I\, ._.1'7=' !--'-.---~ Lu 4 m
'"
:j
0.30 0
f .03I : I' t' I ~.. .......... "- 0.40
3/8
~
In
.....
m
'"0
I ~~~ -
--I-
."
! 1\ 0.50
112 0 ."

Friction :11 I I ~~ : ~ C
I '\ 3/4

~
Factor = : i -H-+-1,+H-+++--+--I-++++++-H n 0
V>
0.75
h£ . '\ I I'- I-.. <D »-
z0
i C
(DL) 2g
. i t-. i'--... 1.0 ]I.
IJ2 ::s ."

~ ~ ...... '" 1.5

II'
" n Q
,i ~ ... 2 ~
.02. i I 21',2 0 n
! ~:S::~ '\ ! 3 :r
»-
131,
I ~ ~b:" 4 3(l) '"
»-
n
I ,,~ 4 ....
5 ~ m
.j ~!II l:{: ~ - . ... . .. !:!. '"....'"
.015 ~ £
8 c r;
,: t~Dm~~~i~~-;f~~se~;3=Elt~~!a
8

I
i f-r ~~ ,
- i'~r-- ~~
10
12
16
2 4
00000246
000 0
6 8 1 1 1 1
l~
14
-
c.n
( l)
(l)
'"0
."

<
<
»-

-T-1-rii~~Jf~~~~~~~ 36
Schedule Number _.
"'0
-0
m
Y'
."
:::;
i i [
48 (l) :j
.01 z
~~__~~~H++++H--~~++~44~~+-~~+H~4+~' C;;

.009
.__ ._. . _ ,-L . , II . L....-1_'--.L.LJ
C>
Y'
2 3 4 56 810 6 2 3 4 56 810 7 2 3 4 56 8 10 8 »-
103 2 3 4 5 6 810 4 2 3 4 5 6 810 5 . z0
J)I I P :!
He - Reynolds Number J.I.
For other forms of the R, equation, see poge 3·2. ."
m

Problem: Determine the friction factor for 11--inch Sched- Solution:

ule 40 pipe at a flow having a Reynolds number of 30 0,000. The friction factor (j) equals 0.016. l>o

'"
VI

t~T>~ -
A·26 APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRA N E

"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 1 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings
("K" is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2- 10)
f
~
PIPE FRICTION DATA FOR CLEAN COMMERCIAL STEel PIPE ~
WITH FlOW IN ZONE OF COMPLETE TURBULENCE
.~

Nominal Size Y2" 711" 1" 1~" lY2" 2" 2Y2, 3" 4" 5" 6" 8-10" 12-16" 18-24"
Friction
~
.027 .025 .023 .022 .021 .019 .018 .017 .016 ,015 .014 .013 .012
Factor (fT)
Ie
E
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING uK" FACTORS· ~
FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS WITH REDUCED PORT
~
(Ref: Pages 2-11 and 3-4)

• Formula 1 • Formula 6
.1;
1<2 = ~l + Formula 2 -7- Formula ..J.
-.;
• Formula 2
.11;
0,; (I - (32) • Isin.!!.. .11;
1<2 = V 2
{34 • Formula 7
)1£
• Formula 3 K2 = ~41 + {3 (Formula 2 + Formula..J.) when () = 180"
2.6~in :1(1 - (32)2 Kl
E
K2 = {34 = {34
1£
• Formula 4 II:

'•.
II:
• Formula 5
{3 -- ~
d2

1<2 = ~I + Formula I + Formula 3 {32 = (dd 2

l )2 = c:!.!.
a2

K2 =
KI + Sin~[0,8 (r - (32) + 2,6 (I - (32)2]
Subscript 1 defines dimensions
and coefficients with reference to
the smaller diameter. •
2 Subscript 2 refers to the larger
diameter . .
•
•
SUDDEN AND GRADUAL CONTRACTION SUDDEN AND GRADUAL ENLARGEMENT
•
!
r;: j
\9 d,I , •
•
.I I
, , I I
I
I \
9 d,
\
1 a, - I
, a, I ~ d, I a, 1
\ \
I / \ \
, .- I

•
L:' ) 5 )

~ Formula I

•
If: 0 < 45° ......... K2 If: 0 < 45°· ...... , .1<2 = Formula 3
45° < 0 < r800 .•. K2 - Formula 2 45° < 0 < 1800 ••• 1<2 = Formula 4

I
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE A-27

"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 2 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings
(for formulos and friction data. see poge A·26)

("K" is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2· 10)

GATE VALVES SWING CHECK VALVES

Wedge Disc, Double Disc, or Plug Type

K=loofT I< = 50 fr
If: {3 = I, (j = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<, = 8fT \'Iinimum pipe \'elocity \Iinimum pipe \'elocity
{3 < and (j :( -1-5° ......... I<~
1 = Formula 5 (fpS) for full ,--lise lift (fpS) for full disc lift
{3 < 1 and 45° < (j '< 180°.. . 1'-2 = Formula l1 =35 VV- =48 VV
--------------------------~- ..------,----~
LIFT CHECK VALVES
GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES

I r:
r3 = I .. ,K 1 = oeo fT
r3 < I .. ,K2 = Formula 7
lvlinimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift

'. -
/-=-
= 40 t/ 2 V V

~
4
' __
I
s
/'\..',
",',..
ij ",
,.,
/ .'

,-a,
,-'
,.

z
,~
"d a '
:~
If:
~ ,!Irr-
, -.i-

r3=I ... I<1=55h·

r3 < I ... K2 = Formula i
If: {3=I ... I<'=55fT ~"Iinimurn pipe velocity Ups) for full disc lift
= 140 (32 v'v

TILTING DISC CHECK V ALVES

, ,
I
, a., ,
I

0(. = 5° 01.= 15°

Sizes 2 to 8", .. K = 40ft. 120fr

Sizes 10 to 14" ... K = 30 ft. L)O /7'
Sizes Il) to -18" ... K = 20/-1' bo fT
All ~Iobe and an~le valves,
whether reduced scat or throttled, \ linirnurn pipe velocity
[ f: (:J < I . .- . f{.,! = Formula 7
(Cps) for full disc lift = 80 VV 30 VV

h
A- 28 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRA NE

"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 3 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings

(For formulas and friction data, see page A-26J

("K" is based on use of scheduled pipe as listed on page 2- 10) ~

STOP-CHECK V ALVES FOOT VALVES WITH STRAINER ~

(Globe and Angle Types)
Poppet Disc Hinged Disc
E=
t--d--i C
If:
C
, I
:;- .-. ---zj
E:
If: If: E=
i3 I, , ,1<1
= = 40 0 fr {3 = I, , ,I<I = 200 iT
{3 < I, ,:1<2 Formula 7 {3 < I , , ,1<2 = Formula -;
=
\ linimum pipe \'ciocity \Iinimum pipe \'clocity E=
Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift (fps) for full disc.!ift
for full disc Ii ft for full disc lift = 15 VV = 35 V V
;=- E:
= 55 {32 v'V = 75 {32 VV Ie

-=
I::
BALL VALVES

-=
. . . vJ;,-- -=IE:
{3 = 1 - ,
{3 < I, ,
If:
,1<1 = JOO iT
,1<.2 = Formula 7
{3 =
{3 <
I, ,
I, ,
,1<1
,1<.2
If:

=
= 35 0 fr
Formula 7
4(t ..~i- -=
ivlinimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
If: p= I. 0 = 0, , , , , , , , , , ' , , ,I<I =
p < 1 and 0 <: 45° , , , , , , , , ,1\.2 =
J !1.
rormula 5 -=
= 60 {32 VV {3 < I and 45° < 0'< 180°, , ,1\.2 = r:-ormula 6
-=
-=
-=
BUTTERFLY VALVES •
IE
II:
If: If:
{3 = I , - ,K 1 = 55 iT {3 = I., ,I<I = 55 iT II:
{:J < I" ,1<.2 = Formula 7 {:J < I" ,1<2 = Formula -; i
'It
Sizes 2 to 8" ... K = 45 fr
Nlinimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
Sizes 10 to 14" ... K = 35 fr
= 140 {32 V'V Sizes 16 to 24" ... K = 25 iT
It

•
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES. FlnINGS. AND PIPE A-29

UK" FACTOR TABLE- SHEET 4 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings
(for formulas and friction dota, 'ee page A-26)
("K" is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2- 10)

PLUG VALVES AND COCKS ST ANDARD ELBOWS

Straight-Way 3-Way 90°

(~( I

K = 30 iT I< = IblT

If: t3 = I. If: p = I, If: j3 = I,

1<\ = IS IT I<\ = 30 IT 1<\ = ClO iT ST ANDARD TEES
If: 11 < I ... I<~ = Formula 6
:.:2!

-----~--------------------------------
.J-L
-
MITRE BENDS

0(. K w
O· 2 fr Flow thru run ....... I< = 20 IT
IS· 4 fr FIO\\' t hru branch .... I< = 60 IT
30' 8 fr
45· 15 fr
60· 25 fr
75· 40 fr
90· 60 fr

----------~-------.,
PIPE ENTRANCE
90° PIPE BENDS AND
FLANGED OR BUTT-WELDING 90° ELBOWS
Inward Flush
rid K rid K Projecting
1 rid K
20 fr 8 24 fr
1.5 14 fr 10 30 fr 0.00* 0.5
2 12 fr 12 34 fr 0.02 0.28
3 12 fr 14 38 fr 0.04 0.24
4 14 fr 16 42 fr 0.06 0.15
6 17 fr 20 50 fr 0.10
.. ,. 0.15 & up
0.09
0.04
"l!!
The resistance coefficient, K/I, for pipe bends other 'Sharp-edged
than qoo may he determined as follows: For I<,
see table
['11= (11 - I) (0.2 5 fr-J + 0.5 K) + I<
7r

n = number of quo bt:nds

" = rt:sistunec coefficient for one l}O° ocnd (per tuble)
------------------._--------.---
--,-----,----------,--, Projecting
PIPE EXI'r
Sharp-Edged Rounded
CLOSE PATTERN RETURN BENDS

~
K = 1.0
---,
K = 1.0
I
 ~
A-30 APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FIITINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
~
Equivalent Lengths Land L/O and Resistance Coefficient K
,,~
L d 1.
LID
10000
-&;
2000
f,--( 8000 50
1 ~
v
6000 ~

~ l-' 5000 (/)

OJ
40
! Y 4000 ..c::
~
~
u
V j 3000
c:

~ ./
¥-,'"
I 1000
90 o 2000
c:
OJ-
30 ~
'1 80o
/
1/ -t,'f,"'~
N
y v;
l/ V
'" ,'/, V j-
70 o g
QJ
C.
a:::
QJ
Cl.. ~
,0 60 O~ a.. 24
~ V -t,;2 l-' U 50O~ .Q 1000 '0 ..,..
0

-We~
/ ! 00 OJ QJ ~
20 E
Q)
u..
:.1 / ;"-"
40 O~c. 600 c: :::l

l / -t,"'~:
'0
v Q.)
0 I--' E 500 ..c:: ..c::
u Ie
/ V M /
o
<.J 400 00 '"
Fl/ o '0
30 c: (Q

~~
V ~
/ I--' QJ c:
300 -I '6 14
~
Q)
c::
, o
...... C 0
1?
¥-'''' ~ 'V 200
QJ Z

20 o .=
/1 ~",~.y I--'
t..( (Q
> /
/
E
~
V I--' ~ .:; /1 10
'/
/ V y W-~ o
L;:
'-
r:r
UJ
/
/
/
9
II;
v 100

~
.2 I
V lV /
8
'/ I--' I ~:,
~
2Q) 80 0.4 /
/
CJ)

V 60 /
/
7 QJ
.s::::.
E
'/ I
,
I' ;
10o ~ /
/ U
.5
./ 1 ,~~ nn is 50 /
/
6 .:
!Y
-=
/
:l! eO Q)
c. 40 ,/
VT v· 70 0::
.= 30 /
,
/
c.
5 a:::
QJ-

V:..." co /

v ~I--'
~Y H'v
.s::::.-
bD 20
, ,/
/
/

"
'0
'-
)-=
50 c::
Q)
,, "" 4 4 oS
~.y iT: , , , ""
./
./ b~·1 0:;;;>,
I -'
......
c:: /
,," 3~~
QJ
E
co 1m
0 Q)
10' a
V ~~ I-' Ii 1- ~
.:;
/"
3 3
v- ~ /8 iii
Q.)
,,/
v J.t 1
30
r:r
"
'0
'Vi
v V ~ ~u.-
LLI

.. ..
, /" .5

v- 'r( I 1
. ",,"
2~
~
.:
•
/ i 2
:20 "3 2
V V I~vI--' I...).'
~n
'/ /
~/ I--'
2 In
•
'/
/ I, 10 1.0
H~

•
•
~ 9' 0.8
v 's- 0.6--------------------------1 1.0
7
,
•
y .5 0.9
6 .4 3/4 0.8
v ~~
~~ 5 0.3
1/
1/ ~.4'
V ~o~i-'
~¥

~~
m~
4
0.7
1/2 0.6 •
v
.4 .6.8LO 2
v M
6 810 :m-
" 4OF PIPE. INCHES
3
% 0.5 •
0.1

•
INSIDE DIAMETER
k~ll I~III 11111~1I111
'PI ~ 'PI ~ ~~ N .. of """ co ~~ l!! ~
__ __
•
.. ~
._--_.__ . .. .- ----
SCHEDULE 40 PIPE SIZE, INCHES
Solution
Problem: Find the equivalent length in pipe
diameters and feet of Schedule 40 dean COln-
mercial steel pipe, and the resistance factor f-(
Valve Si-:e 1" :;" 12" R,~(.., It>

•
•
Equi"alent length. ripe Ji:ll11et,r~ X ,,{ X Page :\-27
for I. ;, and 12-inch fuliy-opcned gate valves
with flow in :one of complete turblilence. Equi\'aknt length. feet of Schcd. 41l pipe II] lA 7.<l Dotted lines
Resist. factor "-. based (m Schcd. 40 pipe 0.1 X 0.13 0.10 on churt.

I
 CRAN E APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE
A - 31

Equivalents of Resistance Coefficient K

And Flow CoeHicient Cv

K Ii
0.1 60,000
K 50,000 24
24
40,000
30,000 20
0.15 29.9 d 2 20
Cv = ~ K 20,000 18
0.2 15 16
10,000 14
8000 12
0.3
6000
5000 10 10
0.4 4000 9
3000 8 8
0.5
2000 7
0.6 en
ClJ
OJ §... ..c:
u
~ ... c::
0.8 c: 1000
.....
....
..:::
u
800 .......... c:: 5 5 c::
0.9Z:; .....
1.0 i:E 600 ..... c:: ClJ-
Cl.
QJ
0 500 ..... ai 4 a..
Co)
400 c::ClJ
Cl.
0

-.....
a..
QJ -.r
u u
300 ..... 312
1.52en .....
QJ
0
ClJ
'3
-0
Ci3
en 200 8 ClJ
3 3 QJ
..c:
2
QJ
Q:; ::
0
E
C':l
u
en
QJ
J Li: Q 2!1 N
~ 100 I ClJ en
:s! co
80 \.....;... en
c:: c::
3 2 'E
60 0
50 ~ z
4 40 1\2
... ,,- 30 1.5
5 ]I.';
20
6
Problem: Find the now coefficient C 1, for Q
7 6-ineh Class 125 cast iron globe \'nh-c with
full area scat, 10 1.0
8
9 Solution: 8 .9
10 I< = 340!r, , , , . , , , .. , ........ ,page .\-27 6 .8 3/4
IT = 0.015 ..................... page ,\-26
5
4 .7
K = 340 XO.15 = 5.1
3 1/2
15 CI' = 490 ............. dotted lincs on ehart .6
2
.5 3/8
20

24 .4

)')
A-32 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLO W CHARACTERISTICS 0 F VALVES, FiniNG CRANE I
Types of V I S. AND PIPE
If
a ve-
(For other va/ve t ype" see page :.3 ·26)
).
I
I
I

•
•
•
•
•
Wedge Gale Val e •
•
Plug Gale Valve
(Balled Bonnell (Balled Bonnel) Flexible Wed g 8
(Pressure_S e IGaale Valve
a onnel)

•
).
•
Ball Valves

•
•
Tilling Disc Ch eck Valve
•
I
Butterfly Wafer Valve
I
-.-~.\

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
P Fool Valve.
oppel and Hinged Types
Three·Wo C
Sectional and OYutslde
.ockViews
I
I
 8-1

Engineering Data

APPENDIX B

Flow problems are encountered in many fields of

engineering; therefore. a wide choice of terminology
prevails. Terms most \viJely accepted in the fluiJ
dynamics field have been employed in this paper.
In the event problems are expressed in units other
than used in this paper. tables and nomographs are
provided for conversion.

Other useful engineering data are presented to pro-

vide direct solutions to frequently recurring factors
appearing in flow formulas. as \vell as complete
solutions to water and air flow pressure drop
problems.
8-2 APPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE E=
Equivalent Volume and Weight ~
Flow Rates of Compressible Fluids

q:,
,
T'
.:. <•

~
.. .Jo'"'-

q~n qlt W _ 8(1

1000 60,000 2.7
800 10,000 ~
1000 40,000 8000 2.5
BOO- 600
6000 ~
30,000 5000
600- 400
\V = -+.58 q'm S~ ~
4000
20,000 W = Po q'h S~
300 3000
400- 'X' = 0.0764 q'h Sg
2.0 E=
300- 200
2000 w= 3180q'dS~

10,000 where: C
200- Pa = weight density of air at
800n 1000 standard conditions ~
100 6000 800 (14.7 psia and 60 F)
SO 600 ~
100 500 1.5
4000
(I)
c:: 80- g'" 60 en
c:
400 ~
0
- :0
c:
3000 0
300
:0 60- <3 40
c:
0
"C
c: II;:
c..:> - "E 2000
0
c..:> 200
"0
ro 40- .g 30 "E
"0
c:
.!:! - .!:!
en
co
"C
c:
:;
0
::I:
C
co
V>
30- -: 20 t? Q;
100 c..
10
>.
co
- ::;
e::: 1[00 :;
10 en C
C ~ ::I: ___
80 "C
e:::

--
:::J
20- -- 0

-~
0
Q;
Cl. - Q; 800 Q; 60 Cl. 1:-
c;:;
Q)
c..
ilO 600
Cl.
c;:;
50-~-- __ ·s
~ 1.
I.L. u.. Q) 40 -g
co ---- __ __ C!)

u
:.c
:::J
c..:> 10-:g
_ c..:>
u
8
400
u..
u
:c
:::J
30 g:J
0
.c:::
---...---
---- ---------.. -
u

u
Q)
0.9
lit
-'"
c..:> I- c..
'0 6 en
E
en
c:
8- '0
en 300
0
20 .:
;$-
------ ~
-=
"C
.~ e:::
-~ __ 0.8
"C
6- co c: 0

:fiE
.: I-
- .c:::'"
:::J
0
4
200
co
en
::s
0
.c:::
u::
'0 --
=£
0
u::
4- .: 3
3-
;$-
0
I-
.:
;$-
10
8
2co
a::

- I
0.7 -=
'0 u:: 2
-=
0

-
'-.
u:: 6 .-
~
co
- 0 100 '0 5
a:: Q)

I 2- 10 80 ~ 4
-So
-
-
a::
I '"
a:: ~
60 I 3 0.6
- ,;:; 1.0
~
0.8
-""'00"
2
-=
0.8-
-
0.6
40
30 0.5 •
0.6- 0.4
20
1.0
0.8
•
0.4- 0.3 0.6
0.5
•
•
0.3- 0.2 0.4

l.
10 0.3 0.4
Problem: What is the rate of flow in
0.2-
-
0.1
.08
8
6
0.2'
pounds per hour of a gas, which has a
$~eCific gravity of 0.78, and is flowing at
t c rate of 1,000,000 cubic feet per hour
at ~tandurd conditions)

Solution: W = 00,000 pounds per hour.

0.35 •
•
0.1 4 0.1

•
CRANE APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA B-3

Equivalents of Absolute (Dynamic) Viscosity

TO (HH.\I:\ -- Centipoise
I

I Poise Slugs
Ft Sec
I tPounJ..,
Ft Sec
\ILLTIPLY
Gram 'Pound r Sec PounJa! Sec

l BY Cm Sec Ft 2 Ft 2

~If'.-
Dyne Sec
Cm 2
(Il) (100 Il) (Il',) (Il,)

I
Centipoi:e
I (Il) I
I
0.01
I
2.09 (10-")
I 6.72 (10- 4 )

Poise
Gram
CmSec (100 Il) 100 1 2.09 (10- 3) 0.0672
Dyne Sec
Cm 2

Slugs
Ft Sec
(Il' ,) "47900 479 1 g or 32.2
·Pound, Sec
Ft%
,
I
tPound m
Ft Sec
Poundal Sec
I (Il,) 1487 14.87 ~
g
or .0311 1
Ft 2
I !
·Poundr = PoLind of Force fPound m = Pound of Mass

To convert absolute or dynamic viscosity from one
set of units to another, locate the given set of units
in the left hand column and multiply the numerical
value by the factor shown horizontally to the right
under the set of units desired.
.-\s an example, suppose a given absolute viscositv of
Z ['oise is to bc com'erted to slugs foot second. - Bv
referring to the tablc, wc find the conversion Ltcto'r
to be 2.0q (10- 3). Then, 2 (poise) times 2.0C) (10- 3)
. = -1-.18 (10-3) = 0.00-1- 18 slugs, foot second.

Equivalents of Kinematic Viscosity

TO O\ff:\!"i - Centistokes Stokes Ft2

Sec
\ILLTIPLY Cm 2
Sec
BY
(.) (100 .) (.')
~
Centistokes (. )
II""'" 0.01 1.076 (10- 5)

Stokes
Cm 2 (100 .) 100 1.07& (10- 3 )
Sec

Ft 2
(v') 92900 929
Sec

To convert kinematic viscosity from one set of units
to another, locate the given set of units in the left
hand column and multiply thc numerical valuc by
the factor shown horizontally to the right, under
the set of units desired.
.-\s an example, suprosc a given kinematic \'iscosity
of 0.5 square foot·second is to be convcrtcd to cent i-
stokes. By referring to the table. we, fInd the con-
\'crsion factor to be C)2,qOO. Then. 0.5 (sq ft:sec)
times C)2.qOO = -1-6,-1-50 ccntistokes.

For conversion from kinematic 10 absolute viscosity, see page 8·5.

B-4 APPENDIX B- ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Equivalents of Kinematic Equivalents of Kinematic

and Saybolt Universal Viscosity
Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt
and Sayboit Furol Viscosity
Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt
f:
'~
Viscosity, Universal Viscosity, Sec Viscosity, Fuml Viscosity, Sec
Centistokes At 100 r At 210 F Centis tokes .\t 122 F .\t 21 () I ~
v Basic Values
-_._-----
- ------ -
l'
--------_.-
------ ------
~
1.83 32.01 32.23 48 25.3
2.0
4.0
32.62 32.85 50 26.1 25.2 ~
39.14 39.41 60 30.6 29.8
6.0
8.0
45.56
52.09
45.88
52.45
70
80
35.1
39.6
34.4
39.0
C
10.0 58.91 59.32 90 44.1 43.7
15.0
20.0
77.39
97.77
77.93 100 48.6 48.3 ~
98.45 125 60.1 60.1
150 71.7 71.8
25.0
30.0
119.3 120.1 175 83.8 83.7 ~
141.3 142.3
35.0 163.7 164.9
40.0
45.0
186.3
209.1
187.6
210.5
200
225
250
95.0
106.7
118.4
95.6
107.5
119.4
as:
275 130.1 131.4
50.0
55.0
232.1
255.2
233.8
257.0 300 141.8 143.5
&S:
60.0 278.3 280.2 325 153.6 155.5
65.0
70.0
301.4
324.4
303.5
326.7
350
375
165.3
177.0
167.6
179.7
E:
75.0
80.0
347.6
370.8
350.0
373.4
400
425
450
188.8
200.6
212.4
191.8
204.0 m:
85.0 393.9 396.7 216.1
475 224.1
90.0
95.0
417.1
440.3
420.0
443.4
228.3
lit
500 235.9 240.5
100.0 525 247.7 252.8
120.0
463.5
556.2
466.7
560.1
550 259.5 265.0 C
140.0 648.9 575 271.3 277.2
653.4
160.0 741.6 600 283.1 289.5 .~
180.0 834.2 625 294.9 301.8
200.0
220.0
926.9
1019.6
650
675
306.7.
318.4
314.1
326.4
-=
•
240.0 1112.3 700 330.2 338.7
260.0 1205.0 725 342.0 351.0
280.0 1297.7 750 353.8 363.4
300.0
320.0
340.0
360.0
380.0
1390.4
1483.1
1575.8
1668.5
1761.2
Saybolt Second s
equal
775
800
825
850
875
365.5
377.4
389.2
400.9
412.7
375.7
388.1
400.5
412.9
425.3
•
II:

•
Centistokes 900 424.5
400.0 1853.9 times 4.6673 437.7
420.0 1946.6 925 436.3 450.1
440.0 2039.3 950 448.1 462.5
460.0
480.0
2132.0
2224.7
975
1000
459.9
471.7
474.9
487.4 -=
•
500.0 2317.4 1025 483.5 499.8
1050 495.2 512.3
Saybolt Seconds 1075 507.0 524.8

•
Over 500 equal
Centistokes 1100 518.8 537.2
times 4.6347 Il25 530.6 549.7
Il50 542.4 562.2
Note: To obtain the Saybolt Universal viscosity Il75 554.2 574.7 II

•
equivalent to a kinematic viscosity determined at I. 1200 566.0 587.2
multiply the equivalent Saybolt Universal viscosity 1225 577.8 599.7
at 100 F by 1+ (t - 100) 0.000 064. 1250 589.5 612.2
1275 601.3 624.8
For example, 10 v at 210 F are equivalent to 58.91 1300 613.1 637.3
mUltiplied by 1.0070 or 59.32 sec Saybolt Universal I:
Over 1300 * t
at 21OF.

*OVER 1300 CEl'TISTOKES AT 122 F:

IE
These tables arc reprinted with the permission of
the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)
Saybolt Fluid Sec = Ccntistokes x 0.4717 ),:
•
toVER 1300 CENTISTOKES Xl' 210 F:
The table at the left was abstracted from Table I. Log (Saybolt Furol Sec - 2.87) =
D2161-63T. The table at the right was abstracted 1.0276 (Log (Centistokes)J - 0.3975

•
from Table 3, D2161-63T.
CRAN E APPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA

Equivalents of Kinematic, Saybolt Universal,

Saybolt Furol, and Absolute Viscosity

v
IJ.= vp' =vS
1000
900 2000
BOO
700 The empirical relation between Saybolt Universal Viscosity
600 I
and Saybolt Furol Viscosity at 100 F and 122 F,respectively,
J.Le and Kinematic Viscosity is taken from A.S.T.M. D2161-63T.
500 .05
1000 At other temperatures, the Saybolt Viscosities vary only
400 900 .04 2000 slightly.
BOO
'"c::
"0
Saybolt Viscosities above those shown are given by the rela-
0
u
700 .03
OJ
V)
300 -~=-=~ 600 tionships:
.:::
500 .02 1000 Saybolt Universal Seconds Centistokes x 4.6347 iI
.~ 900
'"u 200
0
400
800 Saybolt Furol Seconds Centistokes x 0.4717 I
U")
700
>
"0
:; 150-
-
300
600
500
I
u..
:=:
0
.CJ
.009
.008
.01
400 I
!
~ 100 u
.007
90 - - - = 4 - 200 ~ .006
300
80 ~ .005
70 U")
00
:G ,;; .004 200 '" U")

60 '0
a""5 .e-
500
50 -----'O'::':"'--l-100"~ ~ .003 "E
u'"
1.3
400 90 8 11
40 --'-=-'--1"-.. 8l.::: :b .002 100
c::
'-:'
90 ~ 1.2
I
70 -;;::-~_ 80 :g
300
30 ----=t:=_ 60 ~ c:: -
~ .:i
70 .~
I
26
200
50 .::; en
15 ~ .001
40 ~ ::; .0009
g! ~ .0008
~<
50 2o
40 .2
"'- -_ _
---
1.1
0
i

I
!

--
<:: ...... 1.0 10
:;;: ~ .0007 I ............
30 I ~ .0006 30 ::!. ............

-
;:.. I .0005
20 ii:
<::
20
-- - _ 5>. 0.9
-~ .0004
<I)
......................... ~ OJ
-2 100 20 30 l!!
c:
~ 04
90
~"-
0 <1>
U
QJ
en .0003 .<:; 40 ::
Cl

.: 80 a. 0.8
.?5 70 :E
10 50 ":;:
';;j .0002 9
I
0
u
8
'"
&
'" 60 60
:> 10 7
c;; 9 6 0.7 70
~
QJ 8
> 50 .0001 5 Problem 1: Determine the absolute viscosity 80
'2
:::>
7 .00009 of an oil which has a kinematic viscosity of 82
45 6 •00008 centistokes and a specific gravity of 0.83 . 90
"0
.Q
>0- .00007
<0
en 5 .00006 3 Solution 1: Connect 82 on the kinematic vis- 100
40 cosity scale with 0.83 on the specific gravity 0.6
4 .00005 scale; read 67 centipoise at the intersection on
2 the absolute viscosity scale.
.00004
3
35 .00003 Problem 2: Determine the absolute viscosity of
an oil having a specific gravity of 0.83 and a
Saybolt Furol viscosity of 40 seconds. 0.5
2
Solution 2: Conncct 0.83 on the specific gravity
scale with 40 seconds on the Saybolt Furol scale;
read 67 centipoise at the intersection on the
absolute viscosity sea/e.
 ~

TEMPERATURE. DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 0-

AMERICAN STANDARD
-30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1111 130 140 150 lEO 170 ASA No. ZlI.39-1939

~O Olililil!lilil ilililil ilil ililil ilil il il ilil il l l il l lil!~; ;:~1l;:~l1;:! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~;:~

50000 A.S.T.M. STANDARD VISCOSITY·TEMPERATURE CHARTS
FOR LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (D 341)
20000 CHART B: SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL VISCOSITY. ABRIDGED

10000 (This A.S.T.M. chart is used to determine the viscosi[), of a

petroleum product ae any temperature j( its viscosity at twO
000 different temperatures is known. When the Saybolt Universal
5 Viscosity-Temperature relationship of an oil is plotted on
4 ODD this chart. the resulting curve is a straight line. Consequently.
3000 if the viscosity-temperature relationship is known Dt [\\'0
points. then all points will fall on the line connect ing [he
two given points. The line may be extended in either direction
beyond the two known points. provided that the temperature
range is between the cloud point and the initial boiling point.)

I~: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II ~~~iA~~~r~~~aSo~r~::~~~e~e~t;n";rM!~~~~~IS~~
U')
Q
Due to possible distortion in reproducine this chart, it should not be used lor pJoUine exact values. '<
:j§ C-
~
5DO 500
O
\/I
Q
400 400 1/1
C
.... »-
."

~3OO
300 Z ."
o C m
z0
&l ::J
<-ct>

'. -- -
\/I 200 200 \II X
...J ..J
C
150 ~ .., to
I

~~
c:: UI
..... Q Z

•mW
> 2

~ =1
Z z
100 ~
90 !:i <
;:;;-
~
~
80 o z
I! III n Cl
~ 70 ~ 0
\/I

~ EO
J::::
70 1/1

~
--
UI
....
'<
0
....»-»-

~
\II
55 55 8
1/1
(")
:r
;;: 50 s: ..,Q
-
50

45 45

40 I I I I I I I I I I I I I " I " I LlilT r " I Ell I 1111 I 11111111 " " 1I11 " /I " 111111111111111111 40

35 1I I I I I I II I II I I I I 1III11II11III i I1I1I1111111I1111111I 1-111111111111111111111111 i

35
n
;Q

331-30 I I I I I oI I I I I I I I " I I " " soI " I I " I " 1/ I illl 1111 " " 1111111 " " II " " " " " III " II
-20 -10 10 20 30 40 50 EO 70 90 100 110 JaJ 130 140 ISO 1(0 170 180 190 ::DO 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 2&1 290 300 310 3<D 330 340 350
Cop~'e". 1939
»
z
PriAled ia u.s.A.
CD
TEMPERATURE DEGREES FAHRENHEIT ' AUERICAH SOCIETY FOR TESTING IIATERIALS
m

" " ""-fI " " " " " " " " " " '" ~ lit lit " " " " " ;.~~"'~;"~ "~ lJll ~
CRAN E APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA B-7

Equivalents of Degrees API, Degrees Baume,

Specific Gravity, Weight Density, and
Pounds Per Gallon at 60 F/60 F

Degrees Values for API Scale Values for Baume Scale

on
API
or
Oil I Liquids Lighter Than Water Liquids Heavier Than Water

Baurne Specific Weight Pounds Specific Weight I Pounds Specific Weight Pounds
Scale Gravity Density, per Gravity Density, per Gravity Density, per
Lb/Ft 3 Gallon Lb/Ft 3 Gallon Lb/Ft 3 Gallon
S p S II P S P
I
I
O. ... .' , .. , .' , " , ., . 1.0000 62.36 8.337
2 " . ., . .. . ., . , .. ., , 1.0140 63.24 8.454
4 ., . ., , ... " , " , , .. 1.0284 64.14 8.574
6 .. , .. , . .
, " . " . " . 1.0432 65.06 8.697
8 ., . .. , .. , " , ' .. '. , 1.0584 66.01 8.824
10 1.0000 62.36 8.337 1.0000 62.36 8.337 1.0741 66.99 8.955
12 0.9861 61.50 8.221 0.9859 61.49 8.219 1.0902 67.99 9.089
14 0.9725 60.65 8.108 0.9722 60.63 8.105 1.1069 69.03 9.228
16 0.9593 59.83 7.998 0.9589 59.80 7.994 i,1240 70.10 9.371
18 0.9465 59.03 7.891 0.9459 58.99 7.886 1.1417 71.20 9.518
20 0.9340 58.25 7.787 0.9333 58.20 7.781 1.1600 72.34 9.671
22 0.9218 57.87 7.736 0.9211 57.44 7.679 1.1789 73.52 9.828
24 0.9100 56.75 7.587 0.9091 56.70 7.579 1.1983 74.73 9.990
26 0.8984 56.03 7.490 0.8974 55.97 7.482 1.2185 75.99 10.159
28 0.8871 55.32 7.396 0.8861 55.26 7.387 1.2393 77.29 10.332
30 0.8762 54.64 7.305 0.8750 54.57 7.295 1.2609 78.64 10.512
32 0.8654 53.97 7.215 0.8642 53.90 7.205 1.2832 80.03 10.698
34 0.8550 53.32 7.128 0.8537 53.24 7.117 1.3063 81.47 10.891
36 0.8448 52.69 7.043 0.8434 52.60 7.031 1.3303 82.96 11.091
38 0.8348 52.06 6.960 0.8333 51.97 6.947 1.3551 84.51 11.297
40 0.8251 51.46 6.879 0.8235 51.36 6.865 1.3810 86.13 11.513
42 0.8155 50.86 6.799 0.8140 50.76 6.786 1.4078 87.80 11.737
44 0.8063 50.28 6.722 0.8046 50.18 6.708 1.4356 89.53 11.969
46 0.7972 49.72 6.646 0.7955 49.61 6.632 1.4646 91.34 12.210
48 0.7883 49.16 6.572 0.7865 49.05 6.557 1.4948 93.22 12.462
50 0.7796 48.62 6.499 0.7778 48.51 6.484 1.5263 95.19 12.725
52 0.7711 48.09 6.429 0.7692 47.97 6.413 1.5591 97.23 12.998
54 0.7628 47.57 6.359 0.7609 47.45 6.344 1.5934 99.37 13.284
56 0.7547 47.07 6.292 0.7527 46.94 6.275 1.6292 101.60 13.583
58 0.7467 46.57 6.225 0.7447 46.44 6.209 1.6667 103.94 13.895
60 0.7389 46.08 6.160 0.7368 45.95 6.143 1.7059 106.39 14.222
62 0.7313 45.61 6.097 0.7292 45.48 6.079 1.7470 108.95 14.565
64 0.7238 45.14 6.034 0.7216 45.00 6.016 1.7901 111.64 14.924
66 0.7165 44.68 5.973 0.7143 44.55 5.955 1.8354 114.46 15.302
68 0.7093 44.23 5.913 0.7071 44.10 5.895 1.8831 117.44 15.699
70 0.7022 43.79 5.854 0.7000 43.66 5.836 1.9333 120.57 16.118
72 0.6953 43.36 5.797 0.6931 43.22 5.778 ,. , ... ., ,
74 0.6886 42.94 5.741 0.6863 42.80 5.722 ., , " , " ,
76 0.6819 42.53 5.685 0.6796 42.38 5.666 ., . ., ,
" .
78 0.6754 42.12 5.631 0.6731 41.98 5.612 ... ' .. " ,

80 0.6690 41.72 5.577 0.6667 41.58 5.558 ... " , ,. ,

82 0.6628 41.33 5.526 0.6604 41.19 5.506 ... " , " .
84
86
0.6566
0.6506
40.95
40.57
5.474
5.424
0.6542
0.6482
40.80
40.42
5.454
5.404
.,
.,
,

,
"
...
. "
.,
..
88 0.6446 40.20 5.374 0.6422 40.05 5.354 " , " , ...
90 0.6388 39.84 5.326 0.6364 39.69 5.306 " , ,. , " .
92 0.6331 39.48 5.278 0.6306 39.33 5.257 " , ,. , .. ,
94 0.6275 39.13 5.231 0.6250 38.98 5.211 " . .. , ., ,
96 0.6220 38.79 5.186 0.6195 38.63 5.165 ., , " . ...
98
100
0.6166
0.6112
38.45
38.12
5.141
5.096
0.6140
0.6087
38.29
37.96
5.119
5.075
.. . " . .. ,
" , " , , ,.

For Formulal, I •• page '·3.

 e,"-'
~.

8-8 APPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Steam Data

Boiler Capacity Horsepower of an Engine

The output of a steam generating plant is often expresseJ P tvlean eff ccti ve pressure per square
in pounds of steam delivered per hour. Since the steam out- inch of the steam on the piston
put may vary in temperature and pressure, the boiler capac- L Length of stroke, in feet
ity is more completely expressed as the heat transferred in
Btu per hour, Boiler capacity is usually expressed as kilo A Area of piston, in square inches
Btu (kB)/hour which is 1000 Btu/hour, or mega Btu (mB)/ N Number of strokes per minute
hour which is 1,000,000 Btu/hour. The boiler capacity is: go:
then,
\'V' (h o - h,) in kilo Btu/hour
1000 PLAN C
Horsepower = ---
ho - hI = change in enthalpy, Btu/lb 33 000
An older expression of boiler capacity in terms of an irra-
C
The approximate mean effective pressure
tional unit called "boiler horsepower" may be expressed: in the cylinder when the valve cuts off t:
W (h o - h,) at:
97 0 .3 x 34.5 Y.t stroke, equals steam pressure x ·597 C
That is, one boiler horsepower is equivalent to 34.5 pounds H stroke, equals steam pressure x ,670
of water evaporated per hour at Standard Atmospheric
Pressure and a temperature of 212 F.
% stroke, equals steam pressure x ·743 a::
}1 stroke, equals steam pressure x .847
boiler horsepower = (horsepO\ver) (13, I 547) % stroke, equals steam pressure x ,919 !:
[ boiler horsepower = 33475 Btu/hr % stroke, equals steam pressure x .937
horsepower = 550 ft-Ib/sec, % stroke, equals steam pressure x ,966 (:
1 Btu = 778.2 ft-Ib 1 Btu = 2)2 calories % stroke, equals steam pressure x .99 2 ') C
1 kw-hr = 3412.20 Btu

C
Ranges in Steam Consumption by Prime Movers
(For Estimating Purposes)
C
Simple Non-Condensing Engines ........ , , , ... 29 to 45 pounds per H. P. hour C
Simple Non-Condensing Automatic Engines .... 26 to 40pounds per H. P. hour
Simple Non-Condensing Corliss Engines ....... , 26 to 35 pounds per H. P. hour C
Compound Non-Condensing Engines ........... 19 to 28 pounds per H. P. hour
Compound Condensing Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 to 22 pounds per H. P. hour ~
Simple Duplex Steam Pumps ...... , .......... 120 to 200 pounds per H. P. hour
Turbines, Non-Condensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21 to 45 pounds per H. P. hour C
Turbines, Condensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 to 32 pounds per H. P. hour
(h q - hI) 100
G
Quality of Steam. .. x = -'--"--;--'-'---
hlo C
where,
c:
hI heat of liquid, in Btu/lb
hID = latent heat of evaporation, in Btu/lb C
hD = total heat of steam, in Btu/lb
G

) C
C

,C
CRANE APPENDIX B- ENGINEERING DATA B-9

Power Required for Pumping

per I·' Theoretical Horsepower Required to Raise Water (at 60 F)

Gals. To Different Heights
Min.

I feet
25 I feet
30 I feet
35 I feet
40 I feet
45 I feet 60 I feet
50 I feet
5 10 15 80 90 100
feet feet feet 20
feet
70
feet feet feet
5 0.006 0.013 0.019 0.025 0.032 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.057
0. 063 1 0.076/ 0.0881 0.101 0.1l4 0.126
10 0.013 0.025 0.038 0.051 0.063 0.076 0.088 0.101 0.114 0.126 0.152 0.177 0.202 0.227 0.253
15 0.019 0.038 0.057 0.076 0.095 0.114 0.133 0.152 0.171 0.190 0.227 0.265 0.303 0.341 0.379
20 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.101 0.126 0.152 0.177 0.202 0.227 0.253 0.303 0.354 0.404 0.455 0.505
25 0.032 0.063 0.095 0.126 0.158 0.190 0.221 0.253 0.284 0.316 0.379 0.442 0.505 0.568 0.632
30 0.038 0.076 0.114 0.152 0.190 0.227 0.265 0.303 0.341 0.379 0.455 0.531 0.606 0.682 0.758
35 0.044 0.088 0.133 0.177 0.221 0.265 0.310 0.354 0.398 0.442 0.531 0.619 0.707 0.796 0.884
40 0.051 0.101 0.152 0.202 0.253 0.303 0.354 0.404 0.455 0.505 0.606 0.707 0.808 0.910 1.011
45 0.057 0.114 0.171 0.227 0.284 0.341 0.398 0.455 0.512 0.568 0.682 0.796 0.910 1.023 1.137
50 0.063 0.126 0.190 0.253 0.316 0.379 0.442 0.505 0.568 0.632 0.758 0.884 1.011 1.137 1.263
60 0.076 0.152 0.227 0.303 0.379 0.455 0.531 0.606 0.682 0.758 0.910 1.061 1.213 1.364 1.516
70 9.088 0.177 0.265 0.354 0.442 0.531 0.619 0.707 0.796 0.884 1.061 1.238 1.415 1.592 1.768
80 0.101 0.202 0.303 0.404 0.505 0.606 0.707 0.808 0.910 1. Oil 1.213 1.415 i,617 1.819 2.021
90 0.114 0.227 0.341 0.455 0.568 0.682 0.796 0.910 1.023 1.137 1.364 1.592 1.819 2.046 2.274
100 0.126 0.253 0.379 0.505 0.632 0.758 0.884 1.011 1.137 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 2.274 2.526
125 0.158 0.316 0.474 0.632 0.790 0.947 1.105 1.263 1.421 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 2.842 3.158
150 0.190 0.379 0.568 0.758 0.947 1.137 1.326 1.516 1.705 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 3.411 3.790
175 0.221 0.442 0.663 0.884 1.105 1.326 1.547 1.768 1.990 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 3.979 4.421
200 0.253 0.505 0.758 1.011 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 2.274 2.526 3.032 3.537 4.042 4.548 5.053
250 0.316 0.632 0.947 1.263 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 2.842 3.158 3.790 4.421 5.053 5.684 6.316
300 0.379 0.758 1.137 1.516 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 3.411 3.790 4.548 5.305 6.063 6.821 7.579
350 0.442 0.884 1.326 1.768 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 3.979 4.421 305 6.190 7.074 7.958 8.842
400 0.505 1.011 1.516 2.021 2.526 3.032 3.537 4.042 4.548 5.053 5.
6.063 1 7.074 8.084 9.095 10.11
500 0.632 1.263 1.895 2.526 3.158 3.790 4.421 5.053 5.684 6.316 7.579 r 8.842 10.11 11.37 12.63

~~'II
Min
125
feet
150
feet
175
feet
200
feet
250
feet
300
feet
350
feet
400
feet HORSEPOWER = 33000 " .ft-lb/min
5 0.158 0.190 0.221 0.253 0.316 0.379 550 ... ft-lb/sec
0.442 0.505
10 0.316 0.379 0.442 0.505 0.632 0.758 0.884 1.011 = 2544.48 ... Btu/hr
15 0.474 0.568 0.663 0.758 0.947 1.137 1.326 1.516 = 745.7 '" watts
20 0.632 0.758 0.884 1.011 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 (whp) = QHp + 247000 = QP + 1714
25 0.790 0.947 1.105 1.263 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 (bhp) = (whp) + ep = QHp + 247000 ep
30 0.947 1.137 1.326 1.516 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 (e p ) = QHp + 247000 (bhp)
35 1.105 1.326 1.547 1.768 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 where: (whp) = water horsepower
40 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 2.526 3.032 3.537 4.042 H = pump head in feet
45
(bhp) = brake horsepower
1.421 1.705 1.990 2.274 2.842 3.411 3.979 4.548 ep = pump efficiency
50 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 3.158 3.790 4.421 5.053
60 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 3.790 4.548 5.305 6.063 Overall efficiency (eo) takes into account all
70 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 4.421 5.305 6.190 7.074 losses in the pump and driver.
80 2.526 3.032 3.537 4.042 5.053 6.063 7.074 8.084 eo = ell eD er
90 2.842 3.411 3.979 4.548 5.684 6.821 7.958 9.095 where: eD = driver efficiency
100 3.158 3.790 4.421 5.053 6.316 7.579 8.842 10.11 e T = transmission efficiency
125 3.948 4.737 5.527 6.316 7.895 9.474 11.05 12.63 ey = volumetric efficiency
(0/.:) = actual pump displacement (Q) (100)
150 4.737 5.684 6.632 7.579 9.474 11.37 13.26 15.16 ey 0 theoretical pump displacement (Q)
175 5.527 6.632 7.737 8.842 11.05 13.26 15.47 17.68
200 6.316 7.579 8.842 10.11 12.63 15.16 17.68 20.21 Note: For fluids other than water, multiply
250 7.895 9.474 11.05 12.63 15.79 18.95 22.11 25.26 table values by specific gravity. In pumping
300 9.474 11.37 13.26 15.16 18.95 22.74
liqUids with a viscosity considerably higher
26.53 30.32
350 11.05 13.26 15.47 17.68 22.11
than that of water, the pump capacity and
26.53 30.95 35.37
400 12.63 15.16 17.68 20.21 25.26 30.32
head are reduced. To calculate the horse-
35.37 40.42
500 15.79 18.95 22.11 25.26 31.58
power for such fluids, pipe friction head must
37.90 44.21 50.53 be added to the elevation head to obtain the
Specillc gravi#y of water •.................. page A.6 total head; this value is inserted in the first
Specillc gravi#y of liquid. other than water • •• •page A.7 horsepower equation given above.
B - 10 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Equivalents

Measure Weight
in. !5.~ 111m t kg = 2.2051b
in. 2.,j-t em t cu in. of water 160 F, 0.073551 cu in. of mercury i32 F,
Inn1 O.OJ'!')' in. t cu in. of mercury i32 FI 13.596 cu in. of water ,60 F·
O.O()32H ft I cu in. of mercury i32 F I 0.4905 Ib
rnicron 0.000001 meter
t torr nun mercury
10-' torr 1 atom nlcrcu-ry
Velacity
1 ft = 30-t.H mm
1 ft 30.48 cm 1 ft per sec = 0.3048 m per sec
1 m per sec"'; 3.2808 ft per sec
SCJ· in. 6.4516 S4 em
S4 em 0.155 Sy in.
syem O.OOIOH sy ft
sq ft = 929.03 sq em
Density
Circumference I Ib per eu in. 27.68 gram per cu cm
of a circle ;od 0.03613 Ibper cu in.
I gr per cu cm
J' I Ib per cu ft 16.0184 kg per cu m
Area of a circle
4 I kg per eu m 0.06243 Ib per cu ft

Physical Constants
Base of Natural Logarithms Ie). 2.7182818285
'Acceleration of Gravity (g). . .. 32.174 ft ·sec'... '. (980.665 cm/sec')
Pi (".) ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.1415926536

Dcgrce~ Degrees [)cgn.;l:S Degrees

h:d\'in Runkinc Cdsius Fahrenheit
Absolute Zero ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 - 273.15 - 459.67
Water Freezing Point 04.696 psia) .. 273.15 49\.67 0 32
Water Boiling Point !l4.696 psia) .. 373.15 671.67 100 212 c
c
Equivalents of Temperature
To convert de:.:re"s Celsius [() lie),:rees Fahrenheit:
t = \.8 t, + 32
To convert de:.:rees Fahrenheit to d,'),:recs Celsius:·
t - 32
t, = ~ \\'here: 1< = temperature. in Jq.;recs Celsius c
Prefixes c
alto ..... a •.•. one-quintillionth .................... .
fcmto ... f .... one-quadrillionth ....•...............
0.000
0.000
000 000 000 000 001. .. to-IS
000 000 000 001 ...•.•. 10- 1••
c
pko .... p ...• one-trillionth ....................... .
nan,) ... n ..•. one-hillionth ....................... .
0.000
0.000
000 000 001. .•.•..•...• 1O-1~
000 001. ............... 10-9 c
micro •. J.I •••• one-millionth ....................... . 0.000 00 I ............••...... 10-li
milli .... Ill .•• one-thousandth...................... 0.001 .......•.........••• 10-:1 c
ecnii. ... c .... one-hundredth..... • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0.1 · ...........••....•. 10-~
.led .... ..t .... one-tenth............................
uni •..••.•... one........................ ..•.•....
0.1
1.0
...•••..••..•••.••.. 10- 1
.................... 100
c
dcka •.•• ..ta .•• ten.................................. 10.0 ..••••••..••••••..•• 10 1
hecto ... h .... one hundred ........................ 100.0 · •.•••••.••••..•••.• 102
kilo ..... k .... one thousilnd .••.....•..•.•.••..•••• 1 000.0 .••....•••.•.••.••.• 10:1
Illl·J,:a ••• M ... une millitm .••......•.......•.. 1 000000.0 · .............•..... 10'~
J,:iJ,:a ..... G •.. une hilliun ...........•..•.. l 000 000 000.0 • •.••.•...•.......•. 109
tera ..... T ••. une trilliun ............ 1 000 000 000 000.0 .................... 101~
~ CRANE APPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA
B -11
~
Equivalents of

±
;;...:'>
lOr" Liquid Measures and Weights

~
TO OBT:\I\
\1L'I.TIPL I
-t·.:;.
1"tll"ll
Imp"rial
I;"II,,"
l.S.
I'illl
LS
1:III,i,'
[ ,,". ['.:;.
(:lJbi(' 1'11'11
/'il,·, 1:III,i,'
~ 1''''11,,1 FInd \I<-In
~: UI__ .
\\' al"r'

~ O.H:J:l H. H.:J:l~ lJ.n:\(,8 nl. T ;1l.);U O.IJ(U;Il.'i

~ 1.200') ').607S2 10. 1J.160:;I :!;,A2 L.'i~:;')" tI.OIH;;·j·6

L'.S. Pilll 0.12S O.[(HI f.('l2 IJ.OI671 28.87:; O. ~;:\lli6 O.OOO+i:J
~ 0.119Y.'i 0.1 0.%% 0.0 16IH.::; 27. ,08 IUS+OS 0.000+.)+
L.S. Cubit' Fo,,1
~ 7.·H10S2 6.22888 S9.8++2 62.:16.::; 1;28. 2fUli02 0.O:W:117
L'.S. Cubit· III('h 0.00+:129 IU)0361 IJ.O:l+6:12 0.0:1609 0.000S78; O.OI":Hl; 0.000016·1
~ Liter 0.26+1779 0.21997;:'6 2.II:H23 2.202 O.O:;S:II:>+ Ii l.O2.)()<) 0.001000
Cuhi" \It'tt'r 26+.170 219.969 21t:l.:H 2202.
~ :IS.:ll·146 Ii Hm. :lH 1Jl)<J.<J72
Cc.___________. ~ __~Oy~,,4!7__ _. __ .____________. ______ ..
--"---_ .. --_.-
~ 'Wat"r al 60 F 11.).6(1 1 Barn·1 = ·~2 ~all"Il' '1H'tr"I"urn III1'a~llrt'I

d
~
oc::::J Equivalents of Pressure and Head
~

\
""=i
-=- TO OBTAIN
"IULTIPLY t-Ib/in' Ib/ft' :\tmus·
in. f!. in. mm
kg/em' kg/m' walt"r watf:"r mercury mf"fCury bar megapascal
~ BY
*= \ pheres 168 1",. 1681'\· t32 Fit 132 Fit t IMP.I.

~
..g
Ib/in' 1\1
loW. 0.1l68046 0.070307 703.070 27.7276 2.3106 2.03602 51.7150 0.06895 0.006895
~ Ib/fl' 0.006944.1 1 0.000473 0.000488 VIII'141 0.19'l6 0.0160.1 0.014139 0.3'>913 0.000479 0.0000479
.0::::
Atmt)spht"res 14.696 2116.22 I 1.0332 10332.27 -107.-184 :1.1.9570 29.921 760.
~ 1.01325 0.101325
kg/t'm' 14.2233 21»8.15.1 0.9678-t I 10000. :19-U8 :12.86.10 28.959 7:ti ..1.19 0.98067
~
0.098067

kg/m' 0.001422 0.204768 0.00110968 0.0001 I 0.0:1944 0.00.1287 O.llO'l896 11.07:\556 0.000098 0.0000098
~ in. walt"r· 0.036092 5.1972 0.0024,<;4 0.00253 25.375 I 0.08:1:13 0.1173-1.10 1.116.11 11.00249 0.000249

~
ft. watC"r· 0.432781 62.3205 0.029449 0.0:1043 :\04.27.1 12. I 11.88115 22.:181:\ 1I.1I298:N 11.00298.19

in. Inf"r{'uryt OA91154 70.7262 0.()33421 0.03-153 :\-1.1.316 1:l.618.'; 1.1:149 I 2;;.·«MlO5 11.0:1:11\6-1 0.llO33116-1
~

-
~

:i
mm mf"r('uryt

bmrt

~Pa.
0.0193.168

1-1.5038

145.038
2088.,<;5

20885.5
2.784:;0 0.OOI:1l,<;8

11.9116'12

9.8692
o.om:I!)!)!)

1.01972

10.1972
1.1.59.';09

IOI97.~

101972.0
11..13616

·102.1.16

·102(,,;"
O.IJ.W>IIII

:13 ..1130

:1:15.1:\11
0.0:1937

29.5:\IM}

29.1.:\llO
7511.0"2

75tM}.62
I 0.0013:\:1

10.11
I
11.0001333

11.10

---'--'-'
.. __ .__ . ... _._ ...... _ -
...... ..... .'.--'.....- . ... _. .. _.... _._......... _-'--._-_._..._..
=: • Water at 68 ~. (201.:) tmercury at 32 ~. (0 I.:) tl Ml'a (megap..""I) = 10 bar 2 1,000,000 ~/'n2 (new'on/"",'er2)

--
"IiI .\

~
To convert 'rom one s.' uni,s 0' '0
ano'''.r, loca,. ,,,. given uni, in
~ 'he Ie" "and column, and multiply 'he num.rical value by ,h. 'ac-
'0 0'
~
'or shown horizon'ally 'be rigb" under 'be se' uni,s desired.
B - 12 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10

~'.

"'F"'"
The logarithms to base 10 of numbers between 1 and 10, correct to four
places, are given in the tables shown on this and the following page. t::=
!:=
If the decimal point in the number is moved n the fourth figure, as read In the.: proportional parts
places to the right (or left), the value of n (or -n) section of the table. &:
is added to the logarithm, thus: Thus, the logarithm of 3. I.t I Q is found as follows:
log 3.14 =0.4969 a. Reduce the number to four ,ignilicant tigurcs: 3.142 (;:
log 314. =0.4969+2 or 2.4969 b. The log of 3.14 is .4969
log .0314=0.4969-2, which may be written 2.4969
or 8.4969 - 10
c. The value of the proportional part under 2
(the fourth figure) is 3
c:
d. Then. the log 3.142=0.4969+.0003 or 0.4972
If the given number has ~ore than four significant
figures, it should be reduced to four figures, since Natural logarithms: tv!any calculations make use
c
those beyond four figures will not affect the result of natural logarithms (Base 0 = 2.;-(83). To con-
in four-place computations. vert base [0 (common) logarithms to natural loga- c
The logarithm of a number having four significant rithms, multiply the value for the former by 2.3°258.
figures must be interpolated by adding to the loga- Natural logarithms are also called Hyperbolic or ~
rithm of the three figure number, the amount under 0iaperian logarithms.
c
log ab=log a+log b log a"=n log a
c
a
log l)=log a-log b Iog 'V- log a
a=-n- c:
i
, i
l:
I I I ! i] Proportional Parts
N 0 1 2
I
3
I
4 5
I
6
I
7 II
I
8 9
,i'1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1::
1.0
1.1
0000
0414
0043
0453
0086
0492
0128
0531
0170
0569
0212
0607
0253
0645
0294
0682
0334
0719
0374
:1
4 8 12 17
0755 I,ilI 4 8 11 15
21
19
25
23
29
26
33
30
37
34
c
1.2
1.3
0792
1139
0828
1173
0864
1206
0899
1239
0934
1271
0969
1303
1004
1335
1038
1367
1072
1399
lI06 q 3 7 10 14
1430 :! 3 6 10 13
17
16
21
19
24
23
28
26
31
29
·C
1.4 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 ]644 1673 1703 1732 II 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
1.5 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 IiII 3 6 8 11 14 17 20 22 25 C
1.6 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13 16 18 21 24
1.7 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
1.8 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 \1 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21 C
1.9 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2%7 2989 2 4 7 9 11 13 16 18 20
2.0 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3lI8 3139 3160 3181 , 3201 I
2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 .f:
2.1 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2.2 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17
2.3 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 II 3784 !
2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 .C
2.4 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 i 3962 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
2.5 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116
! 4133 2 3 5 7 C
9 10 12 14 15
2.6 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 i 4298 I 2 3 5 7 8 10 11 13 15
2.7 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 , 4456 II 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 13 14
2.8 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 ; 4609 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 C
2.9 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757 i
1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
3.0 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871
;
4886 , 4900 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 13 .C
3.1
3.2
4914
5051
4928
5065
4942
5079
4955
5092
4969
5105
4983
5119
4997
5132
5011
5145
5024 ~ 5038
5159 5172
I 1
1
3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12
3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12
3.3 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 & 8 9 10 12 C
3.4 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
3.5 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 C
3.6 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
3.7 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 i 5786 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.8 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 , 5899 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 C
3.9 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 )
I C
I I

N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
,C
I I
~t:
 C RAN E APPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA 8-13

Four-Place logarithms to Base 10 continued

Proportional Parts
N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
!/ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4.0 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 b085 6096 6107 6117 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
4.1 6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 2 3 456 7 8 9
4.2 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.3 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 2 3 456 789
4.4 6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.5 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.6 6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712 2 3 456 7 7 8
4.7 6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803 23455 6 7 8
4.8 6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893 2 3 4 4 5 678
4.9 6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981 2 3 445 & 7 8
S.O 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4 5 678
5.1 7076 7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152 123 3 4 5 & 7 8
5.2 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235 1 223 4 5 & 7 7
5.3 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316 1 223 4 5 & 6 7
5.4 .7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396 1 223 4 5 6 6 7
5.5 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 122 3 455 & 7
5.6 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551 1 223 455 6 7
5.7 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 I 7619 7627 122 3 4 5 5 6 7
5.8 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 1 2 3 445 6 7
5.9 7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 123 445 6 7
6.0 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 2 3 445 6 &
6.1 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917 2 344 5 6 6
6.2 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987 2334566
6.3 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
6.4 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122 2334556
6.5 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 817& 8182 8189 1 2 3 345 5 6
6.6 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
6.7 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 1 2 3 345 5 6
6.8 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 2334456
6.9 8388' 8a95 8401 8407 8414 8420 842& 8432 8439 8445 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
7.0 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
7.1 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567 1 223 445 5
7.2 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
7.3 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669· 8675 8681 8686 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
7.4 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 223 4 4 5 5
7.5 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 233 455
7.6 8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859 1 1 223 3 4 5 5
7.7 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 1 1 2 2 3 3 445
7.8 8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 1 1 223 3 445
7.9 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 9025 1 1 223 3 445
8.0 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 90&9 9074 9079 1 1 223 3 4 4 5
8.1 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 233 445
8.2 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 918& 1 122 3 3 445
8.3 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 122 3 3 445
8.4 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289 1 1 223 3 445
8.5 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.6 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 122 3 3 445
8.7 9395 94!l0 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 o 1 122 3 3 4 4
8.8 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 o 1 1 223 3 4 4
8.9 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 o 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.0 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 958& 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.1 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 %24 9628 %33 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.2 9&38 9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 966& 9671 9675 9680 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.3 9685 9689 9694 9&99 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.4 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 97&3 9768 I 9773 I 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
i
9.5 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 i 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.6 9823 9827 9832 983& 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863 d O l 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.7 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908 i1 01 223344
9.8 9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939 9943 9948 9952!' 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.9 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 4

N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 234 5 678 9

-
B-14 APPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE
:~
'i'=
Flow of Woter Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
- - - - - ---" - - - - )=:
1_ _ _ _ _ P_r~es-s-u-r-e-D--r-o-p~p-er-l-O-O-f-e-e-t~a-n-d--V_e_lo_c_i_t_Y~i_n_S_c_h_e_d_u_l_e_4_0__P_ip_e_f_o_r_VV~a_t_e_r_a_t_60__F~._ _~___
Discharge
_ _ _ _--,-_ _ _ _ _ ,
Culluns ! Cubic Fl. I Feel
![ Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press. I Veloc- Press. ; Yeloc- Press. i Veloc- Press. Veloc- PreS5. \ Veloc- Press. ; Veloc- Press.
ity Drop
Lbs.
ity
I'ect
Drop
Lbs.
I ity
r-«t
Drop: ~ty
Lhs.· I'cet
Drop! ity
Lhs. I r'cct
Drop
I.hs.
~ty
I'cct
Drop; ity
U". 1 I'ect
Drop ~ty
Lhs. I I'eel
I Drop
Lbs.
c:
I
per
_1-.._1~~~_e_1__::_t:~~~~J
[1a
__I per per
'--_SC_.e_"n_d_Sq. In. SccllnJ
pcr
Sq~
per j pt:r
111. I St:conJ
. pc::r I. pef . per ' . per . per . f)Cr . per I. per . per
~q .. In! Sn:nnJ:X1 I n. I _~~~~~7~.~~~~:~:~~~ ~~.~~~ ~~~~~~ ~I._ :~~~~~~~~=:~--~
_ Pt:r !. per
.... ~
I/S" I 1/4" 31.
,8 " If."
,2
i
.2 0.000446 LIJ 1.8&; 0.016 0.3591 i
.3
.4
0.000&&8
0.000891
l.b9
2.26
4.22 [o.'ll{
6.98 I 1.23
0.903i 0 504
1.61: 0.072
0.159' 0.317
0.345,0.422
0.061'
0.086;
I
.5 0.00111 2.82 10.5 1.)4 2.39,0.840 0.539' 0.52H 0.167' 0.301 0.033
.& 0.00134 3.1'1 14.7 1.85 3.29: 1.01 0.7511 O.t,jJ 0.24010.3lll 0.041
.8 0.00178 4.52 25.0 2,46 5.44 i 1.14 1.25 O.HH 0.408! 0481 0.102: I" 1 1/.'
!1
I 0.00223 5.b5 37.2 J.08 8.2811.08 1.85 1.06 o.&OOi 0.602 0.155' 0.371 0.0481
2 0.0044& 1.29 134.4 0.16 30.1 /3.3b &.58 2.11 2.10' 1.20 0.52&, 0.74J 0.1041 0.42') 0.0441
3 0.00&&8 <).25 04.1 5 .O~ 2133'.'}9 . ~.,_I~_ 4.33, I.~I 1.0,} I.II~ 0.33&; 0.644 0.09010.473 0.043
4 0.00891
2
" 12.33 111.2 0.71 ~ 7.H 2.41 i 1.83' 1.4<) 0.565; 0.H51l 0.1501 O.(,JO 0.071
5 0.01114 1l.-I0 3&.7 5.2S 11.2 [J.OI 2.75 1.1l6 0.835' 1.073 0.2131 0 .i~8 0.104
1 I
!
2112 "
/: d~~~ ~U : ~:n ~~J i 19l
& 0.01337 0.574 0.044 I 3.84 2.21 1.17 1.29 0.3091 O.ll4b 0.145
8 0.01782 0.705 0.073 6.60 . 2.<)7 1. 9,} I .i2 0.5181 1.20 0.241
10 0.02228 0.950 0.108 0.670 0.04&1 3" .10.56 H.4 'I b.02 9.99 J.7I 2.99 i 2.15 0.7741 1.58 0.3&1
15 0.03342 1.4l 0.224 1.01 0.0941 9.0J 21. 6 . 5.57 &.3& , J.22 1.&3! 2.37 0.755
20 0.0445& 1.91 0.375 1.34 0.158! 0.368 0.05&1 31/2" 12.03 37.8 : 7.43 10.9 ! 4.29 2.78 : 3.11.> 1.28
i
25 0.05570 2. J<) 0.5&1 1.68 0.23411.0'l 0.083: 0.H12 0.041i 4" ; <).28 16.7 i 5.37 4.21!J.94 1.93
30 0.06684 2.87 0.78& 2.01 0.327! I 30 0.114' 0.<)74 0.05&1 '11 .14 23.8 \ h.44 5.92 I 4.73 2.n
35 0.07798 LJ5 1.05 2.J5 0.43&1 I. 52 0.151: I.I~ 0.07J1 0 382 0.041.12.9<) 32.2 ; 7.51 7.90,' 5.52 3.1>4
40
45
0.08912
0.1003
LtD
4.l0
1.35
1.67
2.08
1.02
0.55&1 1.74
0.6681 1.'15
I
0.192:
O.ll,},
l.lO
1040
0.0,}5i 1.01
0.1171 1.1 1
i
0.05214.1l5
0.0&41
41.5 1 H.;L)
i l} .l17
10.24 b.JO
12.80 , 7.09
4.b5
5.85 :c:
SO 5"
~U& I ~:~~
0.1114 4.78 2.03 J. J5 0.83912.17 0.28811.l>2 0.142: 1.2l> 0.076' 10.74 7.15
60 0.1337 i. j-l 2.87 4.02 1.18 . 2.l>O 0.40&; 1.<)5 0.204; 1.51 0.107 '12 .~1) 10.21
4.0<)
Ili:~i
70 0.15&0 o.iO 3.84 1.59 1.M 0.540; 2.27 O.l&t: 1.7ll 0.14l. 1.12 0.047: 13.71
80 0.1782 7.oj 4.97 5. J6 2.03 J .47 0.&87' 2.t'() 0.l341 1.02 0.IS0· 1.11\ 0.0601 17.59
90 0.2005 ~ .60 6.20 6.0J 2.53 3.'11 0.86U 2')2 0.4161 2.27 0.224' I.H 0.0741 6" :14.20 22.0
i I
100 0.2228 : 9.56 7.5,} 6.70 3.09 4.J4 1.05 J.25 0.509! 2.52 0.272 1.60 0.090; 1.11 0.03&'15.78 2&.9
125 0.2785 :11.97 11.7& 8.38 4.71 5.4l 1.61 4.00 0.7&91 1.15 00415 2.01 o. 1J5: I. J1l 0.055;19.72 41.4
150 0.3342 :14.30 1&.70 :10.05 6.69 l1.51 2.24 4.87 1.08 i 3.78 0.580' 2.41 0.1901 1.(,7 0.0771
175
200
0.3899
0.445&
Ib.75
!19.14 iU ilj:n 8.97 , 7.l~)
11.&8 , ~.,,8
,
3.00
3.87 :
5.08
6.~<)
1.44 .
1.85 i
4.-11
5.04
0.774
0.985
2.81
l.21
0.253: 1.94
0.3231 2.22 g: tg~1 S"
125 0.5013 15.09 14.63 ! '1.77 4.83 : 7.JO 2.32 . 5.07 1.23 3,1>1 0.401: 2.50 0.1&211.44 0.043
250 0.557 ,IO.M 5.93 ; 8.12 2.84 . o.JO 1.4& . 4.01 0.495' 2.71', 0.1951 1.(>1) 0.051
275 0.&127 , II."~ 7.14 ; S.93 3.40 o.<)J 1.79 4.41 0.58l: J .05 0.2341 1.71.> 0.0&1
2.11 . 4.tll
t~: ~:r:;
300 0.6&84 :Il .00 8.3& : 9.N 0.6831 J. JJ 0.2751 1.92 0.072
325 0.7241 14 12 9.89 ;10.53 2.47 5.21 0.797' l.61 0.3201 2.08 0.083
1 . I
350 0.7798
, :11. Jh 5.41 IiR. 8'- 2.84 ; .l,2 0.9191 J .89 0.3&7: 2.24 0.095
375
400
0.8355
0.8912
, ... 12.17
'12.91\
b.18
7.03
; <1.45
'10.08
l.2S
3.&8
6.02
('.42
1.05 i
1.19:
4.11i
4.H
0.41&1 ~...O
0.47112.5b
0.108
0.121
425 0.94&9 7.89 ilO.if 4.12 0.82 1.33 i
450 1.003 i
!
10"
I i 'Il .80
;14.61 8.80 ill.H
!
4.1>0 7.22 1.48 ;
4.72
5.00
0.5291 2.73
0.590! 2.89
i
0.13&
0.151
475 1.059 i, 2.0J
I.QJ 0.0541 ! 'II .')7 5.12 j .ll2 1.&4 5.27 0.6531 l.04 0.16&
500 1.114 0.0591 ! ·12.t>O S.b5 ~.02 1.81 , 5.51 0.720! 3.21 0.182
:c
,i
550 1.225 i ·1 1 .85 ~.~2 0.219
U~: L~~
2.24 0. 071 1 &.79 0.8&1! 3.53
600
650
1.337
1.448
: 2.44
2 04
0.083
0.0971
12" ... i l512 S.04 <l.b3
10.4l 2.98 : 7.22 1.02 I' J .85
1.18 4.17
0.258
0.301
1 . ,
700
750
1.5&0
1.&71 U~
0.1l21 2.01
0.1271 2.15
0.047!
0.0541 14"
! ... 1I.2J 3.43 ' 7.71\
i
1.35 I 4.4<) 0.343 .C
U~iHI
1 .. [' 12.OJ 3.92 Il.n 0.392
800 1.782 J.25 0.14312.29 0.0&11 ... 12 .Sl 4.43! 8.IlS 0.443
850 1.894 3.40 0.1601 2.44 0.0&81 !.In
U~\ U~
0.042, .. ' , IJ.l4 5.00' 9.44 0.497
900 2.005 ! J .Ob 0.179!2.58 0.075i 2 n
0.047' I 14.44 5.58; 9.99 0.554
950
1000
2.117
2.228
i, 407
3.80 0.1981
0.118
2.72
2.H7
0.083i 2.25
0.09112.17
0.os2i
0.057: 10'
I ... .. Ii.H
.... 10.04
&.21
&.84
'10.55
;11.10
2.42
2.&8
0,1)<)
6AI
0.&13
0.&75
1100 2.451 ' 4:48 0.160 1.15 0.1101 2..,1 O.O&8i .17 .• ,5 8.23 '12.22 3.22 7.05 0.807
1200 2.&74 4.88 0.30& J.44 0.1281 2.~5 0.08012.111 0.042 ... I3.JJ 3.81 7.70 0.948
1300 2.89& / 5.29 0.355 J.73 0.1501 3.0il 0.O'llI2.J6 0.048 '" 14.4l 4.45 8.JJ l.ll
1
i ,
1400 3.119 5.70 0.409 4.01 0. 171 11. 12 0.107! 2.54 0.055 IS"' 15.55 5.13 11.9/1 1.18
1500 3.342 1 ~:}y 0.46& 4.JO 0.195 1.;0 0.122: 2.72 0.0&3 , ,10.hO 5.85 <).1>2 1.46
1600 3.5&5 0.527 4.5') 0.219 1./ll 0.13812.110 0.0711 i 17.77 &.&1 10.26 1.&5
1800 4.010 i.J2 0.&&3 5.16 0.27&1 ~.27 0.17213.27 0.088\2.51\ 0.0501 1<).9<) 8.37 11.54 2.08
2000 4.45& 8.14 0.808 5.73 0.339 4.i4 20' 1.55
2500
3000
5.570
h.&84
I 10.17
12.20
1.24
1.7&
7.17
S.IlO
0.515 5. 11J
0.7311 i.1I
0.2091 J.bJ
0.321! 4.54
0.451: 5.45
0.107 2.87
0.163 J.5Q
0.23214.JO
O.O&Oj
0.0911
0.12913.46 0.0751
,'22.21

24'
10.3 12.82
10.OJ
19.24
3.94
5.59
'3500 7.798 ! 14.24 2.38 1O.0J 0.9821 ~.)O 0.1>0716.35 O.llli 5.02 0.17314.04 0.1011 22.44 7.5&
4000 8.912 Ib.27 3.08 11.47 1.27 I o.~1\ 0.7871 7.2(, 0.401 5.N 0.222~ 4.02 0.129 J .IQ 0.05225 .h5 9.80
4500 10.03 18. JI 3.87 12.90 1.&0 10.l,7 0.9901 S.17 0.503 6.46 0.280! 5.20 0.1&2 J.59 0.0&5 28.87 12.1
5000 11.14 20.35 4.71 14.n 1.95
I
1.21 'Q.OII 0.617 7.17 0.34015.77
i I
0.199 J.QQ 0.079 .1:
6000 13.37 24.41 &.74 17.20 2.77 1.71 ~IO.lll) 0.877 11.1>1 0.483i 0.9J 0.28014.79 0.111
7000
8000
15.60
17.82
i28 . 4<) 9.ll 20.07
22.QJ
3.74 2.l1 :12.71 1.18 10.04 0.&52! R.OII 0.l76 5.59 0.150
4.84 2.'I!I :14.52 1.51 11.47 0.8391 'l.2J 0.48816.J8 0.192
9000 20.05 25.79 6.09 3.76 iI6.34 1.90 12.'11 1.05 ;to.J9 0.608!7.18 0.241
10000 22.28 211.00 7.4& 23.71 4.61 illl.1f 2.34 14.34 1.28 !11.54 0.739 7.QII 0.294
11000 26.74 34.40 10.7 2~.45 &.59 :21.79 3.33 17.21 1.8l'1l.85 1.0& Q.58 0.41&
14000 31.19 n.1'! 8.89 i25.42 4.49 20.011 1.45 :10.10 1.43 11.17 0.561
16000 35.65 ... 12Q.05 5.83 22.<H 3.18 !IB.47 I.B5 12.77 0.723
18000 40.10 ... 112.08 7.31 25.112 4.03 :.20.77 1.32 14.Jo 0.907
20000 44.5& I ... ... :)0.J1 9.03,211.('<) 4.93 ,23.08 2.8& 1(5.90 1.12
;:;Fo::';r:"':':p7ipc'---'lcc.:.n';;g'"'th's-·o-t"';h-e:"':rc.:.t";'"h-an--;I~OO:i-:C;;-ee-'-t:"':.-t·h-e-p...:r-'-es.:..s..;,.u...:rc.:...:..,d·ro--p'---isc.:.P:....ro....:.::po..:.:rc.:.t':'"io-n-a71~to::""":t~h"-e'---":":"';Veloci ty is a function of thc cross sectional
length. Thus. for 50 feet of pipe. thc prcssurc drop is approximately one-half now area: thus. it is constant for a given
the value givcn in the table ... for 300 feet. threc times the given \·alue. etc. /low rate and is independcnt of pipe length.
For calculations lor pipe other than Schedu/. 40, see explanation an next page.
CRANE ,VPENDIX 8 - ENGINEERING DATA B -15

Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

For lengths of pipe other than

100 feet, the pressure drop is Free Air Com-
q'm pressed Air Pressure Drop of Air
proportional to the length. In Pounds per Square Inch
Thus, for 50 feet of pipe, the Cubic Feet Cubic Fet't
pressure drop is approximately Per 100 Feet of Schedule 40 Pipe
Per Minute Per Minute For Air at 100 Pounds per Square Inch
one-half the value given in the at 60 F and at 60 F and
table ... for 300 feet, three Gauge Pressure and 60 F Temperature
14.7 psia 100 psig
times the given value, etc.
The pressure drop is also in- Ys' 14' :Ys" V2'
versely proportional to the 1 0.128 0.361 0.083 0.018
absolute pressure and directly 2 0.256 1.31 0.285 0.064 0.020
proportional to the absolute 3
4
0.384
0.513
3.0&
4.83
0.605
1.04
0.133
0.226
0.042
0.071
34'
temperature. 5 0.&41 7.45 1.58 0.343 0.106 0.027
Therefore, to determine the I'
6 0.769 10.6 2.23 0.408 0.148 0.037
pressure drop for inlet or aver- 8 1.025 18.6 3.89 0.848 0.255 0.0&2 0.019
age pressures other than 100 10 1.282 28.7 5.96 1.2& 0.35& 0.094 0.029 IV.' 1%'
psi and at temperatures other 15 1.922 ... 13.0 2.73 0.834 0.201 0.0&2
20 2.563 22.8 4.7& 1.43 0.345 0.102 0.02&
than 60 F, multiply the values '"

given in the table by the ratio: 25 3.204 35.6 7.34 2.21 0.526 0.156 0.039 0.019
30 3.845
'"
... . ..
100+ 147 )(460 +
( p+ 14.7
I) 35
40
4.486
5.126
'"
...
...
...
10.5
14.2
18.4
3.15
4.24
5.49
0.748
1.00
1.30
0.219
0.293
0.379
0.055
0.073
0.095
0.026
0.035
0.044
520 45 5.767 ... . .. 23.1 &.90 1.62 0.474 0.116 0.055 2"
where: 50 6.408 28.5 8.49 1.99 0.578 0.149 0.067 0.019
"P" is the inlet or average
60 7.690 2%' 40.7 12.2 2.85 0.819 0.200 0.094 0.027
70 8.971 ... 1&.5 3.&1 1.10 0.270 0.126 0.036
gauge pressure in pounds per 80 10.25 0.019 ... 21.4 4.96 1.43 0.350 0.162 0.04&
square inch, and, 90 11.53 0.023 ... 27.0 6.25 1.80 0.437 0.203 0.058
"t'. is the temperature in 100 12.82 0.029 3' 33.2 7.69 2.21 0.534 0.247 0.070
US 16.02 0.044 .,. 11.9 3.39 0.825 0.380 0.107
degrees Fahrenheit under 150 19.1l 0.062 0.021 ... 17.0 4.87 1.17 0.537 0.151
consideration. 175 22.43 0.083 0.028 ... 23.1 &.&0 1.58 0.727 0.205
200 25.63 0.107 0.036 3%' ... 30.0 8.54 2.05 0.937 0.2&4
The cubic feet per minute of 225 28.84 0.134 0.045 O.Oll 37.9 10.8 2.59 1.19 0.331
compressed air at any pres- 250 32.04 0.164 0.055 0.027 ... 13.3 3.18 1.45 0.404
sure is inversely proportional 275 35.24 0.191 0.0&6 0.032 ... 16.0 3.83 1.75 0.484
to the absol ute pressure and 300 38.45 0.232 0.078 0.037 ... 19.0' 4.5& 2.07 0.573
325 41.65 0.270 0.090 0.043 ... 22.3 5.32 2.42 0.673
directly proportional to the 4'
absolute temperature. 350 44.87 0.313 0.104 0.050 ..- 25.8 &.17 2.80 0.77&
375 48.06 0.356 0.119 0.057 0.030 ... 29.6 7.05 3.20 0.887
To determine the cubic feet 400 51.2& 0.402 0.134 0.064 0.034 .. , 33.& 8.02 3.&4 1.00
per minute of compressed air 425 54.47 0.451 0.151 0.072 0.038 ... 37.9 9.01 4.09 1.13
450 57.67 0.507 0.1&8 0.081 0.042 ... . .. 10.2 4.59 1.26
at any tem~rature and pres-
sure other than standard con- 475 60.88 0.561 0.187 0.089 0.047 '" 11.3 5.09 1.40
500 &4. OS 0.623 0.206 0.099 0.051 11.5 5.61 1.55
ditions, mUltiply the value of 550 70.49 0.749 0.148 0.118 0.062
'"
... 15.1 6.79 1.87
cubic feet per minute of free 600 76.90 0.887 0.193 0.139 0.073 '" 18.0 8.04 2.21
air by the ratio: 650 83.30 1.04 0.342 0.163 0.086 5' '" 11.1 9.43 2.60

147 )(460 +
( 14.7 + P 520
I) 700
750
800
89.71
96.12
102.5
1.19
1.36
1.55
0.395
0.451
0.513
0.188
0.114
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.127
0.031
0.036
0.041
24.3
17.9
31.8
ro.9
12.&
14.2
3.00
3.44
3.90
850 108.9 1.74 0.576 0.274 0.144 0.046 35.9 16.0 4.40
900 115.3 1.95 0.&42 0.3OS 0.160 O.OSI 6' 40.2 18.0 4.91
950 121.8 2.18 0.715 0.340 0.178 0.OS7 0.013 ... 20.0 5.47
1000 128.2 2.40 0.788 0.375 0.197 0.063 0.025 ... 22.1 6.06
1100
1100
141.0 2.89 0.948 0.451 0.236 0.075 0.030 ... 26.7 7.29
153.S 3.44 1.13 0.533 0.279 0.089 0.035 '" 31.S 8.63
1300 1&6.6 4.01 1.32 0.626 0.327 0.103 0.041 ... 37.3 10.1
1400 179.4 4.65 1.51' 0.71S 0.377 0.119 0.047 11.S
1500 191.2 5.31 1.74 0.S24 0.431 0.136 0.OS4 13.5
1600 2OS.1 6.04 1.97 0.932 0.490 0.154 0.061 S' 15.3
Calculatlans far Pipe 1800 230.7 7.65 2.50 1. IS 0.616 0.193 0.075 19.3
1000 256.3 9.44 3.06 1.45 0.757 0.237 0.094 0.023 23.9
Other Ihan Schedule 40 10'
1500 320.4 14.7 4.76 1.15 1.17 0.3&6 0.143 0.035 37.3
To determine the velOCity of 3000 384.5 21.1 6.81 3.20 1.67 0.514 0.204 0.051 0.016
3500 448.6 2S.8 9.13 4.33 1.26 0.709 0.276 0.068 0.022
water, or the pressure drop 4000 511.6 37.6 11.1 5.&6 1.94 0.919 0.35S 0.088 0.02S
of water or air, through pipe 4500 576.7 47.6 15.3 7.16 3.69 1.16 0.450 0.111 0.035 12'
other than Schedule 40, use
5000 640.8 18.8 S.85 4.56 1.41 0.552 0.136 0.043 O.OIS
the following formulas: 6000
7000
769.0
897.1
...
'"

...
27.1
36.9
n.7 6.57
8.94
2.03
2.76
0.794 0.195 0.061 0.025
Va ~ Veo (_~o )2 8000
9000
1025
1153
...
... ...
...
17.1
U.S
28.5
1l.7
14.9
3.59
4.54
1.07
1.39
1.76
0.262
0.339
0.417
0.081
0.107
0.134
0.034
0.044
0.055
... ...
A.Pa~ t:..Pco( ~o)5
10000 1181 35.1 IS.4 5.60 2.16 0.526 0.164 0.067
11000
11000
1410
1538
...
... ...
... ...
... 11.1
26.4
6.78
S.01
1.61
3.09
0.633
0.753
0.197 O.OSI
0.134 0.096
Subscript "0" refers to the
13000
14000
16&6
1794 ...
'" ...
... ...
...
31.0
36.0
9.41
11.0
3.63
4.11
0.884
1.01
0.273
0.316
0.111
0.119
Schedule of pipe through
which velocity or pressure IS 000
16000
1912
lOS1 ...
'" ... ...
... ...
...
11.6
14.3
4.S4
5.50
1.17 0.364 0.148
1.33 0.411 0.167
drop is desired. 18000 1307 ... ...
'"
... ...
... 18.1 6.96 1.68 0.510 0.113
.."
10000 1563 " 21.4 8.60 1.01 0.641 0.260
Subscript "40" refers to the 11000 1810 '"
'"
'"
'" ... 17.1 10.4 1.50 0.771 0.314
velocity or pressure drop
through Schedule 40 pipe, as 14000
26000
3076 ...
... ...
'" ... ...
... 31.3 n.4 1.97 0.918 0.371
given in the tables on these
facing pages.
28000
30000
3331
3588
3845
...
... ... ....
'"
" ...
...
37.9
......
14.5
16.9
19.3
3.49
4.04
4.64
1.11
1.15
1.41
0.435
0.5OS
0.510
'"
 B-16 APPENDIX 8- ENGINEERING DATA
CRANE

PIPE DATA
Carbon and Alloy Steel - Stainless Steel

- -..-
:"Jom-
inal
Pipe
Size
·-l-----·-r--
(}lIh,d,·
Dlam_
__ ~~di':~I~"-I-'- ___ \\,,11
---

Imn
Pipe
SI,·t·1
----
Sched.
\I...
~Iam- TIll< k·
If'~:'
SI,·"/
Sd",d.
nt· ......
III
(a/so see next three pages)

--- --
Insld ..
Dlalll·
l'll'r
1.11
- ---_._ .. _-.-. ._--
-In'a
III'
\1<-1,,1

Squarl' Squan·
.

(a)
-_. __ . -
Trans"'·r!'>t'
1IIII'rnai _-In'a
I-I)
.-~.

~quart'
.- - .-
\lollll'llI

"I
I rlt'rl ia
(/)
\\-,,;>c1I1
Pjp,·

\>'llIlId:--
Ilt'f
\hi>c1I1
Wal"r

I'lIlIfld . .
pl'f jl)ot
' ' ' ' 1',., ' ';"
. . . \JrLu I' \111.111111'"-

"'1. Fl.
p"r 1",,1
(, _[ )
~ I). U.
Inches [nl'hes Size \I... In('h .. ,
._-,---
[n"'w, 1I,,·h,·,
--
[1Il'h,·s
--- .-
F.... I
-
Incll,·,"
. __ .....
..- .-
__ 111111
.. ..
-- ...__ . ---- ----
"t pIP('
------.----
lIt
-- ------- - - - ------
plpt'
--------- - ---- ... -. -- .. -
... ... lOS .OW .307 .00548 .OHO .O()O.~I .00088 _II) .0:12 .106 · ()()·l:17
1/8 OA05 STD -1-0 .J.OS .068 .269 .0720 .0568 .0OOlO .00106 .2-1-.02S .106 .000523
XS 80 80S .09.) .215 .0925 .03tH .000205 .00122 .:\1 .016 .106 .00602
------ ._--1- -
... ... lOS .065 AIO .0910 .1320 .00091 .00279 .3:\ _051 _1-1-1 .01032
1/4 0.540 STD 40 .J.OS .088 .36+ .1250 .1041 .00072 .00331 ..2 .04.~ _1-1-1 .01227
XS 80 80S .119 .302 .1057-1- .0716 .00050 .00377 .5-1- .031 _1-1-1 .01395
... '" lOS .06.~ ..~-1-.) .12~ .2333 .00162 .000586 ...2 _101 .178 .01736
3/8 0.675 STD -1-0 .J.OS .091 A93 .1670 .1910 .oom .00729 _;)1 .OS:~ .178 .02160
XS 80 80S .126 A23 .2173 .1-1-0;; .00098 .00862 _,-1- .061 .178 .O255-l
---.- . - - - - - ------
...
--~.-

. .. .5S .065 .710 .1583 .3959 .002705 .01197 .;;-1- .112 .220 .(2841)
... ... lOS .083 .6j-1- .1974 .3568 .00248 .014:H .6j .15.~ .220 .03407
STD 40 .J.OS .109 .622 .2503 .30·j.() .00211 .01j09 .85 .1:~2 .220 .(»069
1/2 0.840 XS 80 80S .n; ..~.J6 .3200 . 23·t.O .()o163 .0:W08 UN .102 .:l20 .O.J.780
... 160 '" .18i ..166 .3836 .1706 .00118 .02212 UI .OH _220 .05267
XXS '" '" .29-1- .2052 .05043 .050 .ooms -----_.
.()U2-~ I. 71 .022 .t20 .(1.~772
... ... 5S
.----. -------- ----_.-
.,-- 1---_.-
.065 .920 .2011 .66+8 .00462 .02+050 .69 .tllH ._j') · 0-J.66 7
... . .. 105 .083 .88-1- .2521 .6\,18 .00426 .02969 .86 .266 .27.) .0565.,
STD 40 .J.OS .113 .824 .3:326 .05330 .00371 .0:170-1- 1.1:1 .231 .27.:; .07055
3/4 1.0050 XS 80 80S .15-1- .742 .433,5 .4330 .00300 . ().l4j9 1.+7 .I!l!l .)
._/')
.... .08S:H
... 160
XXS ...
'"

'"
.219
.308
.612
.4.3-1-
.05698
.7180
.:2961
.148
.00206
.00103
.05269
.05792
l. 'Jl.
2.-l.j.
.12H
.OM
.:?75
.27.=i
.100:16
.11032
)
... . .. 5S .065 1.185 .2553 1.1029 .00766 .04999 .H7 ,478 .344 .07603
... ... lOS .109 1.097 A130 .94052 .00656 .07569 I..J.O .-1-()<) .344 .11512
STD 40 .J.OS .133 1.049 .4939 .8MO .00600 .08734 1.68 .37.~ .344 .1328
1 1.315 XS 80 80S .179 .95j .6388 . il90 .00499 .10S6 2.11 .312 .344 .1606
... 160 ... .250 .815 .8365 .5217 .00362 .1251 1.84 .230 .344 .19m
XXS ... ... .358 ..599 1.0i60 .282 .00196 .1-1-05 :~.66 .122 .344 .2136
... ... 5S .065 1.530 .32057
-
1.839 .01277 .1038 1.11 .797 ,4:1.~ .12.~0
'" ... lOS .109 1.442 .4717 1.6:3:3 .01134 .1605 l.81 .iOH .-n5 .19:14
STD 40 .J.OS .1.J.O 1.380 .668.5 l.495 .0tO·tO .19-1-7 2.27 .649 "':l.~ .:!3-U)
JII~ 1.660 XS 80 80S .191 1.21S .88105 1.28:1 .00891
:\.00 .2-1-18 ..15;;
,435 .29 \:l
... 160 '" .2050 1.\60 I.lOiO 1.0057 .28:N .00734
:1. 76 . I:\;, .:I-m A5H
XXS ... ... .382 .896 l.S34 .630 .:1-1-11 _._-
.00438
.,.21 · ~:l.~ .27:1
... ... SS .06,5
'---".- --- -.--- - --_."---- - ....· ~[10
.. _--_._-
-- ._-_ ..
\.770 .:Ii4j 2.·101 .01709 .1579 l.28 1.066 .197 .16112
... ... lOS .109 1.682 .61:33 2.222 .01054.3 .2·108 1.09 .I)h:~ A97 .:!S91!
STD 40 -I-OS .14.5 1.610 .7995 2.036 .01414 .:I(N9 2.72 .H1!2 A97 .:1262
IV2 1.900 XS 80 80S .200 1.500 1.068 1.767 .0122S .:\912 :1.6:1 .765 .-197 AliI!
... 160 ... .281 U:18 U29 1.·100 .00970 .+lI24 Ulh .608 .~97 ..'lO71!
XXS ... .-U)() \.lOll 1.885 .950 .00660 .5h7H 6.-H A2 .-197
'"
--1---. \--_.-. ----.t--.--- 1----- - " -.. _-_. ........ --- .. - ....
.;')<)j7
· .. .. - ---_ ..... -- . _
... . .. .~S .(165 2.24.5 ,4717 3.958 .027-19 .:l\·19 I.ti I I .1-
-.) .622 .2h52
'

... ... lOS .109 2.157 .7760 3.6054 .0205:18 .-1992 2.M 1..~11 .022 .-12(H
STO 40 +OS .15-1- 2.(167 1.0705 3.:1505 .O2:~30 .6657 :1.6S US .h22 ..~6()h
2 2.375 XS 80 80S .21S 1.9.39 IAn 2.953 .020050 .8679 .~.O2 1.211 .622 .73m
160 .344 1.687 2.190 2.241 .01556 1.162 7.16 .97
'"
XXS ... '"
'" .4.10 I.S().1 2.656 1.774 .()1232 UII '1.0:\ . ....,'
-- f-~- ---- ------- 1 - - - ------- ..._----- _... .... ... .h22
.022 .979
l.104 --
-----._._-'. '-'---.---._-
...
_
'.,

5S .083 2.709 .72110 5.7M .0-U)02 .7100 :!..I1l 2.50 .75:\ · ~9:\9
... '"
... lOS .120 2.6:15 1.0:\9 :'iA5:1 .O:3i87 .987:\ :1..,:\ 2.:16 · is:\ .61!61!
STD -1-0 .J.OS .203 2.469 1.7(~l ·tillll .03322 U:lO ;;.79 2.07 .7Sa l.Ot).l
2V2 2.87;:) XS 80 1l0S .2io 2.:12:1 2.254 4.2:18 .02942 1.'12·1 7.h6 l.Hi .7:;:1 I.:\:\9
... 160 '" .:175 2.125 2.945 :1.05·10 .02.J6:1 :!.:lS:1 lO.OI 1.:;·l .7:;:1 1.6:m
XXS ... .. -.J
.;la_ l.i71 4.0211 2.-t()-\. .01il0 2.1l71 1:1.69 1.07 .75:1 1.9')7 __
... ...
'"

SS
1--'--
.08:\
---
:l.:I:H
-r----... _-.---,- --- ---
'-'--- -------..-... .. --,.. .. -_.. ...... _... - ... .....- - ,

.11910 11.7:\0 .(l606.1 UOI :l.tl:l :1. ill .91h .7·1:105

... ... lOS .120 :1.260 1.27-4 8.:H7 .().~i96 1.822 -1.:1:\ :\.62 .916 1.0·11
.3 3.500
STD
XS
.J.O
80
.J.OS
80S
.210
.300
:U168 2.2211
2.900 :UlJ6
i.:l9:\
6.605
.O.~I:IO 3.017
.(l4.~87 3.89-1-
7.511
lO.2S
:1.20
2.1!6
.91()
.916
1.721
2.225
)
... 160 '" •.J.:1I1 2.62-\ 4.2005 5AOll .0:1755 5.0:12 14.:\2 2.:15 .916 2.1l7!)
XX:' ... .600 2.300 5.466 4.155 .02118.'i 05.99:\
'"
Id.n\lllce~on. well thick .... end weight. are extracted trom ANSI 836.10 and 836.19. The notations
- - - . 18.:;11 ...1.80 _ _ _ L...916 _ _ _ :1,.12·1
-------
Tran.v.r.elnternel er.e values listed In "square teet" also
STD. XS, and XXS Indicate Slandard. Extra Strong. and Double Extra Strong pipp respectively. represent volume In cubic teet per loot 01 pipe length.
 ~
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--
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B - 18 APPENDIX B- ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

PIPE DATA-cont. f;.:

.t:
Nom- Outside Identification Wail Inside Area Transverse I
Moment Weight W,·ight External S .. ction
~
inal Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- Diam· "f [nternal Area of Pip" I Water Surface \I.,du/us
Pipe less ness eter \Ietal Inertia
Size [ron Sched. Steel It) Idl
(II) (I)
(I)
I

I
P'm"d; P"",,d; Sq. Fl.
J;:
Inches Inches
Pipe No. Sched. Square Square Square per p"r foot p"r foot (2;/0.)
~
Size No. Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Inches' f.,ot of pipe of pifle
... . .. 55 .156 13.688 6.78 147.15 1.0219 162.6 23.07 6:l.77 3.665 23.2
...
...
...
...
10
20
IDS
...
...
.188
.~:;()

.312
13.624-
13.500
13.376
8.16
10.80
13A2
145.78
143.14
140.52
1.0124
.9940
.9758
194.6
255.3
314.4
27.73
:\6.71
45.61
63.17
62.03
60.89
3.665
.3.665
3.665
27.8
36.6
45.0
r=
STD 30 ... .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2
... 40 ... .438 13.124 18.66 135.28 .9394 429.1 63.44 58.64 3.665 61.3
14 14.00 XS ... ... .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1
...
...
60
80
...
...
.594
.750
12.812
12.500
24.98
31.22
128.96
122.72
.8956
.8522
562.3
678.3
85.05
106.13
55.86
53.18
3.665
3.665
80.3
98.2
c
... 100 . .. .938 12.124 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.85 50.04 3.665 117.8
...
...
120
140
...
...
1.094
1.250
11.812
11.500
44.32
50.07
109.62
103.87
.7612
.7213
929.6
1027.0
150.79
liO.28
47.45
45.01
3.665
3.665
132.8
146.8
c
... 160 ... 1.406 11.188 55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 189.11 42.60 3.665 159.6
... ... 55 .165 15.670 8.21 192.85 1.3393 257.3 27.90 83.57 ·t189 32.2
... ... lOS .188 15.624 9.34 191.72 1.3314 291.9 31.75 83.08 4.189 36.5
... 10 ... .250 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 ~.189 -W.O
... 20 ... .312 15.376 15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.27 80.50 4.189 59.2
STD 30 ... .375 15.250 18Al 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3
16 16.00 XS 40 ... .500 15.000 24.35 li6.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5
... 60 ... .656 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6
... 80 ... .844 14.312 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.S 136.61 69.73 <l.189 144.5
... 100 ... 1.031 13.938 4B.-W 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.82 66.12 4.189 170.5
... 120 . .. 1.219 13.562 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.S 192.43 62.62 4.189 194.5
... 140 ... 1.438 13.124 65.78 135.28 .9394
... 160 . .. 1.594 12.812 72.10 128.96 .8956
1760.3
1893.5
223.64 58.64
245.25 . 55.83
4.189
4.189 ..
220.0
236 .,.
... ... 55 .165 17.670 9.25 245.22 1.7029 367.6 31.43 106.26 4.712 40.8
... ... 105 .188 17.624 10.52 243.95 1.6941 417.3 35.76 105.71 4.712 46.4
... 10 ., . .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1
... 20 ... .312 17.376 17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 58.94 102.77 4.712 75.5
STD ... ... .375 17.250 20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.6
... 30 ... .438 17.124 24.17 230.30 1.5990 930.3 82.15 99.84 4.712 103.4
18 18.00 XS ... ... .500 17.000 27A9 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 93.45 98.27 4.712 117.0
... 40 ... .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.67 96.93 4.i12 130.1
... 60 ... .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 ~.712 168.3
... 80 ... .938 16.124 50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.92 88.50 4.712 203.8
... 100 ... 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.3
... 120 ... 1.375 15.250 71.81 i82.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 ~.i12 277.6
... 140 ... I.S62 14.876 80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.22 75.32 4.712 305.S
... 160 '" 1.781 14.438 9O.7S 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308. SO 70.88 4.712 335.6
... 55 .188 19.624 11.70 302.46 2.1004 574.2 39.78 131.06 5.236 57.4
'"
... ... 105 .218 19.564 13.55 300.61 2.0876 662.S 46.06 130.27 5.236 66.3
... 10 ... .250 19.500 15.S1 298.65 2.0740 765.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.6
STD 20 ... .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 7S.60 125.67 5.236 lll.3
XS 30 ... .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7
... 40 . .. .S94 18.812 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 123.11 120.46 5.236 170.4
20 20.00 ... 60 ... .812 18.376 -W.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225 .1-
... SO . .. 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.1
... 100 ... 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.658S 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.5
... 120 ." 1.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.5
... 1<W ... 1.750 16.S00 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.09 92.66 5.236 421.7
... 160 ... 1.969 16.062 llU9 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.17 87.74 5.236 458.5
... ... 55 .188 21.624 12.88 367.25 2.S503 766.2 43.80 IS9.14 5.760 69.7
... ... lOS .218 21.S64 14.92 365.21 2.5362 884.8 50.71 IS8.26 5.760 80A
... 10 ... .250 21.500 17.08 363.05 2.5212 1010.3 58.07 157.32 5.760 91.8
STD 20 ... .375 21.250 25.-18 354.66 2.4629 1489.7 86.61 153.68 5.i60 135.4
XS 30 ... .500 21.000 33.77 346.36 2.4053 1952.5 114.81 150.09 5.760 11;'.5
22 22.00 ... 60 ... .875 20.250 58.07 322.06 2.2365 3244.9 197.41 139.56 5.760 295.0
... 80 ... 1.125 19.75 73.78 306.35 2.1275 4030.4 250.81 132.76 5.760 366.4
... 100 . .. 1.375 19.25 89.09 291.04 2.0211 4758.5 302.88 126.12 5.760 432.6
... 120 ... 1.625 18.;'5 104.02 276.12 1.9175 5432.0 353.61 119.65 5.760 493.8
... 140 ... 1.875 18.25 118.55 261.59 1.8166 6053.7 403.00 113.36 5.760 550.3
... 160 ... 2.125 17.75 132.68 247.45 1.7184 6626.4 451.06 107.23 5.760 602.4
Identlftcltlon. wlllthlckn .. 1 Ind wllght. are extracted Irom ANSI B36.10 and B36.19. The notations . Tr.nl•• r•• lntern.1 .... vatues listed in "square leet" also
STD. XS. and XXS Indicate Standard. Extra Strong. and Doubll Extra Strong pipe respectively. represent volume In cubic leet per loot 01 pipe length.
 CRANE APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA 8·19

PIPE DATA-cont.

-
Nom- Outside Identification WaU Inside Area Transverse Moment Weight Weight External Section
ina! Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- Diam- of Internal Area of Pipe Water Surface Modulus
Pipe less ness eter 'vIe tal Inertia
(a) (.1)
Size Iron Sched. Steel It) (d) (I) Pounds Pounds Sq. Ft.
Pip" 'io. Sched. Square Square Square per per foot per foot (2{).~J
Inches Inches Size 'io. Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Inches' foot of pipe of pipe

... . .. 5S .218 23.564 16.29 436.10 3.0285 1151.6 55.37 188.98 6.283 96.0
· -' 10 105 .250 23.500 18.65 433.74 3.0121 1315.4 63.41 187.95 6.283 109.6
STO 20 ... .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.9
XS ... . .. .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 125.49 179.87 6.2M 212.5
... 30 . .. .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.68 178.09 6.283 237.0
24 24.00 ... 40 . .. .688 22.624 50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.29 174.23 6.283 285.1
... 60 . .. .969 22.062 70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.35 165.52 6.283 387.7
... 80 . .. 1.219 21.562 87.17 365.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.58 158.26 6.283 472.8
· .. 100 ... 1.531 20.938 108.07 344.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.39 149.06 6.283 570.8
... 120 .., 1.812 20.376 126.31 326.08 2.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.1
· .. 140 . .. 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 483.12 134.45 6.283 718.9
... 160 . .. 2.344 19.312 159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 542.13 126.84 6.283 787.9

... 10 . .. .312 25.376 25.18 505.75 3.5122 2077.2 85.60 219.16 6.806 159.8
26 26.00 STO ... ... .375 25.250 30.19 500.74 3.4774 2478.4 102.63 216.99 6.806 190.6
XS 20 ... .500 25.000 40.06 490.87 3.4088 3257.0 136.17 212.71 6.806 250.5

... 10 . .. .312 27.376 27.14 588.61 4.0876 2601.0 92.26 255.07 7.330 18S.8
STO ... ... .375 27.250 32.54 583.21 4.0501 3105.1 110.64 252.73 7.330 221.8
28 28.00 XS 20 ... .500 27.000 43.20 572.56 3.9761 4084.8 146.85 248.11 7.330 291.8
... 30 . .. .625 26.750 53.75 562.00 3.9028 5037.7 182.73 243.53 7.330 359.8

... . .. 55 .250 29.500 23.37 683.49 4.7465 2585.2 79.43 296.18 7.854 172.3
· .. 10 105 .312 29.376 29.10 677.76 4.7067 3206.3 98.93 293.70 7.854 213.8
30 30.00 STO
XS
...
20
I . ..
...
.375
.500
29.250
29.000
34.90
46.34
671.96
660.52
4.6664
4.5869
3829.4
5042.2
118.65
157.53
291.18
286.22
7.854
7.854
255.3
336.1

\ .i}
... 30
I . .. .625 28.750 57.68 649.18 4.5082 6224.0 196.08 281.31 7.854 414.9

... 10 . .. .312 31.376 31.06 773.19 5.3694 3898.9 105.59 335.05 8.378 243.7
STO ... . .. .37S 31.250 37.26 766.99 5.3263 4658.5 126.66 332.36 8.378 291.2
32 32.00 XS 20 ... .500 31.000 49.48 754.77 5.2414 6138.6 168.21 327.06 8.378 383.7
... 30 . .. .625 30.750 61.60 742.64 5.1572 7583.4 209.43 321.81 8.378 474.0
... 40 . .. .688 30.624 67.68 736.57 5.1151 8298.3 230.08 319.18 8.3,78 518.6

· .. 10 '" .344 33.312 36.37 871.55 6.0524 5150.5 123.65 377.67 8.901 303.0
STn ... ... .375 33.250 39.61 868.31 6.0299 5599.3 134.67 376.27 8.901 329.4
34 34.00 XS 20 ... .500 33.000 52.62 855.30 5.9396 7383.5 178.89 370.63 8.901 434.3
... 30 . .. .625 32.750 65.53 842.39 5.8499 9127.6 222.78 365.03 8.901 536.9
... 40 '" .688 32.624 72.00 835.92 5.8050 9991.6 244.77 362.23 8.901 587.7

... 10 . .. .312 35.376 34.98 982.90 6.8257 5569.5 118.92 425.92 9.425 309.4
STn ... ... .375 35.250 41.97 975.91 6.7771 6658.9 142.68 422.89 9.425 369.9
36 36.00 XS 20 ... .500 35.000 55.76 962.11 6.6813 8786.2 189.57 416.91 9.425 488.1
... 30 . .. .625 34.750 69.46 948.42 6.5862 10868.4 236.13 417.22 9.425 603.8
... 40 '" .750 34.500 83.06 934.82 6.4918 12906.1 282.35 405.09 9.425 717.0
Idenllne.llon, w.lllhlck ..... and weight. are extracted from ANSI 636.10 and 636.19. The notations Trlnaver .. Int.mll .r•• values listed in "SQuare feet" also
STD. XS. and XXS Indicate Siandard. Extra Sirong. and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively. represent volume In cubic leet per foot of pipe length.

:~

\
B - 20 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRAN E £
C
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
~
--------------:-----------,:---------,--------,--------
61 0 to 290 0 300 0 to 890" C

c i~?Z1 F
:-_-~i=i3;O=°I"1=:~c;=-5~9:==.4====
c I~I F c I~=I=F==-=,=C=.==I=~=cFc~-lI F_ =C====I~==--F
1=-=1'==7.==2====1===3===3:==.8",,-1=1=6=.::::1=,==61====14-1. 8 149 300
C~~i=_
572 482! 900;
F
1652
C
-268 -450 -16.7 2 35.6 16.7 62 143.6 154 310 i 590 488 i 910 1670 C
-262 -440 -16.1 3 37.4 17.2 63 145.4 160 320 I 608 493 I 920 1688
-257
--251
-430
-420
-15.6
-15.0
4
5
39.2
41.0
17.8
18.3
64
65
147.2
149.0
166
171
330!
340
626
644
499
504
930 I
940
1706
1724
:g
-246 -410
-240 -400
-14.4
-13.9
6
7
42.8
44.6
18.9
19.4
66
67
150.8
152.6
177
182
350
360
662
680
510
516
950
960
1742
1760 ~
-234 -390 -13.3 8 46.4 20.0 68 154.4 188 370 698 521 970 1778
-229 -380 -12.8 9 48.2 20.6 69 156.2 193 380 716 527 980 1796
-223 -370 -12.2 10 50.0 21.1 70 158.0 199 390 734 532 990 1814 C
-218 -360
-212 -350
-11.7
-11.1
11
12
51.8
53.6
21.7
22.2
71
72
159.8
161.6
204
210
400
410
752
770
538
549
1000
1020
1832
1868 C
-207 -340 -10.6 13 55.4 22.8 73 163.4 216 420 788 560 1040 1904
~201 -330 -10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 221 430 806 571 1060 1940
-196 -320 - 9.4 15 59.0 23.9 75 167.0 227 440 824 582 1080 1976 C
-190
=~~~
- 8.9 16
--184 - 8.3 17
60.8
62.6
24.4
25.0
76
77
168.8
170.6
232
238
450
460
842
860
593
604
1100
1120
2012
2048
C
-179 -290
--173
-169
I-273
-280
-
-
-459.4 -
7.8
7.2
6.7
18
19
20
64.4
66.2
15.6
26.1
78
79
172.4
174.2
243
249
470
480
878
896
616
627
1140
1160
2084
2120 C
68.0 26.7 80 176.0 254 490 914 638 1180 2156
-168 -270 -454 - 6.1 21 69.8 27.2 81 177.8 260 500 932 649 1200
-162 -260 -436 - 5.6 22 71.6 27.8 82 179.6 266 510 950 660 1220
2192
2228
C
-,157 -250 -418 - 5.0 23 73.4 28.3 83 181.4 271 520 968 671 1240 2264
-151
-146
-240
-230
-400
-382
-4.4
- 3.9
24
25
75.2
77.0
28.9
29.4
84
85
183.2
185.0
277
282
530
540
986
1004
6~
693
1260
1280
2300
2336
c
-140
--134
-129
-220
-210
-200
-364
-346
~328
-
-
-
3.3
2.8
2.2
26
27
28
78.8
80.6
82.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
86
87
88
186.8
188.6
190.4
288
293
299
550
560
570
1022
1040
1058
704
732
760
1300
1350
1400
2372
2462
2552
l=
-123
-118
-190
-180
-310
-292
-
-
1.7
1.1
29
30
84.2
86.0
31.7
32.2
89
90
192.2
194.0
304
310
580
590
1076
1094
788
816
1450
15(10
2642 g
2732
-112 -170 -274 - 0.6 31 87.8 32.8 91 195.8 316 600 1112 843 1550
-107 -160 -256 0.0 32 89.6 33.3 92 197.6 321 610 1130 871 1600
2822
2912
&
-101 -150 -238 0.6 33 91.4 33.9 93 199.4 327 620 1148 899 1650 3002
-- 96
- 90
-140
-130
-220
-202
1.1
1.7
34
35
93.2
95.0
34.4
35.0
94
95
201.2
203.0
332
338
630
640
1166
1184
927
954
1700
1750
3092
3182
:c
-
...;;
-
84
79
73
-120
-110
-100
-184
-166
-148
2.2
2.8
3.3
36
37
38
96.8
98.6
35.6
36.1
96
97
204.8
206.6
343-
349
650
660
1202
1220
982
1010
1800
1850
3272
3362
:c:
100.4 36.7 98 208.4 354 670 1238 1038 1900 3452
--
- 68
62
- 90
- 80
-130
-112
3.9
4.4
39
40
102.237.2 99210.2360 680 125610661950 3542 g: -
104.0 37.8 100 212.0 366 690 1274 1093 2000 3632
- 57 - 70 - 94 5.0 41
- 51 - 60 - 76 5.6 42
105.8
107.6
43
49
110
120
230
248
371
377
700
710
1292
1310
1121
1149
2050
2100
3722
3812
1:
- 46 - 50 - 58 6.1 43 109.4 54 130 266 382 720 1328 1177 2150
- 40 - 40 - 40 3902
6.7 44
-34 - 30 - 22 7.2 45
111.2
113.0
60
66
140
150
284
302
388
393
730
740
1346
1364
1204
1232
2200
2250
3992
4082
!C
-- 29 - 20 - 4 7.8
-- 23 -10 14 8.3
46
47
114.8
B6.6
71
77
160
170
320
338
399
404
750
760
1382
1400
1260
1288
2300
2350
4172
4262
E:
-1:7.'8 o 32 8.9 48 ll8A 82 180 356 410 770 1418 1316 2400 4352
9.4
10.0
49
50
120.2
122.0
88
93
190
200
374
392
416
421
780
790
i436
1454
1343
1371
2450
2500
4442
4532
rc:
10.6
11.1
11.7
51
52
53
12j.8
125.6
127.4
99
100
104
210
212
220
410
413.6
428
427
432
438
800
810
1472
1490
1399
1427
2550
2600
4622
4712 -:c:
820 1508 1454 2650 4802
54
12,2
12.8 55
129.2
131.0
llO
116
230
240
446
464
443
449
830
840
1526
1544
1482
1510
2700
2750
4892
4982
i!::
13.3 56 132.8 121 250 482 454 850 1562 1538 2800 5072
13.9 57 134.6 127 260 500 460 860 1580 1566 2850 5162
14.4 58 136.4 132 270 518 466 870 1598 1593 2900 5252
15.0 59 138.2 138 280 536 471 880 1616 1621 2950 5342
15.6 60 140.0 143 290 554 477 890 1634 1649 3000 5432
Locate temperature In middle column. II in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent
in right hand column; if in degrees Fahrenheit, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.