HYPERLOOP

A Fifth Mode Of Transportation

- Kumar Kartikey

- Deepak Kumar
Overview

1. INTRODUCTION
2. SYSTEM
3. SUB-STRUCTURE
4. TUBE POD INTERFACE
5. POD STRUCTURE

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The FUTURE is Here...

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Introduction
▶ Hyperloop as a mode of Travel was conceptualized and proposed by Elon Musk, for
both Passenger and Freight transportation.
▶ It describe the Fifth Mode of transportation system after Rail, Water, Road and Air.
▶ Based on Three part which are -
1. Magnetic Levitation
2. Linear Motor Propagation
3. Vacuum based Transport System

▶ Basic element of Transport Technology are -

1. The Tube
2. The Pods

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(a) Tube of Hyperloop (b) Pod or Capsule of Hyperloop

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Theory and Operation

▶ It operates by sending specially designed "capsules" or "pods" through a steel tube

in vaccum.

▶ Capsules Float on a 0.02 - 0.05 inch (0.5 - 1.3 mm) layer of air provided under
pressure ti air caster.

▶ An electrically driven inlet fan and axial compressor placed at the nose of capsule.

▶ Passenger pod were to be 7 feet and 4 inch in diameter to reach a top speed of 760
mph (1220km/h).

▶ The design proposed passenger experience a maximum inertial acceleration of 0.5g.

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Criticism and Human Factor Considertion
▶ Some Crictics of Hyperloop focus on the Experience -
1. Possibly Unpleasent
2. Frightening
3. High Noise Level
4. Vibration
5. Jostling

▶ Minor Deviation from a straight path may add considerable buffeting.

▶ Design Technicalites in the Tube System.

▶ Ability to maintain a vaccum in the Tube, Especially one hundered miles long, is
another enormous challenge.

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 Layout Concrete Use of
topologies Tube Anomalies Compressor
Power in an Airtightness in tube to Mitigate
Requirement Hyperloop Drag
and Impact infrastructure
on
Electricity
Grid Aerodynamics
Noise &
Heating
Network TUBE TUBE POD
Architexture
SYSTEM
STRUCTURE INTERFACE

Braking Magnetic
and Leviation
Deceleration force
Electric
and
Software
system
HYPERLOOP
Electrodynamics
Suspension
Structural
design

Sub-Sonic
Vibration SUB General POD Linear
instability STRUCTURE Discussion STRUCTURE Synchronous
Motors

Dynamic
amplification
factors
Magnetic
Braking System

Current
Impacts Problems
Scenario
Life Support
System 7
System Overview

1. Layout topologies in an Hyperloop infrastructure

2. Power Requirement and Impact on Electricity Grid
3. Network Architexture
4. Braking and Deceleration
5. Electric and Software system

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Layout typologies in an Hyperloop infrastructure

▶ This Hyperloop Infrastructure could present upto Four different layout solution are

(b) Underwater (c) Underground

(a) Surface layout layout layout (d) Elevated layout

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Power Requirement and Impact on Electricity Grid
▶ Hyperloop power system would be concentrated in following subsystem-
1. Pod Propulsion and Braking
2. Maintenance of Tube Vacuum
3. Pod Leviation and guidance
4. Station and Pod loads
▶ This system either draws electricity from grid (i.e For acceleration, speed boost for
travel and maintainance of vaccum) OR
▶ Return electricity to the grid (i.e Regeneration during deceleration)
▶ Interconnection studies generally adress any grid effect during normal and
contingency condition.
▶ It analysis that HYPERLOOP load during stress condition might occurs a contingency,
when a generator or transmission may trip.

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Network Architexture
▶ The primary challenging is Mobile Communication System.
▶ For instance, Maximum cell range in LTE-R is 12km, but in hyperloopthe residence
time is about 1000km/h.
▶ Currently, we have a 2 ways of NETWORK ARCHITECTURE.
1. Centralized Access Architecture
2. Novel Network Architecture

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Braking and Deceleration

▶ The project involves prototying a braking system which involve system reading from
colour sensor TCS3200.
▶ System use colour sensor present on top of pod inside the vaccumm tube,which have
3 colour shades (i.e Red, Green Blue)
▶ The TCS3200 sensor will sense the colour and hence will alter RPM of the BLDC motor.
▶ The motor rpm will decrease when the sensor sample targeted frequency through
photo diode array
▶ Although some drawbacks will be encounter are-
1. At very high speed RGB sensor may be unable to sample the correct colour frequency.
2. The Torque ripples of the BLDC motor are speed fluctuation ,vibration.

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Electric and Software System
▶ The entire pod is based on 5 major subsystem are - Electrical, Software, Shell,
Propulsion and Brakes.
▶ The conquer approach was used to build the complex software system. This broken
into 3 smaller submodules.
1. Embedded System
▶ It is responsible for collection and aggregation of data of all sensor and execution.
2. Control System
▶ It is responsible for Transmission of all data between control panel and embedded system
3. Control Panel
▶ It works as to provide the control over the pod during launch. It also provide the various pod
control element.

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SUBSTRUCTURE Overview

1. Structural Design
2. Vibration Instability
3. Dynamic Amplification Factors

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Structural Design
▶ Structure System for Hyperloop are in Two configuration -
1. (R configuration)
▶ It is designed as Hinged suppot or Semi-rigid joint, in which case of relative rotation of tube
with respect to each pier also constrained.

2. (F configuration)
▶ This tube can slide in longitudinal direction one pier.
▶ Uniform changes of temperature and longitudinal temperature,do not induce force in this
structure.

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Vibration Instablity
▶ In General, studies on moving train fall in 2 categories -
1. ENVIRONMENTAL Vibration
2. INSTABILITY Vibration
▶ First category are devoted to transtition radiation which occur when a train passes an
inhomogeneity.
▶ In Second category, Train usually modelled as a single or multi degree of freedom
system.
▶ When instability occur, the Free Vibration of the train grows exponentially which
resulting infinite displacement.
▶ Currently, Researchers worked on 1D and 2D model of rail track to predict the
instability of moving train.
▶ But instability of train moving through an underground tunnel has not analysed yet.

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Dynamic Amplification Factors

▶ DAF effect of moving train is on Vertical Motion and Lateral Motion of pier deck system
▶ Figure shows the effect of single span to multispan beams of DAF for both vertical and
lateral motion.
▶ In Vertical Vibration , it shows a clear maximum which increase for higher number of
spans.
▶ In Lateral Vibration, the increase in the peak is far less than the vertical motion.
▶ When we summarize, the Dynamic amplification factor of Hyperloop are highly
dependent on the train speed, number of spans, train to bridge mass ratio.

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18
Tube Structure

1. Concrete Tube Airtightness

2. Anomalies in Tube

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Concrete Tube Airtightness
▶ (SSTT) system is considered as next generation transport systems because of its
highly efficient performance.
▶ Determining the degree of crack is extremely important in evaluating system
airtightness performance.
▶ The degradation of system is extremely sensitive to the development of crack.
▶ In conclusion, the Damage measure obtained from FEA can be used to indirectly
predict the degradation of SSTT system.

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21
Anomalies in Tube
▶ To automate anomaly detection in long distance facilities such as Hyperloop, we
create a 2D LiDAR based measurement system.
▶ In Hyperloop capsules moves at high velocity of 1000km/hr, it is crucial to detect any
potential hazard that may affect the vehicle in advance.
▶ Below image, a method by which 3D point cloud data are obtained from 2D lidar
scanner that rotate and moves in the tube and generate 3D model of tube.

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▶ When 3D data generated, We compare from Reference And Current Model.

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Tube-Pod Interface

1. Use of compressor to Mitigate Drag

2. Aerodynamic Heating and Pressure
3. Magnetic Levitation Force

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Use of compressor to Mitigate Drag
▶ The compressor to the simulation leads to a reduction in required power to maintain
a constant speed for high blockage ratio.
▶ At the low blockage ration it can even be beneficial to avoid using the compressor as
the flow is entirely subsonic.
▶ The compressor consumes considerably LESS POWER.
▶ The grows Asymptotically to a value around 70 percent at a blockage ratio between
0.35 - 0.5.

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Aerodynamic Heating and Pressure

▶ Aerodynamic Characteristics of the tube train are simulated by DDES.

▶ A turning point appears in the relationship between Cd and Mach Number.
▶ An expansion wave appear behind the tube train running at Transonic speed.
▶ Shock wave and their reflection are confined to the expansion wave.
▶ Temperature difference between front and rear of the tube trains is large.

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Levitation Force

▶ The levitation Force is of 2 kinds

1. Ybacuo
2. Gdbacuo
▶ The levitation force of Ybacuo and Gdbacuo increased by 20.3 and 13.7 percent in Zfc
cases, and 11.6 and 4.6 percent in Fc cases, compare with atmospheric pressure.
▶ Ybacuo bulk is more sensitive to the pressure variation compare with Gdbacuo above
the PMG, in low pressure condition.
▶ Levitation characteristics of Ybacuo bulk would get superior those of Gdbacuo due to
the increasing critical current density.
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Pod Structure

1. Electrodynamics Suspension
2. Sub-Sonic Linear Synchronous Motors
3. Magnetic Braking System
4. Life Support System

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Electrodynamics Suspension

▶ In Hyperloop, the null-flux (EDS) system and (SCMs) can perform stable levitation
without control during high-speed driving.
▶ EDS has many advantages, such as stable levitation and lightweight design without
ferromagnetic materials
▶ In order to determine EDS system, the performance and characteristics change
various design variable like null flux coil shape.
▶ EDS used repulsive force between the onboard magnet and induced current that
occur when the magnet pass over the electromagnetic track.
▶ There are 2 different track are
1. Continous Sheet Track
2. Discrete null flux coil track

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(a) Continuous sheet track (b) Discrete null-flux coil track

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Sub-Sonic Linear Synchronous Motors

▶ The Hyperloop aims to accelerate to the sub-sonic velocity of 1200 km/h in

near-vacuum with magnetic levitation and propulsion systems.
▶ For this it makes use of Sub-sonic LSMs with high temperature super conduty HTS
magnet.
▶ Linear Synchronous motor propulsion system (LSMPS) include Two sub system are
LSM and propulsion power supply system (PPSS)
▶ Among the various types of LSM with HTS magnet, the three phase double layer and
concentrated winding method are adopted for design of armature.
▶ For the design of the subsonic LSM, the required thrust force of hyperloop should be
calculated and this obtained from maximum accelerationof pods and resistance force.

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▶ The configuration of the proposed Hyperloop with sub-sonic LSMs Front and
bird’s-eye views is below -

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Magnetic Braking System

▶ EDDY current braking system of high speedrailway is developed because of the

adhesion limit.
▶ Linear eddy current braking systems are used in magnetic levitation applications in
high velocity trains to avoid the abrasion of mechanical disc brake.
▶ To obtain magnetic flux, the permanent magnet excited brake systems are produced
in two different manners of construction are iron core–PM array and the Halbach
array.
▶ H. array type is composed of only permanent magnet. This array uses four blocks per
period, with the magnetization axis rotating by 90 degrees in each subsequent block
to maximally aid the desired field distribution.

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(a) Halbach array Eddy current brake

(b) Flux distribution with iron rail

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Life Support System

▶ Main Technology of life support system of evacuated tube transportation vehicle

passenger cabin.
▶ Cabin pressure control technology-
1. Human body physiological basis of cabin pressure system.
▶ Low pressure influence on the human body is in Four aspect are
1. Decompresion Sickness
2. Flates
3. Body Fluid boiling
4. Lungs injury

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▶ Cabin Pressure Control
1. During operation, passenger in cabin will consume oxygen and total cabin pressure
drops the level.
2. To avoid it, a signal is sent out and oxygen and nitrogen supply valve is opened to the
cabin.
3. The number of opening nitrogen valve would be very few under the mode , so that
oxygen and nitrogen is supplied respectively.

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