2nd Semester

of A.Y. Don Carlos Polytechnic College

2021-2022 P-2, Pob. Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
College of Teacher Education
Module Week No.1-2

MATH 2- TEACHING MATHEMATICS IN THE INTERMEDIATE GRADES

Introduction Intended Learning Outcome
This module contains a lesson about Rational On completion of this module, the student is
numbers, specifically the concept of a fraction. expected to have
Thus, a fraction is a part of a whole. It does not a. Visualize basic fraction concepts;
indicate how large the whole is. Rather, it b. Identify equivalent fractions;
describes what part of the whole is being c. Perform operations on fractions; and
represented. d. Solve word problems involving fractions.
Rational Numbers
Activity
Direction: Answer the following.
A. Write the fractions in lowest terms.
12 48 51
1. 2. 3.
27 72 68
B. Solve the following.
9 6 3 5 8 3 4
1.
10
+ 15 2. -
4 9
3.
6
� 6
4.
8
÷ 12
Discussion
 DEFINITION of Terms
�
 A fraction is a part of a whole. It is expressed as , where b ≠ 0.
�
 The numerator is the number above the fraction bar.
 The denominator is the one below the fraction bar.
 Proper fraction a fraction where the numerator (the top number) is less than the denominator
(the bottom number).
 Improper fraction a fraction where the numerator (the top number) is greater than or equal to
the denominator (the bottom number).
 A mixed number or mixed fraction is a whole number and a proper fraction.
 Fractions whose numerators are 1 are called unit fractions.

 Converting Mixed Numbers into Improper fractions and Vice Versa

Example: To convert a mixed number into an improper
5
Convert 3 to an improper fraction. fraction,
7
5 3�7+5 26 Whole number x Denominator + Numerator
3 = =
7 7 7 Denominator
45
Express as a mixed number. To express an improper fraction as a mixed
6
45 ÷ 6 = 7 r.3. so the mixed number number,
45 3 1
form of is 7 or 7 Numerator ÷ Denominator
6 6 2
>the quotient becomes the whole number,
the remainder is the numerator and the
divisor is the denominator.

 Similar and Dissimilar Fractions

Two or more fractions with the same numerators are called similar fractions, otherwise, they are
called dissimilar fractions.
1
 Simplifying Fractions
12
Example: Simplify Divide both numerator and denominator by their
16
12 12 4 3 GCF which is 4.
16
= 16 ÷ 4 = 4

 Equivalent Fractions
When two fractions represent the same part of a whole they are called equivalent fractions. It
means that their cross products are equal or their lowest terms are the same.
2 8
Example: and
3 12
8 4 2 8 2 2 8

12
÷ 4 = 3 > it shows that 12
in simplest form is
3
, so therefore 3 and 12 are equivalent
fractions
2 8

3
= 12 > another way to tell if two fractions are equivalent is by using the cross products
2 8
method. Since the cross products of and are equal ( 2 x 12 = 3 x 8 = 24),
3 12
then they are equivalent fractions.
 To add and subtract fractions with different denominators, find the least common denominator
of all of the fractions, then express each as a fraction whose denominator is the least common
denominator.
Example: To add or subtract dissimilar fractions:
1 2 3+10 13 1. Find the least common denominator.
5
+ 3 = 15 = 15 2. Rename each dissimilar fraction to its equivalent
4 1 12−5 7 fraction using the LCD.
5 3
- = 15
= 15 3. Add or subtract the numerator and write over the
denominator.
4. Simplify the resulting fraction if possible.

 Multiplication of Fractions
When multiplying fractions, simply multiply the numerators to get the numerator of the product
and multiply the denominators to get the denominator of the product. Simplify if necessary.
Example:
4 6 4�6 24 2
3
x 12 = 3 � 12
= 36 or 3
To make multiplication easier, you can simplify the fractions before multiplying.
1 2 1
4
x
6
=
2 4 and 12 are each divided by their GCF, 4, to get
3
, 6 and 3 are
3 12 3 2
1 3
divided by 3 to get . The numerator is 1 x 2 = 2 while the
1
denominator is 1 x 3 = 3
To multiply a fraction by a whole number, we multiply the numerator by the whole number
and write the denominator as it is. Always, reduce the answer to lowest terms or mixed
numbers.
2
Example: The whole number 2 may also be expressed as a fraction
4 8 3 1
x2= or 1 2
5 5 5 since is equal to 2.
1

To multiply a whole number by a mixed number, express the mixed number as an improper
fraction, then multiply the numerator of the improper fraction and the whole number and place
the product over the denominator. Express the final answer in simplest form or as a mixed
number.
Example:
8 24 4
3 x 1 = 3x = or 4
5 5 5
To multiply a fraction and a mixed number, first express the mixed number as an improper
fraction. Multiply both the numerators and both the denominators. Express the product in simplest
form if necessary.
2
 Example:
3 3 3 13 39 19
x2 = x = or 1
4 5 4 5 20 20
To multiply mixed numbers, express the mixed numbers as improper fractions and then
multiply. Simply the answer.
Example:
3 3 15 8 120
3 x2 = x = or 10
4 5 4 3 12

 Division of Fractions
To divide fractions or mixed numbers, multiply the dividend by the multiplicative inverse or
reciprocal of the divisor.
Example: Two numbers are said to be reciprocals if their
3 3 15 2 30 5 1
3 ÷ = x = or or 2 products is 1.
4 2 4 3 12 2 2

 Writing a Fraction as a Decimal

�
A fraction can be thought of as a divided by b. It can be written as a decimal by using long
�
division to divide a by b. if the division stops because a remainder is zero, then the decimal form
of the number is a terminating decimal.
If the long division process does not terminate, then it leads to a digit or group of digits
that repeats over and over. In this case, the decimal form of the number is a repeating
decimal.
Example:
7 3
Write each fraction as a decimal: a. b.
8 11
7
a. = 0.875, a terminating decimal.
8 To write a fraction as a decimal, divide
3
b. = 0.272727…, a repeating decimal. the numerator by the denominator.
11
Write a repeating decimal with a bar
3
over the digits that repeat: = 0.27
11
Assessment
A. Express the following mixed numbers as improper fractions.
3 7
1. 7 2. 8
4 15

B. Change the following improper fractions to mixed or whole numbers.

128 230
1. 2.
15 15

C. Tell if each pair of fractions is equivalent or not.

15 5 25 10
1.
18
, 6
2.
45
, 18

D. Find the missing term of the equivalent fractions.

3 12 45 18
1.
2
= �
2.
20
= �

E. Solve the following.

1. Mrs. Torres bought 8 trays of eggs. There were 24 eggs in each tray. She used 80 of them to
bake two similar cakes. What fraction of the eggs did she use for a cake?

Resources and Additional Resources

“Fundamental of Mathematics 1”
by
Elvira L. Arellano, Ph.D.
Belinda M. Go, Ed.D.
Genesis G. Camarista, MA.Ed.-Math
Julio J. Villalon, MA.Ed.-Math
3
 2nd Semester
of A.Y. Don Carlos Polytechnic College
2021-2022 P-2, Pob. Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
College of Teacher Education
Module Week No.3-5

MATH 2- TEACHING MATHEMATICS IN THE INTERMEDIATE GRADES

Introduction Intended Learning Outcome
Measurement is a part of everyday life. Everyone On completion of this module, the student is
must understand the importance of expected to have
measurement and be familiar with their use in a. Know the metric system or Sl units, and
everyday life. Thus, a measurement provides English system of measurement;
information about where we have been, where b. Demonstrate understanding of the
we are currently, and whether we are changing relationship between the English and
over time. Metric systems;
c. Convert from metric to English system
(vice versa);
d. Explain metric prefixes;
e. Develop techniques in estimation;
f. Find the perimeter, area, surface area
and volume of a given shape or solid.
Measurements
Activity
A. Write the missing numerals.
1. 1 m = ______ dm
2. 3 800 seconds = _____ min
3. 2.5 days = _____ min
4. 4.5 decades = _____ weeks
5. 58 weeks = _____ hours

B. Unscramble the following words to make the correct metric units:

magr ; etmer; teril; agcdmrae; olterilki; icemtered;
olmagrki; rtlieiilm; nitremecte; oelmterki

Discussion

 Conversion Units
Units of Length
10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 mm
10 decimeters = 1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeters
10 meters = 1 dekameter (dam)
10 dekameters = 1 hectometer (hm)= 100 meters
10 hectometers = 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters

Units of Mass
10 milligrams (mg) = 1 centigram (cg)
10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg) = 100 milligrams
10 decgrams = 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams
10 gramss = 1 dekagram (dag)
10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram (hg)= 100 grams
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams

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 Time Measurement
second (s) – smallest unit of time
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 day = 24 hours
1 week = 7 days
1 fortnight = 2 weeks
1 month (average) = 30 days
1 year = 52 weeks = 365 or 356 days (leap year)
1 olympiad = 4 years
1 decade = 10 years
1 century = 100 years
1 millennium = 1000 years
1 epoch = 1 million years (geologic time)

 Converting Prefixes
Illustrative Examples:
1. The average distance from Earth to Moon is 384, 403 km. Find the average distance from
the earth to the moon in a) hectometre and b) miles.
Solution: 1 foot = 12 inches
a) 384 403 km = ______hm
1000 � 1 ℎ�
384 403 km = 384 403 km x x
1 �� 1�� �
384 403 km = 3 844 030 hm
b) 384 403 km = ______ miles
1 ��
384 403 km = 384 403 km x
1.609 ��
384 403 km = 238 908.01 miles
2. The height of Jun is 5.5 feet, what is his height in: a) inches?, b)cm?
Solution: 1 foot = 12 inches
a) 5.5 feet = ______ inches
12 ��
5.5 feet = 5.5 feet x
1 ��
5.5 feet = 66 inches
b) 1 inch = 2.54 cm
let us use the answer in question a)
5.5 feet = 66 inches
2.54 ��
66 inches = 66 in x
1 ��

5.5 feet = 66 inches = 167= 167.64 cm

 Estimation
According to Sobel and Maletsky (1975), estimation should be an important part of teaching
measurement. One of the problem solving techniques is “Guess and Check”, in the succeeding
problems you will be asked to guess and estimate (guesstimate), and check the exact answer.
Problem 1: The water level of a lake is falling at the rate of 7.06 cm per day. At this rate, estimate
how many cm the water level will fall in 29 days.
Solution: Round 7.06 to 7 and round 29 to 30. Now, multiply: 7 x 30 = 210 cm.
Note: the actual change in water level is 204.74
Problem 3: Complete the table. You may use only a calculator in computing or checking the exact
values.

Given Rounded and Exact value

estimated value
1. 31 x 48 30 x 50 = 1 500 1 488
2. 37 x 71
3. 86 x 18
4. 121 ÷ 18
5. 5 917 + 3 752
5
 Area and Perimeter of Simple Shapes
 Area and Perimeter of Rectangles
Area = length x width = lw
Example: A rectangle is 6 m wide and 3 m high, what is its area?
Solution: A = 6m x 3m
= 18 m2
Perimeter = 2 length x 2 width = 2l x 2w
Example: A rectangle has a width of 12 m, and a height of 5 m, what is its perimeter?
Solution: P = 2 (5) + 2 (12)
= 10 + 24
= 34 m

 Area and Perimeter of Squares

Area = s2
Example: A square has a side length of 6 m, what is its area?
Solution: A = 62
= 36 m2
Perimeter = 4s
Example: a square has a side length of 12 cm, what is its perimeter?
Solution: P = 4 X12
48 cm

 Area of Parallelogram
Area = base x height = bh
Example: A parallelogram has a base of 6 cm and a side length of 3 cm, what is its area?
Solution: A = 6 cm x 3 cm
= 18 cm2

 Area of Trapezoids
� �� + ��
Area = � h (b1 + b2) or Area = �
xh
Example: A trapezoid’s two bases are 6 cm and 4 cm, and it is 3 m high. What is its area?
6+4
Solution: A = 2 x 3
10
= 2
x3
30
= 2
= 15

 Area of Triangles
�
Area = � base x height
Example: What is the area of the triangle, where the base is 3m and its height is 10 m?
1
Solution: A = 2 x 3 x 10
1
= 2 x 30
30
= 2
= 15

 Area and Circumference of Circles

Area = ��2 ; use � = 3.1416
Example: What is the area of a circle with radius of 1.2 m?
Solution: A = 3.1416 x 1.22
= 3.1416 x 1.44
= 4.52

6
 Circumference = 2 ��
Example: What is the circumference of the circle when its radius is 5 cm?
Solution: A = 2 (3.1416) x (5)
= 2 (15.708)
= 31.416 cm

 Area and Perimeter of Combined/Irregular shapes

A composite figure is an irregular figure composed or a combination of polygons. An irregular
figure is one that cannot be classified as one of the previously studied shapes. To find the area of an
irregular figure, break it into familiar shapes of figures. Find the area of each shape and add the
areas.
Examples on Perimeter and Area of Irregular Shape:
1. Calculate the perimeter of the following figure:

Solution:
Perimeter = AB + BQ + QC + CD + DS + SE + EF + FR + RG + GH + HP + PA
=1+3+3+1+3+3+1+3+3+1+3+3
= 28 cm
2. Calculate the perimeter of the following figure:

Solution:
Perimeter: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 10 cm
3. Find the area of the figure below:

7
 Area of the figure = Area of I + Area of II + Area of III

Now, Area of figure I = 3.4 x 2.5

= 8.5 cm2

Now, Area of figure II = (6 - 3) x (3.4 -2)

= 4.2 cm2

Now, Area of figure III = 3 x 1

= 3 cm2

Total area = 8.5 + 4.2 + 3

= 15.7 cm2

 Surface Area of Solids

A polyhedron is a solid that is formed from polygons. The polygons that form the solids are called
faces. A prism is a polyhedron that has two congruent and parallel faces, called bases. The facts
that are not bases are the lateral faces. Prisms are named according to the shape of their bases.

 Surface Area of Prisms

Some characteristics of prisms:
1. The bases are parallel and congruent.
2. The lateral faces are the faces that are not bases.
3. The lateral faces intersect at lateral edges which are parallel.
4. The height or altitude of a prism is a segment that is perpendicular to the bases with an
endpoint in each base.
base
Lateral Areas of Prisms:
If a prism has a lateral area of
10. 5 in.
5 in. L square units, a height of h units,
and each base has a perimeter of
P units, then L= Ph.

height
Lateral faces
4 in.

Let us find the surface area of the prism above, using a formula that uses the lateral area. First,
find the perimeter of the base (P), and then the area of the base (A).

Perimeter of the Base Area of the Base

P = 2l + 2w A=lxw
If a prism has a surface area of SA square units
P = 2 (10.5 in) + 2 (4 in) A = 10.5 in x 4 in and a height of h units, and each base has a
= 21 in + 8 in = 42 in2 perimeter P units and an area of A square
= 29 in units, then SA = Ph, or then SA.= L + 2A.

Now, use this information to find the lateral area and the surface area.
L = Ph SA = L + 2A
L = 29 in (5 in) SA = 145 in2 + 2(42 in2)
= 145 in 2
= 145 in2 + 84 in2
= 299 in2

8
  Surface Area of a Cylinder
Surface Area (SA) = Area of the 2 circular bases + Area of the rectangle
(Note: The length of the rectangle is also the circumference of the bases)

Surface Area: SA= 2�r2 + 2�rh = 2πr(r + h)

Example:
The diameter of the base of a cylinder is 12 cm and the height is 8 cm. Find the surface area of the
solid cylinder.
Solution:
Radius = 6 cm
Height = 8 cm
Surface area = 2πr (r + h)
= 2 x 3.1416 x 6 (6 + 8)
= 528 cm

 Surface Area of a Pyramid

 Square Pyramid
Square Pyramid Facts:

 It has 5 Faces
 The 4 Side Faces are Triangles
 The Base is a Square
 It has 5 Vertices (corner points)
 It has 8 Edges

Where: Base Area or Areasquare = s2 , Perimetr =4s

9
  Triangular Pyramid

Triangular Pyramid Facts:

 It has 4 Faces
 The 3 Side Faces are Triangles
 The Base is also a Triangle
 It has 4 Vertices (corner points)
 It has 6 Edges
 It is also a Tetrahedron

10
 Surface Area of a Cone

Surface Area of a Right Cone.

If a cone has a surface area of SA square units,
slant height of l units, and the radius of the base is
r units, then SA = �rl + �r2.

https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/cone-2.jpg

Illustrative Example:
For the cone above, find the surface area to the nearest hundredth if the diameter is 24 cm and
the height is 16 cm.
The slant height is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length 5 cm and 10 cm. What
formula Will you use to solve for the slant height?
Slant height l2 = 122 + 162
l2 = 144 + 256
l = 400
l = 20 cm
Solving for the surface area: SA = �r / �r2
SA = �(12 cm)(20 cm)/ �(12 cm)2
SA = 1 205. 76 cm2

 Surface Area of a Sphere

If the sphere has a surface area of SA square units and a radius of r units, then SA 4�r2

Examaple: Find the surface area of a sphere if its radius if 20 mm.

Solution: SA = 4�r2
SA = 4�(20 mm)2
SA = 1600� mm2

https://www.kidsmathgamesonline.com/images/pictures/shapes/sphere.jpg

11
 VOLUME

 Volume of Prisms
Volume- is length by length by length, so the basic unit of volume is a cube that is 1 meter on each
side. The unit is written m3 (cubic meters).
Example: Andrea wants to wrap a present in a box that is 10.5 inches wide, 5 inches high, and 4
inches deep. Solve the volume of this box.
Volume of a prism. If a prism has a volume
Rectangular prism
of V cubic units, a height of h units, and
each base has an area of A square units,
then V = Ah.
3 in
4 in

10.5 in

V = Areabase x height
V = lwh
V = 126 in3

 Volume of Cylinder
Problem 1: Find the volume of the cylinder if its radius is 12 m
and its height is 24 m. Round your answer to the nearest
hundred.
Solution:
Volumecylinder = Areabase x height
Volumecylinder = �r2h
Volumecylinder = 10857.344 m3

https://quizizz.com/media/resource/gs/quizizz-media/quizzes/1e613ed5-01e1-4200-a696-0fc2f135cd16

 Volume of Pyramids

 Volume of a Square Pyramid

�
Volume= x (Base Area) x height , where: Base Area or Areasquare = s2
�

12
 Triangular Pyramid

 Volume of Cone

13 cm
If a right circular cone has a volume of V cubic units,
a height of h units, and a base with an area of A
square units, then V = 1/3 Ah or V = 1/3 �r2h.

8 cm
What is the shape of the base? Find the area of the base.
Area= �r2
A = 3.1416 (8 cm)2
A = 201.062 cm2
V = 1/3 Ah or V = 1/3 �r2h.
Vcone = 871.268

 Volume of Sphere
Find the volume of the sphere. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

4
V = 3 �r3
4
V = 3 (3.14)(10 cm)3
4
V = 3 (3.14)(1000 cm3)
4
V = 3 (3 140 cm3) 10 cm
V = 4188.790 cm 3
If a sphere has a volume of V
cubic units, and a radius of r
units, then
�
V = � �r3

13
 Assessment
A. Convert the following:
1. 4 206 cm to meters 3. 450 inches to meters
2. 4 450 kg to grams 4. 2.45 miles to feet, and kilometers

B. Solve the following.

1
1. Estimate 9 of P 240 000.
2. A parallelogram has an area of 54 square centimeters and a base of 6 centimeters. Find
the height?
3. Solve the area and perimeter of a square-shaped dining room with a 4-meter side.
4. Find the area of a trapezoid, when its two bases are 6.5 mm and 11 mm, and its height is
5mm?
5. The area of a rectangle is 80 sq m. Find the width and the perimeter if the length is 5 m.
6. What is the perimeter of this polygon?
7 cm

4 cm
6 cm
5 cm 1 cm
3 cm

7.Find the value of x, the slant height of the regular pyramid. Round
4ft
your answer to the nearest hundredth. Solve the surface area. (Hint:
x The slant height of the pyramid is the hypotenuse of the triangle formed
by the altitude perpendicular to the base.)

4 ft 4 ft
8. Find the surface area of the cylinder to the nearest whole number.
Given the radius r = 6 m,
and height h= 8.9 m.
9. The volume of the sphere is 288 cubic centimeters. What are the radius and surface area?
10. Find the volume of rectangular prism.

13 m

Resources and Additional Resources

“Fundamental of Mathematics 1”
by
Elvira L. Arellano, Ph.D.
Belinda M. Go, Ed.D.
Genesis G. Camarista, MA.Ed.-Math
Julio J. Villalon, MA.Ed.-Math

https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/square-pyramid.html

14