(Sequence and Series)

 म म (sequence) म म ' म' म

ब म य म म म म म ए य ऱग- ऱग
पर भ आ

 म फऱ य म य N य म
ऱए य म य म पर र
र |

f : N → R

f(n) =

 म ए फऱ

(Real Sequence):

म पर रR प म य , म ऱ

(i) 2, 5, 8, 11,……
(ii) 3,-9, 27, -81,……

(Types of Sequence):

प य आ र पर म र

(i) : मपरम ऱ य प य

(ii) : म परम ऱ य प य परम

म
: = { र प रभ य म ए |
म
 / :

( (tiles), )

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ………..

पर म र प र ब र य
र :
= =1
= +
= +
= + , n>2

म Fibonacci म

9.1

1 6 द , n द द :
 7 10 द , n द
:

11 13 द

(Series):

म प य पर म ए य ऱ य
……. म , य ……. ए

र (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +………..

(ii) 2 – 4 – 8 – 16 - ……….
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5 6' 7 8 & 9 -: &

& ;0 (Artithmetic progression (A.P.):

& ;0 ' ( 12 <;0 ( ) &
' : 'a ) &d # & ;0 + & ,
a + d, a + 2 d,...... a + (n - 1) d,.........

%' & $ -4, -1, 2,5.....

& ;0 n = ' (nth term of an A.P.)

& ;0 : 'a : ) &d # <
tn = a+ (n - 1)d = d = an – an-1

& ;0 : n ' 7 (The sum of first n terms of an A.P.)

' : 'a ) &d # & ;0 : n ' 7
n n
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d] = [a + ] = nt n +1
2 2 '
2
= ' t n +1 . '
2

2$ { t n } n' : r ' 7 Sr # r = ' tr = Sr – Sr-1.

& 7 . ) (Properties of A.P.):

(i) : ' & ) & 5! # . " > " 8 *) + 9

(ii) ' a,b,c & ;0 # 2b = a + c & ' a,b,c,d & ;0 # a + b = b + c.

(iii) & ;0 a - d, a, a + d & 3 - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d ;

= a - 2d, a - , a + d, a + 2d ?$ ' a - 5a, a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d '

(iv) @ @ &+A : '!& & -: ' 7 & : : ' 7

<& <&
(v) & ;0 *) ' 8 : ' 9 % '!& & -: ' 7 .
: ) B an = 1/2 (an-k + a n+k), k < n.
k=1 an = (1/2) (an-1 + aa+1);
k=2 an = (1/2) (an-2 + an+2) : * & 7

(vi) & ;0 " ' (! <;0 &# 1 2 &# 7 & A &

& 4 A & ;0

(vii) ' & ;0 7 &A & ;0

& . 8 . 9 8 @ @9 $ (Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average( (A.M.)):

' & ;0 # . ' ' ' & . $ ' a,b,c @ @

# a c & . b

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + .....a n
n a1,a2,.....,an & . A=
n
2
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' . n- & . (n - Artithmetic means between two numbers):

' *) ' =a b & a, A1,A2,.......An’ b, @ @ #a &b . n & . A1,A2,.....An

b−a 2(b − a) n(b − a)

A1 = a + ,A2 = a + ,........., A n = a + n
n +1 n +1 n +1

2$a b . ( n @ . 7# a &b . @ @ n7
n
: ) B A r = nA, = A, a b . @ @
r =1

7 C& (Geometric progression (G.P.)) :

7 C & ;0 % : ' (! & " '% ? '
& & ( 7 & & 4 * & 7 " & ;0 7 ' & *
& & ( ;0 ) : * 2 3
a, ar, ar , ar , ar , ..... 4
7@ @ : ' a &
) r

%' & (i) 2, 4, 8, 16 ....

1 1 1 1
(ii) , , , .....
3 9 27 81

& $ (i) n = ' = a rn-1

a rn −1( )
(ii) : n ' 7 Sn = r − 1 ' r ≠ 1
na ' r =1
(iii) 7@ @ ' 7 < r < 1, < n → ∞r n → 0 ' r <1 *
a
S∞ =
1− r
(
r <1 . )
7 C & ;0 7 . ) (Properties of G.P.)

(i) ' a, b, c 7@ @ b2 = ac, 3 # D ' a1, a2, a3, a4,.....an-1, an 7@ @ #

a1an = a1an-1 = a3an-2 = .......

a
(ii) 7@ @ 7 ' , a, ar,
r

a a
(iii) 7@ @ & 7 ' 3
, ar, ar3
r r

(iv) ' 7@ " ' 7 # A 7 % 1 (! & ( <;0 ' 4 A 7@ @

7
(v) ' r1 r2 ) ' 7 " & ;0 ( $ a1, a2, a3,...... & b1, b2, b3,..... # a1b2, a2b2,
a3b3,..... A 7@ @ 7 ) r1r2

(vi) ' a1,a2,a3,.... = " ai > 0, 7@ @ # log a1, loga2, loga3,...... @ @ : * A

3
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"

7 " & . Gemetric means (means proportional) (G.M.):

' a,b,c 7 " & # a &c . 7 " & . b
' a & c' . " # b = ac & ' a & c' > " # b = − ac . b2 = ac *
b = ac ; ; a > 0, c > 0.

a, b . n-7 " & . (n-Geometric means between a, b) :

'' a b ' 7*) & a, G1, G2,......, Gn, b, 7@ @ # a b . n7 " & . G1, G2,

G3,.........,Gn G1 = a(b / a)1 / n +1, G2 = a(b / a)2 / n + a ,........, Gn = a(b / a)n / n +1

2$ ' a & b . n7 " & . 7 a & b . 7 " & . n 1 <& <&

∏G = ( )
n
: ) B r ab = (G)n = a% b . 7 " & . G
r =1

&" ;0 (Harmonic progression (H.P.))

*) &" ;0 '* ' 3 " & ;0 ' a1, a2, a3,.....,a n

&" ;0 # 1/a1, 1/a2,...., 1/an & ;0

2$
(i) &" ;0 n ' 7 *) !E &" ;0 : ' a & F ' b #
ab
n = ' tn =
b + (n − 1)(a − b)

2ac a a−b
(ii) ' a,b,c & " ;0 # b= =
a+c c b−c

a−b a
(iii) ' a,b,c & ;0 =
b−c a

a−b a
(iv) ' a,b,c 7 " & ;0 # =
b−c b

&" . (Harmonic Mean):

' a,b,c & " ;0 # a &c . &" . b : b = 2ac/[a + c].
' a1,a2,.....a n, ‘n’ ( ! # * &" . H + & ,

1 1 1 1 1
= + + ..... +
H n a1 a 2 an

. +< . (Relation between means): 4

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(i) ' . "+ : a b . & . #7 " & . # &" . ( $ A, G, H #

G2 = AH : ) B A, G, H 7 ""& ;0 & A ≥ G ≥ H.

A.M. ≥ G.M. ≥ H.M.

' a1,a2,a3, . " - # % & . + & &A G ,

a1 + a2 + a3 + ...... + an
A.M.=
n

1/n n
* 7 " & . = (a1a2a3.....an) * &" . =
1 1 1
+ + ....... +
a1 a2 an

* A.M. ≥ G.M. ≥ H.M. F& '() A G2 ' & ' a1 =

a2 = a3 = ...... = an

& 7 "& ;0 $ (Artithmetico - Geometric Series) :

A.P. & G.P. " 7 ' 7 & < # & 7 " &
%' & $ 1 + 3a + 5x2 + 7x3 + ...
= 1, 3, 5,.... & ;0 & 1, x, x2, x3..... 7 " & ;0

&7 " & n ' 7 (Sum of n terms of an arithmetico-geometric series) :

n-1
Sn = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2 d) r2 + .... + [a + (n - 1)d]r

< Sn =
a
+
(
dr 1 − r n −1
−
)
[a + (n − 1)d]r n , r ≠ 1.
1−r (1 − r )2 1−r

' 7 (Sum to infinity) :

a dr
' r <1 n→∞ # < Limit r n = 0 S∞ = + .
n→ ∞ 1 − r (1 − r )2
a dr
∴ S∞ = + .
1 − r (1 − r )2

& (Results) :
n n n n n
(i) (ar ± br ) = ar ± brr (ii) k a1 = k ar .
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
n
(iii) k = k + k + k ....... n ' = nk; =k &
r =1
n
n(n + 1)
(iv) r = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n=
r =1
2
n
n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(v) r2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ...... + n2 =
r =1
6

5
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n
n2 (n + 1)2
(vi) r3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 =
r =1
4
n
2
(vii) 2 aia j. = (a1 + a2 + .... + an)2 - (a12 + a22 + ....... + an )
i< j=1

n = 'H & & . (Method of difference for fidning nth term) :

' u1,u2,u3...... * & # u2 - u1, u3 - u2,...... & ;0 7 " & ;0 # *
n = ' + &H ,
S = u1 + u2 + u3 + ....... + u n .........(i)
S= u1 + u2 +......+ un-1 +un ..........(ii)
(i) - (ii) un = u1 + (u2 - u1) + (u3 - u2) + .......+ (un – un-1)
= (u2 - u1) + (u3 - u2) + ..... + (un – un-1) & ;0 7 " & # un H &

k
&* & 7 S= ur
r =1

2$ % &I . + &3 < ,

u1,u2,u3, ........ ' 7
: & ∆1u1, ∆1u2, ∆1u3,......... = ∆1u1 = u2 − u1'∆ 2u2 = u2 − u2 *" '
F & ∆ 2u, ∆ 2u2, ∆ 2u3,............ = ∆ 2u1 = ∆1u2 − ∆1u1, ∆ 2u2 = ∆1u3 − ∆1u2 *" '
< & & < k = & ∆ku1, ∆ku2,.......... 4 = k & A
& <& <& 7 7 " & ;0 < 7 ) J *) 7
-: ,J $ A k &
* -: n ' un + & '
un = a0nk + a1nk-1 + ……. + ak, = a0, a1,……., ak ‘k + 1’ ' % 7

-: ,K$ A k & 7 " & ;0 ) r(r ≠ 1)

* -: n ' un + & ' un = λ r n + a0nk −1 + a1nk − 2 + ....... + ak −1

Sn H & & . (Method of difference for finding Sn) :

' A # r ' ' ' & 3 I & tr = f (r ) − f (r ± 1). + %' &
L
t1 = f(1) - f(0),
t2 = f(2) - f(1),
......................
tn = f(n)-f(n-1) Sn = f(n) f(0)

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