ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS
MODULE 3
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
 CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 3

2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2

2.2 GENERAL FORM 3

2.2.1 Identifying 3
Exercises 1 3

2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation 4

.ax2 + bx – c = 0
Exercises 2 4

2.3 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 6

2.3.1 Factorisation 6
Exercises 1 6

2.3.2 Completing the square 8

Exercises 1 8

2.3.3 Quadratic formula 10

Exercises 1 10

2.4 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 12

2.5 ASSESSMENT 13

ANSWERS 15

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 CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 3

2.1 CONCEPT MAP

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

GENERAL FORM
.ax2 + bx + c = 0

Factorization
=0
Completing the square

=0
Formula

ROOTS
x= ,

b2 – 4ac

> = 0 (Positive) =0 < = 0 (negative)

Two different Two No real

roots Equal roots
roots

Types of roots

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2.2 GENERAL FORM

2.2.1 Identifying

Example 1 Example 2

4x + 3 = 2x x(x + 5) = 7
2x + 3 = 0 x2 + 5x - 7 = 0
The highest power of variable x is 1 The highest power of variable x is 2
Therefore 4x + 3 = 2x is not a quadratic Therefore x(x + 5) = 7 is a quadratic
equation equation

Exercises 1
Identify which of the following are quadratic equation

1. 3=
.2. x(2x + 3) = x - 7

3. ( x + 4 )(2x – 6) + 3 = 0 4. (3m + 5)2 = 8m

5. x (7 - 2x + 3x2) = 0 6. 3x2 – 5 = 2x( x + 4)

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2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation .ax2 + bx – c = 0

Example 1 Example 1

.x2 = 5x – 9
.x2 – 5x + 9 = 0 4x =

Compare with the general form 4x(x) = x2 – 2x

.ax2 + bx – c = 0 4x2 - x2 – 2x = 0
3x2 – 2x = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9 Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

Exercises 2
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c

1. 3x =
.2. (2x + 5) =

3. x( x + 4 ) = 3 .4. (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3

6. x2 + px = 2x - 6
5. =

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7. px (2 – x) = x – 4m 8. (2x – 1)(x + 4) = k(x – 1) + 3

9. (7 – 2x + 3x2) = 10. 7x – 1 =

2.3. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.3.1 Factorisation

Example 1 Example 2

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 .x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 x + 3 3x 4(x +3) = x(2x – 1)
( x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 .x + 2 2x 4x + 12 = 2x2 - x
.x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 2x2 - 5x - 12 = 0
.x = -3 x =-2 .x2 + 6 5x (2x + 3)(x - 4) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or x - 4 = 0
Therefore, The roots of the equation are
.x = x= 4
.x = -3 and -2
Therefore, The roots of the equation
are
.x = and 4

Exercises 3
Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation

1. x2 + 3x - 4 = 0 2. x2 -2x = 15

3. 4x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 4. 3x2 - 7x + 2 = 0

5. x2 = 3x – 2 6. x(2x - 5) = 12

7. 8x2 + x = 21(1 – x) 8. (2y – 1)(y + 4) = -7

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9. 4y - =3 10. =m

2.3.2. Completing the square

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Example 1 Example 2
Rearrange in the
form
.x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 .x2 + px = q 2x2 -5x – 1 = 0
.x2 - 6x = -7 2x2 – 5x = 1 Change the
coefficient
.x – 6x +
2
=-7 + .x -
2
x = of x2 to 1

.x2 – 6x + (-3)2 = -7 + (-3)2 Add .x2 - x+ = +

(x - 3)2 = 2
.x – 3 =
.x = 3 To both sides = +
.x = 3 + or 3 -
.x = 4.414 or 1.586
=

.x - = =

.x = + or -

.x = or
.x = 2.686 or -0.186

Exercises 4
Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square

1. (x + 3 )2 = 16 2. (5x - 4)2 = 24

3. x2 - 8x + 12 = 0 4. 3x2 + 6x – 2 = 0

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5. 5x2 – 7x + 1 = 0 6. 2x2 – 3x – 4 = 0

7. (x + 1)(x - 5) = 4
8. 1 - =

2.3.3 Quadratic formula

Example 1 Example 2

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.x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 3x2 = 4x + 2
.a = 1, b = 5, c = 2 3x2 - 4x – 2 = 0
.a = 3, b = -4 , c = - 2
Using the formula x = Using the formula

.x = .x =

.x = = =

.x = or =

= - 0.438 or - 4.562 .x = or
= 1.721 and – 0.387

Exercises 5
Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula

1. x2 – 11x + 28 = 0 2. –x2 – 3x + 5 = 0

3. 2x2 + 11x + 9 = 0 4. 3x2 + 14x – 9 = 0

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5. 10x(2x – 1) – 8 = x(2x + 35) 6. (x – 1)(4x – 9) + 7 = 10x

7. = 2v 8. =2

9. + =1 10. +3=

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2.4 PAST YEARS QUESTIONS

SPM 2001. PAPER 1 Question 3

1. Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x + 3) = ( x + 4)(1 - x). Give your answer
correct to four singnificant figures.

SPM 2003. PAPER 1 Question 3

1. Solve the quadratic equasion 2x(x – 4) = (1 – x)(x + 2)

Give your answer correct to four significant figures.

2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)

1. Express 3x2 – 2px = 5x - 7p in genegal from

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2. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x = 12

3. Find the roots of = ,

4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x2 – 5x – 1 = x(4x - 2)

5. Solve the quadratic equation (5x – 3)(x + 1) = x(2x – 5) .

Give your answer correct to four significant figures.

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6. Given the equation x2 + 4x – 5 = (x – a)2 + b , find the values of a and b

ANSWERS

Exercises 1
1. No 2. Yes

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3. Yes 4. Yes
5. No 6. Yes

Exercises 2
1. 6x2 – 5 = 0
2. 2x2 + 5x – 7 = 0
3. x2 + 4x – 3 = 0
4. x2 + x – 5 = 0
5. x2 + 7x – 20 = 0
6. x2 + (p – 2)x + 6 = 0
7. px2 + (1 – 2p)x – 4m = 0
8. 2x2 + (7 - k) x + k – 7 = 0
9. 9x2 - 7x + 20 = 0
10. 6x2 + x = 0
a= 6, b = 0, c = -5
a = 2 , b = 5 , c = -7
a = 1, b = 4 , c = - 3
a = 1, b = 1, c = -5
a = 1, b = 7, c = -20
a= 1, b=(p – 2), c= 6
a = p , b = (1 – 2p) , c = -4m
a = 2, b = (7 - k), c = (k – 7)
a = 9, b = -7 c = 20
a = 6, b = 1, c = 0

Exercises 3
1. 1, -4 2. 5, -3
3. , - 4. ,2

5. 1, 2 6. 4,

7. , 7. , -3

9. ,1 10. 1,

Exercises 4
1. 1, -7 2. 1.77, - 0.17
3. 2, 6 4. 0.457 , - 1.437
5. 0.161, 1.239 6. 2.351 , - 0.851
7. 5.60, -1.60 8. 1.823, -0.823

Exercises 5
1. 4, 7 2. 1.191, - 4.191
3. -1, 4. 0.573 , -5.239
5. 2.667, - 0.169 6. 0.810, 4.94

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7. 2, 8. 5.192, -1.925
9. 2.812, - 0.119 10. -0.403, -3.069

PAST YEARS QUESTIONS

1. 0.393, -3.393 2. 2.591, -0.2573

ASSESSMENT

1. 3x2 – (2p + 5)x + 7p = 0

2. , 4
3. – 3, 1
4. - 0.5, -1
5. 0.370, -2.70
6. a = 2, b = -9

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