UNDERSTANDING

CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS
2 Grading
nd

Module

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FOURTH GRADING MODULE

GRADE 11 UCSP

You are expected to finish this module in 4 weeks.

 This module must be submitted on
MODE OF SUBMISSION
 A soft copy of the worksheet will be uploaded along with this module through your Microsoft Teams
account. After accomplishing your worksheet, you may submit your module through your Microsoft
Teams

INTRODUCTION
Since the day when we were born, we were implicitly taught of something, that no man is an island.
People live within a social group to be able to survive. Our family has been our initial social group and has
given us basic care and shelter in an atmosphere of care and affection. Then came the stage of knowledge
and adaptation to the environment. As human beings progress through the years, they learn to mold
themselves according to what the environment requires. The ability of humans to adopt has brought a large
amount of change throughout our history. Along with these changes are the evidences on how human
struggle to survive through adaptation.
In this module we will be learning about social institutions and organizations, social stratification, and
social change.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. examine the concepts, characteristics, and forms of stratification systems using sociological
perspectives;
2. suggest ways to address social inequalities; and
3. examine human responses to emerging challenges in contemporary societies.
I. Moving Forward: The Pyramid of Learning
Complete the pyramid of learning by providing the necessary information being asked. The
pyramid of learning is divided in 3 parts. At the bottom of the pyramid, identify and explain 3
meanings/concepts that you can remember from the first module. In the middle, write 2 ways on how you can
apply the different concepts that you have learned in the first module in real life situations. And on top of the
pyramid, write a short reflection about the things that you have learned from the first module.
Activity 1: Pyramid of Learning

Reflection

Application

Concepts
Learned

II. Learning Concepts

Lesson 1: Social Organization

We humans are regarded as highly social animals and normally we live in different groups for a life
time.  It is immensely unusual for us to be in total isolation from other people for a long period of time.  Some
people may personally enjoy being alone.  However, their voluntary isolation might not last more than a few
hours or days at most.  Our strong emotional need for social contact makes it possible to use solitary
confinement as an effective punishment in prisons.  The threat of social ostracism or exclusion from the group
can also be an effective way of restraining potentially deviant behavior.  Those who act "badly" run the risk of
being rejected by other members of their social group or community.

People who are deprived of human social contact may often seek for substitutes such as radio,
television shows, and books.  Pets also are common social substitutes for other people.  This is particularly
true of dogs and other animals that enjoy interacting with us in a friendly way.

It is common and comfortable for us to use the word “group” without much thought and often times
misinterpreted. The concept of a group is central to how much we think about society and human interaction.
The term group does not have definite meaning and can refer to a wide variety of gatherings, from just two
people, a club, a regular gathering of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby. But not all
gathering of people is necessarily a group. A rally is usually a one-time event, for instance, and belonging to a
political party doesn’t imply interaction with others. In short, group refers to any collection of at least two
people who interact with some frequency and who share a sense of identity that is somehow aligned with the
group.

Non-groups

Aggregates, people who exist in the same place at the same time but who do not interact or share a sense of
identity. Example: people standing in line to pay their electric bill in BENECO

Category, people who share same characteristics but are not tied to one another. Example: Millennials

Types of Groups

Primary and Secondary Groups Primary Group: having

According to Social Ties intimate relationships
Read: Turn to pages 82-83 of your textbook: read https://www.thoughtco.com/
primary-and-secondary-
and understand the definition and characteristics of relationships-3026463
Primary and Secondary Groups.
Additional Notes:
Primary groups serve emotional needs
(expressive function) rather than pragmatic ones.
The primary group is usually made up of significant
others, those individuals who have the most impact
on our socialization. Secondary Group: bind
by common interest
Secondary groups are often larger and https://study.com/academy/
impersonal. They may also be task-focused and lesson/secondary-groups-in-
sociology-examples-lesson-quiz.html
time-limited. These groups serve an instrumental
function rather than expressive one. This means
that their role is more goal or task-oriented rather
than emotional.
Groups According to Self-Identification: In-groups,
Out-groups, and Reference groups
In-Groups and out-Groups
Read: Turn to pages 79-81of your textbook: read
and understand the definitions and characteristics of
In-groups and Out-groups. In-groups
Additional Notes: https://www.brainscape.com/
blog/2011/11/study-groups/
In-group, a group where an individual feels
he/she belongs to, and he/she believes it to be an
integral part of who she/he is.
Out-group, a group where someone doesn’t
belong to; often we may feel disdain or we may be
in competition with an out-group.
Out-groups
http://factmyth.com/ingroups-
and-outgroups-explained/
 Reference group
Reference
Read: Turn to page 82 of your textbook, read and Group:
understand the definition and characteristics of https://
reference group. www.thoughtco.co
m/reference-
Additional notes: group-3026518

Reference group is a group with whom we

compare ourselves with. We use reference groups
to guide our behaviors and show us social norms.

Fill the boxes below by providing a specific group based on the 3 types of groups identified below. Explain your
answer in 3-4 sentences.

Primary Group Group:

Explanation :

Secondary Group Group:

Explanation :

Reference Group Group:

Explanation :

Leadership and Conformity

As you might recall, reference groups are used to assess and understand how to act, to dress, and to behave.
Not surprisingly, young people are particularly aware of who conforms and who does not. In some ways,
conformity is influenced by leadership.

Read: Turn to page 84 of your textbook: read and understand “Leadership and Conformity’.
Task: After reading Leadership and Conformity, do the task below.

Try it out!
Do what is asked. Write your answer in 3-5 sentences.
In the different settings of our life, we experience being a member of a group and we also have experienced
different leader qualities. Identify one group where you belong to and based on the 2 types of leaders in your
textbook, identify the type of leader that exists in your group. Explain your answer.
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Lesson 2: Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions
A. Kinship
Kinship is a social institution that refers to relations formed
between members of society. It is also a culturally defined relationship
between individuals who are commonly thought of as having family ties.

Reference:https://www.hhs.gov/blog/2018/05/01/its-all-relative-supporting-kinship-
connections.html
Society develops kin relationship in different ways. It can be based on birth or blood relations, and marriage, or
through the acceptance of rituals.
Functions
1. Vertical function – binding together successive generations, thereby providing social continuity. Passing on
property, political office, and tradition.
2. Horizontal function – tying people together across a single generation through marriage practices. Kin
groups usually practice some degree of exogamy – rule which states that you must marry outside a certain
group. People must normally look outside for marriage partners and create alliances with other groups.
Alliances can be useful for political, economic, and ceremonial purposes.
Kinship and Descent
In all societies, kinship and descent are two different notions: Kinship is a social relationship that may or may
not coincide with a biological one; descent is a social convention that may require a biological relationship.
Descents are socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants. These are ruling that people use
to determine parenthood, identify ancestry, and assign people to social categories, groups, and roles on basis
of inherited status.
Descent systems are divided into two: unilineal systems in which descent is traced through parents and
ancestors of only 1 sex (either mother’s or father’s side) and cognatic/bilateral systems: descent is traced
through either or both parents.
Types of Kinship
1. Kinship by Blood
Many societies construct kinship groupings, roles, and relationships by tracing descent exclusively through the
male - patrilineal or female – matrilineal.
Read: Turn to pages 94-100 of you textbook and explore the different types of descent.

Activity: On the space provided below, using the different symbols in making kinship diagram of
descent groups, create your own descent diagram of either Patrilineal or Matrilineal form ranging
from your grandparent until your niece/nephew (if possible). Your diagram will be graded based on:
completeness of the diagram- 10 points and correct use of symbols- 10 points. Total- 20 points

My Kinship Diagram

2. Kinship by Marriage
Kinship based on marriage also known as Affinal kinship refers to the type of relations developed
when a marriage occurs. Both the husband and the wife develop a new set of family relations where the
husband forms new relation with his wife and with his wife’s family and vice-versa. Moreover, the families of
the couple also form new social relations with each other.

Read: Turn to pages 100-103 of your textbook: read and understand the four types of marriage systems.
Think and Reflect:
Based on marriage systems, what type of family is most common in the Pre-Hispanic Philippines? Explain your answer in
2-3 sentences.
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Nuclear and Extended Family

A nuclear family is a type of family that is made up of two adults and their biological or adopted
child/children. An extended family, on the other hand, is characterized by a family whose members are
beyond the nuclear family which may include the following; grandparents and niece/nephew or a couple living
with relatives.
Blended or Reconstituted Families
A blended family is a type of family where the parents have a child or children from previous marital
relations and all the members are gathered to form a new family.
3. Kinship of Politics
Politics in the Philippines has been influenced by kinship relations characterized by a certain number of
a family holding different positions in the government or the practices by these political families of monopolizing
political power and public offices from generation to generation. This is popularly known as political dynasty.

Lesson 3: Social and Political Stratifications

People are aware that inequalities exist in different sizes and shapes. This occurrence is also referred
to as social stratification. It looks at people as belonging and occupying specific layer in the social hierarchy.
The layers are neither innocent nor neutral positions simply because it is the persons’ actual social location.
Our society is consists of individuals who have different characteristics and are born in different
circumstances. Thus, having different attributes and different levels of power, wealth, and prestige.
The Context of Social Desirables
Almost everyone in human community desires for things that grant wealth, power, and prestige. People
are born with different characteristics which are termed as ascribed traits. Some traits are difficult to change
while others can be changed through progress in life, and earn the ability to decide and make choices. It is this
context that shapes the identity of an individual, even if this also becomes the source of the constraints that
may limit his/her potential to achieve an aspired social desirable.

Read: Turn to page 142 of your textbook and explore the 3 most desired qualities in every society.

Social Mobility
Social mobility happens when people change position within a social stratification. It is characterized by
either a diminish or improvement on the economic status in a way that affects social class. The different types
of mobility are highly dependent on the overall structure of social statuses and occupations in a given society.

Open your textbook on page 143 to learn more about Social Mobility Systems including the Vertical and
Horizontal mobility.

Types of Social Mobility

Absolute Social mobility- happens when people transfer in a different layer of stratification from that of their
parents.
Relative Social mobility- refers to the probability/estimate of chance a person’s upward or downward
movement in the social hierarchy compared to the movement of other members of their inherited social class.
 Hence it is possible for a society to have a high absolute social mobility and low relative social mobility.
This can be made possible by providing pathways of a greater equality in society with high social inequality.
Structural mobility- is a type of forced mobility that happens when societal change enables a whole group or
many groups of people to move up or down the social class ladder.

Social Stratification is Universal but it is a variable which accurses in different forms across different
societies. It is a trait of a society that persists over generations and not simply a reflection of individual
differences.
Read: Turn to pages 143-146 of your textbook and explore the four types of stratification systems.

Question to ponder on:

Based on the four types of stratification system, what do you think is the most common stratification around
the world today? Explain your answer in 3-5 sentences.

Social Inequality
Social inequality is set apart by the existence of unequal
opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within
a social group. It contains structured and repeated patterns of uneven
distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments.

Social inequality can be measured in two main ways. Inequality

of conditions refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, and
material goods. People living in mansions and skyrise condominiums and
those people living in the slum part of metro manila clearly present the
picture of inequality of condition in our country. Inequality of
opportunities on the other hand refers to the unequal distribution of life
chances across individuals. This is reflected in measures such as level of Inequality of conditions
education, health status, and treatment by the criminal justice system. https://www.scmp.com/photos/3014924/living-conditions-slum-areas-philippines
https://www.realliving.com.ph/real-estate/neighborhoods/antipolo-subdivisions-neighborhoods-
a00272-20181213

2 Main Theories
There are two main views of social inequality within sociology. One view aligns with the functionalist theory,
and the other aligns with conflict theory.

Functionalist theory
The structural-functional approach to stratification believes that all aspects of society, even poverty,
contribute in some way to the larger system’s overall stability.

According to structural-functionalists, stratification and inequality are unpreventable or cannot be

avoided and beneficial to society. The stratification or layers of society, visualized mentally as a pyramid, are
the inevitable sorting of unequal people. Functionalists also believe that layering in the society is useful
because it ensures that the best people are at the top and those who are less worthy are further down the
pyramid, and therefore have less power and are given fewer rewards than the high-quality people at the top.

Conflict Theory

Conflict theory of stratification holds that stratification and inequality is harmful to society because these
create a fixed system of winners and losers leading to dysfunctions in the society. According to conflict theory,
social stratification benefits the rich and powerful at the expense of the poor. It creates a system of winners
and losers where those who are on top maintain their positions and people below are not given fair opportunity
to compete; thus, making them to be stuck at the bottom.

Going beyond
Open your textbook and explore the following concepts:
Access to Social, Political, and Symbolic Capitals; Pages 147-148
Gender Inequality; Pages 149-150
Theories of Inequality; Pages 151-152

Point for Reflection:

How open is our community with the different gender orientations? Prove your answer by
attaching a picture citing 1 sample situation that we can observe in our community/ city/ in your
barangay. Below the picture explain your answer in 3-4 sentences. Your answer will be graded
based on: Content -10 pts and Organization of ideas -5 pts.

Paste the picture here

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Lesson 4: Social Change

 We live in a constantly changing environment where the challenges that we face also go along with the
changes of our surroundings. At the same time, the way we respond to these challenges is altered by changing
technologies and ideas. The ideas formed within this context trigger changes.
Sources of Change
The changes in our society are dependent on how human adapt and react to the changing conditions.
Our interaction to other cultures and the entry of new ideas and technologies may have brought these changes
in conditions. The way people adapt to these ideas is represented through the concept of innovation and
diffusion. The way we adapt to other culture is through acculturation and assimilation.
1. Innovation and diffusion
Cultural diffusion is characterized by the spread of social activities and beliefs of one culture to the
others as a result of making contact with a new group for the first time. It happens when one culture starts to
adopt the elements of other through food, cloths, and others. The Filipinos experienced cultural diffusion when
K-POP culture was introduced in our country which brought about the rise of Korean inspired restaurants and
clothing. Cultural diffusion may not always or necessarily be good because it may lead to the displacement of
native cultural traditions.
Innovation on the other hand is the process of rendering a new idea into something that can create
value. Innovations can only develop in a culture that promotes creativity. This process takes advantage of an
emerging idea and looks at it as a threat or a source of risk. It is treated as an opportunity that can have value
to society. Social diffusion is utilized to extend the innovation into a larger society by way of spreading the
innovation through various channels.
2. Acculturation and Assimilation
Acculturation is a process of learning culture where a person adopts the cultural aspects of the
majority without losing his/her own culture. It is the learning of appropriate behavior of one's host culture.
Acculturation takes place when one enters a new culture, in effect, be enculturated into the new society
through the process of adaptation. To the degree that the person does not permit the structures and
relationships of his former society to unnecessarily restrict the adaptation, he can become effectively
acculturated into the new culture. Effective acculturation allows people to maintain their principles, and self-
respect, yet cope with all the challenges and opportunities of the new culture.

Acculturation and assimilation differ in degree of adaptation to the new culture. Within the context of
acculturation, a person adapts to the degree of his effectiveness within the context of the new culture. He
assumes to leave again and return to the society of his birth. He is a fully accepted and respected member of
the new society yet in essence has a dual identity.

Assimilation on the other hand has the more extreme process. It comes from the realization that one
will never return to his birth place/ the society where he/she came from. This leads a person to take on the
entire culture of the new society. One visiting from outside would not really know if one had been born within or
not. First generation immigrants may achieve a high degree of adaptation. Second generation people most
likely reach a high degree of assimilation.

New Challenges to Human Adaptation

The changes that happen in our environment affect human adaptation. There are two developments
that provided our society the opportunities to adapt to changes. These developments are in the realm of global
warming and climate change, and in transnational labor migration.

 Global Warming and Climate Change

Global Warming and Climate change are two realities which humans strive to solve. The changes
brought about by global warming and climate change such as the increasing atmospheric temperature does
not only affect the physical landscapes of the earth, but more importantly, it can negatively influence the social,
cultural, and political lives of the people in our societies.
The different phenomenon that global warming and climate change have caused serious problems in
our society such as the disruption of food production and destruction of human habitats. These problems were
serious enough that international agreements among nations have been signed including the formation or
creation of different laws and protocols around the globe.

 Transnational Migration
 Transnational migration is the process of movement and settlement across international borders in
which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same
time settling in a new country. Immigration has intensified not only due to the relative openness of many
countries towards migrants, particularly to those countries whose population is aging and would need a new
labor force such as in the case of Japan and Italy, but also due to the increasing hostile conditions in many
developing countries. Filipinos on the other hand migrate due to financial reason or to look for a job, this event
is called Economic migration.
Filipinos who undergo this process of economic migration usually end up becoming a permanent
resident and were later naturalized, after which they petitioned for their families. Other Filipinos take risk by first
entering other countries as tourists and later they look for a way to permanently reside in their host countries
and to find a job. Many of those who tried, end up being illegal immigrants which is referred to as TNT or “Tago
nang Tago”.

Point for Reflection

One of the biggest challenges that humans are facing today is the existence of the Corona Virus Disease also known as
COVID-19. This virus has brought fear among people but this did not stop people to continue living. The existence of
the pandemic is an example of a challenge that may either make us stronger or may end human species. Identify 1
challenge that human experience in our history, explain how humans adopted to survive and identify 2 social changes
that take place due to this challenge.

Main Performance Task

This performance task is in collaboration with your subject Introduction to the Sacred Scripture.
You are a modern amateur painter/artist and a devoted Christian social awareness advocate (R). You
are asked by a social action agency of the Catholic Church to make a masterpiece in relation to a Current
Philippine Social Issue that should be addressed by a verse or passage in the Bible and present it in an art
exhibit for a social awareness campaign. (S) This will be entitled “THE ART OF GOD’S WORD IN THE
SOCIETY” (P) to be shown to the people of the Philippines. (A) It should summarize how you as a biblical
artist and an advocate of social, cultural and political awareness can translate a verse of the Bible into a form
of painting that may inspire people to act for social transformation. (G) The artwork should be placed in the
given worksheet. Provide an explanation about the connection of the artwork and the verse or passage you
chose in relation to the SOCIAL, CULTURAL, and POLITICAL nature of the Current Issue. (S)

Format and Mechanics:

A. Materials needed:
1. Worksheet
2. Coloring Material (Colored Pens, Oil/Chalk Pastel, Color Pencils, Pentel Pen, Markers, Ruler)
B. Specific Instructions:
1. The first page should contain your artwork.
2. The artwork should be done in either traditional form (pencil, pen, coloring materials) or digital
form but not in mixed media (use of sticks, stones, wood etc.) so as not to make it bulky.
3. The bible verse and the explanation should be placed on the second page of your worksheet
together with your name and section. Note: If the chosen verse is symbolic in nature, the
explanation of the verse should not be taken in its “literal sense”.
4. The verse and explanation should be related to the Social issue that you want to address.
5. The bible verse can be taken from any of the books of the bible from the book of Genesis to the
book of Revelations.
6. The reflection and explanation of the SOCIAL, POLITICAL, and CULTURAL nature of the current
issue should have a minimum of 5 sentences and a maximum of 7 sentences.
7. The following criteria will be applied in the grading of the Performance task. (see Analytic Rubric)
8. For Online learners who will be using the traditional form, take a clear picture of your output and
paste it on your worksheet.
 “THE ART OF GOD’S WORD”
Name Year and Section

Bible Verse: -Mt. 11:28

Come to me all who are weary and burdened and I will give
you rest

Explanation: Biblical verse in relation to social issue

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Social Issues in different perspectives
SOCIAL:
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CULTURAL
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POLITICAL
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DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
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RUBRIC

Category Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning

The reflection clearly The reflection clearly The reflection clearly The reflection does
shows the shows the shows the not clearly show the
Content interpretation on the interpretation on the interpretation on one interpretation on the
three aspects of two aspects of UCSP aspect of UCSP three aspects of
UCSP (Social, Political (Social, Political and (Social, Political and UCSP (Social,
and Cultural) Cultural) Cultural) Political and Cultural)
10 7 4 1
Completely shows the Accurately shows the Acceptably shows the Does not show the
relationship/ relationship/ relationship/ relationship/
interconnection of the interconnection of the interconnection of the interconnection of the
biblical passage you biblical passage you biblical passage you biblical passage you
chose in relation to the chose in relation to the chose in relation to the chose in relation to the
Interconnection
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL,
and POLITICAL and POLITICAL and POLITICAL and POLITICAL
nature of the Current nature of the Current nature of the Current nature of the Current
Issue. Issue. Issue. Issue.
10 7 4 1
References:
 Alejandria M.C. (2019). Understanding Culture Society and Politics (2nd Edition). 1229 Legaspi Village,
Makati City: Diwa Learning System Inc.
 Mactal R. et.al. (2016). Understanding Culture Society and Politics.927 Quezon Ave., Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
 Your Article Library (2014). Sociology. Retrieved from:
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/society/difference-between-norms-and-values-of-society/35068
 Introduction to Sociology.OpenStocks+SE.Retrived October 23, 2020