-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 33

DOI: 10.15503/jecs20162.33.50

Universities with multicultural

disrupted past: what meanings current
students attribute to them?
Olena Dobosh
*UDGXDWH6FKRROIRU6RFLDO5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWHRI3KLORVRSK\DQG6RFLRORJ\RI3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV
1RZ\ģZLDW:DUVDZ3RODQG
E-mail addressRGRERVK#VQVHGXSO

Abstract
7KH FKDQJLQJ RI SUHZDU ERUGHUV RI &HQWUDO DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH DIWHU :: ,,
FDXVHGQRWRQO\EHORQJLQJRIFHUWDLQWHUULWRULHVWRGHÀQLWHFRXQWULHVEXWDOVRWKHPDV-
VLYH IRUFHG UHORFDWLRQ RI SRSXODWLRQ IURP WKRVH WHUULWRULHV 7KH WRWDO FKDQJH RI WKH
SRSXODWLRQLQWKHPXOWLFXOWXUDOFLWLHVDIIHFWHGDOVRLQVWLWXWLRQVVXFKDVXQLYHUVLWLHVE\
FKDQJLQJWKHLUVWDIIODQJXDJHDQGQDWLRQDOSURÀOH
1RZDGD\VZKHQPRGHUQXQLYHUVLWLHVDUHIDFLQJSRVWPRGHUQLW\FKDOOHQJHVLWLV
H[WUHPHO\GLIÀFXOWWRWDONDERXWUROHPLVVLRQDQGPHDQLQJRIWKLVLQVWLWXWLRQHVSH-
FLDOO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIGLVUXSWHGKLVWRULFDOWUDGLWLRQ/RRNDWWKHSUREOHPIURPWKH
GLIIHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHIURPLQVLGHZLOOVKRZWKHWHQGHQFLHVRIPHDQLQJVFXUUHQWVWX
ZLOOVKRZWKHWHQGHQFLHVRIPHDQLQJVFXUUHQWVWX-
GHQWVRIWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKORQJEXWGLVUXSWHGKLVWRULFDOSDVWDWWULEXWHWRWKHLU$OPD
PDWHUV$UHWKH\DZDUHRIWKHSUHVHQFHRIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDOJURXSV
WKDWFUHDWHGXQLYHUVLW\FRPPXQLW\EHIRUH::,,"
7KLV DUWLFOH ZLOO SUHVHQW UHVXOWV RI WKUHH VWXGLHV FRQGXFWHG DW WKUHH XQLYHUVLWLHV
WKDWFKDQJHGWKHLUQDWLRQDOSURÀOHDIWHU::,,9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\LQ/LWKXDQLDIRU-
PHUO\D3ROLVKXQLYHUVLW\/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LQ8NUDLQHIRUPHUO\D3ROLVKXQLYHUVLW\
DQG:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\LQ3RODQGIRUPHUO\D*HUPDQXQLYHUVLW\%RWKDW9LOQLXV
8QLYHUVLW\DQG/YLY8QLYHUVL\XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVWXG\$W
:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVWXG\
7KHSUHVHQWDQDO\VLVZLOOWU\WRH[SORUHWKHYDULHW\RIPHDQLQJVFXUUHQWVWXGHQWVRI
WKRVHWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHVDWWULEXWHWRWKHLUSODFHRIVWXG\,WZLOOWU\WRVKRZLIFXUUHQW
VWXGHQWVDUHDZDUHRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\·VFRPSOH[KLVWRU\DQGLIWKH\LQFOXGHH[FOXGH
KLVWRULFDOPHDQLQJVFRQQHFWHGZLWKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKHGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDOJURXS"
$OVRLWZLOOORRNDWWKHSRVVLEOHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQPHDQLQJDWWULEXWLRQDQGSHUFHS-
WLRQ RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ SDVW DPRQJ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKHVH WKUHH XQLYHUVLWLHV /YLY
:URFãDZ DQG 9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLWLHV KDG VLPLODU KLVWRULFDO WUDFHV EXW FXUUHQWO\ WKH\
DUH GHYHORSHG LQ WKUHH GLIIHUHQW LQGHSHQGHQW FRXQWULHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUDO DQG
KLVWRULFDOSROLWLFVZKLFKPLJKWKDYHDQLQÁXHQFHRQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHSODFH·VSDVW
/HZLFND
Key words: 8QLYHUVLW\3ODFHPHDQLQJ&HQWUDO(DVWHUQ(XURSH
34 (WKLFV
Introduction
3ROLWLFDOFKDQJHVWKDWRFFXUUHGGXULQJ;;FHQWXU\LQ&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ
(XURSHFDXVHGQRWRQO\IRUPDOERUGHUFKDQJHVEXWÀUVWRIDOOWKLVWLPHZDV
ÀOOHG E\  PDVVLYH QDWLRQDO DQG HWKQLF FRPSRVLWLRQDO UHSODFHPHQW  0DQ\
SODFHVFKDQJHGWKHLUVWDWHKRRGDQGTXLWHRIWHQZLWQHVVHGWKHFKDQJHRIWKHLU
HQWLUH SRSXODWLRQ 6RXWK(DVWHUQ *HUPDQ WHUULWRULHV ZHUH DQQH[HG WR WKH
3RODQG ZKLOH 6RXWK(DVWHUQ 3ROLVK WHUULWRULHV ZHUH DWWDFKHG WR WKH 6RYLHW
8QLRQDQGDIWHUWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRLQGHSHQGHQWFRXQWULHVVXFKDV8NUD-
LQHDQG/LWKXDQLD)URPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIKLVWRU\LWLVMXVWIDFWVDQGVWDWL-
VWLFVEXWDFWXDOO\WKH\KLGHE\WKHPVHOYHVWUDJHG\RIWKRXVDQGVRISHRSOH
ZKRZHUHIRUFHGWROHDYHWKHLUKRPHVDQGPRYHWRWKHQHZSODFHV,WPHDQW
WKDWHPSW\KRXVHVEHFDPHLQKHULWHGE\QHZSHRSOHDQGWKHEXLOGLQJVDQG
FLWLHVEHFDPHÀOOHGLQZLWKQHZPHDQLQJV0RVWHYLGHQWO\ WKHVHSRVWZDU
SURFHVVHVZHUHVHHQDWWKHVFDOHRIGLIIHUHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGVRFLDOXQLWV8QL-
YHUVLWLHVEHFDPHPRVWVHQVLWLYHLQWKDWFRQWH[W%HLQJRQHRIWKHPRVWUHSUH-
VHQWDWLYHSHUVRQLÀFDWLRQVRIFROOHFWLYHPHPRU\WKH\SDLQIXOO\H[SHULHQFHG
FUXFLDOFKDQJHVRILQWHUQDOQDWLRQDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHDFDGHPLFFRPPXQLW\
GXULQJDQGDIWHU::,,

Lviv University
,YDQ)UDQNR/YLY1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\LVWKHFXUUHQWQDPHRIWKHXQLYHU-
VLW\WKDWEHJDQLWVKLVWRU\LQ;9,,FHQWXU\7KHGHVWLQ\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\ZDV
LQVHSDUDEO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHKLVWRULFDOSDWKVRIWKHFLW\QDPHGLeopolis,
/YLY /ZyZ ʬʲʮʡʲʸʢ, Lemberg, ǹȪȐȜȐ, ǹȪȐȳȐ 7KRVH QDPHV UHSUHVHQW FKDQJHV
RIWKHRIÀFLDODXWKRULWLHVLQWKHFLW\EXWDOVRPLUURUHGQDWLRQDOFRORULQJRI
KDELWDWLRQ WKDW ZDV SDUW RI WKH FLW\ FRPPXQLW\ EXW EHORQJHG WR GLIIHUHQW
QDWLRQDODQGUHOLJLRXVJURXSV7KH\HDURIXQLYHUVLW\IRXQGDWLRQDVRIÀFLDOO\
UHSUHVHQWHGE\FXUUHQWXQLYHUVLW\DXWKRULWLHVLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHZKHQ
WKH NLQJ RI 3RODQG -RKQ ,, .D]LPLU HPSRZHUHG WKH -HVXLWV &ROOHJLXP WKDW
ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG LQ /YLY D IHZ \HDUV EHIRUH WR EH XQLYHUVLW\ DQG DFDGHP\
(.PHW
'XULQJ D PRUH WKDQ WKUHH KXQGUHG \HDU KLVWRU\ /YLY 8QLYHUVLW\ DV DQ
DFDGHPLFLQVWLWXWLRQZDVXVHGE\GLIIHUHQWSROLWLFDOUHJLPHVWRUHSUHVHQWWKHLU
YLHZRIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDVDSROLWLFDOWRRO$IWHU/YLYZDVDQQH[HGE\
$XVWULDDQG8QLYHUVLW\EHFDPHD6WDWH$FDGHP\ODWHUVHFXODU6WDWH8QLYHU-
VLW\QDPHGE\-RVHSK,,$XVWULDQ(PSHURU)URPWLOOLWZDVRIÀ-
FLDOO\DSROLVKXQLYHUVLW\UHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHQDPHRI-DQ.D]LPLUWKHNLQJRI
3RODQG,QVSLWHRIFKDQJLQJSROLWLFDOUHJLPHVWKHXQLYHUVLW\LQ/YLYGXULQJ
DOO LWV KLVWRU\ WLOO  ZDV $OPD PDWHU IRU UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKUHH PDMRU
QDWLRQDOJURXSVUHVLGLQJWKHFLW\²3ROHV-HZVDQG5XWKHQLDQV8NUDLQLDQV
3U\WXOD 7DUQDYVN\M
'XULQJWKH::,,/YLYZDVQRWGHVWUR\HGDQGSUHZDUEXLOGLQJVRIWKH
8QLYHUVLW\VXUYLYHG%XWVRFLDOHWKQRQDWLRQDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHSRSXOD-
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 35
WLRQRIWKHFLW\DQGRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\FRPPXQLW\FKDQJHGFUXFLDOO\GXULQJ
DQGDIWHUZDUDVDERXWRIWKHDFDGHPLFVWDIIDQGVWXGHQWVGLVDSSHDUHG
-HZV ZHUH NLOOHG GXULQJ WKH  1D]L RFFXSDWLRQ LQ WKH FLW\·V JKHWWR DERXW
SHRSOH3ROHVZHUHIRUFHGO\WDNHQRXWWRWKH3RODQGE\UHDOL]DWLRQ
RIRSHUDWLRQ9LVWXODDQGRWKHUIRUFHGGHSRUWDWLRQVDVFRQVHTXHQFHVRIDIWHU
ZDUERUGHUFKDQJHVDERXW3ROHVDQGRI-HZVWKDWVXUYLYHG
DIWHU1D]LRFFXSDWLRQRIWKHFLW\QXPHURXV8NUDLQLDQVZHUHLPSULVRQHG
DQG GHSRUWHG WR  6LEHULD DERXW   SHRSOH (5HG]LN  $FWXDOO\
RQO\WKHÀIWKRIWKHSUHZDUFLW\SRSXODWLRQVWD\HGWROLYHLQ/YLYDIWHU::
,,7KHFLW\SRSXODWLRQZDVFRQVWUXFWHGE\WKHUHSODFHPHQWRI8NUDLQLDQV
ZKRZHUHIRUFLEO\GHSRUWHGIURPWKHLUHWKQLFWHUULWRULHVWKDWEHFDPHSDUW
RI3RODQGWRWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDQGE\UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIRWKHU5HSXEOLFVRI
WKH6RYLHW8QLRQZKRPRYHGWRWKHFLW\EHFDXVHRIMREUHIHUUDOVZKLFKZDV
SDUWRIWKHVRYLHWODERUSROLWLFV6RWKHVWDIIDQGVWXGHQWVRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\
DOVRFKDQJHGFUXFLDOO\
,Q  DIWHU WKH FROODSVH RI WKH 6RYLHW 8QLRQ /YLY EHFDPH SDUW RI WKH
8NUDLQHZLWKDPRQRQDWLRQDOSRSXODWLRQFRPSRVLWLRQLQKDELWHGPDLQO\E\
8NUDLQLDQV 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ EHFDPH 8NUDLQLDQ EHLQJ RQH RI WKH LPSRUWDQW
HGXFDWLRQDODQGVFLHQWLÀFFHQWHUVLQWKHFRXQWU\$IWHUWKHIXOOQDPHRI
WKH8QLYHUVLW\EHFRPHV,YDQ)UDQNR/YLY1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\

Wrocław University
7KHKLVWRU\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFãDZDFLW\LQ/RZHU6LOHVLDFXUUHQWO\
WKH6RXWKZHVWSDUWRI3RODQGKDVVLPLODUKLVWRULFDOWUDFHVWRWKH8QLYHUVLW\
LQ/YLYZLWKDXQLTXHFRPSOLFDWHGDQGFRPSOH[IDWH2IÀFLDOO\LWVURRWVDUH
FRXQWHG IURP  ZKHQ $XVWULDQ (PSHURU /HRSROG , HVWDEOLVKHG D -HVXLW
$FDGHP\²/HRSROGLQDZLWKWKHVWDWXVRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\LQWKHFLW\RI%UHVODX
.XODN3DWHU :U]HVLęVNL
'XULQJLWV\HDUVKLVWRU\LWZDVDUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQODWHUWKHVHFX-
ODU FHQWHU RI *HUPDQ VFLHQFH EHLQJ D SROLWLFDO WRRO ÀUVWO\ RI 3UXVVLDQ VWDWH
- Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu BreslauDQGODWHURI*HUPDQ\
,QVSLWHRILWVSROLWLFDODQGVWDWHVXERUGLQDWLRQWKHDFDGHPLFFRPPXQLW\RI
WKHXQLYHUVLW\LQGLIIHUHQWSHULRGVRILWVH[LVWHQFHWLOOZDVPXOWLFXOWXUDO
UHSUHVHQWHG PDLQO\ E\ UHVLGHQWV RI /RZHU 6LOHVLD  *HUPDQV RU $XVWULDQV
-HZV3ROHVDQG&]HFKV.XODN3DWHU :U]HVLęVNL
'XULQJ  WKH VLWXDWLRQ FKDQJHG FUXFLDOO\ DV 1D]L LGHRORJ\ WKDW
RYHUÀOOHG *HUPDQ\ VWDUWHG WR GHÀQH WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ PLVVLRQ 'XULQJ WKDW
WLPHDORWRI3ROHVDQG-HZVZHUHH[SHOOHGIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\-HZVIURP
:URFãDZ%UHVODXVKDUHGDGHVWLQ\RIPLOOLRQVRIYLFWLPVRIWKH+RORFDXVW,Q
ZLQWHUWKH8QLYHUVLW\SURSHUW\SDUWVRIWKHOLEUDU\DQGHTXLSPHQWZHUH
HYDFXDWHGWRWKH'UHVGHQ'XULQJWKH:RUOG:DU,,WKH8QLYHUVLW\EXLOGLQJV
LQFOXGLQJPDLQEXLOGLQJZHUHGHVWUR\HG$IWHUSRVWZDUDJUHHPHQWVWKHWHU-
ULWRULHV RI /RZHU 6LOHVLD ZLWK %UHVODX DV LWV FDSLWDO EHFDPH SDUW RI 3RODQG
36 (WKLFV
$IWHUERUGHUFKDQJHGWKH3ROHVIURP/ZyZ/YLYVHWWOHGGRZQLQ:URFãDZ
LQFOXGLQJQXPHURXVDFDGHPLFVIURP-DQ.D]LPLU8QLYHUVLW\LQ/YLY6RYLHW
WURRSVRIWKH5HG$UP\WKDWFDPHWR:URFãDZLQVSULQJH[SHOOHGWKH
FLYLO*HUPDQSRSXODWLRQRIWKHFLW\DQGRIDOODQQH[HGWHUULWRULHV7KHXQL-
YHUVLW\ZDVUHHVWDEOLVKHGDVD3ROLVKVWDWHXQLYHUVLW\$IWHUDQGWKHIDOO
RIFRPPXQLVPLQ3RODQGWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFãDZVWDUWHGWRGHYHORSDV
SRZHUIXO DFDGHPLF FHQWHU RI 3ROLVK VFLHQFH DQG HGXFDWLRQ .XODN 3DWHU 
:U]HVLęVNL

Vilnius University
7KH URRWV RI 9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\ DUH KLGGHQ EDFN LQ ;9, FHQWXU\ DQG DV
ZLWK WKH  IRXQGDWLRQ RI WKH WZR SUHYLRXV 8QLYHUVLWLHV DUH FRQQHFWHG ZLWK
WKH-HVXLWV'XHWRWKHGHFLVLRQRIWKH*UDQG'XNHRI/LWKXDQLDDQG.LQJRI
3RODQG6WHSKDQ%DWKRU\D8QLYHUVLW\DV-HVXLWV$FDGHP\ZDVIRXQGHGLQ
9LOQLXV LQ  7KH KLVWRU\ RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ ZDV FRPSOLFDWHG DQG H[SHUL-
HQFHGSHULRGVRISURVSHULW\DQGGHFOLQH,WVEHJLQQLQJVDUHFRQQHFWHGZLWK
WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH  3ROLVK/LWKXDQLDQ &RPPRQZHDOWK %XPEODXVNDV
$HWDO7KHFKDQJHVRISROLWLFDOVWDWXVRIWKHVWDWHDQGWKHFLW\LQÁ
7KHFKDQJHVRISROLWLFDOVWDWXVRIWKHVWDWHDQGWKHFLW\LQÁX-X
HQFHGFUXFLDOO\WKHVWDWXVRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\DQGQDWLRQDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH
DFDGHPLFFRPPXQLW\
*HUPDQV 3ROHV /LWKXDQLDQV -HZV DQG 6ZHGHV ZHUH VWXGHQWV RI WKH
9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\LQWKH;9,;9,,FHQWXULHV7KH3DUWLWLRQVRI3ROLVK/LWK-
XDQLDQ &RPPRQZHDOWK DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI ;9,,, FHQWXU\ /LWKXDQLD DQG
9LOQLXVDVZHOOZHUHDQQH[HGWRWKH5XVVLDQ(PSLUH7KH8QLYHUVLW\ZDV
UHQDPHGWR7KH,PSHULDO8QLYHUVLW\RI9LOQDDQGWKHSURFHVVHVRIUXVVLÀFD-
WLRQVWDUWHG,QDIWHUDQWLWVDULVWPRYHPHQWVWKH8QLYHUVLW\ZDVFORVHG
WLOOZKHQ9LOQLXVEHFDPHDQQH[HGE\3RODQGDQGXQWLO8QLYHUVLW\
IXQFWLRQHGXQGHU3ROLVKSDWURQDJHDQGJRWWKHQDPHRI6WHSKDQ%DWKRU\
'XULQJWKDWWLPHIDPRXV/LWKXDQLDQ3ROLVKDQG-HZLVKDFDGHPLFVZRUNHG
WKHUHDVZHOODVVWXGHQWVPDLQO\IURPWKHVHWKUHHQDWLRQDOJURXSVFUHDWHG
WKHXQLYHUVLW\FRPPXQLW\7KHVWXG\ODQJXDJHZDV3ROLVK,QDXWXPQ
9LOQLXVZDVRFFXSLHGE\WKH5HG$UP\DQGWKHFLW\ZLWK8QLYHUVLW\SDVVHG
XQGHU WKH UXOH RI /LWKXDQLDQ 5HSXEOLF 7KH RIÀFLDO ODQJXDJH IRU WKH ÀUVW
WLPHEHFDPH/LWKXDQLDQ6RPH3ROLVKSURIHVVRUVVWLOOZHUHZRUNLQJDWWKH
XQLYHUVLW\,QFLW\ZDVRFFXSLHGE\*HUPDQVZKLFKFDXVHGWKHFORVXUH
RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\$ORWRISURIHVVRUVZHUHDUUHVWHGDQGVHQWWRWKH6WXWWKRII
ZRUN FDPS 7KH *HUPDQ LQYDVLRQ FDXVHG DOVR WKH HOLPLQDWLRQ RI -HZV LQ
WKH /LWKXDQLD PRUH WKDQ   -HZV ZHUH PXUGHUHG E\ 1D]LV DPRQJ
WKHP DOVR ZHUH VWXGHQWV DQG SURIHVVRUV RI 9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\ $IWHU WKH
::,,3ROLVKWUDGLWLRQRI9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\VHWWOHGGRZQLQ7RUXQ8QL-
YHUVLW\LQ3RODQGZKLOH8QLYHUVLW\LQ9LOQLXVEHFDPHWKHSURYLQFLDO8QL-
YHUVLW\RIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQZLWK/LWKXDQLDQDQG5XVVLDQODQJXDJHRIVWXG\
%XPEODXVNDV HW DO  $IWHU  ZKHQ /LWKXDQLD EHFDPH LQGHSHQ-
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 37
GHQW9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\FRQWLQXHGLWVH[LVWHQFHDVWKHSULQFLSDO/LWKXDQLDQ
8QLYHUVLW\
6RWKHVHWKUHHFXUUHQWO\QDWLRQDOXQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKPXOWLFXOWXUDOSDVWDUH
LQ WKH IRFXV RI WKLV DUWLFOH /RQJ KLVWRU\ RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ LV XVHG WR IRUP
SRZHUIXOXQLYHUVLW\LPDJHERWKIRUH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDODXGLHQFHLQHDFKRI
WKUHHFLWLHV6SHFLDODWWHQWLRQRIDFDGHPLFRIÀFLDOVLVSDLGWRWKHIDFWRIXQL-
YHUVLW\IRXQGDWLRQLQODWH;9,RU;9,,FHQWXU\ZKLOHSHULRGVRIGRPLQDWLRQ
RIDQRWKHUQDWLRQDOJURXSWKDQFXUUHQWRIWHQDUHHUDVHGIURPWKHRIÀFLDOXQL-
YHUVLW\KLVWRU\QDUUDWLYH7KHRIÀFLDOKLVWRULFDOSROLWLFVDQGLVVXHVRIFXOWXUDO
PHPRU\ $VVPDQQ  ZLWKLQ WKH XQLYHUVLWLHV ZLWK ORQJ EXW GLVUXSWHG
KLVWRU\LVTXLWHDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHEXWZLOOEHDWRSLFRIGLIIHUHQWUHVHDUFK
7KHIRFXVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\]HKRZWKHFXUUHQWVWXGHQWVRIXQLYHUVLWLHV
ZLWKGLVUXSWHGKLVWRULFDOFRQWLQXLWLHVSHUFHLYHWKHSDVWRIRZQ$OPDPDWHU
DQGKRZWKDWSHUFHSWLRQLQÁXHQFHVWKHPHDQLQJVWKH\DWWULEXWHWRWKHXQL-
YHUVLW\ZKHUHWKH\VWXG\":KDWPHDQLQJVDSSHDUPRVWIUHTXHQWO\"7RZKDW
H[WHQWDUHVWXGHQWVDZDUHRIWKHFRPSOH[PXOWLFXOWXUDOSDVWRIWKHLUXQLYHU-
VLWLHVDQGKRZLWLVUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHPHDQLQJVWKH\DWWULEXWHWRWKHLUSODFH
RIVWXG\

People-places relations. University as place

7LPH DQG VSDFH DUH WZR GLFKRWRPLHV WKDW IUDPH OLYHV RI SHRSOH 3ODFHV
DVPHDQLQJIXO VSDWLDO ORFDWLRQV SOD\ DQ H[FHSWLRQDO UROH LQ KXPDQ OLIHVSDQ
H[SHULHQFH7XDQ7XDQ
7KHODVWIHZGHFDGHVKDYHPDGHDVLJQLÀFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHXQGHU-
VWDQGLQJRISHRSOHSODFHVUHODWLRQVDQGDORWRIDXWKRUVDUHQRWLFLQJWHUPL-
QRORJLFDOGLYHUVLW\ZLWKLQWKHÀHOG/HZLFND3ODFHDWWDFKPHQWSODFH
LGHQWLW\VHQVHRISODFHDQGWRSRSKLOLDDUHMXVWDIHZPDLQWKHRUHWLFDOFRQ-
FHSWVGHYHORSHGDQGUHVHDUFKHGUHFHQWO\E\SV\FKRORJLVWVVRFLRORJLVWVDQG
KXPDQJHRJUDSKHUVWRGHVFULEHSV\FKRORJLFDOWLHVSHRSOHKDYHZLWKSODFHV
$OWPDQ /RZ3URVKDQVN\&UHVVZHOO7XDQ3ODFH
DV FRQFHSW DFWLYHO\ GHYHORSHG ZLWKLQ SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO DSSURDFK 7XDQ
5HOSK&DQWHU'XHWRWKHFXOWXUDOJHRJUDSKHUVZKRZHUH
WKHSLRQHHUVLQWKHSODFHEDVHGDQDO\VLVWKHSODFHLVDPHDQLQJIXOORFDWLRQ
ZLWKWKUHHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVFHUWDLQJHRJUDSKLFDOlocation, localeRUSK\VL-
FDOVHWWLQJVRISODFHDIRUPRIEXLOGLQJVVWUHHWVHWFDQGsense of place or
HPRWLRQDO WLHV ZLWK LW LWV PHDQLQJ $JQHZ  7KH WKLUG FRPSRQHQW
SODFHPHDQLQJVKRZVWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKHSODFHWRWKHSHUVRQZKRH[SH-
ULHQFHLWIURPLQVLGH5HOSK/HZLFND/RFDWLRQEHFRPHVDSODFH
ZKHQLWSURYLGHVVRPHHPRWLRQDOVLJQLÀFDQFHWRWKHSHUVRQZKRLVDFWLQJ
LQLW'XHWRWKHH[SDQGHGDQDO\VLVDURXQGWKHLVVXH´ZKDWLVWKHPHDQ-
LQJ RI WKH SODFHµ 0DULD /HZLFND  HPSKDVL]HV WKDW LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI
SODFHSV\FKRORJ\WKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHLVWRXVHSKHQRPHQRORJLFDOexperi-
ential meaning, PHDQLQJZKLFKLVJLYHQWRSODFHE\SHRSOHH[SHULHQFLQJLW
38 (WKLFV
IURPLQVLGHDQGZKLFKLVFRPPRQDQGXQGHUVWDQGDEOHIRUHYHU\ERG\ZKR
LVH[SHULHQFLQJWKDWSODFH6RDQDO\]LQJWKHPHDQLQJRISODFHLVLPSRUWDQW
WRVHHLWVWZRGLPHQVLRQVPHDQLQJDVHVVHQFHDVFRQWHQWIUHTXHQWO\UHS-
UHVHQWHG LQ WKH QDPLQJ SURFHVV DQG PHDQLQJ DV VLJQLÀFDQFH GHVFULELQJ
ZK\LWLVLPSRUWDQW,QHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK, H[WUHPHLQWHUHVWLVSDLGWRWKH
VHFRQGRQHZKLFKH[SODLQV¶ZK\DSHUVRQLVDWWDFKHGWRWKHSODFH·7KHUH-
IRUHSODFHPHDQLQJLVWKHFRQFHSWWKDWOLHVLQEHWZHHQSK\VLFDOVHWWLQJVRI
WKHSODFHDQGSODFHDWWDFKPHQWHPRWLRQDOERQGEHWZHHQSHUVRQDQGSODFH
6WHGPDQ/HZLFND
7KHUHFHQWIRFXVRIHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFKDURXQGWKHSODFHFRQFHSWZDVFRQ-
FHUQHGPDLQO\ZLWKDWWLWXGHVWRUHVLGHQWLDOVHWWLQJV0DQ]RWKHFRQ-
FHSWRIKRPH5RZOHV &KDXGKXU\RUUHODWLRQVZLWKSODFHVRIELJJHU
VFDOH DV QHLJKERUKRRG FLW\ FRXQWU\ DQG UHJLRQ /HZLFND  %HLQJ DQ
LQWHJUDOSDUWRI(XURSHDQFLWLHVWKHXQLYHUVLW\LVDVSHFLDOSODFHWKDWVWLPX-
ODWHVFHUWDLQH[SHULHQFHDQGEHKDYLRULQÁXHQFHVLGHQWLW\IRUPLQJSURFHVVHV
DWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV²SHUVRQDOORFDOUHJLRQDODQGQDWLRQDO
7KHUH DUH IHZ PDLQ GLPHQVLRQV WKURXJK ZKLFK D XQLYHUVLW\ VKRXOG EH
DQDO\]HG 7U\LQJ WR ORRN RQ WKH FRQWHQW HVVHQFH RI ZKDW XQLYHUVLW\ LV WKH
PRVW IUHTXHQWO\ FXUUHQWO\ XVHG GHÀQLWLRQ LV ´DQ LQVWLWXWLRQ RI KLJKHU HGX-
FDWLRQDQGUHVHDUFKZKLFKJUDQWVDFDGHPLFGHJUHHVLQDYDULHW\RIVXEMHFWV
DQG SURYLGHV ERWK XQGHUJUDGXDWH HGXFDWLRQ DQG SRVWJUDGXDWH HGXFDWLRQµ
(QF\FORSHGLD %ULWDQQLFD %XW EHVLGHV EHLQJ DQ LQVWLWXWLRQ WKH  XQLYHUVLW\
LV DOVR D FRPPXQLW\ RI SHRSOH D JURXS 7KH HW\PRORJ\ RI WKH ZRUG ´XQL-
YHUVLW\µ LV GHULYHG IURP /DWLQ universitas magistrorum et scholarium, ZKLFK
URXJKO\PHDQV´FRPPXQLW\RIWHDFKHUVDQGVFKRODUVµ 3HOLNDQ%HLQJ
SHUFHLYHGDVDJURXSWKHXQLYHUVLW\FRXOGEHDQDO\]HGLQWKHOLJKWRIJURXS
G\QDPLFVSULQFLSOHV
%XWLQVSLWHWKHLGHDRIDXQLYHUVLW\WDNHVLWVURRWVLQDQFLHQW*UHHNZLWK
3ODWR·V$FDGHP\DPHGLHYDOXQLYHUVLW\LQ(XURSHZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFLWLHV
DQGFHUWDLQORFDWLRQVFUHDWLQJDUFKLWHFWXUHFRPSOH[HVRIEXLOGLQJV8QLYHUVL-
WLHVEHFDPHDFHUWDLQSODFHWKDWSURYLGHGPHDQLQJ
7KHIRFXVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVSXWRQWKHXQLYHUVLW\DVVSHFLDONLQGRISODFH
WKDWSURYLGHVPHDQLQJV
,QWKHFDVHRIKLVWRULFDOSODFHVPHDQLQJVWKDWVKRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHP
DUHHQULFKHGE\WKHPHDQLQJVFRQQHFWHGZLWKVRFLDOJURXSVZKRVHOLIHZDV
SDUWRIWKHSODFHLQWKHSDVWEXWGXHWRSROLWLFDOFKDQJHVRUVRPHKLVWRULFDO
FLUFXPVWDQFHVWKH\ZHUHGLVSODFHG
,WKDVEHHQUHVHDUFKHGUHFHQWO\WKDWLQFDVHRISODFHVZLWKGLVUXSWHGKLV-
WRU\WKHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\DWWULEXWHGPHDQLQJVDUHSHUVRQDOUHODWHGWRWKHVHOI
PHPRULHV IDPLO\ KLVWRU\ RU SODQV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK SODFH ORFDO FRQFHUQHG
DURXQG SDVW SUHVHQW DQG IXWXUH RI WKH SODFH QDWLRQDO SODFH DV QDWLRQDO
V\PERO PHDQLQJ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK RWKHU QDWLRQDO JURXSV QRW SUHVHQW DQ\-
PRUH LQ WKH SODFH EXW GRPLQDQW RU MXVW SUHVHQW LQ WKH SODFH GXULQJ VRPH
SHULRGVLQWKHSDVWDQGDOVRVWDWHPHQWVRIPLUURUHGDEVHQFHRIPHDQLQJRU
DWWULEXWLRQRIQHJDWLYHPHDQLQJ/HZLFND
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 39
Measuring place meaning
7KHUH DUH WZR ZHOONQRZQ JURXSV RI WKH UHVHDUFK PHWKRGV IRU DQDO\]-
LQJ SHRSOHSODFHV UHODWLRQV TXDQWLWDWLYH PHDVXULQJ OHYHO RI DWWDFKPHQW WR
WKHSODFHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHJRLQJGHHSO\LQWRWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJZKDWNLQGRI
WLHVH[LVWEHWZHHQSHUVRQDQGSODFHDQGZK\WKHSODFHLVVLJQLÀFDQWIRUWKH
SHUVRQRUJURXS
4XDQWLWDWLYH PHWKRGV IRU SHRSOHSODFHV UHODWLRQV UHVHDUFK DUH UHSUH-
VHQWHGE\DYDULHW\RIVFDOHVGHGLFDWHGPDLQO\WRPHDVXULQJSODFHDWWDFKPHQW
$OWPDQ /RZ+LGDOJR +HUQDQGH]/HZLFND:KLOH
SODFHPHDQLQJDVSKHQRPHQRQQRWVRIUHTXHQWO\UHVHDUFKHGE\TXDQWLWDWLYH
VFKRODUV·KDVQRWVRPDQ\PHWKRGRORJLFDOWRROVWREHPHDVXUHG
$PRQJQRWQXPHURXVVFDOHVGHGLFDWHGWRWKHSODFHPHDQLQJWKHUHLVDQ
DXWKRU6FDOHRI3ODFH0HDQLQJGHVLJQHGE\0DULD/HZLFNDSULPDULO\FUHDWHG
IRU PHDVXULQJ PHDQLQJV RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG FLW\ DQG UHJLRQ /HZLFND
/HZLFND
$XWKRUVZKRDUHGRLQJUHVHDUFKRQSODFHPHDQLQJPRUHIUHTXHQWO\DUH
XVLQJTXDOLWDWLYHPHWKRGVZKLFKJLYHWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRVHHGHHSHUZK\WKH
FHUWDLQSODFHLVVLJQLÀFDQWIRUSHRSOHDQGZKDWPHDQLQJVSHRSOHDWWULEXWHWR
WKHSODFH6RPHUHVHDUFKHUVSUHIHULQGHSWKLQWHUYLHZV0DQ]RRWKHUV
FKRRVH YHUEDO PHWKRGV IRU H[DPSOH IUHHDVVRFLDWLRQ WHFKQLTXH RU RSHQ
TXHVWLRQVWKLUGZRUNZLWKYLVXDOPHWKRGVVXFKDVSKRWRVWRU\HYDOXDWLQJ
PDSSLQJHWF6SDUW] 6KDZ/HZLFND
7KH FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK PHWKRGRORJ\ ZDV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI 3ODFH 0HDQ-
LQJ6FDOHGHVLJQHGE\0DULD/HZLFNDZLWKXVLQJDWHFKQLTXHRI
IUHHDVVRFLDWLRQV
,QLWLDOO\3ODFH0HDQLQJ6FDOH/HZLFNDSZDVGHVLJQHGWRPHD-
VXUH PHDQLQJV SHRSOH DWWULEXWH WR WKH FLWLHV WKH\ UHVLGH 7KH FXUUHQW VWXG\
XVHG WKH 3ODFH 0HDQLQJ 6FDOH IRU PHDVXULQJ PHDQLQJV XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV
DWWULEXWHWRWKHSODFHZKHUHWKH\VWXG\
7KLV 6FDOH ZDV GHVLJQHG WR PHDVXUH SHUVRQDO PHDQLQJ ORFDO PHDQLQJ
QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJLQJURXS²3ROLVKIRU:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\/LWKXDQLDQIRU
9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG 8NUDLQLDQ IRU /YLY 8QLYHUVLW\ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH
QDWLRQDOJURXSWKDWGRPLQDWHGLQWKHFLW\DQGLQWKHXQLYHUVLW\EHIRUH::,,
*HUPDQPHDQLQJLQ:URFãDZ3ROLVKPHDQLQJLQ9LOQLXVDQGLQ/YLYDQG
-HZLVKPHDQLQJDV-HZVZHUHWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHQDWLRQDOJURXSLQDOOWKUHH
FLWLHVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\LQWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHVEHIRUH::,,
7KH 3ODFH 0HDQLQJ 6FDOH FRQVLVWHG RI WKH VHW RI VWDWHPHQWV UHIHUUHG
WR ÀYH FDWHJRULHV RI XQLYHUVLW\ PHDQLQJ ÀYH VHQWHQFHV SHU RQH FDWHJRU\
,W LQFOXGHG WKUHH FDWHJRULHV GHYRWHG WR QDWLRQDO PHDQLQJV QDWLRQDO PHDQ-
LQJ8NUDLQLDQ3ROLVK/LWKXDQLDQ´8QLYHUVLW\;LVDSODFHZKHUHIDPRXV
8NUDLQLDQV3ROHV/LWKXDQLDQVZRUNHGDQGVWXGLHGµPHDQLQJRIQDWLRQDO
JURXS GRPLQDWHG EHIRUH ::,, 3ROLVK*HUPDQ3ROLVK ´8QLYHUVLW\ ; LV
SODFHZHUHIDPRXV3ROHV*HUPDQV3ROHVZRUNHGDQGVWXGLHGµDQG-HZLVK
PHDQLQJ´8QLYHUVLW\;LVIXOORI-HZLVKWUDFHVµDOVRWKHUHZDVFDWHJRU\RI
40 (WKLFV
ORFDOPHDQLQJ´8QLYHUVLW\;LVDSODFHZLWKULFKSDVWµDQGSHUVRQDOPHDQ-
LQJ ´8QLYHUVLW\ ; LV D VRXUFH RI P\ SHUVRQDO PHPRULHVµ 6WXGHQWV ZHUH
DVNHGWRFKRRVHLIWKH\DJUHHRUGLVDJUHHZLWKFHUWDLQGHVFULSWLRQVDERXWWKH
8QLYHUVLW\ 7KHUH ZDV DOVR DGGLWLRQDO FDWHJRU\ FRQFHUQHG ´QR PHDQLQJµ
´8QLYHUVLW\;LVDSODFHZKLFKSDVWLVQRWLQWHUHVWLQJIRUPHµ
7KLV6FDOHZDVXVHGWRPHDVXUHXQLYHUVLW\PHDQLQJDWWKUHH(DVWHUQ(XUR-
SHDQ 8QLYHUVLWLHV ,YDQ )UDQNR /YLY 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ /YLY 8NUDLQH
:URFãDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ :URFãDZ 3RODQG DQG 9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\ 9LOQLXV
/LWKXDQLD
The VWXG\SUHFHGHGE\DSLORWVWXG\UHDOL]HGLQDW,YDQ)UDQNR/YLY
1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ZLWKQ VWXGHQWVSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQLW
7KH VFDOH ZDV DFFRPSDQLHG E\ DQ RSHQ TXHVWLRQ ´:KDW 8QLYHUVLW\ ;
PHDQVIRU\RXµ

Research objectives
7KH SUHVHQWHG VWXG\ DLPHG WR H[DPLQH WKH VSHFLÀF PHDQLQJV VWXGHQWV
FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHXQLYHUVLW\WKH\VWXG\DWDQGKRZWKRVHPHDQLQJVUHIHUWR
WKHFRPSOH[SHUFHSWLRQRIWKHSODFH·VSDVW7KHPDLQTXHVWLRQSXWEHKLQGWKLV
VWXG\ZDVWRXQGHUVWDQGLIWKHVWXGHQWVRIFXUUHQWO\QDWLRQDOXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ
LQGHSHQGHQWQDWLRQDOFRXQWULHVDUHDZDUHRISUHVHQFHLQXQLYHUVLW\KLVWRU\
UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIHWKQLFJURXSVWKDWZRUNHGDQGVWXGLHGDWWKRVHXQLYHUVL-
WLHVEHIRUH::,,
7KHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVZHUHIRUPXODWHG
 ,V WKH QDWLRQDO PHDQLQJ DWWULEXWHG WR WKH XQLYHUVLW\ LPSRUWDQW IRU VWX-
GHQWVDVSHUVRQDOPHDQLQJ":KDWPHDQLQJVGRPLQDWH"2UPD\EHLQWKH
FRQWH[WRISRVWPRGHUQWHQGHQFLHVRIHUDVLQJSODFHVLJQLÀFDQFHXQLYHU-
VLW\DVWKHSODFHLVQRWDQ\PRUHPHDQLQJIXOIRUWKHVWXGHQWV"
 :KDW LV WKH UROH RI QDWLRQDO PHDQLQJ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR WKH PHDQLQJ
DWWULEXWHGWRWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIHWKQLFJURXSVZRUNLQJDQGVWXG\LQJ
EHIRUH::,,"$UHVWXGHQWVRIXQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKORQJEXWGLVUXSWHGKLV-
WRU\DZDUHRIWKHPXOWLFXOWXUDOSDVWRIWKHLU$OPDPDWHU"

Data and sampling

'DWDSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVDUWLFOHZDVJDWKHUHGGXULQJWKUHHVWXGLHVWKDWZHUH
FRQGXFWHGDWWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKGLVUXSWHGKLVWRU\:URFODZ8QLYHUVLW\LQ
3RODQG9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\LQ/LWKXDQLDDQG/YLY,YDQ)UDQNR1DWLRQDO8QL-
YHUVLW\LQ8NUDLQH5HVHDUFKGDWDZHUHFROOHFWHGGXULQJ1RYHPEHU'HFHP-
EHU$QXPEHURISDUWLFLSDQWVERWKLQ/YLY8QLYHUVLW\DQG9LOQLXV8QL-
YHUVLW\ZDVVWXGHQWV,Q:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSDUWLFLSDWHG
7KHDYHUDJHDJHRISDUWLFLSDQWVZDVLQ:URFODZ8QLYHUVLW\\HDUV
(IHPDOHPDOHLQ9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\²\HDUVIHPDOH
PDOHLQ/YLY8QLYHUVLW\²\HDUVIHPDOHPDOH
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 41
6WXGHQWVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVXUYH\PDLQO\ZHUHRIWKHVHFRQGWRIRXUWK
\HDURIVWXG\7KXVWKH\GHÀQLWHO\KDGDFHUWDLQH[SHULHQFHRIVSHQGLQJWLPH
ZLWKLQWKHXQLYHUVLW\6WXGHQWVUHSUHVHQWHGGLIIHUHQWIDFXOWLHVERWKKXPDQL-
WDULDQDQGWHFKQLFDODUHDVRIVWXG\3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIRQH
QDWLRQDO JURXS FXUUHQWO\ PDMRULW\ JURXS LQ WKH FLW\ DQG FRXQWU\ 3ROHV LQ
:URFãDZ/LWKXDQLDQVLQ9LOQLXVDQG8NUDLQLDQVLQ/YLY
5HVHDUFKSURFHGXUHZDVUHDOL]HGDQRQ\PRXVO\E\YROXQWDULO\UHFUXLWHG
VWXGHQWVZKRZHUHDVNHGWRÀOOLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDERXWWKHLUDWWLWXGHWR
WKHXQLYHUVLW\WKH\FXUUHQWO\VWXG\DW

Results and discussion

'DWDJDWKHUHGGXULQJUHVHDUFKE\XVLQJ3ODFH0HDQLQJ6FDOH8QLYHUVLW\
0HDQLQJ 6FDOH ZDV DQDO\]HG VWDWLVWLFDOO\ 7KH H[SORUDWRU\ IDFWRU DQDO\VLV
UXQRQPHDQLQJFDWHJRULHVUHYHDOHGWZRVDPHIDFWRUVLQHDFKXQLYHUVLW\RQH
FRPSRVHG RI SHUVRQDO ORFDO DQG QDWLRQDO PHDQLQJV DQG DQRWKHU EDVHG RQ
WKHPHDQLQJVFRQQHFWHGZLWKHWKQLFJURXSVWKDWZHUHSDUWRIXQLYHUVLW\FRP
PHDQLQJVFRQQHFWHGZLWKHWKQLFJURXSVWKDWZHUHSDUWRIXQLYHUVLW\FRP-
PXQLW\EHIRUH::,,7DEOH7DEOHSUHVHQWVFDWHJRULFDOPHDQLQJVWKDW
EHORQJWRRQHRIWKHIDFWRUVLQHDFKXQLYHUVLW\
7KH&URQEDFK·VDOSKDUDQJLQJZDVDGHTXDWHIRUDOOVL[FDWHJRULHVLQWKUHH
XQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKDQH[FHSWLRQIRUORFDOPHDQLQJLQ/YLYXQLYHUVLW\ 
ZKLFKPLJKWEHH[SODLQHGE\FXOWXUDODQGKLVWRULFDOSROLWLFVRIWKHFLW\DQG
XQLYHUVLW\7DEOH%XWWKLVLVVXHLVDOVRWRWKHGLVFXVVLRQDVERWK/YLYDQG
/YLY 8QLYHUVLW\ DUH PRUH GHYHORSHG ODVW GHFDGHV DV QDWLRQDO FHQWUHV WKHQ
ORFDO/HZLFND
7ZR IDFWRUV UHYHDOHG GXULQJ H[SORUDWRU\ IDFWRU DQDO\VLV VKRZ WHQGHQ-
FLHVLQKHUHQWIRUVWXGHQWVIURPDOOWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHV7KHÀ
LQKHUHQWIRUVWXGHQWVIURPDOOWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHV7KHÀUVWIDFWRUFRP-
UVWIDFWRUFRP
SRVHGRISHUVRQDOORFDODQGQDWLRQDOPHDQLQJVKDVYHFWRUGLUHFWLRQIRFXVHG
RQ WKH SUHVHQW VWDWXV RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ ,W UHÁHFWV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKHVH
WKUHH PHDQLQJV IRU LGHQWLW\ IRUPLQJ ERWK SHUVRQDO DQG VRFLDO EDVHG RQ
WKH SHUVRQDO PHDQLQJ RI WKH SODFH EXW DOVR RQ ORFDO DQG QDWLRQDO PHDQ-
LQJV7KH PHDQLQJ FDWHJRULHV WKDW IRUP WKH VHFRQGIDFWRU DUHIRFXVHG RQ
WKHSDVWDVWKH\UHÁHFWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIHWKQLFJURXSVWKDWZHUHSDUWRIWKH
XQLYHUVLW\ FRPPXQLW\ EHIRUH ::,, EXW DUH QRW SUHVHQW DQ\PRUH ZLWKLQ
XQLYHUVLW\VSDFH
$OWKRXJKIDFWRUDQDO\VLVUHYHDOHGMXVWWZRLGHQWLFDOIDFWRUVLQHDFKFLW\
ZHGHFLGHGWRDQDO\]HDOOÀYHPHDQLQJVVHSDUDWHO\LQHDFKXQLYHUVLW\ZLWK
VSHFLDOIRFXVWRWKHPHDQLQJVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFXUUHQWQDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHU
RIWKHXQLYHUVLW\QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJDQGPHDQLQJVRIQDWLRQDOJURXSVWKDW
DUHQRWSUHVHQWDWXQLYHUVLW\DQ\PRUHDIWHU-HZLVKPHDQLQJPHDQLQJ
RIWKHJURXSWKDWGRPLQDWHGEHIRUH::,,
7KHHQGLQJVWRWKHRSHQTXHVWLRQDERXWXQLYHUVLW\ZHUHFDWHJRUL]HGE\
PHDQLQJVDQGODWHUWKHIUHTXHQFLHVRIFHUWDLQFDWHJRULHVZHUHFRXQWHG
42 (WKLFV
Table 1.([SORUDWRU\IDFWRUDQDO\VLVIRUWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHV/YLY8QLYHUVLW\
Q :URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\Q 9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\Q 7ZRIDF-
WRUVH[WUDFWHGIRUHDFKXQLYHUVLW\
Lviv University :URFãDZ Vilnius
University University
Factor Factor Factor
     
SHUVRQDO   
national   
local   
SHUVRQDO   
3HUVRQDO   
National   
Local   
GRPLQDQWEHIRUH::,,   
1RPHDQLQJ   
-HZLVK   
3HUVRQDO   
1RPHDQLQJ   
-HZLVK   
1RPHDQLQJ   
-HZLVK   
local 
'RPLQDQWEHIRUH::,,   
1RPHDQLQJ   
-HZLVK   
national   
local   
National    
National    
3HUVRQDO  
local   
'RPLQDQWEHIRUH::,,   
1RPHDQLQJ   
'RPLQDQWEHIRUH::,,   
-HZLVK   
7KHPHWKRGRIH[WUDFWLQJIDFWRUVWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWV7KHPHWKRGRIURWDWLRQ9DULPD[ZLWK
.DLVHUQRUPDOL]DWLRQD5RWDWLRQRIFRQYHUJHQFHUHDFKHGLQLWHUDWLRQV
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK

Table 2. 7KH&URQEDFK·VDOSKDIRUVL[PHDQLQJFDWHJRULHVLQWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHV
Lviv University :URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\ Vilnius University
3HUVRQDOPHDQLQJ   
/RFDOPHDQLQJ   
1DWLRQDOPHDQLQJ   
0HDQLQJRIJURXSGR   
PLQDWHGEHIRUH::,,
-HZLVKPHDQLQJ   
1RPHDQLQJ   
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 43
Lviv University Meanings
$PRQJ VWXGHQWV RI /YLY ,YDQ )UDQNR 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ GRPLQDWHG
QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJ8NUDLQLDQ´/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LVLPSRUWDQWÀUVWRIDOOIRU
8NUDLQLDQ KLVWRU\µ $OVR VLJQLÀFDQW ZDV ORFDO PHDQLQJ ´/YLY 8QLYHUVLW\
LVDSODFHZLWKULFKKLVWRU\µDQGSHUVRQDO´/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LVDVRXUFHRI
P\SHUVRQDOPHPRULHVµ)LJXUH'XHWRWKHUHVXOWVRIIDFWRUDQDO\VLVZH
FDQ DVVXPH WKDW WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH ÀUVW IDFWRU FRPSRVHG RI SHUVRQDO
ORFDO DQG QDWLRQDO PHDQLQJV GRPLQDWHG ZLWKLQ VWXGHQWV RI /YLY 8QLYHU-
VLW\ $PRQJ WKUHH 1DWLRQDO 0HDQLQJV 8NUDLQLDQ ZDV WKH PRVW VLJQLÀFDQW
0HDQ  6'  1  WKHQ IROORZHG  PHDQLQJ RI QDWLRQDO JURXS
GRPLQDWHGEHIRUH::,,3ROLVK0HDQ 6' 1 DQG-HZLVK
0HDQLQJ0HDQ 6' 1 )LJXUHUHSUHVHQWVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQ
RIPHDQLQJVZLWKLQVWXGHQWVRI/YLY8QLYHUVLW\ 
&ŝŐ͘ϰ͘
ϰ͘
















 Fig. 1. /YLY8QLYHUVLW\PHDQLQJV
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK
&ŝŐ͘ϭ͘
&ŝŐ͘Ϯ͘
7KHVHWHQGHQFLHVZHUHSURYHQDOVRLQWKHTXDOLWDWLYHSDUWRIWKHUHVHDUFK
ZKHUHVWXGHQWVÀQLVKHGWKHVHQWHQFH´/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LVµ4XLWHKLJKZDV
WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI QDWLRQDO 8NUDLQLDQ PHDQLQJ VWXGHQWV DWWULEXWH WR WKHLU
8QLYHUVLW\ ´/YLY 8QLYHUVLW\ LV WKH EHVW 8NUDLQLDQ XQLYHUVLW\µ ´/YLY 8QL-
YHUVLW\LVWKHLQVWLWXWLRQWKDWHGXFDWHV8NUDLQLDQVµ´/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LVP\
DQGDOO8NUDLQLDQVSULGHµHWF7DEO2WKHUQDWLRQDOPHDQLQJVZHUHQRW
DWWULEXWHGDWDOOE\VWXGHQWVRI/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LQWKHRSHQTXHVWLRQ
$OO DQVZHUV IURP WKH RSHQ TXHVWLRQ ZHUH FRGHG GXH WR WKH FDWHJRULHV
7DEO6RPHFDWHJRULHVZHUHVLPLODUWRWKH´H[SHULHQWLDOPRGHVµSURSRVHG
E\6L[VPLWKDQGODWHUXVHGE\*XVWDIVRQRQWKHUHVHDUFKDERXW
´PHDQLQJRIKRPHµ

:URFáDZ8QLYHUVLW\
44 (WKLFV
7KHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\DSSHDUHGHQGLQJVRIWKHVHQWHQFHKDGQRWLRQVRISHU-
VRQDOH[SHULHQFHRIUHVSRQGHQWVRUFRQFHUQHGWKHLUSHUVRQDOIXWXUH$FWXDOO\
UHVXOWVRIRWKHUUHVHDUFKHVDOVRFRQÀUPWKDWWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\JLYHQPHDQLQJV
WRWKHSODFHDUHSHUVRQDO/HZLFND$PRQJFDWHJRULHVZKLFKZHUHGHÀ-
QHGZLWKLQDQVZHUVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHSHUVRQDOPHDQLQJWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWZDV
DFDWHJRU\RI´SURIHVVLRQDODQGSHUVRQDOGHYHORSPHQWµ´/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LVWKH
SODFHZKHUH,DPJHWWLQJNQRZOHGJHDQGGHYHORSP\VHOIµ$OVRTXLWHRIWHQ
8QLYHUVLW\ZDVGHVFULEHGDVVSHFLDOSODFHSHUVRQLVDWWDFKHGWR´/YLY8QLYHU-
VLW\LVRQHIDPLO\µ´/YLY8QLYHUVLW\LVWKHEHVWXQLYHUVLW\KRPHµ
$ORWRIVWXGHQWVGLGQ·WÀQLVKWKHVHQWHQFHZKLFKZHFDQDVVXPHH[SODLQV
WKDWWKH\GRQ·WDWWULEXWHDVSHFLDOPHDQLQJWRWKH/YLY8QLYHUVLW\

Table 3. ,YDQ )UDQNR /YLY 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ 0HDQLQJV SHUFHQWDJH

GLVWULEXWLRQRIFRGHGFDWHJRULHVIURPWKHRSHQTXHVWLRQ
Meaning categories: Frequency, %
“,YDQ)UDQNR/YLY1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\LVµ
Personal
,VWXG\KHUH 
3HUVRQDOSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW 
3ULGH 
$WWDFKPHQW 
Social8QLYHUVLW\DVVRFLDOWLHV 
Physical$UFKLWHFWXUH 
Institutional:8QLYHUVLW\DVHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQ 
National:,QJURXSPHDQLQJ²8NUDLQLDQ 
Local*UHDWKLVWRU\ 
City meaning8QLYHUVLW\DVSDUWRIWKHFLW\ 
No meaning 
Total 100; N=150
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK

Wrocław University Meanings

$PRQJ VWXGHQWV RI :URFãDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ GRPLQDWHG PHDQLQJ RI  WKH
QDWLRQDOJURXSWKDWGRPLQDWHGLQXQLYHUVLW\EHIRUH::,,*HUPDQPHDQLQJ
´:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\LVDSODFHIXOORI*HUPDQKLVWRULFDOWUDFHVµZKLFKZDV
IROORZHGE\ORFDOPHDQLQJ´:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\LVIXOORIKLVWRU\µDQGSHU-
VRQDOPHDQLQJ´:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\LVDSODFHRIP\SHUVRQDOPHPRULHVµ
$PRQJWKUHHQDWLRQDOPHDQLQJVDPRQJVWXGHQWVRI:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\
GRPLQDWHG PHDQLQJ RI DQRWKHU QDWLRQDO JURXS ² *HUPDQ PHDQLQJ RI WKH
8QLYHUVLW\ZKLFKZDVWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW0HDQ 6' 1 /HVV
VLJQLÀFDQWZHUH3ROLVK0HDQLQJ0HDQ 6' 1 DQG-HZLVK
0HDQLQJ0HDQ 6' 1 )LJXUHUHSUHVHQWVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI
PHDQLQJVZLWKLQVWXGHQWVRI:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\



&ŝŐ͘ϭ͘
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB
&ŝŐ͘Ϯ͘ 45
personal local Polish German Jewish no meaning
2,5

1,5

1
percent

0,5

-0,5

-1

-1,5

-2
:URFáDZ8QLYHUVLW\
Fig. 2.:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\0HDQLQJV 
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK

:KLOH LQ TXDOLWDWLYH UHVHDUFK DPRQJ VWXGHQWV RI :URFãDZ 8QLYHUVLW\

FDWHJRU\¶QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJ·QHLWKHULQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHRZQQDWLRQDOJURXS
QRUIRURWKHUQRWSUHVHQWHGQDWLRQDOJURXSVGLGQ·WDSSHDUDWDOO$OVRGLVDS-
SHDUHGFDWHJRULHVRI0HDQLQJIRUWKHFLW\DQG3K\VLFDO0HDQLQJPRGHVLJQL-
ÀFDQFHRIDUFKLWHFWXUH7DEOH

Table 4.:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\0HDQLQJVSHUFHQWDJHGLVWULEXWLRQRIFRGHG
FDWHJRULHVIURPWKHRSHQTXHVWLRQ
Meaning categories: Frequency, %
“:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\LVµ
Personal
,VWXG\KHUH 
3HUVRQDOSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW 
3ULGH 
$WWDFKPHQW 
Social8QLYHUVLW\DVVRFLDOWLHV 8
Physical$UFKLWHFWXUH -
Institutional:8QLYHUVLW\DVHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQ 
National:,QJURXSPHDQLQJ²3ROLVK -
Local*UHDWKLVWRU\ 
City meaning8QLYHUVLW\DVSDUWRIWKHFLW\ -
No meaning 
Problems: 
Total 100; N=152
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK
 46 (WKLFV
Vilnius University Meanings
6WXGHQWVRI9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\VDPHDVVWXGHQWVRI/YLY8QLYHUVLW\KDYH
QDWLRQDO LQJURXS PHDQLQJ WKDW GRPLQDWHG ,Q WKLV FDVH VLJQLÀFDQW ZDV
/LWKXDQLDQ PHDQLQJ ´9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\ LV IXOO RI /LWKXDQLDQ KLVWRULFDO
WUDFHVµHWF)LJXUH7KHQLWZDVIROORZHGE\ORFDOPHDQLQJDQGSHUVRQDO
PHDQLQJ 6DPH DV LQ /YLY DPRQJ VWXGHQWV RI 9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\ GRPLQD-
WHGIDFWRUFRPSRVHGRIQDWLRQDOSHUVRQDODQGORFDOPHDQLQJV$PRQJWKUHH
QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJVDWWULEXWHGWRWKH9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\WKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW
ZDV/LWKXDQLDQ0HDQ 6' 1 WKHQTXLWHZHDNZDV3ROLVK
0HDQLQJ 0HDQ  6'  1  DQG -HZLVK 0HDQLQJ 0HDQ 
6' 1 













 Fig. 3.9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\0HDQLQJV
&ŝŐ͘ϯ͘
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK


5HVXOWVRITXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKMXVWJLYHDQLOOXVWUDWLRQWRWKHTXHVWLRQQD-
 LUH UHVXOWV 6DPH DV DPRQJ VWXGHQWV RI /YLY 8QLYHUVLW\ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV RI
 9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\DSSHDUHGFDWHJRU\QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJ,QJURXSPHDQLQJ
 /LWKXDQLDQ´9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\LVVWXG\SODFHZKHUHWKHLQWHOOHFWXDO\RXWK
 RI/LWKXDQLDJDWKHUVµ´9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\LVWKHROGHVWXQLYHUVLW\LQ/LWKX-
DQLDµ HWF %XW WKH VDPH DV DPRQJ VWXGHQWV RI WZR SUHYLRXV XQLYHUVLWLHV
WKHUH ZDV QR FDWHJRU\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK RWKHU QDWLRQDO PHDQLQJ FRQFHUQHG
DURXQGDWWULEXWLQJWKHXQLYHUVLW\DVDSODFHFRQQHFWHGZLWKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV
RIRWKHUWKDQRZQQDWLRQDOJURXSV
$OVRDPRQJVWXGHQWVRI9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\GLVDSSHDUHGFDWHJRULHV$UFKL-
WHFWXUHDQG,PSRUWDQFHIRUWKHFLW\
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 47
Table 5. Vilnius University Meanings, SHUFHQWDJHGLVWULEXWLRQRIFRGHG
FDWHJRULHVIURPWKHRSHQTXHVWLRQ
Meaning categories: Frequency, %
“9LOQLXV 8QLYHUVLW\LVµ
Personal
,VWXG\KHUH 
3HUVRQDOSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW 
3ULGH 
$WWDFKPHQW 
Social8QLYHUVLW\DVVRFLDOWLHV 
Physical$UFKLWHFWXUH -
Institutional:8QLYHUVLW\DVHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQ 
National:,QJURXSPHDQLQJ²/LWKXDQLDQ 
Local*UHDWKLVWRU\ 
City meaning8QLYHUVLW\DVSDUWRIWKHFLW\ -
No meaning 
Problems: 
Total 100; N=150
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFK

Conclusions and discussion

,Q WKUHH XQLYHUVLWLHV IURP WKUHH GLIIHUHQW LQGHSHQGHQW FRXQWULHV ZH
FKHFNHG WR VHH LI WKH REMHFWLYH KLVWRULFDO GLVFRQWLQXLWLHV LQ WKH XQLYHUVLW\·V
SDVWDIIHFWHGWKHPHDQLQJVVWXGHQWVDWWULEXWHWRWKHSODFHVRIWKHLUVWXG\7KH
WKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWRIWKHSODFHZDVDSSOLHGWRWKH XQLYHUVLW\XQGHUVWDQGLQJ
WKHXQLYHUVLW\DVDSODFHWKDWSURYLGHVFRQWLQXLW\DQGPHDQLQJV7KHSULQFL-
SDOLQWHUHVWZDVSDLGWRÀ
LQWHUHVWZDVSDLGWRÀJXULQJRXWZKDW1DWLRQDO0HDQLQJVVWXGHQWVDWWUL-
JXULQJRXWZKDW1DWLRQDO0HDQLQJVVWXGHQWVDWWUL
EXWHWRWKHLUXQLYHUVLWLHVGXULQJWKHORQJKLVWRU\WKRVHXQLYHUVLWLHV·DFDGHPLF
FRPPXQLWLHVFRQVLVWHGRIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDOJURXSV,QWKH
SUHVHQWVWXG\ZHWHVWHGWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIÀYHPHDQLQJVDPRQJVWXGHQWVRI
WKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKGLVUXSWHGKLVWRU\DQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOSDVW3DUWLFXODU
DWWHQWLRQZDVSDLGWRWKHVWDWXVHDFKXQLYHUVLW\KDVFXUUHQWO\QDWLRQDOPHDQ-
LQJLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHPHDQLQJVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKQDWLRQDOJURXSVUHVLGLQJ
FLWLHVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\EHLQJSDUWRIDQDFDGHPLFFRPPXQLW\EHIRUH::,,
7KHUHZDVYLVLEOHGRPLQDWLRQRIFXUUHQWQDWLRQDOJURXSPHDQLQJUHVSHF-
WLYHO\/LWKXDQLDQDQG8NUDLQLDQLQ9LOQLXVDQG/YLY8QLYHUVLW\7KXVZH
FDQ DVVXPH WKDW VWXGHQWV RI WKHVH XQLYHUVLWLHV SHUFHLYH WKH XQLYHUVLW\ SDVW
PDLQO\ LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKHLU RZQ QDWLRQDO JURXS QDUUDWLYH FRQFHUQLQJ XQL-
YHUVLW\GHYHORSPHQWGXHWRWKHRZQQDWLRQDOJURXSPHULW3ROLVKDQG-HZLVK
PHDQLQJV DWWULEXWHG WR WKRVH XQLYHUVLWLHV ZHUH FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ZHDN DQG
GXULQJWKHTXDOLWDWLYHSDUWRIWKHUHVHDUFKZHUHQRWPHQWLRQHGDWDOO
:H FDQ DVVXPH WKDW HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV ERWK LQ /YLY DQG 9LOQLXV
DUHLQÁXHQFHGE\QDWLRQDOSROLF\RQLGHQWLW\EXLOGLQJ7KXVKLVWRULFDOQDU-
48 (WKLFV
UDWLYHDURXQGWKHFLW\·VSDVWDQGDOVRXQLYHUVLW\·VSDVWLVPDLQO\FRQFHUQHG
ZLWK FXUUHQWO\ GRPLQDWHG WKH QDWLRQDO JURXS UHVSHFWLYHO\ 8NUDLQLDQV DQG
/LWKXDQLDQV
5HVXOWVRI:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\·VVWXGHQWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW
IRUWKHPZDVDQRWKHUQDWLRQDOJURXSPHDQLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\*HUPDQPHDQ-
LQJ 6R ZH FDQ DVVXPH WKDW VWXGHQWV RI :URFãDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ DUH DZDUH RI
WKH*HUPDQSDVWRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\DQGLQFOXGHLWLQWRDQDUUDWLYHDERXWWKHLU
8QLYHUVLW\+RZHYHU3ROLVKDQG-HZLVKPHDQLQJVVWXGHQWVDWWULEXWHWRWKH
:URFãDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ DUH FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ZHDN 4XLWH LQWHUHVWLQJ DUH UHVXOWV
RITXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKZKLFKVKRZHGWKDWVWXGHQWVRI:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\
PDLQO\SHUFHLYHWKHLUXQLYHUVLW\YLDSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHE\QRWDWWULEXWLQJ
DQ\QDWLRQDOPHDQLQJVWRLW
5HVXOWV RI RXU UHVHDUFK VKRZ WKDW :URFãDZ 8QLYHUVLW\·V VWXGHQWV DUH
DZDUHDERXW*HUPDQSDVWLQXQLYHUVLW\KLVWRU\7KLVIDFWPLJKWEHDSURG-
XFWRIQXPHURXVFXOWXUDODQGHGXFDWLRQDOSURJUDPVSHUIRUPHGE\QDWLRQDO
DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ3RODQGWRUHWULHYHFRPSOH[SDVWRIWKHFLWLHV
DQGWRPDNHFXOWXUDOPHPRU\DOLYH7KHUHLVVWLOODORWRIFRQWURYHUV\DURXQG
-HZLVKSUHVHQFHLQDOOWKUHHFLWLHVDQGGLVSHOOLQJVWHUHRW\SLFDOLPDJHDURXQG
WKHLU LQSXW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI (DVWHUQ (XURSHDQ FLWLHV ZLWK SURPLQHQW
XQLYHUVLWLHV
,QDOOWKUHHXQLYHUVLWLHVPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWZDVSHUVRQDOPHDQLQJIROORZHG
E\ORFDODQGQDWLRQDO,WPLJKWEHH[SODLQHGE\XQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHSHUVRQDO
H[SHULHQFHDVPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWHYHQLQWKHFDVHRIKLVWRULFDOSODFHV6WXGHQWVLQ
/YLYDQG9LOQLXVPDLQO\DVVRFLDWHGWKHLUXQLYHUVLWLHVE\DWWULEXWLQJSHUVRQDO
ORFDODQGQDWLRQDOPHDQLQJZKLOH3ROLVKDQG-HZLVKPHDQLQJVZHUHYLVLEO\
ZHDNHU ,W DSSURYHG WKH IDFW RI QXPHURXV GDWD IURP SXEOLF RSLQLRQ SRROV
DERXWFRQWURYHUVLDODWWLWXGHWRWKH3ROLVKSDVWLQWKRVHWZRFLWLHV/HZLFND

%ULQJLQJEDFNWKHPHPRU\RIRWKHUHWKQLFJURXSVLQKDELWLQJWKHSODFHV
LQ (DVWHUQ (XURSH EHIRUH ::,, WKURXJK YDULRXV FXOWXUDO DQG HGXFD-
WLRQDO SURJUDPV PD\ LQFUHDVH LQWHUHVW DQG H[SDQG WKH KLVWRULFDO NQRZO-
HGJH DERXW WKH SODFHV ZKRVH H[LVWHQFH PHULWV GLIIHUHQW QDWLRQDO JURXS·V
UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV

Limitations
7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ LV RQH RI WKH ÀUVW VWXGLHV ZH NQRZ DSSO\LQJ WR  WKH
FRQFHSWRIDSODFHWRXQLYHUVLWLHVWKDWH[SHULHQFHGKLVWRULFDOUHSODFHPHQWRI
DFDGHPLFFRPPXQLW\DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\KLVWRULFDOGLVFRQWLQXLW\
1HYHUWKHOHVVLWKDVDQXPEHURIOLPLWDWLRQV2QHRIWKHOLPLWDWLRQVLVUHO-
DWLYHO\VPDOODQGQRQUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDPSOHZLWKSDUWLFLSDQWVLQ/YLY
DQG9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLWLHVDQGSDUWLFLSDQWVLQ:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\ That
PDNHV D GLIÀFXOW JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ RI UHVXOWV DWWULEXWLQJ WKHP WR WKH ZKROH
XQLYHUVLW\
-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 49
$OVRWKHTXDOLWDWLYHSDUWRIWKHUHVHDUFKFRQVLVWHGRQO\RIRQHVHQWHQFH
2IFRXUVHLQGHSWKLQWHUYLHZVZLWKSDUWLFLSDQWVZRXOGKDYHEHHQDEHQHÀW
IRUWKHULFKQHVVRIUHVHDUFKEXWLWZDVSK\VLFDOO\LPSRVVLEOHWRPDNHLQWHU-
YLHZVZLWKVRPDQ\SHRSOH
+RZWKHPHDQLQJVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVLQÁXHQFHRQSODFHDWWDFK-
PHQWDQGSODFHLGHQWLW\VKRXOGEHWKHQH[WVWHSIRUUHVHDUFKLQWKLVDUHD

Acknowledgment
7KHVWXGLHVZHUHÀQDQFHGE\WKHUHVHDUFKJUDQWIURPWKH1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH
&HQWHU 1R %+6 UHFHLYHG E\ SURI 0DULD /HZLFND 7KH
DXWKRUWKDQNV0DU]HQD*PLWHUHN:URFãDZDQG7RPDV-DQXOLRQLV9LOQLXV
IRUFROOHFWLQJGDWDDWWKHLUXQLYHUVLWLHV

References
>@ $JQHZ-Place and politics: The geographical mediation of state and society.%RVWRQ$OOHQ
DQG8QZLQ
>@ $OWPDQ, /RZ60(GVPlace attachment.1HZ<RUN3OHQXP
>@ $VVPDQQ-3DPLčþNXOWXURZD3LVPR]DSDPLčW\ZDQLHLSROLW\F]QDWRİVDPRĤþZF\ZL-
OL]DFMDFKVWDURİ\WQ\FK >&XOWXUDO0HPRU\DQG(DUO\&LYLOL]DWLRQ:ULWLQJ5HPHPEUDQFH
DQG3ROLWLFDO,PDJLQDWLRQ@:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX:DUV]DZVNLHJR
>@ %XPEODXVNDV$%XWNHYLĀLHQŝ%-HJHOHYLĀLXV60DQXVDGçLDQDV33åLELOVNLV95DLOD(
9LWNDXVNDLWŝ'Vilnius University 1579-2004.5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZYXOW
VLWHBÀOHV,QI6/HLGLQLDL9LOQLXVB8QLYHUVLW\BBSGI
>@ &DQWHU'The psychology of place./RQGRQ$UFKLWHFWXUDO3UHVV
>@ &UHVVZHOO7Place: A short introduction.2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ
>@ *XVWDIVRQ30HDQLQJVRISODFHHYHU\GD\H[SHULHQFHDQGWKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWXDOL]D-
WLRQJournal of Environmental psychology, 21
>@ +LGDOJR&0 +HUQDQGH]%3ODFHDWWDFKPHQWFRQFHSWXDODQGHPSLULFDOTXHV
3ODFHDWWDFKPHQWFRQFHSWXDODQGHPSLULFDOTXHV-
WLRQVJournal of Environmental Psychology, 21
>@ .PHW9/YLY-HVXLW8QLYHUVLW\,Q9DNDUFKXN,/R]\QVN\M06KXVW5
.DFKPDU9(GV(QF\NORSHGLD/YLYVN\M1DFLRQDOQ\M8QLYHUV\WHWLPHQL,YDQD)UDQND9/YLY
/YLY,YDQ)UDQNR1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\
>@ .XODN 7 3DWHU 0  :U]HVLęVNL :  +LVWRULD 8QLZHUV\WHWX :URFãDZVNLHJR 
>+LVWRU\RI:URFãDZ8QLYHUVLW\@.:URFãDZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX:URFãDZVNLHJR
>@ /HZLFND 0  3V\FKRORJLD PLHMVFD >3V\FKRORJ\ RI SODFH@. :DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR
1DXNRZH6&+2/$5
>@ /HZLFND03ODFHDWWDFKPHQWSODFHLGHQWLW\DQGSODFHPHPRU\5HVWRULQJWKHIRUJRW
3ODFHDWWDFKPHQWSODFHLGHQWLW\DQGSODFHPHPRU\5HVWRULQJWKHIRUJRW-
WHQFLW\SDVWJournal of Environmental Psychology, 28,
>@ /HZLFND0:KDWPDNHVQHLJKERUKRRGGLIIHUHQWIURPKRPHDQGFLW\"(IIHFWVRISODFH
VFDOHRQSODFHDWWDFKPHQWJournal of Environmental Psychology, 30
>@ /HZLFND03ODFHDWWDFKPHQW+RZIDUKDYHZHFRPHLQWKHODVW\HDUV"Journal of
Environmental Psychology
>@ 0DQ]R/&)RUEHWWHURUZRUVH([SORULQJPXOWLSOHGLPHQVLRQVRISODFHPHDQLQJ
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25
>@ 3HOLNDQ -  7KH ,GHD RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ D UHH[DPLQDWLRQ WUDQVODWLRQ IURP (QJOLVK
.\LY'XKL/LWHUD
>@ 3URVKDQVN\ + 0  7KH FLW\ DQG VHOILGHQWLW\ Environment and Behavior, 10,

50 (WKLFV
>@ 3U\WXOD- 7DUQDYVN\M5-DQ.D]\P\U8QLYHUVLW\LQ/YLY,Q9DNDU-
FKXN,/R]\QVN\M06KXVW5.DFKPDU9(GV(QF\NORSHGLD/YLYVN\M1DFLRQDOQ\M8QL-
versytet imeni Ivana Franka, V 1./YLY/YLY,YDQ)UDQNR1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\
>@ 5HG]LN$(G$FDGHPLD0LOLWDQV8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.D]LPLHU]DZH/ZRZLH>$FD
0LOLWDQV8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.D]LPLHU]DZH/ZRZLH>$FD>$FD-
GHPLD 0LOLWDQV -DQ .D]LPLU 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ /YLY@ .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR :\VRNL =DPHN
,QVW\WXW3DPLčFL1DURGRZHM
>@ 5HOSK(Place and placelessness. /RQGRQ3LRQ/LPLWHG
>@ 5RZOHV*' &KDXGKXU\+(GVHome and identity in late life: International per-
spectives.1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
>@ 6L[VPLWK-7KHPHDQLQJRIKRPHDQH[SORUDWRU\VWXG\RIHQYLURQPHQWDOH[SHULHQFH
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6
>@ 6SDUW]-7 6KDZ%53ODFHPHDQLQJVVXUURXQGLQJDQXUEDQQDWXUDODUHD$
TXDOLWDWLYHLQTXLU\Journal of Environmental psychology, 31
>@ 6WHGPDQ5&,VLWUHDOO\MXVWDVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ"7KHFRQWULEXWLRQRISK\VLFDOHQYL-
URQPHQWWRVHQVHRISODFHSociety and Natural Resources, 16
[25] The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica  5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZEULWDQQLFDFRP
WRSLFXQLYHUVLW\
>@ 7XDQ<)6SDFHDQGSODFH+XPDQLVWLFSHUVSHFWLYHProgress in Geography, 6
>@ 7XDQ < )  3U]HVWU]Hę i PLHMVFH >6SDFH DQG SODFH@ :DUV]DZD 3DęVWZRZ\ ,QVW\WXW
:\GDZQLF]\