Learning Module

­QUARTER 1 | WEEK 4

NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE

RATIONAL NUMBERS
MATHEMATICS 7
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
•  Introduction to Rational Numbers
Rational is derived from the word "ratio" which means quotient. Rational
numbers can simply be written as a result of dividing two integers.
=4 ; = -5 3 ÷ 15 ÷

Quotient is an integer Quotient is a fraction

The quotient of two integers is not always an integer as shown above.

The set of integers is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication

but not in division. So, you need to consider the set of Rational Numbers.
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Introduction to Rational Numbers

Think of This! Representation Examples

Rational Number is any number that 𝑎
𝑎 ൜ ⃒ 𝑎 &𝑏 are integers , b ≠ 0ൠ
can be written in the form , where a 𝑏
𝑏 6 3
and b are integers, and b is not equal , ,0.5 ,
Let a,b be an integer, then a rational number is 12 4
to 0. 𝑎
defined as , where b is not equal to 0.
𝑏
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
•  Introduction to Rational Numbers
Let us classify each given number below whether it is a rational or not.
A. is a rational number because it is a quotient of two integers and the
denominator is not 0. (a = 3 and b = 2)
B. 1.73205… is an irrational number because it cannot be written in the form
C. is a rational number since it can be written as , , , etc.
D. is a rational number since it can be written as or .
E. 0. is rational number and it can be written as .

Note: Any rational number can be expressed from fractional form to decimal form
and vice versa, which will be tackled to the next pages of this module.
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Converting Fractions to Decimal Form
Converting Fractions to Decimals (with Terminating Decimals)
Remember: We can convert fraction to decimal by simply dividing the numerator by the denominator.
Example 1 Example 2

1 3
Convert to decimal form. Convert to decimal form.
4 4

1
Therefore, = 0.25
4 3
Therefore, = 0.75
4
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Converting Fractions to Decimal Form
Note:
Fractions in Examples 1 and 2 produce terminating decimals.
 Terminating Decimal Examples:
- a decimal with finite number of digits.
1 1 1
= 0.5 , = 0.2 , = 0.125
2 5 8
Converting Fractions to Decimals (with Non-Terminating Decimals)

Example 3 Example 4
1 5
Change
3
to decimal form. Change to decimal form.
3
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Converting Fractions to Decimal Form

5
1
Therefore, = 0.33 … Therefore, = 1.66…
3
3

Note: Fractions in Examples 3 and 4 produce non-terminating decimals.

 Non-terminating Decimal Examples:
- a decimal number that continuous infinitely 2
= 0.66…,
5 22
= 0.833… , = 7.3ത
3 6 3

Remember: Repetend is the digit that repeats itself. Vinculum or Bar

22
= 7.3ത
3
Note:
Repetend
A bar or a vinculum is placed over a repetend.
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• CONVERTING DECIMALS TO FRACTION FORM
Converting Terminating Decimal Form into Fractional Form
Example 1 Example 2
To convert terminating decimal to
fractional form, do the following steps: Change 0.3 to Fraction. Change 0.75 to Fraction

(1) Let n be your given decimal number. Step 1: Step1:

Let n = 0.3 Let n = 0.75
Step 2: Step 2:
(2) Multiply the equation by a power of Multiply the equation by 10. Multiply the equation by 100.
10 depending on the place value of (100) ( n = 0.75)
the given decimal (10) ( n = 0.3) 100n = 75
10n = 3

Step 3: Step 3:
Find the value of n Find the value of n
(3) Find the value of n in a fraction. 1 1 1 1
(10𝑛) = 3( ) (100𝑛) = (75)
10 10 100 100
3 75 3
n= n= =
10 100 4
Step 4: Step 4:
3 75 3
(4 ) Finalize your answer. Therefore, 0.3 = Therefore, 0.75 = =
10 100 4
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Introduction to Rational Numbers
Converting Repeating or Non-terminating Decimal into Fraction
To convert non-terminating decimal Example 1 Example 2
fractional Form, perform the steps below: Change the 0.333… to fraction form. Change 1.666… to fraction form.
(1) Let n be your given decimal number Step 1: Step 1:
Let n = 0.333… Let n = 1.666…
(2) Multiply the equation by a power of Step 2: Step 2:
10 depending on the place value of Multiply n by 10. Multiply n by 10.
the given decimal. (10) (n = 0.333…) (10) (n = 1.666…)
10n = 3.333… 10n = 16.666…
(3) Subtract the first equation to the Step 3: Step 3:
new equation to obtain a whole 10n = 3.333… 10n = 16.666…
number as difference. - n =0.333… - n = 1.666…
9n = 3 9n = 15
(4) Find the value of n by applying the Step 4: Step 4:
multiplication property of equality 1 1 1 1
( )(9𝑛) = 3( ) ( )(9𝑛) = 15( )
(MPE). 9 9 9 9
3 3 15 5
n= = n= =
9 9 9 3
(5) Finalize your answer. Step 5: Step 5:

Therefore, Therefore,
3 1 3 1
0.333… = or 1.666… = or
9 3 9 3
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Arranging Rational Numbers
Like integers, fractions and decimals can also be shown on the number line
since all points in the number line correspond to a part of a whole or a fraction.
Think of This! Explanation Examples
 Every rational number can be
represented as a point on the number Observe the number line.
1
line. The fraction or 0.5 is one of the
2
points between 0 and 1.
1
Also, the fraction - or -0.5 is one
2
of the points between 0 and – 1
 Numbers to the right of 0 are positive
numbers and therefore, greater than 0.

 Numbers to the left of 0 are negative

numbers and therefore, less than 0.
 The relation or inequality
symbolslike<, >, ≤, ≥ , are used to
show relationships between rational
numbers.
“read as negative two-fourths is less than negative one-fourth”
RATIONAL NUMBERS
 Learning Module
­QUARTER 1 | WEEK 5
NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE
OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
MATHEMATICS 7
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
•  Addition of Fractions
If a, b, c are integers, and b 0, then + = .
Examples
Similar fractions are fractions with the same
denominators.
3 5 1 5
and and
4 4 6 6

To add similar fractions, just add the numerators

Numerator
and copy the denominator. 3
+
1
=
4
5 5 5
Note: Express all your answers in its simplest Denominator
form.
4
Since is in its simplest form already, therefore the final
5
4
answer is .
5

Dissimilar fractions are fractions having different

3 1 1 3 4 3
denominators. and , and , and
5 10 4 8 7 14
Example 2
To add dissimilar fractions, do the following Example 1
steps: Add
2
and
4
. Add
3
and
2
.
12 6 4 16
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Addition of Fractions

Step 1: Step 1:
(1) Find the Least Common Denominator (LCD).
 Least Common Denominator
2 4 3 2
- the smallest number that is divisible by the + +
12 6 4 16

denominators of all fractions being Since the denominators are 12 Since the denominators
considered and 6, then the LCD is 12. are 4 and 16, then the
LCD is 16.
Step 2: Step 2:
(2) The LCD will be the new denominator. To
2 4 3 2
obtain a new numerator, divide the LCD by +
12 6
+
4 16
(12÷12)2 (12÷6)4 (16÷4)3 (16÷16)2
the given denominator then multiply the + +
12 12 16 16
quotient to the given numerator. 2 8 12 2
+ +
12 12 16 16
You now have similar fractions.
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Addition of Fractions

Step 3: Step 3:
(1) Using the new expression, just simply add
2 8 10 5 12 2 14 7
the new numerators and copy the common + = 12 or + = or
12 12 6 16 16 16 8

denominator. Since 10 and 12 are both divisible

Since 14 and 16 are
5
by 2, then its simplest form is . divisible by 2, then its
6
7
simplest form is .
8
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
•  Subtraction of Fractions
If a, b, c are integers, and b 0, then - = .

To subtract similar fractions, just simply subtract the Example

numerators and copy the denominator.
7 4 3
- =
13 13 13
3
Note: Express your answer in its simplest form. Since is in its simplest form, therefore the final answer is
13
3
.
13
Example 1 Example 2
To subtract dissimilar fractions, perform the
3 2
following steps: 4 9 Subtract and .
Subtract and . 8 24
10 20

Step 1: Step 1:
(1) Find the Least Common Denominator (LCD).
4 9 3 2
- -
10 20 8 24

Since the denominators are 10 Since the

and 20, then the LCD is 20. denominators are 8
and 24, then the LCD
is 24.
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Subtraction of Fractions
Step 2: Step 2:
(1) The LCD will be the new denominator. To obtain
4 4 3 2
a new numerator, divide the LCD by the given - -
10 20 8 24

denominator then multiply the quotient to the (20÷10)4

-
(20÷20)4 (24÷8)3
-
(24÷24)2
20 20 24 24
given numerator. 8 4 9 2
- -
20 20 24 24
You now have similar fractions.
Step 3: Step 3:
(2) Using the new expression, just simply subtract
8 4 4 9 2 7
the numerators and copy the common - = - =
20 20 20 24 24 24

denominator. For example no. 1 you need to The GCF between 4 and 20 is 4 Since
7
is in its
24
4 20
look for the greatest common factor. So, =1 =5 simplest form, then it is
4 4

Therefore, the simplest form of

4
considered as the final
20
 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) - the answer.
1 1
is . So, is the final answer.
greatest integer that is a factor of all the 5 5

given integers.

  Note: ; ; are known to be improper fractions, fractions whose numerator is greater than the
denominator. To express it in simplest form, we need to change it into mixed number, a number consists of a
whole number and a fraction. Therefore, 11 is the simplest form of .
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Subtraction of Fractions
Further Explanations
𝑎
Improper fraction = Mixed 𝑎
= quotient
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑏 𝑏 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
form

You can only transform the given fraction into mixed form if it is an
Remember
improper fraction.

Proper Fraction Examples

- a fraction whose numerator
is less than its denominator. 1
,
1
,
2
,
3
3 8 3 5

Improper Fraction Examples

- a fraction whose numerator
is greater than its 5
,
9
, ,
8 4

denominator. 3 8 5 3
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Multiplication on Fractions
 
If a, b, c and d are integers, where b 0 and d , then = .

To multiply fractions, follow Example 1 Example 2

the steps below: 1 2 5 4
Multiply and . Multiply and .
3 5 6 8

Multiply the numerators of the Solution: Solution:

two fractions and multiply the 1 2 2 5 4 20 5
x = x = or
3 5 15 6 8 48 12
denominators of the two
fractions.
5
2 Since the GCF of 20 and 48 is 4, then is
Since is in its simplest form 12
15 20
already, then it is the final answer. the simplest form of .
48
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
• Division on Fractions
 If a, b, c and d are integers, where b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, then = .

To divide fractions, perform the Example 1 Example 2

steps below: 2 6 3 4
Divide by . Divide by .
5 7 8 5

Step 1: Step 1:
2 6 3 4
Given: ÷ ÷
(1) Copy the first fraction, get the 5 7 8 5
reciprocal of the second
fraction then proceed to
2 7 3 5
multiplication. x 𝑥
5 6
8 4
Notice that operation
Notice that the operation changes when
Reciprocal is the process of changes when you are
you are getting the reciprocal.
exchanging the numerator and getting the reciprocal.
the denominator 6
becomes
7
7 6 4 5
becomes
5 4
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS

• Division on Fractions
 If a, b, c and d are integers, where b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, then = .

(1) Follow the steps in multiplying Step 2: Step 2:

fractions. 2 7 14 7 3 5 15 5
𝑥 = or 𝑥 = or
5 6 30 15 8 4 48 16
14 15
Since is divisible by 2, Since is divisible by 3, then the
Note: Simplify your answer if 30 48
7 5
possible. then the simplest form is . simplest form is .
15 16
OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS