Design of Shaft Based On Strength: Chapter Two

Design Of Machine Elements Thi_Qar University
Bio Medical Engineering Assistant Teacher: Aqeel Ahmed
Chapter Two
DESIGN OF SHAFT BASED ON STRENGTH

INTRODUCTION
Shaft is a rotating machine element, which transmits power. Shafts are

subjected to tensile, bending or torsional stresses or to a combination of
these stresses. A transmitting shaft is circular in cross-section, which
supports transmission elements like pulleys, gears and sprockets. The
design of transmission shaft consists of determining the correct shaft
diameter based on
1.Strength
2.Rigidity and stiffness.
The material used are mild steel (C40, C45, C50) and alloy steels
(Nickel, Nickel-Chromium and Molybdenum steels)
Axle: It is a non rotating shaft, which supports the rotating components of

the machine. It does not transmit a useful torque. Axle is subjected to
only bending.
Spindle: It is a short rotating shaft. In case of drilling machine, the

spindle holds `the tool holder. A line shaft or transmission shaft, is a
comparatively long shaft which is
driven by a motor. The line shaft transmits motion to various machines

through counter shafts. The counter shaft is an intermediate shaft placed
between the line shaft and various driven machines.
Stub axles are short axles capable of small angular motion about the
pivots. Front wheels of rear wheel drive vehicles are supported on stub
TYPES OF SHAFT (ACCORDING TO USE)

1. For prime movers:
(a) Engine shafts (b) Generator shafts (c) Turbine shafts
2. Machine Shafts
3. For Power Transmission:
(a) Line shafts
(b) Counter shafts xles
STANDARD SHAFT DIAMETERS
DESIGN OF SHAFT BASED ON STRENGTH

The transmitting shafts are generally supporting pulleys and gears, which
are subjected to a combined load of bending and torsional moments.
Induced maximum principal stresses and maximum shear stress are
calculated. The induced stresses should be less than the permissible
stress. Since the shaft materials are ductile, to find the shaft diameter,
Shaft Subjected to Combined Bending and Twisting Moment
When a shaft is subjected to combined bending and twisting moment,

then the shaft is designed based on various theories of failures. The
following two theories are most important.
(i) Guests Theory (Maximum Shear Stress Theory) for ductile Material.
(ii) Rankine Theory (Maximum Normal Stress Theory) for Brittle
Material.
Equivalent twisting moment is defined as that twisting moment, which

when acting alone will produce same shear stress.as the actual twisting
momen
Problem 2.1 A 100 mm diameter solid circular shaft can carry a torque T
without exceeding a certain max. shear stress. What portion of this torque
T can a hollow shaft having a wall thickness of 10 mm and the same outer
dia. carry. Both the shafts should have the same maximum shear stress
Problem 2.2: In an axial flow compressor the shaft is subjected to a

maximum torque of 1500  103Nmm and a maximum bending moment
of 3000  103Nmm. The shear stress is limited to 50 N/mm2. Assume a
factor of safety of 1.5 in bending and shock factor in twisting as 2. Design
the diameter of the shaft.
Problem 2.3: An axial flow rotary compressor, the shaft is subjected to a

max. torque of a 1500 N-m; and max. bending moment of 3000 N-m;
Neglect axial load on the compressor shaft. Calculate the diameter of the
shaft. The load applied is gradually. The shear stress is 50 N/mm2.
Also design the hollow shaft for the above compressor taking inner
diameter as 0.4 times outer diameter.
What is the percentage of material saving in hollow shaft.
Compare the stiffness ratio.  Find the shear stress for a solid shaft, if
axial tensile load 10 kN is acting.
Problem 2.4: A hollow shaft is used to transmit 15 kW at 250 r.p.m. The

loading is such that the max. BM  100 kNcm; max. torsional moment =
50 kN-cm, and the axial compressive load is 20 kN. The shaft is
supported on rigid bearings 150 cm apart and is subjected to minor
shock load. The max. allowable shear stress  2 kN/cm2 The inside
diameter is 0.75 times the outside diameter. Calculate the diameter of the
shaft.
Problem 2.5: A hoisting drum 0.5 m in diameter is keyed to a shaft which

is supported in two bearings and driven through a 12:1 reduction ratio
by an electric motor. Determine the power of driving motor, if the max.
load of 8 kN is hoisted at a speed of 50 m/min. and the efficiency of the
drive is 80%; Also determine the torque on the drum shaft and the speed
of the motor in r.p.m. Determine also the diameter of the shaft. The drive
gear whose dia. is 450 mm is mounted at the end of the shaft such that it
overhangs the nearest bearing by 150 mm

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Design Of Machine Elements Thi_Qar University

Bio Medical Engineering Assistant Teacher: Aqeel Ahmed

DESIGN OF SHAFT BASED ON STRENGTH

Shaft is a rotating machine element, which transmits power. Shafts are

2.Rigidity and stiffness.

Axle: It is a non rotating shaft, which supports the rotating components of

Spindle: It is a short rotating shaft. In case of drilling machine, the

driven by a motor. The line shaft transmits motion to various machines

TYPES OF SHAFT (ACCORDING TO USE)

1. For prime movers:

(a) Engine shafts (b) Generator shafts (c) Turbine shafts

3. For Power Transmission:

(a) Line shafts

(b) Counter shafts xles

STANDARD SHAFT DIAMETERS

DESIGN OF SHAFT BASED ON STRENGTH

Shaft Subjected to Combined Bending and Twisting Moment

When a shaft is subjected to combined bending and twisting moment,

Equivalent twisting moment is defined as that twisting moment, which

Problem 2.2: In an axial flow compressor the shaft is subjected to a

Problem 2.3: An axial flow rotary compressor, the shaft is subjected to a

What is the percentage of material saving in hollow shaft.

Problem 2.4: A hollow shaft is used to transmit 15 kW at 250 r.p.m. The

Problem 2.5: A hoisting drum 0.5 m in diameter is keyed to a shaft which

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