ACCEPTANCE

SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Group : MEP-03
Group Members : NITESH RATHOR (Roll no.: 197)
BHAVIKKUMAR CHAUDHARI (Roll no.: 198)
SHRUTI CHHATBAR (Roll no.: 199)
SHIVAM BHAVE (Roll no.: 200)

Subject : QCC

Topic : ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Guided by : Prof. PANKAJ DESAI

ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING
◦ Acceptance sampling is a statistical measure used in quality control. It
allows a company to determine the quality of a batch of products by
selecting a specified number for testing. The quality of this designated
sample will be viewed as the quality level for the entire group of
products.
◦ 100% inspection: Inspect every item in the lot, remove all defectives
◦ Defectives: Returned to vendor, reworked, replaced or discarded
◦ Acceptance sampling: Sample is taken from lot, a quality characteristic
is inspected; then on the basis of information in sample, a decision is
made regarding lot deposition
What is Acceptance Sampling ?
◦ A form of inspection applied to lots or batches of items
before or after a process to judge conformance with
predetermined standards.
◦ It can be applied to both attribute and variable
inspection.
◦ Acceptance sampling does not provide any direct form
of quality control. It simply rejects or accepts lots.
◦ Most effective use of acceptance sampling is not to
inspect quality into the products but rather as audit tool
to insure that output of process conforms to requirements.
◦ Acceptance sampling can be performed during
inspection of incom ing raw materials, components, and
assemblies, in various phases of in-process operations, or
during final product or service inspection.
Purpose
◦ The purpose of acceptance sampling is to decide whether a lot satisfies
predetermined standards.
1. Lots that satisfy these standards are passed or accepted
2. Rejected lots may be subjected to 100% inspection
3. In the case of purchased goods, they may be returned for credit or
replacement
Acceptance Sampling used when
1. Destruction testing is required
2. 100% inspection is not technologically feasible
3. 100% inspection error rate results in higher percentage of defectives being
passed than in inherent to product
4. Cost of 100% inspection extremely high
5. Vendor has excellent quality history so reduction from 100% is desired but not
high enough to eliminate inspection altogether
6. Potential for serious product liability risks; program for continuously monitoring
product required
Advantages of Acceptance Sampling
over 100% Inspection
1. Less expensive because there is less sampling
2. Less handling of product hence reduced damage
3. Fewer personnel are involved in inspection activities
4. Greatly reduces amount of inspection error
5. Rejection of entire lots as opposed to return of defectives provides stronger
motivation to vendor for quality improvements
Disadvantages of acceptance
sampling over 100% inspection
1. Always a risk of accepting “bad” lots and rejecting “good” lots
2. Producer’s Risk: chance of rejecting a good lot - α
3. Consumer’s Risk: chance of accepting a bad lot – β
4. Less information is generated about the product or the process that
manufactured the product
5. Requires planning and documentation of the procedure whereas 100%
inspection does not requires
Risk
◦ Manufacturer’s Risk (α): The risk associated with rejecting a “good” lot, due to
the inherent nature of random sampling, is defined as a producer’s risk.
◦ It shows the probability that a lot containing the acceptable quality level will
be rejected.
◦ Consumer’s Risk (β): The risk associated with accepting a “poor” lot, due to
the inherent nature of random sampling, is defined as a consumer’s risk.
◦ It show the probability that a lot containing defects exceeding LPTD will be
accepted.
Lot Formation
◦ Lot should be homogeneous
◦ Units in a lot should be produced by the same machines, operators, raw
materials and in approximately same time.
◦ If lots are not homogeneous then acceptance sampling scheme may not
function effectively and make it difficult to eliminate the source of defective
products.
◦ Larger lots preferred to smaller ones for more economically efficient.
◦ Lots should conform to the material handling systems in both the vendor and
consumer facilities
Sampling Plan
◦ Sampling Plan: Plans that specify lot size, sample size, number of samples and
acceptance or rejection criteria.
◦ There are three types of attribute sampling plans:
1. Single sampling plan
2. Double sampling plan
3. Multiple sampling plan
◦ Quality characteristic is an attribute, i.e. conforming or non-conforming
◦ N = Lot size
◦ n = Sample size
◦ c = Acceptance number
Single Sampling Plan
◦ In a single sampling plan, the information obtained from one sample is used
to make a decision to accept or reject a lot.
◦ There are two parameters in this sampling plan: the sample size n and the
acceptance number c.
◦ The plan operates as follows:
A random sample of size n is selected from the batch. The number of
nonconforming items or nonconformities in the sample is found and
compared to the acceptance number c. If the observed number is less than or
equal to the acceptance number, the lot is accepted. If more than c
nonconforming items or nonconformities are found in the sample, the lot is
rejected.
◦ For a Single Sampling Plan: Draw a random sample
Let N = 1000 of size 60 from the lot of
size 1000
n = 60
c=2 Inspect each and every
unit of sample and count
no. of defective units ‘d’

Compare the
If d ≤ 2 no. of If d > 2
defectives (d)
with ‘c’

Accept the lot under the Reject the lot under the
acceptance sampling acceptance sampling
plan and accept the lot plan and accept the lot
by replacing all defective after inspecting the
units under rectifying plan entire lot
Double sampling plan

◦ A double sampling plan involves making a decision to accept the lot, reject
the lot, or take a second sample.
◦ If the inference from the first sample is that the lot quality is quite good, the lot
is accepted.
◦ If the inference is poor lot quality, the lot is rejected.
◦ If the first sample gives an inference of neither good nor poor quality, a
second sample is taken.
◦ There after, based on the combined number of nonconforming items or
nonconformities in both samples, a decision is made to accept or reject the
lot.
◦ For a Double Sampling Plan: Inspect n1 = 100
N = 2000
n1 = 100, c1 = 1 d≤1 If no. of defectives d>1
n2 = 100, c2 = 3 in first sample (100)

Accept the c1 < d < c2 Reject the

lot 1<d<3 lot

Take second sample

n2 = 100

d≤3 d>3
n1 + n2 = 200

Accept the Reject the

lot lot
Multiple sampling plan
◦ Multiple sampling plans are an extension of double sampling plans.
◦ A sampling plan will specify each sample size and two limits for each sample.
◦ The limit values increases with the number of samples
◦ If for any sample, the cumulative number of defectives found exceeds the
upper limit specified, the lot is rejected.
◦ If for any sample, the cumulative number of defectives found is less than or
equal to the lower limit, the lot is accepted.
◦ If the number of defectives found is between the two limits, another sample is
taken.
◦ The process continues until the lot is accepted or rejected.
Choosing Sampling Plan
◦ Sampling plan choice is dictated by cost and time required for inspection.
◦ Two primary considerations: (1) Numbers of samples needed (2) Total number
of observations required
◦ Single sampling pan requires only one sample; however, the sample size is
large compared to the total number of observations taken under Double or
Multiple Sampling plan.
◦ Single sampling plans preferred when the cost of collecting a sample is high
relative to the cost of analyzing the observations.
◦ When the cost analyzing observations is high; Double or Multiple Sampling
plans are more desirable
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve
◦ An important sampling plan characteristic is how it discriminates between high
and low quality.
◦ OC Curve: It is a probability curve that shows the probabilities of accepting
lots with various fractions defective.
◦ The operating characteristic (OC) curve measures the performance of a
sampling plan.
◦ It plots the probability of accepting the lot versus the proportion
nonconforming of the lot. It shows the discriminatory power of the sampling
plan.
◦ For all sampling plans, we want to accept lots with a low proportion
nonconforming most of the time and we do not want to accept batches with
a high proportion nonconforming very often. The OC curve indicates the
degree to which we achieve this objective
Ideal operating characteristic curve
In practice, however, the shape of the OC
curve is not ideal.
To construct the OC curve for a single sampling
plan, let N denote the lot size, n the sample size
and c the acceptance number.
A random sample of size n is chosen from the
lot of size N. If the observed number of
nonconforming items or nonconformities is less
than or equal to c, the lot is accepted.
Otherwise, the lot is rejected
Acceptance Defect Levels
◦ Acceptance Quality Level (AQL): The percentage level of defects at which
consumers are willing to accept lots as “good”.
◦ Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD): The upper limit on the percentage of
defects that a consumer is willing to accept.
◦ Customers want quality equal to or better than the AQL, and are willing to
accept some lots with quality as poor as the LPTD, but they prefer not to
accept any lots with a defective percentage that exceeds the LPTD
Lets solve some problems
Suppose a consumer receives lots of 2000 candles from
a new supplier. To check the quality of the lot, the
consumer draws one sample of size 50 and accepts
the lot if the inspected sample contains at most 2
defective candle. Otherwise, he/she rejects the lot.
Construct the OC curve for this plan.
◦ N = 2000, n = 50, c = 2
◦ The probability of lot acceptance is equivalent to the probability of obtaining
two or fewer nonconforming items in the sample.
◦ The Poisson probability distribution is used to obtain the lot acceptance
probability for different values of the proportion nonconforming p. Let’s
suppose that p is 0.02(i.e. the batch is 2% nonconforming). Since n*p =
(50)(0.02) = 1.0, the probability Pa of accepting the lot (using Appendix) is
0.920.
Table shows values of for various
values of p
OC curve for the sampling plan
Average Quality of Inspected Lots
◦ An interesting feature of acceptance sampling is that the level of inspection
automatically adjusts to the quality of the lots being inspired, assuming
rejected lots are subjected to 100% inspection.
◦ Good lots have a high probability and bad lots a low probability of being
accepted.
◦ If the lots inspected are mostly good, few will end up going through 100%
inspection.
◦ The poorer the quality of the lots, the greater the number of lots that will come
under close scrutiny.
Average Outgoing Quality
◦ The average outgoing quality (AOQ) is the average quality level of a series of
batches that leave the inspection station, assuming rectifying inspection, after
coming in for inspection at a certain quality level p.
◦ Taking N as the lot size, n as the sample size, p as the incoming lot quality, and
Pa as the probability of accepting the lot using the given sampling plan, the
average outgoing quality is given by

◦ Where,
𝑃𝑎= Probability of accepting the lot,
N = Lot size
p = Fraction defective
n = Sample size
Construct the AOQ curve for the
sampling plan N = 2000, n = 50, c = 2
◦ The probability of lot acceptance for various values of the incoming lot quality
p is listed in previous problem table. Using these values of Pa and p, the values
of AOQ are calculated for different values of p.
◦ Formula:
AOQ curve for the sampling plan
◦ Figure shows the AOQ curve for the sampling plan N = 2000, n = 50, c = 2.
◦ When the incoming quality is very good, the average outgoing quality is also
very good.
◦ When the incoming quality is very poor, the average outgoing quality is good
because most of the lots are rejected by the sampling plan and go through
screening.
◦ In between these extremes, the AOQ curve reaches a maximum, AOQL.
AOQ Graph Implications
◦ A manager can determine the worst possible outgoing quality.
◦ The manager can determine the amount of inspection that will be needed by
obtaining an estimate of the incoming quality.
◦ Information can be used to establish the relationship between inspection cost
and incoming fraction defective.
THANK YOU