MVPS’s

RAJARSHI SHAHU MAHARAJ POLYTECHNIC,

NASHIK

ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

Applies Electronics
(22329)

MICRO-PROJECT
ON

“Audio Power Amplifier.”

SUBMITTED BY

Roll No. ENROLLMENT NO EXAM SEAT NO STUDENT NAME

09 1910020286 240881 Chandole Ajinkya Madhukar.
10 1910020289 240882 Deshmukh Kartik Nitin.
12 1910020291 240884 Jadhav Prathamesh Shrikant.

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Jadhav Prathamesh Shrikant .

Roll No. 12 of Second semester of diploma in E & TC Engineering of

Institute MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic,Nasik (Code:

1002) has successfully completed micro-project in Applied Electronics

(22329) for academic year 2020-2021 as prescribed in curriculum of

MSBTE, Mumbai.

Place:- Nashik Enrollment no:- 1910020291

Date:- Exam seat no:- 240884

Ms. P.G .Deshmukh Mr. S.N. Shelke Dr. D.B. Uphade

Course Teacher/Guide H.O.D Principal

Seal of
institute

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

01 Introduction 01
02 Circuit Diagram 02
03 Working 03
04 Circuit Analysis
 Photo 04
 Simulation 05
 Observation 06
05 Conclusion 07
06 Future Scope 08
07 References 09

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 INTRODUCTION

An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that

amplifies low-power electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or
electric guitar pickup to a level that is high enough for
driving loudspeakers or headphones. Audio power amplifiers are found in all manner of
sound systems including sound reinforcement, public address and home audio systems
and musical instrument amplifiers like guitar amplifiers. It is the final electronic stage in
a typical audio playback chain before the signal is sent to the loudspeakers.

The preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which
perform tasks like pre-amplification of the signal (this is particularly associated
with record turntable signals, microphone signals and electric instrument signals from
pickups, such as the electric guitar and electric bass), equalization (e.g., adjusting the bass
and treble), tone controls, mixing different input signals or adding electronic effects such
as reverb. The inputs can also be any number of audio sources like record players, CD
players, digital audio players and cassette players. Most audio power amplifiers require
these low-level inputs, which are line level.

While the input signal to an audio power amplifier, such as the signal from an
electric guitar, may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be a few
watts for small consumer electronics devices, such as clock radios, tens or hundreds of
watts for a home stereo system, several thousand watts for a nightclub's sound system or
tens of thousands of watts for a large rock concert sound reinforcement system. While
power amplifiers are available in standalone units, typically aimed at the hi-fi audiophile
market (a niche market) of audio enthusiasts and sound reinforcement
system professionals, most consumer electronics audio products, such as clock
radios, boom boxes and televisions have relatively small power amplifiers that are
integrated into the product.

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 WORKING

A power amplifier is referred to as an Audio Power amplifier if the transistor used for
amplification conducts for the full cycle duration of the input audio signal.
The point is adjusted exactly at the center of the load line. Due to this the output signal is
obtained for the full cycle of the audio input i.e. for 360.
The power transistor is biased such that the operating point (Q point) is approximately at
the center of the load line.
Now as we apply the audio signal to the base of the transistor, the base current changes
sinusoidal above and below the quiescent base current I.
In response to the changes in I the collector current changes sinusoidal above and below
its quiescent current value Ico. The collector current and base current are in phase with
each other.
Due to changes in the voltage VCE will also fluctuate sinusoidal. Note that Vc and le are
180 out of phase.
The transistor remains in the "active region" for all the values of input signal and never
enters into the saturation or cutoff regions.
The input signal is amplified faithfully, without introducing any distortions. Thus
harmonic contents in the output will be low.
As the transistor continuously operates in its active region, the voltage V æ across it and
current Ie through it, both are simultaneously high
Therefore a large power will be dissipated in the transistor in the form of heat. Therefore
the efficiency of audio power amplifiers is low.

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

 Photo:-

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

  Simulation:-

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

  Observation:-

Result

1. Sound Level (dB) =12.04 dB (for input = 2.5 V)

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 CONCLUSION

This is compact audio power amplifier. This Transistor amplifier modulates which
produces into a 4 Ohm load. Frequency response is within 12.04 dB from 1MHz to 3M
Hz. Thus we have studied about working, diagram, circuit analysis etc. of audio power
amplifier.

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 FUTURE SCOPE

For some years following the introduction of solid state amplifiers, their perceived
sound did not have the excellent audio quality of the best valve amplifiers (see valve
audio amplifier). This led audiophiles to believe that "tube sound" or valve sound had an
intrinsic quality due to the vacuum tube technology itself. In 1970, Matti
Otala published a paper on the origin of a previously unobserved form of distortion:
transient intermodulation distortion (TIM),[7] later also called slew-induced
distortion (SID) by others.[8] TIM distortion was found to occur during very rapid
increases in amplifier output voltage.[9]

TIM did not appear at steady state sine tone measurements, helping to hide it
from design engineers prior to 1970. Problems with TIM distortion stem from reduced
open loop frequency response of solid state amplifiers. Further works of Otala and other
authors found the solution for TIM distortion, including increasing slew rate, decreasing
preamp frequency bandwidth, and the insertion of a lag compensation circuit in the
input stage of the amplifier.[10][11][12] In high quality modern amplifiers the open loop
response is at least 20 kHz, canceling TIM distortion.

The next step in advanced design was the Baxandall Theorem, created by Peter
Baxandall in England.[13] This theorem introduced the concept of comparing the ratio
between the input distortion and the output distortion of an amplifier. This new idea
helped audio design engineers to better evaluate the distortion processes within an
amplifier.

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13

 REFERENCES

 WWW.Google.com.

 Wikipedia.

 A Laboratory Manual Of Applied Electronics (22329).

 ‘Applied Electronics’ SYEJ I Scheme Tech-Max Publication Book.

 Mrs. P. N. Deshmukh.

MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik-13