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MINI-PROJECT
On

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Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Submitted by

19F61A0200 – Name of the Student

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi, An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam road, PUTTUR-517583, A.P
2021

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SIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi, An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road, Puttur-517583, A.P

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report titled “XXXXXXX” that is being
submitted by 19F65A0200 – NAME OF THE STUDENT in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering to JNTUA,
ANANTAPURAMU. The results embodied in this MINI-PROJECT report
have not been submitted to any other University for award of any degree.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Dr. J.GOWRISHANKAR, MTech, Ph.D Dr. N. Ramesh Raju MTech., Ph.D

PROFESSOR HOD & PROFESSIOR

Submitted for the MINI-PROJECT report on ……………..

CONTENTS

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CHAPTER NO. NEME OF THE CONTENT PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
DECLARATION 6
ABSTRACT 7
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 8
CHAPTER 2 WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION (WPT)
BACKGROUND 9-10
CHAPTER-3 TECHNICAL SESSION ON SPS 11
CHAPTER-4 WHY SPS 12-13
CHAPTER-5 BASIC STRUCTURE OF SOLAR POWER
SATELITE 14-15
CHAPTER-6 TRANSMISSION 16-17
CHAPTER-7 TYPES OF WPT 18

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE
NO.
1. Complete WPT system via SPS 10
2. SPS 13
3. Solar collectors 14
4. Receiving antenna 14
5. Wireless Power Transmission 17
6. Antennas 25
7. Solar power satellite 29

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Acknowledgement

An endeavour of a long period can be successful only with the advice of many
well-wishers. I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to all
those who encouraged me for successfully completion of the project work.
We wish to express our profound and sincere gratitude to Dr. J Gowrishankar,
Professor of Electrical and electronics engineering, Siddharth Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Puttur, who guided us into the intricacies of this project with utmost clarity.
We would also like to extend our gratitude to Dr. N. Ramesh Raju , Head of the
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department for his encouragement and for
providing the facilities to carry out the work in a successful manner.
We are thankful to Dr. K. Chandrasekhar Reddy, Principal for his encouragement
and support.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. K. Indiraveni, Vice- Chairman, and
Dr. K. Ashok Raju, Chairman of Siddharth Group of Institutions, Puttur, for providing
ample facilities to complete the project work.
We would also like to thank all the faculty and staff of the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Department, for helping us to complete the project work.
Very importantly, we would like to place on record our profound indebtedness to
our parents and families for their substantial moral support and encouragement through
our studies

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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project report entitled XXXXXXXXXXXXX” is
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
bachelor of technology in electrical and electronics engineering is a record of bonafide
work carried out by us and the results embodied in this project report have not been
reproduced or copied from any sources and not submitted to any other university or
institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Date:
Place:

By
Nam of the Student 19F61A0200

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ABSTRACT

This paper reports on the futuristic advances in power transmission through

microwaves. Sun is a limitless source of energy. A space power satellite (sps) orbiting
round the earth traps solar energy and generates electric power using photovoltaic cells of
sizable area. Sps transmits the generated power via a microwave beam to the receiving
rectenna site on earth. A rectenna (rectifying antenna) comprises of a mesh of dipoles and
diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converts it into electric
power. We can in fact directly convert solar energy into electrical energy with the use of
solar cells, but this process will be affected by day/night cycles, weather, and seasons.
We are aware of the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave. Light rays never diffuse in
space & if by any means these rays can be transmitted from space to earth then it will be
a perfect solution for our desired need of 24 hrs power supplies. The 21ST century
endeavors and approaches for establishing human race in space can come true only if the
basic requirement of human beings is satisfied i.e. 24HRS power, which can be
efficiently served by rectenna. This paper presents the concept & evolution of satellite
power system, sps2000 (a research work by isas) and the impact of microwave power
transmission (mpt) on space plasma. In near future conventional power sources cannot
meet total power demand, for which sps is a best solution.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

A major problem facing Planet Earth is provision of an adequate supply of clean

energy. It has been that we face "...three simultaneous challenges -- population growth,
resource consumption, and environmental degradation -- all converging particularly in the
matter of sustainable energy supply." It is widely agreed that our current energy practices will
not provide for all the world's peoples in an adequate way and still leave our Earth with a
livable environment. Hence, a major task for the new century will be to develop sustainable
and environmentally friendly sources of energy.Projections of future energy needs over this
new century show an increase by a factor of at least two and one Half, perhaps by as much
as a factor of five. All of the scenarios from references indicate continuing use of fossil
sources nuclear, and large hydro. However, the greatest increases come from "new
renewable" and all scenarios show extensive use of these sources by 2050. Indeed, the
projections indicate that the amount of energy derived from new renewable by 2050 will
exceed that presently provided by oil and gas combined. This would imply a major change in
the world's energy infrastructure. It will be a Herculean task to acquire this projected amount
of energy.
This author asserts that there are really only a few good options for meeting the
additional energy needs of the new century in an environmentally acceptable way.One of the
so-called new renewable on which major reliance is almost certain to be placed is solar
power. Solar power captured on the Earth is familiar to all. However, an alternative approach
to exploiting solar power is to capture it in space and convey it to the Earth by wireless
means. As with terrestrial capture, Space Solar Power (SSP) provides a source that is
virtually carbon-free and sustainable. As will be described later, the power-collecting
platforms would most likely operate in geosynchronous orbit where they would be illuminated
24 hours a day (except for short eclipse periods around the equinoxes).Thus, unlike systems
for the terrestrial capture of solar, a space-based system would not be limited by the
vagaries of the day-night cycle. Furthermore, if the transmission frequency is properly
chosen, delivery of power can be carried out essentially independent of weather conditions.
Thus Space Solar Power could provide base load electricity.

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CHAPTER-2

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION (WPT)

BACKGROUND
The vision of achieving WPT on a global scale was proposed over 100 years
ago .when Nikola Tesla first started experiments with WPT, culminating with the construction
of a tower for WPT on Long Island, New York, in the early 1900s. Tesla's objective was to
develop the technology for transmitting electricity to anywhere in the world without wires. He
filed several patents describing wireless power transmitters and receivers. However, his
knowledge of electrical phenomena was largely empirical and he did not achieve his
objective of WPT, although he was awarded the patent for wireless radio in 1940.
The development of WPT was not effectively pursued until the 1960s when the U.S. Air
Force funded the development of a microwave-powered helicopter platform. A successful
demonstration of a microwave beam-riding helicopter was performed in 1965. This
demonstration proved that a WPT system could be constructed and that effective microwave
generators and receivers could be developed for efficient conversion of microwaves into DC
electricity.

The growing interest in solar energy conversion methods and solar energy applications in
the 1960s and the limitations for producing cost-effective base load. power caused by
adverse weather conditions and diurnal changes led to the solar power satellite concept in
1968 as a means to convert solar energy with solar cell arrays into electricity and feed it to a
microwave generator forming part of a planar, phased-array antenna. In geosynchronous
orbit, the antenna would direct a microwave beam of very low power density precisely to one
or more receiving antennas at desired locations on Earth. At a receiving antenna, the
microwave energy would be safely and very efficiently reconvened into electricity and then
transmitted to users. The first technical session on solar power satellites (SPS) was held in
1970 at the International Microwave Power Institute Symposium at which representatives of
Japan, European countries, and the former Soviet Union were present. Based on preliminary
studies, a plan for an SPS program was prepared by an NSF/NASA panel in 1972 and the
first feasibility study of SPS was completed for NASA/Lewis Research Center in 1974 .

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Shortly after the "oil shock" of October 1973, Japan staned to implement the Sunshine Plan
to develop renewable energy sources Japan's Plan included, as a long term objective, the
development of SPS Back in the US in 1975, a successful demonstration of microwave
wireless power transmissions was performed at the NASA Deep Space Antenna facility at
Goldstone, California. In this demonstration of point-to-point WPT. 30 kW of microwaves
were beamed over a distance of one mile to a receiving antenna Microwaves were converted
directly into DC at an average efficiency of 82%, confounding critics who claimed that such
high conversion effilencies could not be achieved. By 1976 engineering, environmental and
economic analyses of several SPS concepts had been performed by NASA the office of
Management and Budget, in its deliberations on the Fry 1977 budget,

Fig;2.1 Complete WPT system via SPS

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four basic steps to convert sunlight into electricity

• Capture solar energy in space and convert it to electricity

• Transform the electricity to radio frequency energy and transmit it to Earth
• Receive the radio frequency energy on Earth and convert it back to electricity
• Provide the electricity to the utility grid

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CHAPTER-3

TECHNICAL SESSION ON SPS

The first technical session on solar power satellites (SPS) was held in 1970 at the
International Microwave Power Institute Symposium at which representatives of Japan,
European countries, and the former Soviet Union were present.

Based on preliminary studies, a plan for an SPS program was prepared by an NSF/NASA
panel in 1972 and the first feasibility study of SPS was completed for NASA/Lewis Research
Center in 1974. Shortly after the "oil shock" of October 1973, Japan staned to implement the
Sunshine Plan to develop renewable energy sources.

Japan's Plan included, as a long term objective, the development of SPS. Back in the U.S. in
1975, a successful demonstration of microwave wireless power transmissions was
performed at the NASA Deep Space Antenna facility at Goldstone, California.

In this demonstration of point-to-point WPT, 30 kW of microwaves were beamed over a

distance of one mile to a receiving antenna.

Microwaves were converted directly into DC at an average efficiency of 82%, confounding

critics who claimed that such high conversion efficiencies could not be achieved.

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CHAPTER-4

WHY SPS
Increasing global energy demand is likely to continue for decades. Renewable energy
is a compelling approach – both philosophically and in engineering terms. However, many
renewable energy sources are limited in their ability to affordably provide the base load power
required for global industrial development and prosperity, because of inherent land and water 
requirements. The burning of fossil fuels resulted in an abrupt decrease in their.it also led to the
greenhouse effect and many other environmental problems.  Nuclear power seems to be an
answer for global warming, but concerns about terrorist attacks on Earth bound nuclear power
plants have intens environmentalist opposition to nuclear power. Moreover, switching on to the
natural fission reactor, the sun, yields energy with no waste products. Earth based solar panels
receives only a part of the solar energy. It will be affected by the day & night effect and other
factors such as clouds. So it is desirable to place the solar panel in the space itself, where, the
solar energy is collected and converted in to electricity which is then converted to a highly direct
microwave beam for transmission. This microwave beam, which can be directed to any desired
location on Earth surface, can be collected and then converted   back to electricity. This concept
is more advantageous than conven methods. Also the microwave energy, chosen for transmission,
can unimpeded through clouds and precipitations

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Fig;4.1 SPS

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CHAPTER-5

BASIC STRUCTURE OF SOLAR POWER SATELLITE

The concept of the Solar Power Satellite (SPS) is very simple. It is a gigantic satellite
designed as an electric power plant orbiting in the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) as
shown in Fig. 1. and fig 2. It consists of mainly three segments.

1) Solar energy collector to convert the solar energy into DC (direct current) electricity

2) DC-to-microwave converter.

3) Large antenna array to beam the microwave power to the ground.The solar collector can
be either photovoltaic cells or a solar thermal turbine. Fig. 4.1 Solar collectors Fig.4. 2

Fig.5.1.Solar collectors

Fig.5.2.Receiving antenna

Receiving antennaThe DC-to-microwave converter of the SPS can be either a microwave

tube system or a semiconductor system, or their combination. The third segment is a gigantic
antenna array. The SPS system has that advantage of producing electricity with much higher
efficiency than a photovoltaic system on the ground.

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Since SPS is placed in space in GEO, there is no atmospheric absorption, the solar input
power is about 30% higher density than the grounds solar power density, and power is
available 24 hours a day without being affected by weather conditions.

It is confirmed that the eclipses would not cause a problem on a grid because their
occurrences are precisely predictable.

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CHAPTER-6

TRANSMISSION

Solar power from the satellite is sent to Earth using a microwave transmitter. This
transmission is transmitted to the relevant position via an antenna. The transmission is
transmitted through space and atmosphere and received on earth by an antenna called the
rectenna. Recent developments suggest using laser by using recently developed solid state
lasers allow efficient transfer of power. A range of 10% to 20% efficiency within a few years
can be attained, but further experimentation still required taking into consideration the
possible hazards that it could cause to the eyes.

In comparison to laser transmission microwave transmission is more developed, has high

efficiency up to 85%, beams is far below the lethal levels of concentration even for a
prolonged exposure. The microwave transmission designed has the power level well below
the international safety standard (Frequency 2.45 GHz microwave beam).

The electric current generated from the photovoltaic cells is passed through a magnetron
which converts the electric current to electromagnetic waves. This electromagnetic wave is
passed through a waveguide which shapes the characteristics of the electromagnetic wave.
Effectiveness of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) depends on many parameters.

Only a part of WPT system is discussed below, which includes radiating and receiving
antennas and the environment between them. The wave beam is expanded proportionately
to the propagation distance and a flow power density is increased inversely proportional to
the square of this distance.

However the WPT has some peculiarities, which will be mentioned here. WPT systems
require transmitting almost whole power that is radiated by the transmitting side. So, the
useful result is the power quantity at the receiving antenna, but not the value of field
amplitude as it is usually required. Efficiency of WPT systems is the ratio of energy flow,
which is intercepted 6

The microwave power transmission technique employs propagating electromagnetic waves

in the microwave frequency range as the carrier of wireless power. ... Second, the
conversion efficiency between DC power and microwave power is usually higher than that
between DC power and optical power.

LASERS TRANSMIT ELECTRICITY

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A laser beam, by itself, cannot conduct electricity because it contains no charge carriers
such as electrons to produce a current flow. However, if a laser beam of sufficient power
density is transmitted through a gas, such as our atmosphere, a small amount of ionization of
the gas molecules will occur.

Fig;6.1 Wireless Power Transmission

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CHAPTER-7

TYPES OF WPT

Two types of WPT:

1) Ground based power transmission

2) Space based power transmission But Space-based power transmission is preferred over
Ground-based power transmission. Ground is (obviously) cheaper per noontime watt, but:

• Space gets full power 24 hours a day

.3X or more Watt-hours per day per peak watt .

.No storage required for nighttime power

• Space gets full power 7 days a week – no cloudy days

• Space gets full power 52 weeks a year

– No long winter nights, no storms, no cloudy seasons

• Space delivers power where it’s needed

– Best ground solar sites (deserts) are rarely near users

• Space takes up less, well, space

– Rectennas are 1/3 to 1/10 the area of ground arrays

– Rectennas can share land with farming or other users.

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CHAPTER-8

REFERENCE

* P.E. Glaser «Method and Apparatus for Converting Solar radiation to Electrical
Powers, U.S. Patent 3 781 647, 1973.

* R Bryan Erb, "Space-Based Solar Power How Soon and How Much?". 49 th Congress of
the International Astronautical Federation. Paper IAF-98-R 2 02. Melboume, Australia,
September 28 - October 2, 1998.

* WEC/MASA. Global Energy Perspectives, Nakicenovic, Nebojsa, et al. Cambridge

University Press, 1998.

* P. E. Glaser, "An overview of the solar power satellite option," IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol 40, no. 6. pp. 1230 1238, June 1992.

* W.C. Brown and E. E Eves, "Beamed microwave power transmission and its
application to space." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. vol 40,
no 6, June 1992.

* World Energy Council, "Energy for Tomorrow's World Acting Now", WECStatement
2000, www.worldenergy.org.

* www.nspri.com.

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