Name: 茱席拉 Student Number: 4090H430 Date: 110/04/07

Engineering Materials Hw2

A:2-5; The difference between the microstructure and the macrostructure of a material is
due to the length scale. Structures that can be observed at a length scale of around
100 nm to 100 000 nm form the microstructure whereas structures observed at a
length scale of over 100 000 nm form the macrostructure.

A:2-8; The following values were obtained from the textbook:

−3
ρ( ¿ ) =8.9 g cm , Z ( ¿ )=58.70 g mol−1 , n=6.022× 1023 mol−1

( 8.9 ) (1250 )( 0.005 )

( b ) Moles of ∋required= =0.95mol
58.70

( a ) Atoms of ∋required=( 6.022× 1023 ) ( 0.95 )=5.7 ×10 23 atoms

A:2-10; Electronic configurations:

a) Tungsten: [ Xe ] 4 f 14 5 d 4 6 s 2
b) Cobalt: [ A r ] 3 d 7 4 s 2
c) Zirconium: [ Kr ] 4 d 2 5 s 2
d) Uranium: [ Rn ] 5 f 3 6 d 7 s 2
e) Aluminium: [ Ne ] 3 s2 3 p

A:2-14; An element with a valence of 2 and an atomic number of 27 will have an electronic
configuration ending in [ X ] 3 d 7 4 s 2 where X is the nearest element with a stable
configuration. Reasoning: The first quantum shell can hold only 2 electrons, the
second can hold 8 electrons, the third can hold 18 electrons. The fourth can hold up
to 32 electrons. Filling up the first three quantum shells gives a configuration of
2 2 6 2 6 10
1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p 3 d , however the electron total is 28. To get an atomic number
of 27, one electron will have to be discarded from the 3 d orbital and two more will
be moved up from the 3 d orbital to a 4 s orbital → ( 10−1−2 )=7 electrons.

A:2-16; Bonding in the intermetallic compound Ni 3Al is predominantly metallic. Ni has an

electronegativity of about 1.8. Al has an electronegativity of 1.5. The trend for mixed
bonding in compounds is based on the electronegativity difference between the
atoms; as the electronegativity difference increases, the bonding becomes more
ionic. Since Nickel and Aluminium have an electronegativity difference of only 0.3,
the likelihood of there being ionic bonding between the atoms is very low. Hence the
reason for the bonding being predominantly metallic. Also, since both elements are
metal, they favour giving up their electrons rather than sharing or donating.

A:2-23; Fraction of bonding of MgO that is ionic:

E Mg=1.2 , EO=3.5 f covalent =exp [ −0.25 (3.5−1.2 ) ]=0.266

2

f ionic =1−0.266=0.734
Name: 茱席拉 Student Number: 4090H430 Date: 110/04/07

A:2-24; Fraction of bonding of Silica (SiO2) that is covalent:

E Si =1.8 , EO =3.5 f covalent =exp [ −0.25 (3.5−1. 8 ) ]=0. 486

2

A:2-38; Silicon mononitride (SiN) has covalent bonds whereas Fe has metallic bonds. The
binding energy needed to break covalent bonds is generally greater than that
needed for metallic bonds. Metals readily give up their valence electrons to form
metallic bonds with delocalized electrons. A larger force would be needed to cause
the same separation between the SiN compound as compared to the atoms in Fe.
Therefore, it is expected that SiN would have the higher modulus of elasticity.

A:2-41; MgO has ionic bonds whereas Mg has metallic bonds. There is a strong electrostatic
attraction that leads to the formation of ionic bonds resulting in the highest binding
energy out of the four main bonding mechanisms. A larger force would be needed to
cause the same separation between the ions in MgO as compared to the atoms in
Mg. Therefore, it is expected that MgO would have the higher modulus of elasticity.