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Moral_Thesis-1-with-chapter-2- nal-
paper revision
1 2
"Use of a Ramform Titan Hull on a 67 meters Roll on/Roll off Passenger Vessel"
by:
John Miko Moral
3
Francis Jay Orehuela
A Project Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Cebu – METC Campus
Alumnos, Mambaling Cebu City
In Partial Ful llment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Naval Architecture
and Marine Engineering

December 2021
APPROVAL SHEET
4
This thesis paper entitles "Use of a Ramform Titan Hull on a 67 meters Roll
5
on/Roll off Passenger Vessel" has been prepared and submitted by John Miko
6 7
C. Moral and Francis Jay D. Orehuela in partial ful llment of the requirements
for the degree Bachelor of Science in Naval Architecture and Marine
8 9 10
Engineering and is hereby examined, accepted and approved.
11
Engr. Jackly Antolihao-Descartin
Adviser
Engr. Benson Jade Madriaga Engr. Christhakis Nodalo

Panel Member Panel Member
Engr. Jelie Enad-Agostilo

Chairman of the Panelist

Engr. Greg Belongilot

College Dean
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITTLE PAGE i
APPROVAL PAGE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ABSTRACT vii
518
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Related Readings
Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis and Justi cation
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Signi cane of the Study
Scope of Limitation

De nition of Terms
Chapter 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology
Research Design
Data Gathering Procedures
Data Gatherign Instruments
StaticalTreatment
518
2
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1.1 Introduction
12,13 14
One of the mostly used means of transportation in a place that have multitude
15 16 17
of islands, like the Philippines are vessels; could be any type depending on the
18
usage. Vessels, being cheaper and having the capacity to accommodate bulk
19 20
cargoes to be transported in one port to another made the trading affordable as
21 18
well as pro table for the merchants. Due to inclement weather, unexpected
22 23 24
delays in transportation is unabideable therefore numerous reports surfaces.
18 25 26
Being unable to lay hold of the strong waves therefore possible uke during the

voyage could be experienced; poor stability, substandard cargo lashing,

27 28
inadequate cargo loading could also be the grounds of certain mishaps.
The commonly used vessel in this archipelagic country is the Ropax vessel in
18
terms of shipment of commodities together with passengers. The researchers
29
focused their study in improving the stability issues or rather the capsizing of
the RoRo Passenger vessel by modifying the hull of the vessel; applying the
Ramform Titan hull as an alternative to assist in improving the safety of the
30 18
individuals during travels. As having high stability could not only guarantee an
31 32
extra assurance for the crews along with passenger's safety in addition to their
33 18 34
comfortability during travels. On the grounds that the Ramform Titan hull
35
having a unique shape; wide breadth, having the characteristic of a trimaran
18 36
built as a monohull when gazing from the top view. On account of the wide hull
37 38
of the Ramform Titan hull it is most likely that the stability of the vessel would
39 40
escalate which due likely could reduce vessel's capsizing.
518 41
The researchers intended to utilize the characteristics of the Ranform Titan hull
42
to be made as an advantage for a modi ed hull of RoRo vessel, although the
43 44 18 4
design of the vessel is unique it doesn't affect its ef ciency. For the reason that
46 47 48
the Ramform Titan hull has wide beam it's intelligible that the capacity would
49
also increase, rather than the normal capacity loads of a conventional RoRo
50 18,51 52
passenger vessel . Also the Ramform Titan hull has a high stability that
53
minimizes the need for signi cant ballasting, hence increasing the useful load
54 55
carrying capacity of the vessel.
In order to deliver a solution and ef cient shipping industry services, the
researchers modi ed the traditional RoRo vessel hull to resemble the Ramform
56 18 57
Titan Vessel hull. The spacious aft deck is ideal for transport, cargo, and some
18 58
other equipment. The researchers focus to the design of the Ramform Titan hull
59 60
to be bene cial for the ship industry seeing that the study could give light to

61
some feasible counter solutions to some drawbacks that passenger vessels
have been experiencing.
62
1.2 The Review of Related Litrature
63
1.2. 1 Related Readings
519 64 65
The In uence of ship's stability on safety of navigation
520 66
For a vessel to be considered seaworthy, it needs to have an intact stability,
67
therefore, all parties involved in the ship's operations should be well-informed
regarding this matter and provide the necessary conditions for the ship to have
68 69
satisfactory level of stability making sure in this way that both the ship and
18
those on board will be safe in all conditions. In order to maintain a ship in a
70
seaworthiness condition all the time, basic technological knowledge is
71
necessary on the following aspects: trim, stability, ship's construction and
18
stress. The former researchers consider a ship to be seaworthy when it comes
to stability if the following two conditions are ful lled:
518 18
1. While at sea, the ship shall never experience trouble in its stability at the
72 18 73 74 75
beginning nor the end of the voyage. For example when the ship encounter loss
76
of power during voyage, there are some times that the sea has a strong wind
77 18
and strong waves that can affect the stability of the ship. The ship shall be
stable until the Engineers resolve the problem.
18 78
2. The worst conjunction of wind and waves that can possible be encountered
79
during the given voyage shall not cause the ship to roll beyond the safe
18
effective range of heel. Two of the most relevant reasons which endanger the
initial stability of a ship are:
80
a.) When under the action of wave and wind pressure, the ship is very easily
heeled.
81
b.) When a certain course is maintained and is a great tendency for cargo to
82
shift so that the angle of heel is continuously increasing and tends to become

83 84
greater .
85 8
The ship needs to have a suf cient margin in its metacentric height therefore if
there would be a situation of loss of stability feasible solution would be applied
87 18 88
easily as well as maintaining the limit for level of safety. Even so, before
519
starting the voyage, many situations are identi ed in which the metacentric
520 18
height is quite accurately known. Moreover, there are cases in which the
89
metacentric height is more accurately determined, but still no reassurance may
be given about the ship's stability for the whole voyage.
90
During the voyage, the ship should be veri ed at all times, because sometimes
91 92
it might be necessary to commence voyage with a higher metacentric height, in
93 94 18
order to counteract conditions which arise at later stages. The safe limit of
95 96
ship's intact stability depends mainly on two very important factors:
18 18 97
1. Nature of the carried cargo. Properties of cargo limit the safe effective range
of the ship (such as angle of response in case of liquefaction and shifting of
518
bulk cargoes).
18
2. Environmental factors.
521
Extreme weather conditions are the dominant environmental factors that can
98 18
affect the intact stability of a ship. Some effects of such weather conditions
99 100
are the rolling angle, water on deck and shifting of cargo which are actually
101 18,102
effects of both wind and waves. This is why weather is considered one of the
18
most determining factors in uencing safety at sea. Ship's behavior is also
103 104
in uenced by the forces of wind and sea which sometimes have a strong effect,
105 106 107,108 109
but in spite of these effect a ship which is properly built with the necessary
18
strengthening shall not be affected by ravages of the open sea. Even so, a
110 111
problem which is not yet properly solved on the international level is the issue
of rolling movement of the ship in rough seas.

112 113 114

Basic elements are considered to be part of the ship's stability system: ship,
115 18
environmen. Analysis of accidents caused by loss of the ship stability results in
the following causes which may be attributed to such accidents:
18
1. Functional aspects determined by stability characteristics,
519 18 116
2. External causes, such as environment, resulting from independent factors
520 117 18
which beyond the control of designers, builders and operators. The necessary
118 119
level of safety may when it comes to ship's stability may be reached only by
18,12
considering all elements which contribute to the stability system. Nowadays
121 122
safety regulations do not provide full guarantee concerning safety, especially
for newly designed ships, and this is because part of the maritime accidents
123 124
happen due to a faulty or bad design of the ship.
125
This is why it is considered to be almost impossible to design a perfect ship as
in one which would not be affected by any dangers caused by bad weather or
126 18
any other statistically probable dangerous situations. Therefore, the three main
518 127
components mentioned above are able to reduce the probability of a disaster.
18 128
Even so, another important aspect here is identifying the main causes which
521 129 18
affect stability. Thus, the main methods used in order to identify the possible
hazards affecting a ship are:
18
1. Analysis of loss of stability data casualties;
18 130
2. Statistical analysis of cause of casualties available in various sources;
18
3. Detailed description of ship stability casualties.
13
Marine accidents caused by failures in Ship stability, a serious threat to safety
of navigation
132
Maritime transportation is considered to be the fundamental trading means of
133
transport all over the word due to the overwhelming coverage of the earth by
18
seas and oceans. Humanity's needs from this point of view are covered by a

134 135 136

522
huge number of vessels of various sizes and types, specialized on cargo and
137 18 138
passenger trade. Billions of tons of raw materials and nished goods are
18
carried on board ships, between ports, in the proper necessary conditions. In
the age of electronic navigation and the satellite era, accidents continue to
519 18
occur at sea. Safety for maritime transportation is increased by numerous
520
technical measures, such as building safer ships, developing new and more
139
ef cient methods of transportation, training of human resources, increasing
140 141 18,14
traf c surveillance and control, issuing new regulations, etc . Nevertheless,
143 144
accident statistics show that these measures are not enough and sometimes
18
unable to prevent shipping accidents. Accidents with catastrophic
18 145
consequences still happen. Any shipping accident, in spite of its nature, is
every seafarer's nightmare should it occur in a con ned area, like a channel or
146 18 147 148
a strait where the traf c is heavy. On the other hand, a serious shipping
149
accident becomes even more critical if caused by shifting of cargo or ooding
518 150
thus possibly affecting the ship's stability if exacerbated by heavy weather.
18
There are also accidents where the issue becomes environmental due to oil
521 18 18
spillage. The causes leading to shipping accidents are many and complex. One
of the primary reasons is building larger and larger ships providing an increased
18
cargo capacity. Hence, when an accident occurs, the loss becomes higher. On
18,151 152
the other hand, large ships are characterized by reduced manoeuvrability
153 18
which is also an increased risk and contributing factor in such situations. In
154
order to identify the characteristics of such accidents and to achieve an
estimate of successful safety measures, a statistical study of shipping
155 156
accidents represents an important and effective tool, which has been often
157 18,158 159
used by governments and experts all over the world. This is an important factor
for providing references for the maritime safety administrations, having to
160 18
make reasonable safety decisions, and for seafarers, to be cautious. The

161
522
different types of shipping accidents and their impact on safety of navigation
18
differ from one another. Capsizing, listing, foundering, grounding and
stranding, structural failure, machinery damage, re or explosion, collision or
162 163
contact, are the best examples.
519
General stability criteria
520
The IS Code 2008 presents the general stability criteria almost unchanged from
A.167.
164
Integrated area below the lever arm curves has to reach the following minimum
values:
18
1. The area under righting lever curve (GZ curve) shall not be less than 0.055
165
meter radians up to 30 degrees heeling angle
18
2. The area under righting lever curve (GZ curve) shall not be less than 0.090
166
meter radians up to 40 degrees heeling angle or the angle of down- ooding if
518
this is less than 40 degrees
521 18
3. The area under the righting lever arm curve (GZ curve) between the heeling
angles of 30 degrees and 40 degrees or between 30 degrees and the angle of
down- ooding, if this is less than 40 degrees, shall not be less than 0.03
meter-radians
1
The righting lever GZ shall be at least 0.2 m at a heeling angle equal to or grater
than 30°:
The maximum righting lever shall occur at an angle of heel not less than 25°: (
25 ) 0
The initial metacentric height GM0 shall not be less than 0.15 m:

522
GM0 ³ 0.15m
18
Figure 1. Range of stability
The Code is still based on the same assumptions, according to which the ship
519
indicator of stability is the righting arm curve on calm water. (Panagiotellis &
520
Spyrou, n.d.)
The second generation intact stability
168
The onset year in the development of second generation intact stability criteria,
was 2002 as it had become perceptible that the development of naval
170
architecture in the hydrodynamic section had led to the introduction of ner
523
hull forms for containerships and RoRo ships, with by far greater ef ciency but
on the other hand more prone to stability failures in waves such as restoring
171 18
arm variation problems. However, due to the priority of revising IS Code, the
172
actual work on second generation intact stability criteria was started in
518 173 174 175 176
September 2005 where the 48th session of SLF working group decided that the
177
second generation intact stability criteria should be performance based and
521 18
focused on three modes of stability failures 1. Parametric excitation and pure
18 18
loss of stability 2. Stability under dead ship condition 3. Maneuvering related
178
problems such as broaching-to After years of discussion the rst draft of the
second generation intact stability criteria was published in December 2014 by
179
Sub-Committee of ship design and construction.
Level 1 check requires simple calculations in order to detect apparent
180 181
vulnerabilities and its concept is highly conservative in an effort to ensure that
182 18
a vessel does not have the danger of capsizing in waves in any case. For
183
instance it is widely understood that bulk carriers or VLCC vessels do not
184
comfort problems with restoring arm variation in waves, due to their hull form
185 18,186 187,188 189
design. However a such type ship will pass easily level 1 check for pure loss of

522
stability and parametric rolling in contrast with a container vessel or a ne-
190
designed RoRo ship.
191 192
Level 2 , on the other hand, check requires quite complex calculations which
include the numerical solution of high order algebraic equations or numerical
519
solution of non-linear ordinary differential equations, or even numerical
520 18
solution of integral equations. They are also based on a risk assessment
193
procedure in order to include the probability of capsize in a proven dangerous
194 18 195
sea-state condition. The wave cases on which calculation are based are those
196 197 198 199
of IACS wave scatter diagram of North Atlantic at winter that correspond to the
200 201
most adverse weather conditions, and as a result will be connected with an
523 202 203
unrestricted operation.
204,205 206,207 208
Level 3 , nally will probably include state of the art computational uid
209 210 211
dynamics methodologies and/or experimental procedures in order predict a
212 18,213
vessel's vulnerability for capsize. However many methods and numerical codes
518
may occur, and the issue that arises is how the compatibility between them will
be veri ed.
521
Generally, It should be mentioned that the concept of the criteria is based on
214
the assumption that a more detailed analysis is carried out on every next level
215 216 217
so the dif culty of passing is being reduced as the level is increasing .
(Panagiotellis & Spyrou, n.d.)
1.2.2 Related Literature
Ramform Launches Its Latest Titan-Class Vessel – Ramform Tethys
On March 17, PGS celebrated the Ramform Tethys, the latest Ramform Titan-
18
class. For the next 25 years, this new build will improve the Ramform Titan-
class acquisition platform.
"We are improving the Ramform Titan-class acquisition platform by increasing
18
power output and modifying the back deck. These vessels' main advantages

18
522
are ef ciency, reliability, and redundancy. Their ability to tow many streamers
allows for high data quality cross-line sampling and low acquisition costs "VP
Operations Per Arild Reksnes.
218
This extremely stable platform utilizes our GeoStreamer® technology to great
519 18 219
effect. Like her Titan-class sisters, she can adapt to any acquisition design.
520 18,220
Industry-leading safety, ef ciency, and productivity.
221 18
A new standard for seismic operations for the next 25 years. PGS President and
222
CEO Jon Erik Reinhardten says: "The Ramform Tethys, along with the other
Ramform Titan-class vessels, increases our eet productivity and
18
competitiveness. Ramform Tethys will add to PGS's ultra-high-end value
523
proposition in the current challenging market environment." (MI News Network,
2016)
Ramform - A New Vessel Concept Tor Haugland, PG2S Exploration AS.

518
The Ramform design
223 224
Ramform's design is de ned by its 40 meter maximum beam compared to its
521 225 18
80 meter total length. The transom's maximum beam gives the vessel an
18
unusual delta shape. In 1993, the Royal Norwegian Navy launched the Marjata,
18
a seismic survey vessel. The design had the potential to break traditional hull
18
design boundaries and provide bene ts for this use. The Ramform Explorer is
the Ramform seismic ship.
18 18
1. Stability. With its excellent form stability, the Ramform hull requires less
226,227 228 229 18
ballasting, increasing the vessel's useful load bearing capacity. The Ramform
Explorer can carry a minimum of twelve streamer cables, with a combined
cable and drum weight of around 240 tonnes.
18 18
2. internal volume. The transom can accommodate twelve streamer drums side
18
by side. The instrument room of the Ramform Explorer is over 400 square

18
522
meters. About three times the volume of regular ships.
18 18,230 231
3. Safety. They help crew ef ciency, reduce equipment handling requirements
232 18
in bad weather operations. Building watertight chambers inside the hull
233 234
increases vessel security.(Haugland and Tor, 1995)
519
1.2.3 Related Studies
520
Application Side Casing on Open Deck RoRo to Improve Ship Stability
A RoRo is a vessel that can transport passengers, cargo, containers, and cars.
18
The open car deck is the favorite RoRo vessel in developing countries due to its
235
small GT, small tax, and spacious car deck, but it has poor survival stability.
18 236
Many accidents involving open car deck RoRo cause fatalities and serious
524
523 18 237
injuries to victims. To ensure the safety of the ship, the IMO used intact
stability criteria IS Code 2008, which were adapted from Rahola's research, but
238
since 2008, the criteria have been improved to become probabilistic damage
239
stability SOLAS 2009.The RoRo type open car deck has a wide breadth (B),
518 240 18
small draft (D) and small freeboard. It has dif culties satisfying the ship's
18 241 242
stability criteria. Side casings which have been applied in some RoRo's have
521 18
been known to reduce freeboard and improve the ship's safety. This paper
24
investigated the effect of side casings on the survival of intact ships as well as
18,244,245
damage to the ship's stability. been conducted for four ships without existing
18
or full side casings. The investigation results show that tting side casing can
reduce the defect stability of Open Deck RoRo (Hasanudin et al., 2018).
246 247
Table 1: The main dimension of four RoRo open ear decks which got results
from a survey.
Dimension
Unit
Ship A
Ship B

522
Ship C
Ship D
Loa
519
520
M
44.5
55.51
56.26
524
523
55.72
248
Lpp
M
518
41.83
51.07
521
52.50
49.66
B
M
11.3
14.00
13.10
16.2
H

522
3.70
3.70
2.70
3.80
519
Fb
520
mm
909
275
564
760
524
523 249
Gt
862
1112
518
1172
1376
521
Nt
259
1305
352
413
Passengers
person

522
288
360
282
519
Cars
520
17
25
30
524
523
Crews
unit
18
19
518
22
521 250
The line plans are built in a computer model using Maxsurf Modeler as shown in
18
Figure 1. Ship A is an inboard side casing and ships B, C, and Dare outboard
side casings.
18
Figure 3. Lines Plan
251 252
Based on lines plan, the 3D hull model is built with the existing side casing as
18
shown in Figure 1. Ship A has the longest side casing, followed by ships C, D,
18 253
and B. The nest modeling is to build three variations of the model of the side
18 254 255 18
casing. Without side casing, existing side casing and full side casing. Models
256
without side casing are built only until the deck, whereas models with full side
257
casing are built continuously along the side of the ship.

522
Figure 4. 3D hull form of existing ships (existing side casing)

Intact Stability Analysis
These four ships are calculated with three variations of side casing: without
519 258 18
side casing, existing side casing, and full side casing. Each variation of side
520 259
casing uses 3 load-cases: load-case deepest subdivision draught, light service
18
draught, and partial subdivision draught. The result of the calculation can be
260
shown in table 2-5.
18
Table 2. Intact stability of ship without side casing
524
523
Ship
Intact Stability
(DS) Deepest Draft (DP) Partial Draft (DL) Lightest Draft

518 261
Full Load Departure Full Load Arrival Ballast Arrival
A
521
B
C
D
Pass
Fail
Fail
Fail
Pass
Fail
Fail
Fail

522
Pass
Fail
Fail
Fail
519
520 18
Table 3. Intact stability of ship with existing side casing
Ship
Intact Stability
524
523
262
A
B
518
C
D
521
Pass
Fail
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass

522
Pass
Table 2 shows that Ship A, without side casing, meets all IS Code 2008 Criteria
18 263 264 265
for all load cases. Ship B at its deepest load case does not comply with IS Code
519
2008 due to the area under curve GZ of 30°-40°, maximum GZ of 30° or greater,
520 266 18
and maximum angle GZ. At the maximum angle of GZ, Ship B does not
18
comply with IS Code 2008 under partial and light loading conditions. Ship C
267 18
fails only for all loading conditions, including deepest, partial, and lightest. It
268 269 18
doesn't ful l IS Code 2008 criteria for maximum GZ. Ship D fails only for all
270 18 271 272
loading conditions, including deepest, partial, and lightest. It doesn't ful l IS
524
523 18 273
Code 2008 criteria for maximum GZ. The area under curve GZ 30°-40° doesn't
274 275 18
ful l criteria at deepest and partial load case depth. All IS Code 2008 Criteria
for all load cases are met by Show Ships A, C, and D with existing side casings.
18 276
Ship B does not comply with IS Code 2008 at its deepest load case due to the
518
area under curve GZ 30°-40° 1.7189-meter degree, maximum GZ at 30° or
18
greater, and maximum angle GZ 25.0 degree. It is caused by the L/B of ship B
521
being too large.
18 277
Table 4. Intact stability of ship with full side casing
Ship
Intact Stability

278
A

522
B
C
D
Pass
519
Pass
520
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
524
523
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
518
Pass
521 18
Table 5. Intact stability of all ship
Ship
Intact Stability

279
A
B
C
D
Pass

522
Fail
Fail
Fail
519
Pass
520
Fail
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
524
523
Pass
Pass
Table 4 shows ships A, B, C, and D with full side casings that satisfy all IS Code
518
2008 Criteria for all load cases: deepest subdivision draught, light service
18,280
draught, and partial subdivision draught. Full side casing has a positive effect
521 18
on improving the survival of intact stability. Table 5 is a summary from table 1
18
until table 3. Adding a side casing can generally improve the survival of intact
18 281
stability. Ship A is the best ship which can satisfy the IS Code 2008 Criteria.
from the absence of a side casing to the presence of a side casing for ship B,
18 282
which does not ful ll IS Code 2008 criteria. When all ships use full side casing,
all IS Code 2008 requirements are satis ed.
Based on the analyses and discussion previously, it can be concluded that the
283
installation of side casing in an open car deck RoRo vessel is able to increase
18
the survivability of the intact stability and damage-probability stability. It could
284 18
be a solution for a ship which has defect stability. There are several detailed
285
conclusions which can be drawn; those are:

286
522
1. One of four ships currently operating in Bone Gulf, Celebes, Indonesia does
18
not comply with the IS Code 2008 criteria. The ship fails at a maximum GZ angle
of > 25°.
18
2. Based on the intact stability, almost all ships without side casing do not
519 18
comply with IS Code 2008. When adding existing casing, three-fourths of them
520 287 288
do comply with the criteria, and they all comply when a full side casing is
18 289
added. The full side casing installation has a signi cant in uence in increasing
the survival of intact stability.
18 290
3. Ships which satisfy IS Code 2008 do not always ful ll damage stability
18
criteria. There are only two ships with existing side casings that ful ll the
524
523 291
damage stability criteria.
4The probabilistic Damage Stability analysis stated that all ships without side
casings do not comply with SOLAS 2009, but when they add side casings, only
292 18 293
one ship does. All ships comply with SOLAS 2009 when they add full side
518 18
casing. It can be concluded that additional side casing increases survivability
and Probabilistic Damage Stability.
521 18
5. Ship A with all its variations, side cases, and load cases satis es IS Code
18
2008 Criteria and Damage Stability SOLAS 2009 Criteria. The best ship for
18
ful lling stability is ship A, followed by ship C, ship D, and ship B. Based on the
conclusions, there are several recommendations to increase the survivability of
294 18
a ship. Those are:
295
a.) For existing open-deck RoRo vessels which don't comply with intact
stability, damage stability can be modi ed with the installation of side casing
18 296
to comply with the criteria of stability. The new designed open car deck RoRo is
recommended for use with side casing.
b.)The analysis conducted in this paper neglected the water trap on the car
18
deck. It is assumed that the ingresses water in the car deck is directly wiped to

522
free port or dumped to sea by a scupper equipped with pumps.
297
Evaluation of IMO's 'Second generation' Iintact Sstability criteria investigation
298
for the possible impact on RoRo ship design and Operation
RoRo Ship design
519
The rst RoRo passenger ships in Europe were designed to carry a limited
520 299
number of passengers and were equipped with a small sized accommodation
18
superstructure. The hulls were designed based on well-known hull form series
300
such as series 60, BSRA, SSPA and later Formdata [45] based on which the
cargo ships were designed, with the difference that the aft body of the ship was
301 302
different because of the introduction of the transom stern, whereas the stern
524
523 18
frames below the transom had the well-known V-type form. The same trends in
303 304 305
European ferry design were continued at 70s and 80s but on the bow part of
306 307 18
the ship the bulbous bow was gradually introduced. The CB values were not
308 309 310 31
xed till 90s and varied form extremely small values such as 0.54 to extremely
518 312
high such as 0.68, while speed did not overcome 20 kn for the majority of
313 18
vessels. By the mid-80s, the V-type stern had been replaced by the well-
521 314 18
known barge type stern that permits more cargo accommodation. The
315 316
benchmark period of RoRo design in Europe was not to begin till mid-90s ,
18 3
when the development of the fast high displacement ferries started. This ships
318
are conventional vessels able to sail at high froude number above 0.32 and even
319 18 320 321
near to 0.40. It was then, when hull forms changed radically, L/B ratio was
322
xed between 6.0 and 7.0, CB between 0.52 and 0.60, the tunneltype frames
323 324
below the barge type sterns, the 'ducktail' at stern and the 'goose-neck' bulb
18 325
were implemented. In addition the developments on containership-design were
326
implemented on RoRo ships too, so large ares occurred for the better
327 18
occupancy of vessel's breadth on the whole vessel's length. The rst fast high
displacement ferry was routed between Greece (Patras) and Italy (Ancona) in

328 18
522
1995 and the trip was reduced from 33 to 21 hours. The vessel had an L/B ratio
equal to 6.5, Froude number equal to 0.352 (V=27 Kn), and the installed power
18
was 31670 kW. It should be mentioned that the rst fast high displacement
329 330
ferry in Europe was 'Finnjet' in 1977 a ship that sailed at 31 kn (Fn=0.36), the
519 18
installed power was 55000 kW. Her hull had not the characteristics analyzed
520 331
before, so the increased resistance, along with the small propeller ef ciency
332
and the increased fuel consumption of the gas-turbines on which propulsion
333 18
was based, led the company to withdraw the ship. Until 2005 all the ferries
334 335
designed in Europe could be listed as fast type, However, until nowadays
speeds are being gradually reduced and vessels with moderate speeds around
524
523 336
20-23 kn are designed, although the hull form characteristics have not changed
337
since 90s
18
Figure 5. The hull of a RoPax ship designed in Europe in 1965 (absence of bulb
518
and bow are, V-type stern, LCB/LWL=0.438)
521 18
Figure 6. The hull of a RoPax ship designed in Europe in 2000 (large are,
goose-neck bulb, tunnel-type frames at stern, barge type stern, ducktail
LCB/LWL=0.436)
On the other side, the country that pioneered in designing and routing RoRo
338 18
ships on national sea network was Japan. Japanese naval architects seem to
have achieved very soon, even from the middle of 60s, to design RoRo ships
339
with hulls that performed large B/d ratio with very low CB values around 0.50,
340 341
round bilge forms, very high froude numbers and good behavior at swell
342 343 18
systems of Japanese archipelago and Paci c ocean. The hull forms did not
344
change to a large extent until nowadays and the hull characteristics that have
345 346 18
been adopted in Europe did not implemented in Japan. It should be

522
mentioned that the rst fast displacement ferries in the world were the sister
347 18
vessels 'Takachiho' and 'Mimitsu Maru'. They were designed in Japan in 1970
348 349
and performed an L/B ratio equal to 7.56, froude number equal to 0.347 and the
installed power was 26480 KW. (Panagiotellis & Spyrou, n.d.)
519
520
Dynamic stability of RoRo ships
350 351 352
The development of RoRo ships at late 90's where the hull forms acquired
characteristics similar to those of the containerships, coincided with the
implementation of well-known strict damage stability criteria of SOLAS 90 and
Stockholm agreement, as a result of the catastrophic accidents that took place
524
523
in Europe until 1994, so on the one hand RoPax ships became more prone to
dynamic stability failures in waves such as parametric roll and pure loss of
353
stability, due to the introduction of the new hull forms, but on the other hand,
3
the strict damage stability regulations required high GM values, and as a result
518
the safety against intact stability failures was improved to a considerable
extent.
521
18 355
Figure 7. Comparison of GZ in waves, for the same vessel's characteristics
(LBP=128 m B=21 m, GM around 1.5 m) indicating the trend for parametric
356
rollin
18
Figure 8. Comparison of minimum GM in waves, for the same vessel's
characteristics for λ=LBP H/λ=0.0334 and various initial GM values, indicating
the trend for pure loss of stability
We can observe that the two hull forms have very different dynamic stability
18 357
characteristics. The hull of 1965 shows insigni cant GZ alternations in waves
18,358
and is not probably prone to parametric roll resonance. Furthermore pure loss

522
of stability failure has never occurred even for high wave heights and low GM
18 359
values. On the other hand the hull of 2000 is very prone to both parametric roll
18 360
and pure loss of stability. In fact, the problem is more intense when the initial
18
GM value is low. The modern RoPax ships operate on high GM values due to
519 18
damage stability restrictions. However, the requirements of damage stability
520
and the requirements for safety against intact stability failures in waves seem
18,361
to coincide. On the other hand, RoRo Cargo ships on which two-compartment
362
and water on deck requirements are not implemented, operate on lower GM
values than passenger ships and only the weather criterion governs their
363 36
design, so this ships seem to be even more prone to dynamic stability failures.
524
523 18
The weather criterion was an effort to improve the safety of vessels under the
365
action of a wind gust and synchronous rolling from waves a well-known
problem that concerns the behavior of vessels with large superstructures
18
exposed to wind such as ro-ro ships at beam seas. On some large RoPax and
518 366
cruise ships the design is mainly governed by the weather criterion, especially
on light drafts and not by damage stability, so the weather criterion that
521 367
requires high GM values too is also setting a safety margin against dynamic
18
stability failures. Finally, it should be mentioned that although accidents with
RoRo ships related to intact stability failures in waves have been reported, and
368
many of them are sadly connected with a lot of fatalities, intact stability
aspects have never been dealt with the same strictness as damage stability
369 370
maybe due to the complex nature of dynamic stability problems. (Panagiotellis
& Spyrou, n.d.)
1.2.4 Synthesis and Justi cation

522
The Ramform hull's superior form stability eliminates the need for extensive
371 372
ballasting, allowing for an increase in the vessel's useful load carrying
373 18
capability. The Ramform Explorer is designed to handle a minimum of twelve
streamer cables, has a total cable and drum weight of approximately 240
519 18
tonnes, and does not require counter ballasting (Haugland, Tor 1995). In the
520 374
current dif cult market climate, there is also increased demand for best
capacity, and Ramform Tethys will complement PGS's ultra-high-end value
375 18
proposition (MI News Network, 2016). The Ramform hull has a large volume.
18,376 18
This is around three times the volume of ordinary ships. (Haugland and Tor,
377 18
1995) The Ramform vessel is propelled by three equal-output engines. Three
524
523 378
azimuth thrusters, each rated at 4000 horsepower at the shaft and rotatable
379
360 degrees, propel the Ramform Explorer.As a result, the bollard pull is
around 70 tonnes, compared to less than 50 tonnes for conventional vessels
18
(Haugland, Tor 1995). The Ramform vessel is propelled by three equal-output
518 380 18 381 382
engines. Three azimuth thrusters, each rated at 4000 horsepower at the shaft
383
and rotatable 360 degrees, propel the Ramform Explorer.As a result, the
521
bollard pull is around 70 tonnes, compared to less than 50 tonnes for
18 18,384
conventional vessels. (MI News Network, 2016). This is where the Ramform
design outperforms traditional vessels most spectacularly (Haugland, Tor
18 298
1995). The described motion characteristics contribute to safe operation by
385
increasing crew effectiveness, reducing equipment handling requirements
18
during inclement weather. The capacity to create watertight chambers within
18
the hull enhances the vessel's security. The vessel would survive ooding if an
386 18
entire hull side was exposed to the sea because of damage. However, no full-
18
scale eld test of this capability is planned! (Haugland and Tor, 1995)
1.2.5Theoretical Framework

522
Archimedes initially articulated the fundamental laws governing hydrostatic
387,388
stability for oating devices in antiquity, however his demonstration examples
18
were limited to simple geometric designs. The evaluation of the stability
properties of a ship of any shape at the design stage only around two millennia
519 18
later, with the emergence of in nitesimal calculus and statistical analysis. The
520 18
contemporary theory of ship hydrostatic stability was established. Pierre
Bouguer ("Traité du Navire," 1746) and Euler, Leonhard ("Scientia Navalis,"
389 390
1749), they set rst requirements for hydrostatic stability, the well-known
metacenter of Bouguer and the restoring moment of Euler for modest heel
391 18
angles, and established workable ways for evaluating these criterion. The hull
524
523 392 18 393
shape has a great relationship to the stability. The ship building industry
394 395
innovate on the hull shape to improve the stability of the vessel.
Norwegian naval architect Roar Ramde invented the delta-shaped Ramform
hull, and the Ramform's rst seismic ship was inspired by the Norwegian naval
518 18
intelligence vessel Marjata. The sinusoidal shape of the waterline enables
18
stable movement behavior in the vicinity of the aircraft. The spacious aft deck
521 18,396 18 397
is ideal. for assembly and transport. a considerable amount of equipment, in
398
addition to a large interior and instrument room.
PGS bought the design rights to the ship in exchange for a commitment to build
18
at least six ships. The Ramform Explorer, the rst, debuted in 1995 and quickly
18
broke all records for seismic performance and endurance in 3D. The next
399 400 401 402
generation Ramform Challenger, Vclass and Sclass boats, changed and
expanded the original design, provided more performance and capacity, broke
new records, increased security, reliability, ef ciency, and the possibility of
403
drawing closer extensions as well as integrating GeoStreamer technology and
improving data quality.

522
Ramform Titan-class ships are the rst in our eet to take full advantage of
18 404
GeoStreamer technology. These are the most massive ramform boats ever
18
built. Each boat has a capacity of 24 streamers and has more power, versatility,
18,405
and safety than any other. Another 3D seismic ship.
519 406
These ships have a stern width of 70 meters and are equipped with 24 rollers,
520
each of which can accommodate more than 10 kilometers of seismic recording
equipment that has been optimized with GeoStreamer technology and location
18 298
systems. They are designed for safe and ef cient operation under the most
extreme conditions.
The Ramform Titan and Ramform Atlas were launched in 2013 and 2014,
524
523
followed by the Ramform Tethys in 2016 and Ramform Hyperion in 2017,
18
bringing the total number of newly built ships to four. (MI News Network, 2016,
March 21)
518
521
1.3 Conceptual Framework

Input
Process
Output
Improved stability RoRo vessel
Software simulations and computations
Ramform Titan Hull Design,

522
Conventional RoRo Passenger Hull Design
-Design Particulars
519
520
524
523
AutoCad 2D
Lines Plan
3D Model
518
3D Model
Rhinoceros 3D
521
Max Surf
Towing Tank
Scale Model
Manual and software computation

Manual calculations and towing tank result
Hydrostatic and Statical stability

522
519
520
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

525
The main objective of the study is to apply the Ramform Titan hull to a Roll on
407 408
Roll off passenger vessel to public used vessels more ef cient by improving the
409 18
intact stability. Furthermore, the researchers would like to answer the
524
523
following:
18
1. To be able to design a 67-meter RoRo Passenger Vessel using a Ramform
Titan hull.
18 410
2. To be able to evaluate the improve stability characteristics of the
518
Conventional RoRo passenger hull by using Ramform Titan Hull in terms of:
2.1 Range of Stability;
521
2.2 GM (Metacentric height);
2.3 Angle of vanishing; and
2.4 Rolling Period.
18 411
3. To analyze the result of evaluation of the improved stability characteristics.
18
4. To be able to present analysis and outputs.
1.5 Hypothesis
18
The shape of the hull and its stability are intimately connected. Because of the
412
excellent form stability of the Ramform hull, it is not necessary to use a lot of
18,413 414,415 416
ballast. This will allow the useful load bearing capacity of the vessel to be
18 417
enhanced. A second function of the hull is to act as a link between the capacity
18 418
and the rest of the vessel. Despite its high volume, the Ramform hull is wide

419
522
and has a large breadth; it has a volume that is nearly three times greater than
420
that of typical ships.
1.6 Signi cance of the study

519
The ndings of this research will bene t the following:
520
Ship
421 18
To be able to transport passengers and cargo with the least amount of risk. To
525
be able to increase the vessel's load capacity.
Crew, Passengers & Cargoes
422
To be able to provide a more convenient and safer vessel even on rough seas.
524
523
Country
423
To be able to help the economy by increasing the capacity of traveling by sea by
424
means of RoRo Passenger Vessels.
1.7 Scope and limitations
518 425 426
The researchers focus of study is about applying the Ramform Titan Hull to a
427 18
RoRo passenger vessel. For the success of the research to be further studied,
521 18
analysis and calculation were needed. However, calculations about power,
speed, resistance, structural, fuel ef ciency, and operational cost are not
428
covered in this study.
1.8 De nition of terms
429
GM - The vertical distance between center of gravity and metacenter is referred
430
to as the metacentric height.
431
Angle of vanishing stability- is the angle of heel at which the righting lever
returns to zero, or is the angle of heel at which the sign of the righting levers
changes from positive to negative.
Archimedes' principle - states that a body immersed in a uid is subjected to
18,432 433
an upwards force equal to the weight of the displaced uid. This is a rst

522
condition of equilibrium.
Breadth - Breadth is the distance or measurement between two objects; it is
the width of something.
Capsizing -A ship can capsize because of the variation of the metacentric
519 434
height GM, or of the righting arms GZ,
520
Draft - Alternatively referred to as technical drawing, is the process of creating
precise representations of objects.
525 435
Heel - A heel is a temporary tilt of a ship generated by external forces such as
wind, waves, or turning.
Length Between Perpendiculars - The length between perpendiculars
524
523
(commonly abbreviated as p/p, p.p., pp, LPP, LBP, or Length BPP) of a ship is
measured along the summer load line from the front surface of the stem, or
436 437 43
main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main
stern perpendicular member.
518 439
Length Overall - Is the maximum longitudinal length of the hull of a vessel
18
measured parallel to the waterline. This measurement is critical for docking the
521
ship.
Leonhard Euler - Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician, physicist,
astronomer, geographer, logician, and engineer who pioneered and in uenced
many other disciplines of mathematics, including analytic number theory,
440
complex analysis, and in nitesimal calculus.
441 442 443 444
Lines plan- a special drawing which is dedicated to show the entire hull form of
445
a ship.
Pierre Bouguer - Pierre Bouguer was a mathematician, geophysicist, geodesist,
18 446
and astronomer who worked in France. Additionally, he is referred to as "the
father of naval architecture."
Plunge – It moves up and down uncontrollably on water.

447
522
Ramform Titan Hull - The powerful Ramform design, with its delta hull and
capacious broad beam, offers stability and reliability in all conditions and
448
environments.
449 450
Rolling Period - how quickly a vessel return to upright position while rolling
519 451 18
RoRo Passenger Ship - A ship that loads its cargo via crane. The ship's vehicles
520 18
are loaded and unloaded through built-in ramps. Typically, these ramps are
18
built toward the ship's stern (backside). They are also seen on the bow side
525 452 18
(front) of some ships, in addition to the sides. Are cargo ships built to transport
wheeled cargo such as automobiles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers,
453
and train wagons that are driven onto and off the ship on their own wheels or
524
523 454
via a platform vehicle such as a self-propelled modular transporter.
Ship's Hydrostatic Data - a set of graphs drawn on a vertical scale of draught
and a base of length, indicating the center of buoyancy, displacement, moment
455
causing unit trim, and center of otation.
518
Ship's Cross Curve - The cross curves of stability are a collection of curves that
can be used to determine the KN values for a set of constant heel-angle values
521 18
for any given displacement. Thus, we have a curve for a 10° heel angle, another
456
for a 20° heel angle, and so on.
457
Statical Stability - Is a word that refers to a ship's capacity to right itself after
being abruptly heeled by an external force and momentarily at rest when
oating on still water.

522
519
520
525
CHAPTER 2
524
523
METHOD
2.1 Methodology
Methodology
18
Researchers will make a scaled model to use for towing tank simulation. For
518 458,459 460 461
the softwares the reasearchers will use Autocad for making lines plan, because
462 18 463
lines plan is the skeleton of the vessel. After making the lines plan the
521 464 465 18 253 4
researchers import it in Rhinoceros for 3D modelling . When the 3D model was
467 468 18
done the researcher will import it in Maxsurft for simulation. When towing tank
469 470 471
simulation and Maxsurf simulation was done the reasercher will collect the
data to evaluate and analyze.
Miniature
472 253
-scaled model of the two hull
Software
Lines Plan
473
-2D model/ Wire frame of the vessel
Autocad

522
-used for 2D modeling
de
Ramform Titan Hull
Convention RoRo Passenger Hull
519 253
3D Model
520
-to be used for software computation
Rhinoceros3D
525 474
-use for 3d modelling
Calculating for Stability

524
523
Maxsurf Stability
-used to compute stability of the hull
Towing Tank Experimentation
475
-process of gathering data by using the scaled model hull
518
521
Gathering of data or Calculating for data
476 477
-the results of the manual,software computation and the towing simulation
2.2 Research design
478 479 480 48
Convetional RoRo Passenger Hull – The reasercher used a existing Convetional
18 482
RoRo Passenger Vessel. The Reasearch plan to apply the research on this
existing vessel to improve its intact stability
18
Figure 9. RoRo passenger hull
483 484
Ramform Titan hull -this is the delta shaped hull that the researcher planning
485 18 486
to apply on the Conventional RoRo passenger Hull. It has a high stability that
487 488,489
can be use on improving the stability of the Conventional RoRo Passenger hull.

522
18
Figure 10. Ramform Titan hull
2.3 Research setting
490 491
The researchers are planning to use the study on a convetional RoRo Passenger
519 492 493
Vessel traveling from Cebu to Manila with a tide of mean lower low water of
520 494 18,495 496
0.101m and a highest observed tide of 1.77m. Travelling in both large city can
497
give additional income to the ship owner by increasing the load and capacity of
525 18 498
the vessel. It can also help the comfortability of the travelling experience of the
passenger and the crew by having a larger space.
2.4 Data gathering procedures
524
523
The researchers will collect data solely throughout the planning and
18 499
experimentation phases of the project. The researchers apply the the design
500
particulars on the Autocad to make a 2D model or lines plan, after the lines
501 502 503 18 253
plan was done it will import to Rhino 3D to maka a 3D model. The 3D model will
518 504
be used in Maxsurf Stability to gather data.The researcher also will make a
505 506,507
scaled model of both hull to used on simulation in towing tank to gather the
521 508
result on data of the simulation.
2.5 Data gathering instrument
509 510 511
Maxsurf Modeler will used in input of design reference and Maxsurf Stability
18 512
will handle data analysis. Autodesk AutoCAD, Rhinoceros 3D will be used to
18
design the hull. The trials' outcomes will form the basis for the study's output.
Reference
526
Hanzu-Pazara, R., Duse, Varsami, C., Andrei, C., & Dumitrache, R. (2016). The
64 513 18
in uence of ship's stability on safety of navigation. IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, 145(8), 082019.
18
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/145/8/082019

18 18
522
MI News Network. (2016, March 21). Ramform Launches Its Latest Titan-Class
18
Vessel - Ramform Tethys. Marine Insight.
18
https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/ramform-tethys-launched/
519
Hasanudin, Utama, I. K. A. P., & Chen, J.-H. (2018). Application Side Casing on
520 18
Open Deck RoRo to Improve Ship Stability. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 135, 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-
525 18
1315/135/1/012017
18
Haugland, Tor (). [Offshore Technology Conference Offshore Technology
524
523
Conference - Houston, Texas (1995-05-01)] Offshore Technology Conference -
18
RAMFORM - A New Vessel Concept. , (), –. doi:10.4043/7660-MS
527 514
Archimedes: "The Works of Archimedes", edited and translated by T.L. Heath,
Dover Publ., Mineola, N.Y., 2002.
518
Bouguer, Pierre: "Traité du Navire, de sa Construction et de ses Mouvemens"
("Treatise of the Ship, its Construction and its Movements"), Jombert, Paris,
521
1746.
515
Euler, Leonhard: "Scientia Navalis seu Tractatus de Construendis ac Dirigendis
51
Navibus" ("Science of Ships or Treatise on How to Build and Operate Ships"), 2
18
vols., St. Petersburg, 1749. Republished in Euler's Collected Works [4], Series
18
II, vols. 18 and 19, Turin and Basel, 1967 and 1972.
528
Panagiotellis, S., & Spyrou, K. (n.d.). NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF
526 517
ATHENS SCHOOL OF NAVAL ARHITECTURE AND MARINE ENGINEERING
DIVISION OF SHIP DESIGN AND MARINE TRANSPORTS DIPLOMA THESIS
EVALUATION OF IMO's "SECOND GENERATION" INTACT STABILITY CRITERIA
INVESTIGATION FOR THE POSSIBLE IMPACT ON RO-RO SHIP DESIGN AND
OPERATION.

522
https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/45909/s_panagi
18
otelis_thesis.pdf?sequence=1
519
520
525
524
523
527
518
521
528
526

522
1. Roll off → Roll-off Misspelled words Correctness
2. Vessel. Closing punctuation Correctness
3. Orehuela → Orihuela Misspelled words Correctness

519
4. entitles → entitled Faulty tense sequence Correctness
520
5. Roll off → Roll-off Misspelled words Correctness
525 6. Orehuela → Orihuela Misspelled words Correctness
7. Orehuela in → Orehuela in Improper formatting Correctness
524
523
8. and is → and is Improper formatting Correctness
9. hereby → Outdated language Clarity

at this moment, now,
527
as a result of this, with this
10. This thesis paper entitles "Use of a Hard-to-read text Clarity

518 Ramform Titan Hull on a 67 meters
Roll on/Roll off Passenger Vessel"
has been prepared and submitted by
521
John Miko C. Moral and Francis Jay
D. Orehuela in partial ful llment of
the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Naval
Architecture and Marine…
11. Descartin → Descartes Misspelled words Correctness
12. mostly → most Confused words Correctness

528
52613. mostly → mainly, primarily Word choice Engagement
14. a multitude Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
15. with many Wordy sentences Clarity
16. Philippines, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

522
17. it could Incomplete sentences Correctness
18. . Vessels; . Due; . Being; . The; . As; . Text inconsistencies Correctness

On; . On; . For; . Also; . In; . While; .
Two; . Even; . Moreover; . Nature; .
Properties; . Environmental; . Some; .
519
This; . Ship's; . Analysis; . Functional;
520
. External; . Nowadays; . Therefore; .
Thus; . Statistical; . Detailed; .
Humanity's; . Billion…
525
19. in → from Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
20. another, Punctuation in Correctness

524
523
21. as well as → and Wordy sentences Clarity
22.
527
is → are Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
23. ; therefore Punctuation in Correctness

518
24. , numerous Punctuation in Correctness

521
25. , therefore Punctuation in Correctness

26. , possible Punctuation in Correctness

27. certain → inevitable, unavoidable Word choice Engagement

528
52628. Being unable to lay hold of the strong Unclear sentences Clarity
waves therefore possible uke during
the voyage could be experienced;
poor stability, substandard cargo
lashing, inadequate cargo loading
could also be the grounds of certain
mishaps.
29. in → on Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

52230. The researchers focused their study Unclear sentences Clarity

in improving the stability issues or
rather the capsizing of the RoRo
Passenger vessel by modifying the
hull of the vessel; applying the
Ramform Titan hull as an alternative
to assist in improving the safety of
519 the individuals during travels.
520
31. an extra Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
525
32. passenger's → passenger Incorrect noun number Correctness
33. As having high stability could not Unclear sentences Clarity

only guarantee an extra assurance
524
523
for the crews along with passenger's
safety in addition to their
comfortability during travels.
527
34. On the grounds that → Wordy sentences Clarity
Because
51835. having → has Incorrect verb forms Correctness
36. wide → vast Word choice Engagement

521
37. hull, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
38. vessel's stability Wordy sentences Clarity
39. , which Punctuation in Correctness

528
40. the vessel's Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
526 etc.)
41. Ranform → Reform Misspelled words Correctness
42. , although → ; although, . Although Punctuation in Correctness

43. unique, Punctuation in Correctness


522
44. doesn't → does not Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
45. For the reason that → Wordy sentences Clarity

Because
46. a wide Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

519
etc.)
520
47. beam, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
52548. it's → it is Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
49. normal → standard, average Word choice Engagement
50. vessel . Improper formatting Correctness

524
523
51. Also, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
527
52. a high Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
518
53. useful → valuable, helpful Word choice Engagement
54. load carrying → load-carrying Misspelled words Correctness

521
55. Also the Ramform Titan hull has a Unclear sentences Clarity
high stability that minimizes the
need for signi cant ballasting, hence
increasing the useful load carrying
capacity of the vessel.
56. Vessel → vessel Confused words Correctness

528
57.
526
some Wordy sentences Clarity
58. to → on Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
59. for the → for the Improper formatting Correctness
60. ship → shipping Misuse of modi ers Correctness
61. passenger → passenger's Incorrect noun number Correctness

522
62. Litrature → Literature Misspelled words Correctness
63. Readings → Reading Incorrect noun number Correctness
64. In uence; in uence Text inconsistencies Correctness

519
65. the safety Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
520 etc.)
66. an intact Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

525 etc.)
67. , therefore → . Therefore, ; therefore Punctuation in Correctness

524
523
68. a satisfactory Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
52769. , making Punctuation in Correctness

51870. technological → technical Confused words Correctness
71. , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

521
72. 1. While at sea, the ship shall never Intricate text Clarity
experience trouble in its stability at
the beginning nor the end of the
voyage.
73. example, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
52874. encounter → encounters Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

526
75. a loss Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
76. the voyage Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
77. For example when the ship encounter Unclear sentences Clarity
loss of power during voyage, there
are some times that the sea has a

522 strong wind and strong waves that

can affect the stability of the ship.
78. possible → possibly Confused words Correctness
79. safe, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

519
80. easily → quickly Word choice Engagement
520
81. certain → particular, speci c Word choice Engagement
525
82. the heel Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
83. greater → Word choice Engagement

more outstanding, more signi cant
524
523
84. b.) When a certain course is Unclear sentences Clarity

maintained and is a great tendency
527
for cargo to shift so that the angle of
heel is continuously increasing and
tends to become greater.
518
85. ; therefore Punctuation in Correctness
521
86. , if Punctuation in Correctness
87. the level Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
88. Even so, before → Before Wordy sentences Clarity

528
89. still, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
526
90. times, Punctuation in Correctness

91. the voyage Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
92. height, Punctuation in Correctness


522
93. which arise → that arise Pronoun use Correctness
94. During the voyage, the ship should be Unclear sentences Clarity
veri ed at all times, because
sometimes it might be necessary to
519
commence voyage with a higher
metacentric height, in order to
520 counteract conditions which arise at
later stages.
95.
525 a ship's Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
96. very important → Word choice Engagement

critical, signi cant, essential, crucial
524
523
97. safe, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
52798. of a ship Wordy sentences Clarity

518
100. actually Wordy sentences Clarity
101.
521 Some effects of such weather Unclear sentences Clarity
conditions are the rolling angle,
water on deck and shifting of cargo
which are actually effects of both
wind and waves.
102. This Intricate text Clarity
103.
528 , which Punctuation in Correctness
526
104. strong → substantial Word choice Engagement
105. , but in → . However, in Hard-to-read text Clarity
106. in spite of → despite Wordy sentences Clarity
107. these effect → Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

this effect, these effects etc.)

522
108. effect, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
109. which is → that is Pronoun use Correctness
110. which is → that is Pronoun use Correctness

519
111. adequately solved, correctly solved, Word choice Engagement

520
solved adequately
112. Basic → Essential Word choice Engagement

525
113. to be Wordy sentences Clarity
114. ship, Punctuation in Correctness

524
523 compound/complex sentences
115. environmen → environment Misspelled words Correctness

527
116. resulting → result Incorrect verb forms Correctness
117.
518 which Pronoun use Correctness
118. may Incomplete sentences Correctness

521
119. a ship's Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
120. Nowadays, Punctuation in Correctness

121. a full Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

528 etc.)
526
122. guarantee Wordy sentences Clarity
123. happen → happens Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
124. bad → wrong Word choice Engagement

126.
522 This is why it is considered to be Unclear sentences Clarity
almost impossible to design a perfect
ship as in one which would not be
affected by any dangers caused by
bad weather or any other statistically
probable dangerous situations.
519
127. are able to → can Wordy sentences Clarity
520
128. main → leading Word choice Engagement
129.
525 Even so, another important aspect Unclear sentences Clarity
here is identifying the main causes
which affect stability.
130. the cause Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

524
523 etc.)

527
etc.)
132. to be Wordy sentences Clarity

518
133. word → world Confused words Correctness
134.
521
huge → vast, considerable, massive Word choice Engagement
135. specialized → specializing Incorrect verb forms Correctness
136. on → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
137. Humanity's needs from this point of Unclear sentences Clarity

view are covered by a huge number of
528 vessels of various sizes and types,
specialized on cargo and passenger
526 trade.
138. Billions of tons → Millions Wordy sentences Clarity
139. of Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
140. etc Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
141. Safety for maritime transportation is Unclear sentences Clarity

522 increased by numerous technical

measures, such as building safer
ships, developing new and more
ef cient methods of transportation,
training of human resources,
increasing traf c surveillance and
control, issuing new regulations, etc.
519
142. Nevertheless → ¶ Nevertheless Intricate text Clarity

520
143. not enough → insuf cient Wordy sentences Clarity

525
144. are sometimes Incorrect verb forms Correctness
145. in spite of → despite Wordy sentences Clarity
146.
524
523 Any shipping accident, in spite of its Unclear sentences Clarity
nature, is every seafarer's nightmare
should it occur in a con ned area,
527
like a channel or a strait where the
traf c is heavy.
147. On the other → ¶ On the other Intricate text Clarity

518
148. serious → severe Word choice Engagement
521
149. of Wordy sentences Clarity
150. , thus Punctuation in Correctness

152.
528 manoeuvrability → Mixed dialects of English Correctness
maneuverability
526
153. On the other hand, large ships are Unclear sentences Clarity
characterized by reduced
manoeuvrability which is also an
increased risk and contributing
factor in such situations.
154. to Wordy sentences Clarity

155.
522 important → essential Word choice Engagement
156. been often → often been Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
157. In order to identify the Passive voice misuse Clarity

characteristics of such accidents
519 and to achieve an estimate of
successful safety measures, a
520 statistical study of shipping
accidents represents an important
and effective tool, which has been
often used by governments and
525
experts all over the world.
159.
524
523 important → essential Word choice Engagement
160. seafarers, Punctuation in Correctness

527

etc.)
518
162. contact, Punctuation in Correctness

521
163. Capsizing, listing, foundering, Unclear sentences Clarity

grounding and stranding, structural
failure, machinery damage, re or
explosion, collision or contact, are
the best examples.
164. The integrated Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

528 etc.)
526
165. 0.055 meter → 0.055-meter Misspelled words Correctness
166. 0.090 meter → 0.090-meter Misspelled words Correctness
167. grater → greater Confused words Correctness
168. second-generation Misspelled words Correctness

169.
522 criteria, Punctuation in Correctness
170. ner → Word choice Engagement

more OK, more acceptable,
more delicate, more exemplary
519
171. The onset year in the development of Hard-to-read text Clarity
520 second generation intact stability
criteria, was 2002 as it had become
perceptible that the development of
naval architecture in the
525
hydrodynamic section had led to the
introduction of ner hull forms for
containerships and RoRo ships, with
by far greater ef c…
524
523
172. the second Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
173.
527 2005, Punctuation in Correctness
174.
518 where → when Conjunction use Correctness
175. where the → . The Hard-to-read text Clarity

521
176. the SLF Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
177. performance-based Misspelled words Correctness
178. , the Punctuation in Correctness

528
179.
526
the Sub-Committee Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
180. , and Punctuation in Correctness

181. in an effort to → to Wordy sentences Clarity
182. Level 1 check requires simple Unclear sentences Clarity

522 calculations in order to detect

apparent vulnerabilities and its
concept is highly conservative in an
effort to ensure that a vessel does
not have the danger of capsizing in
waves in any case.
519
183. instance, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
520
184. waves, Punctuation in Correctness
525
185. For instance it is widely understood Unclear sentences Clarity
that bulk carriers or VLCC vessels do
not comfort problems with restoring
arm variation in waves, due to their
hull form design.
524
523
186. However, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
527
187. a such Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
518
188. , such Punctuation in Correctness
189.
521 of ship Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
190. However a such type ship will pass Unclear sentences Clarity
easily level 1 check for pure loss of
stability and parametric rolling in
contrast with a container vessel or a
ne-designed RoRo ship.
191.
528 2, Improper formatting Correctness
526
192. , which Punctuation in Correctness
193. capsize → capsizing Incorrect verb forms Correctness
194. They are also based on a risk Unclear sentences Clarity

assessment procedure in order to
include the probability of capsize in a

522 proven dangerous sea-state

condition.
195. calculation → calculations Incorrect noun number Correctness
196. the IACS Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

519 etc.)
197.
520 the North Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
198.
525 at → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
199. correspond → corresponds Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
200. conditions, Punctuation in Correctness

524
523
201. result, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

527
202. an unrestricted → a free Word choice Engagement
518
203. The wave cases on which calculation Unclear sentences Clarity
are based are those of IACS wave
scatter diagram of North Atlantic at
521 winter that correspond to the most
adverse weather conditions, and as a
result will be connected with an
unrestricted operation.
204. 3, Punctuation in Correctness

205.
528 3, Improper formatting Correctness
526
206. , nally Improper formatting Correctness
207. nally, Punctuation in Correctness

208. state-of-the-art Misspelled words Correctness
209. and/or → and, or Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

210.
522 in order → to Wordy sentences Clarity
211. to predict Incorrect verb forms Correctness
212. capsize → capsizing Incorrect verb forms Correctness
519
213. However, Punctuation in Correctness
520
214. next → successive Word choice Engagement

525
215. , so Punctuation in Correctness
216. is increasing → increases Faulty tense sequence Correctness

524
523
217. Generally, It should be mentioned Intricate text Clarity
that the concept of the criteria is
527
based on the assumption that a more
detailed analysis is carried out on
every next level so the dif culty of
passing is being reduced as the level
518 is increasing.
218. great → signi cant Word choice Engagement

521
219. her Intricate text Clarity
220. : industry-leading Incomplete sentences Correctness
221. A new standard for seismic Incomplete sentences Correctness

operations for the next 25 years.
528
222. Reinhardten → Reinhardt Misspelled words Correctness
526
223. Ramform's → Reform's Misspelled words Correctness
224. 40 meter → 40-meter Misspelled words Correctness
225. 80 meter → 80-meter Misspelled words Correctness
226. useful → good Word choice Engagement

227.
522 useful → helpful Word choice Engagement
228. load bearing → load-bearing Misspelled words Correctness
229. With its excellent form stability, the Unclear sentences Clarity
Ramform hull requires less
519 ballasting, increasing the vessel's
useful load bearing capacity.
520
230. They Intricate text Clarity
231.
525 ef ciency, Punctuation in Correctness
232. bad → lousy Word choice Engagement
524
523
233. increases → increase Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
234. .( Improper formatting Correctness

527
235. a spacious Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
518
236. serious → severe Word choice Engagement
521
237. ship's safety Wordy sentences Clarity
238. , but since → . However, since Hard-to-read text Clarity
239. . The Improper formatting Correctness

528
241. which have → that have Pronoun use Correctness
526
242. which have been Wordy sentences Clarity
243. as well as → and Wordy sentences Clarity
244. it has been, or it been Incomplete sentences Correctness
245. been → Been Improper formatting Correctness

522
246. main → leading, primary, central Word choice Engagement
247. which got Wordy sentences Clarity
248. Lpp → App, Upp Misspelled words Correctness

519
249. Gt → Get, GT, Go Misspelled words Correctness
520
250. Modeler, Punctuation in Correctness

525
251. the lines Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
252. , as Punctuation in Correctness

524
523
253. model; Model Text inconsistencies Correctness

527
518
255. full → entire Word choice Engagement

521
257. side of the ship → ship's side Wordy sentences Clarity
258. full → complete, entire Word choice Engagement
259. 3 → three Improper formatting Correctness
260.
528 table → Tables Incorrect noun number Correctness
526
261. Full → Total Word choice Engagement
263. , at Punctuation in Correctness

264. deepest → Word choice Engagement

most bottomless, most profound,

522 most resounding
265. case, Punctuation in Correctness

266. Ship B at its deepest load case does Unclear sentences Clarity
519 not comply with IS Code 2008 due to
the area under curve GZ of 30°-40°,
520 maximum GZ of 30° or greater, and
maximum angle GZ.
267.
525 deepest → most profound Word choice Engagement
269. ful l → ful ll Mixed dialects of English Correctness

524
523
270. deepest → most profound Word choice Engagement
527

518
521
275. The area under curve GZ 30°-40° Unclear sentences Clarity

doesn't ful l criteria at deepest and
partial load case depth.
276. deepest → Word choice Engagement

most bottomless, most profound,
528 most resounding
526
280. Full → Entire Word choice Engagement

281.
522 which can → that can Pronoun use Correctness
283. is able to → can Wordy sentences Clarity
284.
519 which has → that has Pronoun use Correctness
520
285. which can → that can Pronoun use Correctness
286. Indonesia, Punctuation in Correctness

525
287. do Wordy sentences Clarity
288.
524
523 a full → an entire Word choice Engagement
289. full → entire, whole, complete Word choice Engagement

527
290. which satisfy → that satisfy Pronoun use Correctness
291.
518 There are only two ships with existing Unclear sentences Clarity
side casings that ful ll the damage
stability criteria.
521
292. 4The probabilistic Damage Stability Unclear sentences Clarity
analysis stated that all ships without
side casings do not comply with
SOLAS 2009, but when they add side
casings, only one ship does.
528
294. Based on the conclusions, there are Unclear sentences Clarity
526 several recommendations to
increase the survivability of a ship.
295. don't → do not Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
296. new → newly Confused words Correctness
297. Sstability → Stability Misspelled words Correctness

298.
522 Operation; operation Text inconsistencies Correctness
299. small sized → small-sized Misspelled words Correctness
301.
519 . In contrast, the Hard-to-read text Clarity
520
302. stern → cold, rigid Word choice Engagement
303. at → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

525
304. the 70s Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
305.
524
523 , but Punctuation in Correctness
306.
527 ship, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
307. The same trends in European ferry Unclear sentences Clarity

design were continued at 70s and
518
80s but on the bow part of the ship
the bulbous bow was gradually
introduced.
521

etc.)
309. form → from Confused words Correctness
310. extremely small → Word choice Engagement

minimal
528
311.
526 extremely → highly Word choice Engagement
312. kn Unknown words Correctness
313. The CB values were not xed till 90s Unclear sentences Clarity
and varied form extremely small
values such as 0.54 to extremely high
such as 0.68, while speed did not
overcome 20 kn for the majority of
vessels.

522
314. barge type → barge-type Misspelled words Correctness
315. the mid-90s Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
316.
519 mid-90s, Punctuation in Correctness
520
317. This ships → These ships Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
525
318. froude → Froude Misspelled words Correctness
319. This ships are conventional vessels Unclear sentences Clarity

able to sail at high froude number
524
523
above 0.32 and even near to 0.40.
320. It was then → Then Wordy sentences Clarity

527
321. the L/B Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
518
322. tunneltype → Misspelled words Correctness

tunnel type, tunnel-type
521
323. the stern Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
325. addition, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
528
326. , too Punctuation in Correctness
327. the vessel's Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

329. 977, Punctuation in Correctness

331. along with Wordy sentences Clarity
332.
519 gas-turbines → gas turbines Confused words Correctness
520
333. along with the small propeller Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
ef ciency and the increased fuel
consumption of the gas-turbines on
525 which propulsion was based
334. , However → ; however, . However Punctuation in Correctness

524
523
335. nowadays, Punctuation in Correctness
527

518 etc.)
338. the national Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

521 etc.)
339. very low → shallow Word choice Engagement
528
342. the Japanese Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
526 etc.)
343. Japanese naval architects seem to Hard-to-read text Clarity

have achieved very soon, even from
the middle of 60s, to design RoRo
ships with hulls that performed large
B/d ratio with very low CB values
around 0.50, round bilge forms, very
high froude numbers and good

522 behavior at swell systems of

Japanese archipelago and Paci…

345.
519 implemented → implement Incorrect verb forms Correctness
346.
520 The hull forms did not change to a Unclear sentences Clarity
large extent until nowadays and the
hull characteristics that have been
525 adopted in Europe did not
implemented in Japan.
347. '. → .' Misuse of semicolons, quotation Correctness

marks, etc.
524
523
349.
527 , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
350. at → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

518
351. the late Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
521
352. , where Punctuation in Correctness
353. , but on → . However, on Hard-to-read text Clarity
354. result, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
355.
528 waves, Punctuation in Correctness
526
356. rollin → rolling Misspelled words Correctness
357. insigni cant → minor Word choice Engagement
358. Furthermore, Punctuation in Correctness


359.
522 hand, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
360. In fact, the Wordy sentences Clarity
362.
519 implemented, Punctuation in Correctness
520
363. this ships → these ships Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
525
364. On the other hand, RoRo Cargo ships Hard-to-read text Clarity
on which two-compartment and
water on deck requirements are not
implemented, operate on lower GM
524
523 values than passenger ships and only
the weather criterion governs their
design, so this ships seem to be even
527
more prone to dynamic stability
failures.
365. ,a Punctuation in Correctness

518
366. ships, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

521
367. too Wordy sentences Clarity
368. a lot of → many Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
369. maybe → may be Confused words Correctness
370.
528 Finally, it should be mentioned that Hard-to-read text Clarity
although accidents with RoRo ships
526 related to intact stability failures in
waves have been reported, and many
of them are sadly connected with a
lot of fatalities, intact stability
aspects have never been dealt with
the same strictness as damage
stability maybe …
371. useful → helpful Word choice Engagement

372.
522 load carrying → load-carrying Misspelled words Correctness
373. The Ramform hull's superior form Unclear sentences Clarity

stability eliminates the need for
extensive ballasting, allowing for an
increase in the vessel's useful load
carrying capability.
519
374.
520 dif cult → challenging Word choice Engagement
375. In the current dif cult market Unclear sentences Clarity

525 climate, there is also increased
demand for best capacity, and
Ramform Tethys will complement
PGS's ultra-high-end value
proposition (MI News Network,
524
523
2016).

527
377. The Ramform vessel is propelled by Passive voice misuse Clarity
three equal-output engines.
518
378. each Wordy sentences Clarity
379. . As Improper formatting Correctness

521
380. The Ramform vessel is propelled by Passive voice misuse Clarity

three equal-output engines.
381. Three azimuth → ¶ Three azimuth Intricate text Clarity
382. each Wordy sentences Clarity

528
383. . As Improper formatting Correctness
526
385. effectiveness, Punctuation in Correctness

386. was → were Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

387.
522 , however → . However, ; however Punctuation in Correctness
388. however, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
389. they Pronoun use Correctness

519
390. the rst Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
520 etc.)
391. these criterion → Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

525 this criterion, these criteria etc.)
392. the stability Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
524
523
393. ship building → shipbuilding Confused words Correctness
394. innovate → innovates Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

527
395. The ship building industry innovate Unclear sentences Clarity

on the hull shape to improve the
518 stability of the vessel.
396. for → For Improper formatting Correctness

521
397. a considerable → A considerable Improper formatting Correctness
398. a considerable amount of equipment, Unclear sentences Clarity

in addition to a large interior and
instrument room.
399. Vclass → V-class Misspelled words Correctness

528
400.
526 , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
401. Sclass → S-class Misspelled words Correctness
402. boats, Punctuation in Correctness

403. as well as Wordy sentences Clarity

404.
522 ramform → reform, ramiform Misspelled words Correctness
405. . Another → —another Incomplete sentences Correctness
406. and are → . They are Hard-to-read text Clarity
407.
519 passenger → passenger's Incorrect noun number Correctness
520
408. make public Incomplete sentences Correctness
409. The main objective of the study is to Unclear sentences Clarity

525
apply the Ramform Titan hull to a
Roll on Roll off passenger vessel to
public used vessels more ef cient by
improving the intact stability.
524
523
410. improve → improved Confused words Correctness
411. the evaluation, or an evaluation Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

527
etc.)
412. a lot of → much Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

518
521
414. useful → good, functional Word choice Engagement
415. useful → valuable, helpful Word choice Engagement
416. load bearing → load-bearing Misspelled words Correctness
417. of the hull Wordy sentences Clarity

528
418. wide → vast Word choice Engagement
526
419. a large → Word choice Engagement

an enormous, an extensive,
a signi cant, a considerable
420. Despite its high volume, the Ramform Unclear sentences Clarity
hull is wide and has a large breadth;
it has a volume that is nearly three

522 times greater than that of typical

ships.
421. To be able to → To Wordy sentences Clarity

519
520
424. by means of → Wordy sentences Clarity

using, utilizing, employing, through
525
425. researchers → Incorrect noun number Correctness

researcher's, researchers'
426. the study Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

524
523
etc.)
427. The researchers focus of study is Unclear sentences Clarity

527
about applying the Ramform Titan
Hull to a RoRo passenger vessel.
428.
518 However, calculations about power, Unclear sentences Clarity
speed, resistance, structural, fuel
ef ciency, and operational cost are
521
not covered in this study.
429. the center Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
430. referred to as Wordy sentences Clarity
431. The angle Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

528 etc.)
526
433. a rst → the rst Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
434. GM, Punctuation in Correctness

435. ship generated → ship-generated Misspelled words Correctness

522
436. main → central, primary Word choice Engagement
437. the surface Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
438.
519 main → Word choice Engagement
central, leading, primary, prominent
520
439. This is Pronoun use Correctness
525
440. Leonhard Euler - Leonhard Euler was Unclear sentences Clarity
a Swiss mathematician, physicist,
astronomer, geographer, logician,
and engineer who pioneered and
in uenced many other disciplines of
524
523 mathematics, including analytic
number theory, complex analysis,
and in nitesimal calculus.
527
441. special → unique Word choice Engagement
442.
518 which is → that is Pronoun use Correctness
443. show → showing Incorrect verb forms Correctness

521
444. entire → full Word choice Engagement
445. Lines plan- a special drawing which Unclear sentences Clarity

is dedicated to show the entire hull
form of a ship.
446. referred to as Wordy sentences Clarity

528
447. powerful → robust Word choice Engagement
526
448. Ramform Titan Hull - The powerful Unclear sentences Clarity

Ramform design, with its delta hull
and capacious broad beam, offers
stability and reliability in all
conditions and environments.
449. return → returns Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

450.
522 an upright Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
451. RoRo Passenger Ship - A ship that Incomplete sentences Correctness

loads its cargo via crane.
452.
519 They are also seen on the bow side Unclear sentences Clarity
(front) of some ships, in addition to
520 the sides.
453. own Wordy sentences Clarity

525
454. transporter. → transporter? Closing punctuation Correctness
455. Ship's Hydrostatic Data - a set of Unclear sentences Clarity

graphs drawn on a vertical scale of
524
523 draught and a base of length,
indicating the center of buoyancy,
displacement, moment causing unit
527
trim, and center of otation.
456. and so on → etc Wordy sentences Clarity

518
457. This is Pronoun use Correctness
458. softwares, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

521
459. softwares → software Misspelled words Correctness
460. reasearchers → researchers Misspelled words Correctness
461. plan, Punctuation in Correctness

528
462. a lines Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
526
etc.)
463. plan, Punctuation in Correctness

464. modelling → modeling Mixed dialects of English Correctness
465. After making the lines plan the Unclear sentences Clarity
researchers import it in Rhinoceros

522 for 3D modelling.
466. was → is Faulty tense sequence Correctness
467. done, Punctuation in Correctness

519
468. in → into Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
520
469. was → were Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
525
471. reasercher → Misspelled words Correctness

researcher, researchers
524
523
472. scaled → scale Incorrect verb forms Correctness

527
473. Wire frame → Wireframe Confused words Correctness
474. modelling → modeling Mixed dialects of English Correctness

518
475. the process, or a process Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
521
476. , software Improper formatting Correctness
478. Convetional → Conventional Misspelled words Correctness
479.
528 reasercher → Misspelled words Correctness
researcher, researchers
526
480. a existing → an existing Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
481. Convetional → Conventional Misspelled words Correctness
482. Reasearch → Research Misspelled words Correctness

483.
522 delta shaped → delta-shaped Misspelled words Correctness
484. researcher is, or researcher was Incorrect verb forms Correctness
485. on → to Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
519
486. a high Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
520 etc.)
487. be use → be used Incorrect verb forms Correctness

525
488. be use on improving → Wordy sentences Clarity
improve
489. on improving → to improve Incorrect verb forms Correctness

524
523
490. are planning → plan Wordy sentences Clarity
491.
527 convetional → conventional Misspelled words Correctness
492. of mean → of mean Improper formatting Correctness

518
493. water of → water of Improper formatting Correctness
494.
521 and a → and a Improper formatting Correctness
495. Travelling → Traveling Mixed dialects of English Correctness
496. city → cities Incorrect noun number Correctness
497. ship owner → shipowner Confused words Correctness

528
498. travelling → traveling Mixed dialects of English Correctness
526
499. thethe design Misspelled words Correctness
500. , after → ; after, . After Punctuation in Correctness

501. was → is Faulty tense sequence Correctness

503. maka → make Misspelled words Correctness
504. . The Improper formatting Correctness
505.
519 hull → hulls Incorrect noun number Correctness
520
506. used → use Faulty tense sequence Correctness
507. be used Incorrect verb forms Correctness

525
508. The researcher also will make a Unclear sentences Clarity

scaled model of both hull to used on
simulation in towing tank to gather
the result on data of the simulation.
524
523
509. be used Modal verbs Correctness

527
510. the input Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
518
521
512. AutoCAD, Punctuation in Correctness

etc.)
514. ", → ," Misuse of semicolons, quotation Correctness

marks, etc.
528
515.
526 seu Unknown words Correctness
516. 2 → two Improper formatting Correctness
517. ARHITECTURE → ARCHITECTURE Misspelled words Correctness
518. Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND (DOC) CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM Originality
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND REVIEW OF RELATED ...

522 https://www.academia.edu/33202
504/CHAPTER_1_THE_PROBLEM_
AND_REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITE
RATURE
519. The In uence of ship's stability on Hanzu- Originality

safety of navigation Pazara_2016_IOP_Conf._Ser.__Ma
519
ter._Sci._Eng._145 ...
https://www.coursehero.com/ le/
520
108751789/Hanzu-Pazara-2016-
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145-082019pdf/
525
520. For a vessel to be considered Stability and Freeboard - Originality

seaworthy, it Transportstyrelsen
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e/en/Shipping/Vessels/Vessel-
524
523 Construction/Stability--
Freeboard/
521.
527 Extreme weather conditions are the What is damage stability criteria? Originality
dominant environmental factors that https://askinglot.com/what-is-
can affect the intact stability of a damage-stability-criteria
ship. Some effects of such weather
518 conditions are the rolling angle,
water on deck and shifting of cargo
which are actually effects of both
521 wind and waves.
522. Billions of tons of raw materials and Shipping Accidents, damage Originality
nished goods are carried assessment & accident
consequences
https://www.onthemosway.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2015/06/ship-
accidents-1 nal.pdf
528
523. but on the other hand more prone to Paweł Skuczyński | University of Originality
526 Warsaw - Academia.edu
https://uw.academia.edu/PawelS
kuczynski
524. To ensure the safety of the ship, the Public Tracking - DHL Originality
https://dhli.dhl.com/dhli-
client/publicTracking
525. The main objective of the study is to Austria : European Commission Originality
launches survey to evaluate

522 European Research Area policy

framework
526. The in uence of ship's stability on Hanzu- Originality

safety of navigation. Pazara_2016_IOP_Conf._Ser.__Ma
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https://www.coursehero.com/ le/
519
108751789/Hanzu-Pazara-2016-
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520
145-082019pdf/
527. Archimedes: "The Works of Drawing Physics - 2,600 Years of Originality

525
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by T.L. Heath, https://docero.net/doc/drawing-
physics-2600-years-of-discovery-
from-thales-to-higgs-2017-
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524
523
528. NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NATIONAL TECHNICAL Originality

OF ATHENS SCHOOL OF NAVAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS SCHOOL
527 OF NAVAL ...
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518 _NAVAL_ARCHITECTURE_AND_M
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is_of_the_Course_Instability_of_
Ships_in_Wind_and_Waves
528
526

Moral - Thesis-1-With-Chapter-2-Nal - Paper Revision: General Metrics

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Unique Words 20%

Rare Words 41%

Word Length 4.8

Sentence Length 12.9

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A Project Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering

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Engr. Benson Jade Madriaga Engr. Christhakis Nodalo

Engr. Jelie Enad-Agostilo

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Engr. Greg Belongilot

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voyage could be experienced; poor stability, substandard cargo lashing,

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112 113 114

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134 135 136

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Ramform - A New Vessel Concept Tor Haugland, PG2S Exploration AS.

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Figure 4. 3D hull form of existing ships (existing side casing)

(DS) Deepest Draft (DP) Partial Draft (DL) Lightest Draft

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(DS) Deepest Draft (DP) Partial Draft (DL) Lightest Draft

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(DS) Deepest Draft (DP) Partial Draft (DL) Lightest Draft

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1.2.4 Synthesis and Justi cation

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1.3 Conceptual Framework

Ramform Titan Hull Design,

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Manual and software computation

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1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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1.6 Signi cance of the study

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