Other cases

After, Last, Next, Before

Other prepositions
 after (following)
after school

 as of (starting), more formal than from

as of tomorrow

 before (preceding a point in time, future or past)

before Christmas

 between ... and (limits of a period)

between Monday and Friday

 by (before, at the latest)

by Thursday

 during (in the course of a period)

during the day

during the holidays (during the vacation)

 for (duration, future or past)

for up to 10 weeks

for five minutes

negated:

not for* three weeks (not ... in three weeks) * increasingly being replaced by in

 after a superlative:

the ...est for* two years  (the ...est in three weeks ) * increasingly being replaced

by in

 from (starting, as of)
from today

from July

 past (time of the day)

23 minutes past 6 (6:23) (also: after)

 since (from a point of time in the past, still continuing now)

since Monday

 till/until (up to a point in time in the future)

till tomorrow

until tomorrow

 to (time of the day)

23 minutes to 6 (5:37) (also: before)

 within (in less time than)

within a day

No preposition
 next Monday

 last Tuesday

 Saturday week
he preposition in
 months
in July, in the month of July

in September, in the month of September

 years
in 1996, in the year 1996

in 2012, in the year 2012

 seasons
in summer

in the summer, in the summer of '69

 parts of the day

in the morning

in the afternoon

in the evening

 point of time in the future

in a minute

in a fortnight

in three weeks' time, in three weeks (only when not ambiguous)

 duration (within a maximum period)

in a minute

in two weeks
Preposition "on" for time
The preposition on
 days
on Sunday, on Sundays

on Good Friday

on my birthday

 dates
on the 25(th) of December

on December (the) 25(th)

 a particular part of a day

on the morning of September (the) 11(th)

The preposition at
 parts of the day
at dawn

at night

 time of day
at 6 (o'clock), at 7 p.m., at 18 hrs (24-hour clock: airports, the military)

at midday, at noon 

at midnight

 festive seasons
 at Christmas

at Easter

 points in time
at the weekend (on the weekend, on weekends(American English))

at the time, at the same time

Other prepositions
 after (following)
after school

 as of (starting), more formal than from

as of tomorrow

 before (preceding a point in time, future or past)

before Christmas

 between ... and (limits of a period)

between Monday and Friday

 by (before, at the latest)

by Thursday

 during (in the course of a period)

during the day

during the holidays (during the vacation)

 for (duration, future or past)

for up to 10 weeks
 for five minutes

negated:

not for* three weeks (not ... in three weeks) * increasingly being replaced

by in

after a superlative:

the ...est for* two years  (the ...est in three weeks ) * increasingly being

replaced by in

 from (starting, as of)
from today

from July

 past (time of the day)

23 minutes past 6 (6:23) (also: after)

 since (from a point of time in the past, still continuing

now)
since Monday

 till/until (up to a point in time in the future)

till tomorrow

until tomorrow

 to (time of the day)

23 minutes to 6 (5:37) (also: before)

 within (in less time than)

within a day

No preposition
 next Monday
 last Tuesday

 Saturday week