2020 F.

Y¶K 811
bbK H100

E.B. HonY6EBa1, 5.M. AXNA6OBa2, B.H. PacynOB2

1
PANMAÇEUU ZOCY6APCMBENNAU YNUBEPCUMEm um. b.b. Topo6OBUEoba
2
YeUENCEUU ZOCY6APCMBENNAU YNUBEPCUMEm

TENª ObPA]EHEM
E EX HA]EOHAfl@HO-KVfl@TVPHAª CNE]E8EKA

B cmamae ananusupyαmce oco6ennocmu o6pa4enuu EaE EOnmAEmoycmanaBNUBaα4ux

e6unuç peUEBOZO 7MUEema, NPUBO6umce ux EnaCCUØUEaçue, onpe6eneαmce ocnOBNAE
xAPAEMEPUCMUEU u NAÇUONANANO-EYnamypnae CNEÇUØUEa B pasnax ESAEax. BacoEae
UYBCmBUMEnanocma o6pa4enuu E ucmopuueCEUM usmenenuem B O64ecMBE 6enaem ux çennam
mamepuanom 6ne ananusa, cnoco6nam npo6eMONCMPUPOBama BPEmennou cpes. ABMOPAMU
NOEasana coçuanano-PEZYNEMUBNAE ØyNEÇUE o6pa4enuu B pYCCEOU peuu.
flnαUEBƟE CNOBa: peuEBOU 7mUEem, o6pa4enue, pYCCEae peua, Eynamypa peuu, naçuonanano-
EYnamypnae CNEÇUØUEa.

E.V. Golubeva1, Z.M. Achmadova2, V.Sh. Rasumov2

1
Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov
2
Chechen State University

TYPES OF ADDRESSING PEOPLE

AND THEIR NATIONAL CULTURAL SPECIFICS

The article analyses how people address individuals in order to begin a conversation. The
researchers determine the classification of addressing; describe their main features and national
cultural specifics. Types of addressing are particularly vulnerable to historical changes in the
society and therefore it is a valuable material for analyses capable to reflect diJerent historical
events. The authors described societal and regulatory functions of addressing in Russian speech.
Key words: speech etiquette, addressing, Russian speech, culture of speech, national cultural specifics.

YcTHAR peua MMEET CyyeCTBeHHƟE oTUMUMR oT MMCAMEHHOU. OДHOU ms

CMEYMØMUECKMX uepT YCTHOFo O6YEHMR RBURETcr BosMowHOCTA MCMOuasoBaHMR
o6PAYEHmu, KoTopɵe BƟДEURDtcr MHTOHAYMOHHO, MOFYT BƟPAWATA sMOYMM m
OMPEД EUEHHO e oTHOMEHME FoBOPRYEFo K aДpecaTy.
PeUEBoe MOBeДEHME UDДeu B oØmymaUAHOU mum HEOØMYMAUAHOU CMTyaymm O6YEHMR,
KoTopoe cooTBeTCTByeT COYMAUAHOMY cTaTycy, SAДAHHƟM COYMAUAHƟM HopMaM,
umuHocTHƟM oTHOMEHMRM, BOSPACTy m MOuy, HASƟBaetcr peUEBƟM sTMKeToM.
8opMYuɵ peUEBOFo STMKeta HOCMTEURMM RSƟKa yCBAMBaDTCR C ДETCTBa m OYYYADTCR
KAK HEUTo ecTECTBeHHoe, Fuy6OKo BCTPAMBADYEEcR B XAPAKTEPMCTMKy RSƟKoBou
UMUHO cTM.
O6PAYEHME, RBURRCA CMHTAKCMUECKM m MHTOHAYMOHHO o6oco6uEHHƟM KoMMOHEHToM
peum, O6OSHAuAET TOFo, KoMY oHA aДpecOBAHA. Peua, HauaTAR C o6pAYEHMR,
MPMSBaHA YCTaHOBMTA KoHTAKT, MPMBueua BHMMahme, OMPEДEUMTA sMOYMOHAUAHYD
oKPAMEHHOcta CMTyaymm O6YEHMR.
¶AHHAR CTaTAR MocBRYEHA aHAumsy cMEYMØMKM O6PAYEHMU B PASHƟX RsɵKax, MCTo-
PMKO-KyuaTYPHOU TPAHCØopMaymm YMOTPE6MTEUAHƟX O6PAYEHMU, a TAKWe mx
HAYMOHAua- HO-KyuaTYPHOU o6yCUOBUEHHOCTM, aBTOPAMM cOMOcTaBuRDTCR eДMHMYƟ
PASHƟX RSƟKoB. MaTEPMAuoM ДUR HAMMCAHMR CTaTAM CTaum YCTHƟE TEKCTƟ
HOCMTEUEU RSƟKa, a TAKWe ДAHHɵe cuoBapeu.

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 BECTHNK KAuMª⎝KOTO YHNBEPCNTETA 

AKTyauAHOcTA ДAHHOU TEMƟ oMPEДEURETcr BƟCOKou UYBCTBMTEUAHOcTAD sTMKeTHƟX

ØopMYU-O6PAYEHMU K MCTopmue CKMM msMEHEHMRM B WMSHM o6yeCTBa,
MHДMKaTOPHO- CTAD B UACToTHOCTM YMOTpe6uEHMR B peum HOCMTEUEU, HAYMOHAUAHO-
KyuaTYPHOU MAPKM- POBAHHOCTAD. AHAums STMX MOKasaTeueu MpeДCTABURET MHTEPEcHƟU
MaTEPMAu, B KoTOpoM MOWHO BƟRBMTA YHMKauAHƟE m CMEYMØMUECKME uepTɵ
HAYMOHAUAHOFo peueBoFo sTmKeTa. O6PAYEHMR, BƟPAWAR BoUD mum sMOYMM
FoBOPRYEFo, UACTo MCMOuasyDTCR B MpeДuo- weHMM COBMecTHO c MMMEPATMBHƟMM
ØopMAMM mum B CocTaBe BOMPOcA/BoCKUMYAHMR, O6PAYEHHOFo K umyy mum
MpeДMETy. AKTyaUAHOCTA CPABHMTEUAHO-COMOctABMTEUAHOFo msYUEHMR o6PAYEHMU
o6ARCHRETcr m TEM, uTo B COBPEMEHHOm o6yeCTBe HOCMTEUM pASHɵx RSƟKoB m KyuaTyp CT
PEMRTCR K HOPMAM BEWUMBOFo O6YEHMR, KoTopoe MPORBURETcr B ДEMOHCTpaymm
YBawEHMR K UMUHOcTM co6eceДHMKa m EFo ДocToMHCTBAM.
BAWHƟM RBURETcr HE TouAKo MOSHAHME ØYHKYMOHMPOBahmr CMCTEMƟ RSƟKa, Ho m
ocBoe- HME peUEBOFo STMKeta, – cUMTAET H.H. 8opMAHOBckar [14]. YUEHƟU MOД TEPMMHOM
«peUEBou STMKet» MOHMMaet MPABMUA peuEBOFo MOBeДEHMR, KoTopɵe BƟPA6OTaHƟ
o6yecTBoM, OHM HaYMOHAUAHO-CMEYMØMUHƟ m mCTopmueCKM msMEHUMBƟ [14, c. 4]. TaK,
HopMƟ pYCCKOFo peue- BoFo sTmKeTa Tpe6yDT oMpeДeueHHoFo o6payeHmR K
MpeMoДaBATeuD B BysoBCKou ayДMTopmm. B MPOYEcce MPEMOДABAHMR pYCCKOFo RSƟKa
KAK MHOCTPAHHOFo co6UDДeHME STou HopMƟ coMPOBowДAETCR TpyДHOcTRMM, TaK KAK
O6PAYEHMR He ToUAKo HAYMOHAUAHO MAPKMPOBahɵ, HO m CMUAHO ДmØØEPEHYMPOBahɵ B
SABMCMMOcTM oT CMTyaymm O6YEHMR.
B pyCCKoM peUEBoM sTMKeTE MPMHRTo o6PAYEHME Mo MMEHM-Otue CTBy, UTo BƟSƟBaet
OMPEДEUEHHƟE T pyДHOCTM y MHOCTPAHYEB, msyUADYMX pyCCKMU RSƟK. bouee TOFo,
y KMTaUYEB, aPA6OB, MOHFoUOB m MHOFMX ДpyFMX HapoДOB He MPMHRTo yKaSƟBaTA
oTUE- CTBo, MMEHHO MosToMY MHOCTPAHYƟ MHTEPØEPMPyDT MOHRTHYD mM ØopMY
o6PAYEHMR. HaMPMMEP: «E-Øy-ZE-NU-E, NOBMOPUME e4e pas, nomanyucma» (ms
peum KMTAUYEB);
«Mpeno6ABamena, EAEae cmpanuça?»; «Mpeno6ABamenanuça, a Z6e momno Bsema
yue6NUE?» (ms peum TYPKMEHOB); «EBZENUE, A66ynEapum onas6ABaem»; «HBANOBa
Hamanae, ceZO6ne ma nou6em na 7ECEYpcuα?» (ms peum APA6OB).
B UD6OM RSƟKe KOPMYC o6PAYEHMU MEHRETcr CO BPEMEHEM , TAK KAK RBURET cr
pesyuaTaToM PASBMTMR o6yecTBa, MouMTMUE cKoFo cTpoR, coymaUAHƟX TpAHCØopMaymu.
3KCTpaUMHFBMCTMUE ckme ØAKTopɵ, BuMRDYME Ha CMEYMØMKy O6PAYEHMU, BƟCTYMADt
B Kaue CTBe MAPKePOB B oMPEДEUEHMM CTaTyca FoBOPRYMX, mx oTHOMEHmu, oco6eHHOcTEU
CMTyaymm O6YEHMR m MHДMBMДYaUAHƟX xAPAKTEPMCTMK YUACTHMKob peum.
8opMa o6payeHmR, TpaHCØopMmpyRCa, oMpeДeuReT uacTOTY m yMecTHocTA
yMOTpe6ue- HMR B peum HOCMTEUEU. To, UTo 6ɵuo HOPMauAHƟM KoFДA-To, MOPOU
cTaHOBMTcr HeaKTyaua- HƟM, HEUEMƟM, a B HEKoTopɵx CUYUARX ocKOP6MTEUAHƟM. TAK
MPOMCxoДmT C o6paYEHMRMM
«FPAWДAHMH», «TOBapmy», HEKoFДa AKTyaUAHƟMM m UACToTHƟMM Дo HEДABHEFo BPEMEHM,
ceuuac OHM, cKopee, mMEDt YCTaPEBaDYMU xaPAKTep m ywe He cooTBeTCTBYDT
Tpe6o- BaHMRM BPEMEHM. BƟTE cHMB ms aKTMBa TAKME O6PAYEHMR, KAK «cyДapɵHR»,
«cyДapa»,
«Bame 6uAFopoДme», CUOBa «FPAWДAHMH» m «ToBapmy» Towe oKasaumca co
BPEMEHEM B MACCMBe. Heo6xoД MMO oTMETMTA , uTo ДAHHƟE O6PAYEHMR HA
cOBPEMEhhom sTaME ØyHKYMOHMPydt uaye BC eFo B peum MPEДCTABMTEUEU
MPABooXPAHMTEUAHɵx OPFAHOB , TEM C a MƟM RBURRCA oco6EHHOCTRMM mx peuEBOFo
MOPTPETa. MOMƟTKa MCMOuasoBaHMR O6PAYEHMU «FocMOДMH», «FocMOwa», «ДAMa» B
Poccmm HE Mouyumua ДoUWHOFo oTKUMKa B peum HocMTEUEU, BepoRTHO, MCTopmueCKoe
Mpomuoe HAДEURET ДAHHƟE eДMHMYƟ HEFATMBHOU KoHHOT aTMBHOU xAPAKTEPMCTMKou B

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COSHAHMM 6ouee CTAPMEFo MOKouEHMR, a B peum MouoДewm MPEO6uAДADT MHƟE

eДMHMYƟ, HACaWДAEMƟE saMAДHOU KyuaTypou. CMTyAYMR, Mpm KoTopou HywHO KOFO-To
OKUMKHYTA, HE MOSBoURET OMEPMPOBaTa oДHOSHAuHOU yДO6HOU ØopMOU B COBPEMEHHOm
pyCCKoM RSƟKe, MOSToMy HOCMTEURM MpmxoДMTCR UABMPOBaTa m ДeuaTa BƟ6OP B
COOTBETCTBMM c YCUOBMRMM O6YEHMR.

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 BECTHNK KAuMª⎝KOTO YHNBEPCNTETA 

Bɵ6op yMecTHOU ØopMƟ o6PAYEHMR BƟSƟBAET TpyДHOcTM m y HocMTEUEU

pYCCKOFo RSƟKa, UACToTHƟ peUEBƟE OMM6KM. Mɵ BCTpeuAEM HAPYMEHMR sTMKeTHƟx
HOPM Mpm o6pAYEHMM, oCHOBahhom HA MOUOBOSPACTHOU ДmØØEPEHYMAYMM, HAMPMMEp:
«Men4una, nepe6aume, nomanyucma, onnamy». Mo HAMEMY MHEHMD, oco6eHHOCTM
MCMOuasoBaHMR O6PAYEHMU B pyCCKou KoMMYHMKaymm ДoUWHƟ MPABMUAHO
yCBAMBaTACR mHOCTPAHYAMM, MOCKouAKy STo MOSBouMT ms6ewaTa HAPYMEHMR peuEBOFo
STMKeta m KoMMYHMKaTMBHƟX HEyДau. OMPEДEUEHME sOHƟ MHTEPØEPEHYMM B CMEYMØMKe
yMOTpe6UEHMR o6PAYEHMU RBuReTCR cpeДCTBoM ДUR MPEДYMPEWДEHMR BosMOWHƟX
KoMMYHMKaTMBHƟX OMM6OK. Ha Ham BSFURД, uyume mCMOuasOBaTa coДepwaTEUAHO
HyuEBƟE o6PAYEHMR «MSBMHMTE», «MPOCTMTE»,
«6yДaTe Дo6pɵ», «6yДaTe UD6eSHƟ», OHM, MPMBuEKAR BHMMahme aДpecaTa peum, HE mMEDt
HAMPABuehhou ms6mpaTEUAHOctm m MOFYT 6ƟTA O6PAYEHƟ K UD6OMY.
HHTEPEcHƟM MPEДCTABURETcr To, UTo B pyCCKou peum KMTaUYEB uEKCeMa «ToBapmy»
UACToTHA, BosMowHO, STo o6ARCHRETcr TEM, uTo oHA aKTMBHO mCMOuasyETCR B
poДHOM RSƟKe. HaMPMMEP: «B HAMEU FPYMME cEMHAДYATa ToBapmyeu»; «TOBapmy,
FДe MPEMO- ДABaTeua XyH bo?» MoДO6HƟE MPMMEPƟ BKUDuehɵ B KMTAUCKME KoMMUEKcɵ
yUE6HMKob MO pYCCKoMy RSƟKy KAK MHOCTPAHHOMY, KoTopɵe MCMOuasyDTCR ДUR o6YUEHMR
CTyДEHTOB ØAKyuaTEToB MHOCTPAHHOFo RSƟKa B KMTae.
BƟMOUHRR MHOwecTBo ØyHKYMU, o6PAYEHME o6uAДAET BɵpawEHHOU HAYMOHAUAHO-
KyuaTYPHOU cMEYMØMKou, xaPAKTEPHOU ДUR Tou mum MHOU RSƟKoBou m
KyuaTYPHOU O6YHOcTM HA OMPEДEUEHHOM STaMe MCTopmue CKOFo PASBMTMR.
Ha oCHOBe coДEPWAHMR O6PAYEHMU MOWHO MPMBeCTM cueДYDYYD ДmØØepeHymaYMD:
1. O6PAYEHMR – Ko BCEM (HYUEBƟE O6PAYEHMR): «MSBMHMTE», «MPOCTMTE»,
«6yДaTe Дo6pɵ», «6yДaTe UD6eSHƟ»; «coycuu» – Mocuymau (Eanm.) (npum. 3Дeca m
Дauee MEPEBoД aBTOPOB); «Xaua, TMMM KMMTHUA Maxua yFAHAP UOBZAHA» (Eanm.)
«CMOTpm, MДET 6es maMKM B TaKou xouoД».
2. O6PAYEHMR – 8HO: «BaUEHTMHA HBaHOBHA, sABTpa 6yДET sAHRTME?»;
«A6ДyuKaPMM, BƟ cДeuaum ДoMAMHEE SAДAHME?»; «BAДMAEBHA, TE6e sBoHMUM»; «HBaHoB,
cMoTpm Ha ДoCKy, MPEKPAtm BepTETACR» (O6PAYEHME YUMTEUR K YUEHMKy B MKoue).
3. O6PAYEHMR – BOSPACT/MOu: «MauauMK, TƟ MouEMY oДMH?»; «MouoДou UEUOBEK, y
Bac KUDum YMAum»; «¶EBYMKa, 6AHKoMaT pa6oTAET?»; «¶eДYMKa, He TOPOMmca». «AaB,
ŞŞДAH CEK!» (Eanm.) – «¶eДYMKa, oTKPOU ДBepa!»; «K8BŞH, SYKuHA auaД 6AAHA?»
(Eanm.) – «MauauMK, FДe TBou oTEY?»; «bahuyД, 6ouhaTH!» (Eanm.) – «MouoДewa,
ocTopoWHEE!»; «K8FMA, 6mua aДhaД UOBTH» (Eanm.) – «¶eДYMKa (Дocu. CTapɵu
uEUOBEK), HE TOPOMMTEca»; «3u, K8BŞc (Eanm. MAPHM), «ДBoUKa» (MapmpYTHƟU aBTo6yc)
6ɵua?»; (EYMAEC.) «YUAH» «MauaUMK»,
«Kaɵs» «ДEBYMKa», «Æmuap» «pe6RTa»; (ueUENCE.) «BOKKXa CTAF» – 6ocn. CTapɵu UEUOBEK
«MYwUMHA MouTEHHOFo BOSPACTa»; «MOKKXa CTAF» CTAPAR WEHYMHA «weHYMHA
MOUTEHHOFo BOSPACTa»; «BOKKXa CTAF, MOFYMAuua Myxa D XAAH?» – «KAK Bame
sДOPOBAE, CTAPMHA? (K MywUMHE)»; «MOKKXa CTAF, MOFYMAuua Myxa D XAAH?» – «KAK
Bame sДOPOBAE, CTAPMHA mum YBAWAEMAR?» – (K WeHYMHE)»; (EapaU.-6APEAPCE.) Au
Kaɵs, aumu cYYYKA KAAPAMa. (baTUAEB A.X-K.). «3u, ДEBYMKa, HE CMOTpm TAK XouoДHO»
[15].
4. O6PAYEHMR – MpoØeCCMR: «MPEMOДABaTeua, A6pop ceFoДHR 6oUEET» (ms
peum CTyДEHTa-ys6EKa); «MPEMOДABaTEUAHMYA, y MEHR eCTA BoMPOc» (ms peum CTyДEHTa-
TYPKMEHA);
«MpoØeccop, KoFДa HAДO FOBOPMTA «MДTM», a KoFДa «xoДMTA»?» (ms peum cTyДEHTa
– ØPAHKOFOBOPRYEFo aØPMKaHYA); «BAFM (Eanm. YUMTEUA), KoFДa HAUHYTcr

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KAHMKyuɵ?»;
«HAPA-6AFM (Eanm. YUMTEUA FaPR), BƟ MPOuMTaum MMCAMO?».
5. O6PAYEHMR – poДCTBo: «MAMa, cEFoДHR MPMXoДmua TETr PMTa»; «bAAB, 6m
MoCKBa 6aUHCHД UOBXap ceДZAHAB» (Eanm.) – «OTEY, R Xouy MOexaTA B MoCKBy».

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 BECTHNK KAuMª⎝KOTO YHNBEPCNTETA 

B ДAHHOU FPYMME MOwHO BƟДEUMTA HECKouAKo MOДFPyMM: a) KPOBHƟE poДCTBeHHMKM:

«ba6a, R 6ouame HE xouy ecTA»; «¶eДa, MOUДEM HA yumyy»; 6) SHAKoMɵe: «bpaTaH,
MOSBOHm MHE, KAK ДoMOU MPMEДema»; «MAMYUR, ДABau sAUДEM B ToT MAFASMH» (MO
oTHOMEHMD K MOДpYFe); B) HesHAKoMƟE: «HДm oTCDДa, ДRДR!»; «TeTEHAKa, KyMMTE
FASETKy, MOwaUYUCTa»;
«MAMOUKM, FoTOBATeca K o6pa6oTKe» (B poДДoME); «bpaTMMKa, eCTA SAKYPMTA?».
6. O6PAYEHMR – oMMCAHMR: «XEHYMHA B posOBou maMKe, sa BAMM
SAHMMAum?»;
«K8K ДOPBaTa K8BŞH, um HEBuK YAAPAH sOFC» (Eanm.) – «MouoДou uEUOBEK C CMHEU
cyMKou, BCTaHA UYTA B CTOPOHY».
CMEYMØMUEcKou ØopMOU OMMCaTEUAHOFo O6PAYEHMR B HEKoTopɵx TDPKckmx RSƟKax,
RBURETcr CyyeCTBMTEUAHOe-O6PAYEHME, MMEDYEE ØopMY «BTOPMUHOU peMPEsEHTaymm».
HMEHHƟM CPEДCTBoM BTOPMUHOU pEMPESEHTaymm B TDPKckmx RSƟKax RBuRETcr oДHOu-
UEHHAR KaTEFOPMR C MOKasaTEUEM -FAƟ /-FM. (yau «ДoM» – YAU ДF «ДoMa» –
YAUДEFM
«ДoMAMHMU» – yAUДEFMEP «ДoMAMHME, TE, KoTopɵe ДoMa»): ¶op6YHДAFaɵua, uɵFaɵFaɵs!
«Te, KTo B Meyepe, BɵxoДMTE!» [15]. B ueUEHCKoM RSƟKe mCMOuasyeTCR oMmcaTeuaHoe
O6PAYEHME K CYMPyFe «Ta, UTo B ДoME».
7. O6PAYEHMR-OTHOMEHME: «Mmuɵu, KyMM 6euɵu xue6 MO ДOPOFe»; «3au, cДeuau
sByK TMME, MOwaUYUCTa»; «KYKH (Eanm. ДOPOFOU/ДOPOFAR), MOMOFM,
MOwaUYUCTa!».
Ha oCHOBe BƟRBuehhɵx xAPAKTEPMCTMK O6PAYEHMR MOwHO pasДEUMTA HA FPyMMƟ:
1. O6PAYEHMR, MMEDYME MOUHOe COBMAДEHME B PASHƟX RSƟKax (MOuHOsKBmBaueHTHƟE):
(Eanm.) SK – MAMa – (MOHF.) sx; (Eanm.) 6ahuyД – MOuoДewa; (Eanm.) 6AFM – YUMTEUA.
¶AHHAR FPYMMA RBuRET cr HAM6Ouee MHOFokoMMOHEHTHOU MPM MCMOuasoBAHMM
O6 PAYEHMU , o6OSHAuADYMX poДCTBe HHƟE CBRSM , TAK KAK B UD6OM RSƟKe
TEPMMHƟ poДCTBa oTHO c RTCR K apxAMUHOM y MUACTy UEKCMKM, uTo MOSBoURET FoBOPMTA
o cyye- CTBoBaHMM MPARSƟKa, cueДɵ KoTOPOFo MOWHO O6HAPywMTA B HEKoTopɵx
sUEMEHTax RsɵKoBou cmCTEMƟ.
2. O6PAYEHMR, COBMAДADYME UACTMUHO (HEMOuhosKBMBauEHTHƟE): (Eanm.) Oump-6AFM
(YUMTEUA Oump), HOHAH SFU – cecTpa HOFAH, MŞPBA ax – 6paT MDPBr.
3. O6PAYEHMR, HE mMEDYME SKBMBauEHToB (6esSKBMBauEHTHƟE): MywumHA,
weHYmHa (B KauMƟYKoM RSƟKe oTCYTCTByDT MoДO6HƟE O6PAYEHMR), (Eanm.) 6AFM
(YUMTEUA), haha (TET r Mo oTyy), HAHYX SFU (TETr Mo MaTEPM), ABH (ДRДR MO oTYY),
HAHYX (Д RДR MO MaTEPM). B pYCCKoM RSƟKe oTCYTCTByDT MOДxoДRYME ØopMɵ
O6PAYEHMR K TAKMM We poДCTBeHHMKam.
B Kaue CTBe TAKMX O6PAYEHMU HOCMTEUM pYCCKOFo RSƟKa B ocHOBHOm BƟ6MPADT
MOuoWMTEUAHƟE OMPEДEUEHMR, HAMPMMEP: MMUƟU, ДOPOFou, CUAДKMU, souoTou,
MaUEHAKmu, UD6MMƟU . ¶UR BɵpawEHMR HEWHOFo oTHOMEHMR K 6u MSKoMY uEUOBEKy
B KAuecTBe O6PAYEHMR TAKWe MOFYT MCMOuasoBaTACR CUOBa, BƟSƟBADYME yMMUEHME:
SAUUMK, KoTMK, ДETKa, UACTouKa, souoTye, MACMK, MEPCMK, xoMRUOK, Дyma MOR, cepДye
MOe m T.Д.
Bo MHOFMX RSƟKax BCTpeUAETCR ØopMa o6PAYEHMR C MPMTRWATEUAHƟM MecTomMe-
HmEM. HaMPMMEP, B pyCCKoM RSƟKe – couHƟMKo MOe, MTMUKa MOR, a B KauMƟYKoM –
MMHM. Mɵ MowEM HAUTM MPMMEP TAKOFo O6PAYEHMR B TEKCTE KaUMƟYKoFo FepomuecKoFo
sMOca
«¶WAHFAP», MPMHAДUEWHOcta BƟPAWAETcr ØopMOU «MMHA», KoTOPAR RBuReTCR
msMeHeHHOU ØopMOU MECTOMMEHMR «MMHM» (MOU), HAMPMMEP: (KauM). xaH MMHA –
xAH Mou, SŞPK MMHA – cepДye MOe, MMYARH MMHA – MMHFMRH MOU, APCUYFMH APF YUAH

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Xoyhp MMHA! – XoHFop Auɵu ueB MOU! [6].

HccueДyR CMEYMØMKy O6PAYEHMU, P. beuu FoBOPMT o ToM, uTo KPAUHE BawHo m
Heo6xo- ДMMO msyuaTA, CPABHMBaTa m COMOCTABURTA ДAHHƟE eДMHMYƟ B pASHƟX RSƟKoBƟX
CMCTEMAx, TAK KAK OHM CMOcO6HƟ MepeДABaTa CMƟCUOBƟE PASUMUMR, CMEYMØMUEcKme
MPMEMƟ o6paye- HMR, KoTopɵe AKTyauAHƟ ДUR OMPEДEUEHHOFo RSƟKoBoFo KoUUEKTMBa [1,
c. 297].

7
 BECTHNK KAuMª⎝KOTO YHNBEPCNTETA 

AHAums O6PAYEHMU MOKaSƟBAET, UTo MPEДuoweHHAR KUACCM ØMKaYMR BKUDuAET

eДMHMYƟ, KoTopɵe B PASHƟX RSƟKax HEOДHOPOДHƟ, pASUMUADTCR KoumuecTBEHHO m
Kaue CTBeHHO. B KaUMƟYKoM RSƟKe TAK We, KAK m Bo BCex MOHFouACKMx RSƟKax, oTCyT-
CTBoBaum oTUEcTBa, mCMOuasOBaumca o6opoTƟ: BAДMMH K8BŞH, CAHZMH KŞŞKH, bOOBAH
KŞŞKД – CƟH BAДMƟ, Дoua CAHДWM, ДETM BOOBƟ. TAK, B KauMƟYKoM RsƟKe O6PAYEHMR
Mo MMEHM-OtueCTBy RBuRDTCR KaUAKMPOBAHHƟMM eДMHMYAMM ms pyCCKOFo. 3To
o6ycuoBUEHO MEWKyuaTYPHƟM BSAMMOДEUCTBMEM: TaKoe O6PAYEHME 6ɵuo HEMPMHRTo,
MOSToMy B COBpe- MEHHOm KaUMƟYKoM RSƟKe, MOMMMO o6PAYEHMR TouAKo MO mMEHM
(MAHZ, HAAPAH uOB – MAHДWM, mДm CDДa), MOWHO BCTpETMTA umma KoM6MHMPOBahhɵe
O6PAYEHmR, BKuDuaDyme MMR m MPOØECCMD, HAMPMMEP: HAPA-6AFM (YUMTEUA FaPR).
¶UR pyCCKOFo peUEBoFo sTMKeTa MPMEMUEMƟM B YUE6HOM ДMCKypce RBuReTCR
o6payeHME MPEMOДABaTEUR K CTyДEHTaM MO mMEHM, MosToMY TAKME O6PAYEHMR
MpeMOДABaTEUR K CTyДEHTAM HOPMaTMBHƟ (8apeД, OMap, OUMMWoH). Ha Ham BSFURД,
BysOBCKMU ДMCKypc STMM oTuMUAETCR oT MKouAHOFo ДMCKypca, FДe UACTo MCMOuasyDTCR
o6PAYEHMR K YUEHmKy MO ØAMMUMM. MowHO sAMETMTA, uTo MHOFДa MHOCTPAHYƟ
ДOMYCKaDT omm6KM B MCMOua- soBaHMM O6PAYEHMU: «ueHA», «EUEHA», «HaTama»,
«HaTauAR», STo, Ha HAM BSFurД, o6aRCHRETcr HEsHAHMEM HOPM pYCCKOFo peUEBoFo
STMKeTa.
MowHO cДeuaTa BƟBoД o ToM, uTo BƟRBuEHHƟE oco6EHHOCTM o6YCUOBueHƟ
Haym- OHAuAHO-KyuaTYPHOU cMEYMØMKou, KoTOPAR oTPAWAET oTHOMEHME HAPOДa K
peauMRM OKPywADYEFo Mmpa, MepeДAET CMOco6ɵ EFo ocBoEHMR. B pyCCKou peum uaye
BCEFo MCMoua- syETCR o6PAYEHME Mo MMEHM-Otue CTBy, MMPOKo PACMPOCTPAHEHƟ
o6payEHMR, oTpawa- DYME poДCTBeHHƟE CBRSM, O6PAYEHMR, KoTopɵe BƟPAWADt
uMUHOCTHƟE oTHOMEHMR, MOUOBOSPACTHƟE O6PAYEHMR, MPM SToM MouTM He
YMOTpe6URDTCR HASBaHMR MPOØEccmu. B KaUMƟYKoM RSƟKe peДKo MCMOuasyDTCR
o6PAYEHMR-OTHOMEHME (mx eДMHMYƟ – caaxua (KPACaBMYA); KYKH (ДOPOFOU/ДOPOFAR);
6MUKUДA – (Mauɵm). B MPOMUoM 6ɵum 6ouee pac- MPOcTpAHEHƟ «CTaTyCHƟE
o6PAYEHMR»: CAHU-UAM (CAHAU-UAMa); bOFД-xaH (XAH-6OFДo); MaaДp-saacy (saucAHF
MRRДMP). B HACToRYEE BPEMR KaUMƟYKMU RSƟK, MCMƟTƟBar CMUAHoe BuMRHME pYCCKOFo,
YTpaUMBAET MHOFME yMOTpE6MTEUAHƟE suEMEHTƟ RsƟKOBou cMCTEMƟ, RBURDYMECR
o6PAYEHMEM, m oHM MEPExoДRT B MACCMBHYD uEKCMKy. MoTEPRB CoymaUAHYD
CTpaTMØMKaYMD B CMCTEME O6PAYEHMU, KauMƟYKME o6PAYEHMR CTaum BKUDuaTACR B
peua HOCMTEUEU HA oCHOBahmm ДpYFMX coymoUMHFBMCTMUEckmx MPMSHAKoB. 3TO
o6aRCHReT TOT ØAKT, UTo MHOFME uEKCeMƟ-O6PAYEHMR, oTPAWADYME poДCTBEHHƟE
oTHOmeHmR m mcMouasy- EMƟE B KaUMƟYKou peum (KŞPFH ax – cTapmmu SRTA, xyД 8BFH –
CBaT, 6ep – HEBeCTKa m Дp.), YMOTpe6uRDTCR KaUMƟKamm 6ouee CTAPMEFo BOSPACTa, a
TAKWe WMTEURmm ceu, B KoTopɵx KaUMƟYKMU RSƟK uaye MCMOuasyeTCR B 6ƟToBoM
O6YEHMM.
TpAДMYMOHHƟE KaUMƟYKME O6PAYEHMR K poДCTBeHHMKam, oØopMURRCA MPm MoMoym
pyCCKMX aØØMKCOB, MMEDYMX PASFOBOPHƟU xAPAKTEP, oTPAWADT ACCMMMURTMBHƟE MCTo-
pmue CKME MPOYE ccɵ, KoTopɵe MPOMCxoДRT B HACToRYEE BPEMR, HAMPMMep: «BEPRMKa
(HEBecTKa), CMUAHO uau He FPEU»; «HAKaMKa (ДRДR MO MaTepm), MOexaum sABTpa HA
MpyД»;
«BASAMKa (CBoRK), MPMДM SABTpa, MOMOFM»; «FAFAMKa (ce CTpa oTYA), K BaM
BeuepoM BAДMa SAUДET»; «3ZRMKa (MaTa oTya), mДm uau MMTA». He CMOTPR HA
MMPOKoe pACMPO- CTPAHEHME B peum KaUMƟKob TPAДMYMOHHƟX UEKCEM,
yKaSƟBaDYMX Ha poДCTBo, OHM
«BCTPAMBADTCR» MO 6ouameu UACTM B pyCCKYD peua KauMƟKoB.
8
 2020 F.

KpoME TOFo, B peum MouoДewm UACTo BCT peUADTCR RSƟKoBƟE eДMHMYƟ, KoTopɵe
RBURDTCR pesyuaTaToM Mpoyecca aKTMBHOFo sAMMCTBoBaHMR. TAK, ecum B KOPMYC
o6yeyMo- TpE6MTEUAHOU UEKCMKM MEPExoДRT, B oCHOBHOm, aHFumymsMƟ, O6OSHAuADYME
MPEДMETƟ m MOHRTMR HAYKM m TEXHMKM, To B umcue O6PAYEHMU MOWHO BCTpETMTA
cueДYDYME uEKCeMɵ:

9
 BECTHNK KAuMª⎝KOTO YHNBEPCNTETA 

«CMCTEP, TƟ He SAHRTa, FoBOPMTA Mowema?»; «MAMaH, Tɵ ДEHAFM HA KoUMHY cBaДa6y

oTДaua?»; «BE6MK (oT baby – Mauɵm, pe6eHOK), HY-Ka, He 6aUYUCR»; «Xau,
MMMU!» (B HHTEPHET-O6YEHMM). Mpm SToM MoДO6HƟE O6PAYEHMR HocRT PASFOBoPHƟU, a
MHOFДa m MPO cTopeUHƟU xAPAKTEP.
PASFOBOPHYD oKPACKy MMEDt O6PAYEHMR Bo MHOFMX RSƟKax, HAMPMMEP: «6paTyxa»,
«6paTaH», «6paTEUUO», «cecTpyxa», «CƟHOKa», (ANZn.) bro – 6paTAH, chap –
cTaPMHA, mate – Дpywmye, Teddy bear – MeДBewoHOK; (Øpanç.) bonbon – KoHØETKa,
ma puce – MoR 6UOMKa m T.Д.
CMCTEMa cyØØMKCOB, KoTopɵe MCMOuasyDTCR B pYCCKMX o6PAYEHMRX, ДaeT
FoBopRYEMY BosMowHOCTA ДUR BƟPAWeHMR mMPOKOFo CMEKtpa sMoymu m mx oTTEHKob:
MaMa, MAMKa, MAMYUR, MAMEO, MAMYueUKa, MAMYUËK, MAMama, MAMAHR, MAMEHAKa. Mpm
SToM CueДyET oTMETMTA, uTo HEKoTopɵe eДMHMYƟ B umcue aKTyaUAHƟX O6PAYEHMU
MOWHO cuMTaTa YCTaPEBMMMM (MAMEHAKa, MAMYMKa, MaMEHAKa, cecTpmya, 6paTey),
HEKoTopɵe we ØopMƟ HOCRT OKKaSMOHAuAHƟU xAPAKTEP. TaKoFo pASHOO6PASMR ØopM
HET B KauMƟYKoM RSƟ- Ke, O6PAYEHMR K 6UMSKMM poДCTBeHHMKam oTHOCRTCR K
SACTƟBMMM ØopMaM. C oДHOU CTOPOHƟ, sTo o6aRCHRETcr pASUMUMRMM RSƟKoBƟX
CMCTEM, KaUMƟYKMU OTHocmTCR K aFFuDTMHATMBHƟM RSƟKam, a pYCCKMU – K
ØuEKTMBHƟM, c ДpyFou CTopOHƟ, KauMƟYKMU RSƟK yTpaTmu mMPOKoe
ØYHKYMOHMPOBahme, HOBƟE ØopMɵ B HEM MPAKtmueCKM He MORB- URDTCR, a B
MCTopmue CKoM MpomuoM B UEKCMKe MOДO6HOFo CUOBomsMEHEHMR He 6ɵuo. HaДo
cKasaTA, UTo KaUMƟKM 6ouee CДEPWAHHƟ B BɵpawEHMM sMoymu Mpm oØopMUEHMM
O6PAYEHMU, MosToMY RSƟK COДEPWMT MEHAMEE Koumue CTBo o6PAYEHMU c cy6aeKTmBHo-
OYEHOuHƟMM aØØMKCAMM.
KAK B KaUMƟYKoM, TAK m Bo MHOFMX TDPKckmx RSƟKax MOWHO BƟДEUMTA uEKCEMƟ,
MCMOuasyEMƟE B ØyHKYMM O6PAYEHMU, oHM RBURDTCR O6YMMM BHYTpm KawДou ms ДAHHɵx
FPYMM RSƟKoB. HEKoTopɵe YUEHƟE BƟДEURDt PRД TDPKO-MOHFoUACKMX cxoWДEHMU, KoTopɵe
MOSBouRDT MPOBecTM RSƟKoBƟE MAPAuueum. K TaKou UEKCMKe oTHOCRTCR TEPMMHƟ
poДCTBa: MoHF. sx(s) – «MaTa»; KaUM. SK, TyB., auT., KMPF., TYPKM. sHE; xAK. mHE; Kas. EHE;
K.-KauM., YUF. AHA; ys6. OHA, Typ. anne; MoHF. AB – «oTey», KaUM. AAB, M.-MOHF. – ABa; xAK.
A6A//MA6A, Typ. ata//baba; KMPF. a6a – «ДRДR» (MO MYwcKou UMHMM), «CTapmmu 6paT» (B
CEB. ДmauEKTE KMPF. RSƟKa), MMEET eye sHAUEHME «CTapmmu ms cTapmmx 6paTAEB»;
MoHF. ax(a) – «CTapmmu 6paT», KaUM. ax, «ДRДR MO oTYY»; 6yp. axau – «6paTey»; TYB.
AKƟ; xAK. a6aa//aua (Дmau.), AKe; KMPF. AFA; Typ. aǧa, Kas., K.-KauM. AFA; YUF. AKa; ys6.
OKa//oua [2].
besycUOBHO, TEPMMHƟ poДCTBa MPEДCTABURDT CO6OU oco6yD UACTA UEKCmuecKoFo
ØOH- Дa UD6OFo RSƟKa, O6YHOcTA KoTopou HocMT MEPBMUHƟU xAPAKTEP. KoumuecTBo
cxowДeHMU TAKWe MOFuo 6ƟTA yBeUMUEHO B pesyuaTaTE ДUMTEUAHƟX HAYMOHAuaho-
kyuaTYPHƟX KoHTAKToB B MCTopmueCKoM MPOMUOM PASHƟX HAPOДOB.
TAKMM o6pasoM, MowHO cДeuaTa SAKUDuEHME, UTo MCTopmueCKME msMEHEHMR
KacADTCR BCeu cMCTEMƟ uD6OFo RSƟKa, B ToM umcue m O6PAYEHMU. Bɵ6op
MPABMuahou ØopMƟ O6PAYEHMR RBURETcr TEMOU AKTyauAHOU B COBPEMEHHOm peUEBoM
STMKeTE m TEOPMM KoM- MYHMKaymm UD6OFo RSƟKa. Mopou ДEMOHCTpmpyeTCR
HECBOUCTBeHHƟU ДuR HOCMTEUEU BƟ6OP ØopMƟ, KoTopɵu MOweT MPMBecTM K
HEMOHMMahmd, HEMPMRTMD. MPMBeДEHHƟE MPMMEPƟ, KoTopɵe UEFum B MPEДuoweHHYD
KUACCMØMKaYMD, o6UAДADT KAK O6YMMM, TAK m YHMKauAHƟMM oco6EHHOCTRMM.
Ham6ouee YHMBepcaUAHƟMM o6PAYEHMRMm B COCTABe PASHƟX RSƟKoB RBURDTCR
TEPMMHƟ poДCTBa, O6PAYEHMR-HO; He COBMAДaDT Mo uacToTHoCTM YMOTpe6uEHMR
O6PAYEHMR-OMMCahme, O6PAYEHMR-OTHOMEHME.
O6UAДAR BɵpawEHHOU HAYMOHAUAHO-KyuaTYPHOU cMEYMØMKou, O6PAYEHMR aKKyMy-

1
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umpyDT KoUUEKTMBHƟU OMƟT HapoДa. CocTaB O6PAYEHMU MPETEPMEBaet MCTopmueCKME

msMEHEHMR, co BPEMEHEM BMEPEД «BƟДBMFADtcr» ДpYFME cUOBa m ØopMɵ, KoTOPƟMM

1
 BECTHNK KAuMª⎝KOTO YHNBEPCNTETA 

OMEPMPyeT 6oUAMMHCTBo HOCMTEUEU, sTo KacAETCR m o6PAYEHMU KaK uACTM UEKCm-

uecKoFo ØOHДA. YUACTHMKM MEWKyuaTYPHOFo ДmaUOFA ДoUWHƟ cTpEMMTAcr K yCBoeHMD
MpmHRTƟX B ДaHHoM RsɵKoBoM KouueKTmBe cyeHapmeB o6yeHmR, cTPeMRCA K
Co6UDДEHMD KyuaTypHo-peUEBƟX m STMKeTHƟX HOPM.

CnucOE numepamypa
1. beuu P. CoymoUMHFBMCTMKa. Mep. c AHFu. – M.: MeWДYHAP. oTHOMEHMR, 1980. – 320
c.
2. byFAKoBa H.B. KaTEFopmr O6PAYEHMR B CBeTE KOFHMTMBHOU UMHFBMCTMKM: ABTopeØ.
ДMCC...KAHД. Ømuou. HAyK. – BOPOHEW, 2001. – 23 c.
3. BoCKAHRHY ¶.E. O6yme TDPKO-MOHFoUACKME uEKCMUECKME suEMEHTƟ // BeCTHMK
bYPRTCKOFo FocyДAPCTBeHHOFo YHMBEPCMTETa. – YUAH-YДs, 2010. ¼ 10. – C.100-
105.
4. Fauumc A. O pASUMUHƟX TMMAX SKCMPECCMBHƟX O6PAYEHMU // BoCToUHOcUABRHCKoe
m o6yee RSƟKOSHAHME. – M., 1978.
5. FouAДMH B.E. Peua m STMKet. – M.: MpoCBEYEHME, 1983. – 109 c.
6. ¶WAHFAP: KauMƟYKMU FepomueCKMU SMOc / OTB. peД. H.]. BMTKeEB, 3.b. OBauoB.
– M.: HaYKa, 1990. – 474 c.
7. EØPEMOB B.A. TpAHCØopMaymm pyCCKOFo peUEBoFo sTMKeTa: o6payeHMR //
BeCTHMK FePYEHOBckofo YHMBEPCMTETa. ÆSƟKOSHAHME m UMTEPATYPOBeДEHME,
2010.
8. MOKPOBckar u.A. TepMMHƟ poДCTBa B TDPKckmx RSƟKax // HCTopmuecKoe
PASBMTME UEKCMKM TDPKckmx RSƟKoB. – M., 1961. – C. 1181.
9. ToUKOBƟU cUOBapa pyCCKOFo RSƟKa: B 4 T. / MoД peД. ¶.H. YMAKOBa. M.: Foc. msД-
Bo MHOCTp. m HAY. CUOB., 1935-1940. T. 2. – 1040 c.
10. AMMHOBa H. H. O6PAYEHMR, BƟPAWeHHƟE ØopMAMM cO6CTBeHHOFo MMEHM, B
ACMEKte o6yUEHMR pYCCKoMy RSƟKy KAK MHOCTPAHHOMY // PYCCKMU RSƟK sa
py6ewoM. 1987. ¼ 3. – C. 76-79.
11. POSEHTaua ¶.3., Fouy6 H.b., TeUEHKOBa M.A. COBPEMEHHƟU pyccKMU RSƟK. –
M.: MeWДYHAP. oTHOMEHMR, 1994. – 559 c.
12. PɵwoBa u.M. KoMMYHMKaTMBHƟE ØyHKYMM O6PAYEHMU // CeMaHTMKa m MPAFmaTMKA
CMHTAKCMUECKMX eДMHCTB. – KauMHMH: HsД-Bo KauMHMH. YH-Ta, 1981. – 124 c.
13. CƟДƟKoB C. MoHFouACKO-TDPKckme RSƟKoBƟE MAPAuueum. – 8pYHSE: HUMM,
1983. – C. 5, 32-33.
14. 8opMaHOBckaR H.H. PeuEBou STMKeT. – M.: Bɵc. MK., 1992. – 143 c.
15. HABAEBa 8.X. ueKCmuecKaR CMCTEMa O6PAYEHMU K umyy B KapauaeBo-
6auKaPCKoM m pyCCKoM RSƟKax. ABTopeØ. Дmcc…. K.ØMUOU.H. MaxauKaua, 2015. –
26 c.
16. HaMOBaUOBa u.H. 8opMƟ m ØYHKYMM O6PAYEHMR B COBPEMEHHOm pycCKoM
RSƟKe: ABTopeØ. ДMCC. KAHД. Ømuou. HAyK. – MMHCK, 1979. – 24 c.
17. ⎝EP6MHMHA H.B. KoMMYHMKaTMBHAR CYYHOcTA O6PAYEHMU KAK CPEДcTBa
O6YEHmR B RSƟKOSHAHMM: ABTopeØ. ДMCC. KAHД.ØMUOU.HAyK. KPACHOДap, 2007. – 22
c.
18. ⎝yKMH A.H. O6yUEHME peuEBoMy O6YEHMD HA pYCCKoM RSƟKe KAK
mHOCTPAHHOM. – M.: Pyc. RS., 2012. – 783 c.