T3: Active band-pass filter

Aim: The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the operation and

characteristics of a multiple feedback active band-pass filter.

Theory: A band-pass response can be thought of as the overlapping of a low-

frequency response curve and a high-frequency response curve. Band-pass filters pass
all input signal frequencies, which are within a given range, called a bandwidth while
rejecting those frequencies outside this range. The bandwidth encloses a single
frequency at which the output voltage is a maximum, called the center frequency. The
multiple band pass filter is only one of a number of possible band-pass filter circuits
which unlike the “twin T” band-pass filter, enables one to specify the center frequency
(f0), gain (Av) and the quality factor Q. because of this simplicity, this filter is limited
for Qs less than 10.

Apparatus Used:
Resistors (1/4W)
1x1.5k
1x2.7k
1x180k
1x68k
2x0.01 μF capacitor
1x741 op-amp
1xdual trace CRO
1xbreadboard
2x0-15V dc power supplies
1xsignal generator

Experimental Setup:

Fig 1: A schematic diagram of an active Band-pass Filter

Procedure:

1. Power was applied to the breadboard, and the output of the signal generator was
adjusted to 1V peak to peak at a frequency of 1 kHz.
2. The signal generator’s frequency was varied to the point at which the output
voltage of the filter, displayed on channel 2, reached its maximum peak to peak
amplitude. Its peak to peak amplitude and its peak to peak output voltage was
measured.
3. Using the CRO, the filter’s frequency was determined without disturbing the
frequency of the signal generator.
4. The filter’s bandwidth was determined by measuring the lower and upper 3-dB
frequencies at which the peak to peak output voltage drops to 0.707 times the
value at the center frequency. The frequency at this point was determined,
called the lower 3-dB frequency (fL).
5. The input frequency was decreased continuously.
6. The generator’s frequency was increased beyond the center frequency and
stopped at the point at which the filter’s output voltage again is 0.707Vp-p. The
frequency at this point, called the upper 3-dB (fH) was determined.
7. The lower 3-dB was subtracted from the upper 3-dB, to obtain the 3-dB
bandwidth. Using this bandwidth and the center frequency experimentally
determined in step 3, the filter’s quality factor Q was calculated.
8. Both the power and signal leads were disconnected from the breadboard and the
2.7k (R2) resistor was replaced with the 1.5k resistor.
9. The power and signal the generator were connected to the breadboard. Steps 2
to 7 were repeated to determine the filter’s center frequency voltage gain (Go),
center frequency (Fo), bandwidth and the quality factor.
 10.The input voltage to the filter was set at 1V peak-to-peak, and the signal
generator’s frequency was varied accordingly.

Results and Analysis:

Table 1: Results for 2.7kΩ resistor

Frequency/ Vpp/
Hz x500mV
100 4.5
120 4.7
140 4.9
160 5.2
180 5.4
200 5.6
210 5.2
230 4.9
240 4.6
260 4.4
280 4
300 3.8
400 2.6
500 1.8

Table 2: Results for 1.5kΩ resistor

Frequency/
Hz Vpp/x2V
120 3.9
130 3.9
150 3.8
180 3.3
200 2.8
220 2.4
240 2.2
 280 1.8
300 1.6
400 1.4
500 1

Graph 1: Results from the 2.7k resistor

 6

4
Vpp/x500mV

0
100 120 140 160 180 200 210 230 240 260 280 300 400 500

Frequency/Hz

Graph 2: Results for the 1.5kΩ resistor

 4.5

3.5

2.5
Vpp/x2V

1.5

0.5

0
120 130 150 180 200 220 240 280 300 400 500

Frequency/Hz

For the 2.7kΩ resistor

Peak to peak 4.5, f = 1KHz, time base = 0.2, 10mV/div

Vpp = 4.5 × 10mV/div = 45mV
V 0 4.5 ×10−3
Centre frequency = = =0.00375 V
V¿ 12
 R3 180 k
Expected G0= = =33.3 k Ω
2 R1 2(2.7 k )
Filters frequency = 120Hz

( ) (√ 68×68+2.7
1

180× 2.7 )
1 R1 + R2 2 10000
F= = =¿73.6Hz
2 πC R1 R 2 R3 2π
FL = 0.707 × 0.045 = 0.0318
FH=
Bandwidth = (FH-FL)
f0 120
Q= =
( f L −f H ) ❑

For the 1.5KΩ resistor

v 0 4.5 ×10−3
Centre frequency = = =0.00375V
V 12
R3 180 k
Expected G0= = =60 k Ω
2 R1 2(1.5 k )
Filters frequency = 120Hz

( ) (√ 68×68+1.5
1

180× 1.5 )
1 R1+ R 2 2 10000
F= = =¿97.9Hz
2 πC R1 R 2 R 2π
FL = 0.707 × 0.045 = 0.0318
FH=
Bandwidth = (FH-FL)
f0 120
Q= =
( f L −f H ) ❑

Conclusion:
- The calculated values where far from the expected values and this could have been caused ny
errors when taking the measurements.
- V gain is less than the expected value

Industrial Applications:

- Used in wireless transmitters and receivers. A band pass filter also

optimises the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of a receiver.
- They are used to allow only a single portion of the light spectrum into
a instruments in astronomy.
References:

1. Department of Applied Physics, Experimental Physics Laboratory Manual Part

1, Semester 2 2019
2. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Serway Jewett, Sixth Edition, ISBN
0534408427.
3. Electronic Devices, Conventional Current Version, ninth Edition, Thomas L.
Floyd, ISBN-13: 978-0-13-254986-8.