causality

ycn) = F
[ seen ] ,
seen -
is , yen -
j ) ]
i &
j :
positive integers
Ncn ) seen -1 ) causal
yen)
→ = -
:

→
y ( n ) = N ( nh ) : Non - causal

→ Can ) Non causal

yen]
= ✗ : -

→
ylnl =

↳ [ seen -11 them + seen +17 ] : Non - causal

stability :

BI BO

if I Unh £ Mae < ao

,
th

then 1 yen) I £
My < •

→
yin )
=

yzcn -

1) + ✗ Cn)

Ncn ) = C Sch)

↳ constant

1 < let < a

yen ) is unbounded

BIBO unstable
M - l

) I
→
yln =

Mt
seen K)
-

n=o

if I ✗ cml 4- Bx Lao : Bounded

then I YCRDI = Bse : Bounded stables
→
yen )
=
É seen -
K) :
unstable
R= 0

Timeinvariance :

if seen ] -73 yen )

then ✗ ( n -
no) T→ Yln -
no)

no =
integer
EI :
yen ] = ✗ L -
n )
→
time reversal system
# Linearity
say y.cn, =
TIX , end =
al -
n )

Yzcn )
= 1- [ KIND =
Kz C -
n )

now
, y > ( n) = 1-
[ ✗ 9,1N) + BRIND

= ✗ N C - n ) t Baz C- n )
,
-

again ,

✗ y Cn ) 1- Pyzln ) = ✗ Rich ] 1- BMC -

n )
,
-

Linear
# Causality :
yen )=xC
n ) future -1%
-

let 7=-1 then y( ¥ , = n , #

Non -

Cantal
 # time )
yen ]
al
yar-y-e.mg
n
:
-
=

1 1 2 I
2¥ 4¥
→
> >
02
n 0 n
-2

en ] x( n 1)
say se ,
= -

I 1 1
y.LI
1

→
o o

: z z
yn -
z -
z 8 7h

As ,
2
y(n
Y, Cn) =\ Yln 1) -

>n
0 1

Time -

Varying

ycn7=n( n
) : stable
-

Inter
Connef_DT-Systems :

1 . Cascade ( series )

2. Parallel

cascade :
,
-
- - -
-
-

,
y.cm
✗ ( n) -1,3 -12 → Tz yen)
-
-

Y, (n) = T I ✗ ( n) ]
]
,
seen] ]
[ Y Cn ) ] = I [ Is [
Ycn) = Tz ,
 if 1-221 = Tc then

yen ) = Tc I seem ]

Notes : order of operth is

important

T -12 f- IT , → General Case

But if tiknt
III are
linear &

then → I : time invariant

→ T, Tz =
IT, : both gives identical
01ps .

Say Tz & Tz : time invariant

,

Ch K)
then seen) y, Cn ) then ✗ (n -
K) Y, -

yen ) ) )
y.cn ) then
yin - n
ycn - K

thus ✗ ( n -
K) t-ycn-w-te.me -

¥gut

paral¥ :
→( n)
T,
→

new
# ⇐ I
Yzln)
→ yen]

✗ ( n ) Y, In )
yen ) =
y, Ch) 1- Yzln )

seem yzln)
= -1, -LxcnBtIEUnD
= (-1,1-1-2) Inch]]
=
Tp [ seem ]
=
Analysiso-PDT-LT-I-pteme.io
Characterize a LTI
System : response to the unit impulse
it or unit step .

time - domain

Resolution impulses :

ncn ) :
arbitrary signal
Kulm :
elementary signal
Kuch ) = Sch -
K)
; Y =
delay
8cm - K)
NUM ^
yay 1

i - i r -
,

>
7h
° ° 0 0 • o o

p M
q
k
K )8ln-k)
nun NLK)

o o o o o o o o ee •
> M
q
k
seen)S( n -
K) = seek )8( n -
K) ←

debut
seen ] Sen -
mj ;
m * y

) 8 (
thus seen )8( n ( ) n m ) ⇐
-
m = ✗ m -

Repeat : -
ask < o

A- seen) =
I xck) Sch - K)

k=--
↳ sum of shifted
weighted unit sample Seg .
EI : RCM =
{ 2
,
4
,
0
,
3 }
9

R= -1
,
O l 2 : Slntl ) Sen) & bln -2 )
,

✗ ( n ) =
2817+-1 ) t 4 SID + 38¥

Imp YÉ¥ response :

8cm) → DS → hln)

Response of a
system to an unit impulse is called its

impulse
respous-e.vn
) → Ds → sch]

sin] unit step

:
response