AAU-EiABC WORKSHOP 12

AAU-EiABC 1/5/2013
Content :-
1) Safety Rules & Regulations,
2) Tools and Materials,

Workshop Training-I
3) Wooden joints,
(ARCH 1093)
4) Setting out works,
Construction Carpentry 5) Formworks and Scaffolding works
.
AAU-EiABC ,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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6) Wooden Truss and Roof covering,

References
1) Carpentry I & II TH 5606 .N 3
7) Wooden ceiling works 2) Frame construction TH 1101 T 48
3) Roofing TH 2431 B 58
8) Doors and windows
4) Wood Working Technology TT 185 W 66
9) Stair construction 5) Fundamentals of Building construction TH 145 A 417
6) Building construction illustrated
7) Wood Working TT 180 W 28
8) Wood Working Tools TJ 1195 W 86
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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Method of assessment (Evaluation) Introduction

Continuous assessment Carpentry :-
1) Carpentry can be defined as the art of working with timber
(Quiz, practical exam, Mid exam ……) 50% in order to construct and maintain buildings, furniture,
Attendance 20% office appliances and other objects.
2) The activity or occupation of making or repairing objects
Final exam 30% in wood.
3) The work made or done by a carpenter.
Carpenter
A carpenter is one of the most necessary and most useful
of all building trades due to their specialized knowledge
and the techniques that they use when working with
wood.
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Types of Carpentry Finish Carpentry:–refers to all carpentry work that

will be visible once a building or furniture has been
Rough Carpentry :– this is all carpentry work that completed, and as such, finish carpenters work to a
doesn’t require a neat finish as it will be covered up by high level of detail.
walls or other items.
Example:-
Structural carpentry:-the most common type of The type of work that finish carpenters do includes
rough carpentry and these carpenters are very skilled flooring, building staircases, installing windows and
in quickly erecting the structural components of a doors, erecting pergolas or other structures, install
building, such as beams, posts, and rafters. trim and molding, and so on.
Rough carpenters commonly work in roofing and
framing.
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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WHAT IS THE IMPORTANC OF

SAFETY ?
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1. GENERAL SAFETY RULES 1. GENERAL SAFETY RULES

1.1 Follow instructions:
To minimize accident The safe way to do a job is to do it in the
correct way.
To perform the work in proper way, on the right time.
To identify possible hazards and take the necessary

Use the right tools for right works.
safety measures to eliminate the hazardous.
Never use any power tools without
If the carpenter work without proper safety permission from responsible person.
precautions may gets hurt.
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1.2 Dress Properly:

1.3 Avoid Horse play
Always you have to wear the correct dress for a
specific task Don’t fool around “Horse play”. You
may cause injuries to your self, to
other participants and may damage
equipment and machineries.
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1.5 Apply Personal Protective

1.4 Take care of small injuries: Equipment (PPE)
Small cuts, burns, scratches are common in the
work shop and construction site.
NB:-
Stored Chemicals, explosive and other burnable
material must be covered and to be in a suitable
container/area.
Tools and materials are to be deposited clearly and

neatly arranged.
15 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew
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1.6 Working Area

1.8 Accident prevention and measures
Keep your working area, especially the floor, clean and
free from any unnecessary items that can cause Follow regulations and behave appropriate is the best
injuries . method to avoid accidents.
Materials should be properly stored in a material rack. In case of accident:-
report immediately to your instructor or responsible
1.7 Tools & Equipment persons,
Use only tools, which are in proper condition: Ask for help
unspoiled, complete and sharp. Use first Aid kit.
Never use damaged tools like files without handle, or In case of fire:- report, use alarm and use the fire
fighting equipment according to instructions.
hammer without wedges.
AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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Conclusion
Before you go to work on any job, make sure
your entire body is properly protected and GENERAL SAFETY RULES
provided other personal protective
equipment(PPE).
Safety elements or hard hats should be dressed

properly by workers in all construction site
where they might be exposed to head injury
from falling objects.
Stop any unnecessary discussion and Pay close

attention to what is being done. AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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Take ……………
“Safety first!!!”
As a slogan!
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The hard fibrous material that forms

the main substance of the trunk or
branches of a tree.
What is wood? Such material when cut and used as

timber or for fuel.
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Classification of wood 2.Manufactured

1.Natural a. Plywood
a. Soft woods
Softwoods are mainly conifers. They belong to the group
of trees called gymnosperms - plants with "naked seeds",
b. Particleboard
b. Hard (chip wood)
Hardwoods are mainly broadleaved and deciduous trees.
They belong to the "flowering" plant group or angiosperms
c. Hardboard
AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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Advantages of Manufactured Uses of Manufactured wood

wood
More dimensional stability Home & office furniture
Door panels
Greater design potential Wall & Roof sheathing
Floors
Impact resistant (strength )
Sports equipment
Boats
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AAU-EiABC 1/5/2013
TOOLS
WHAT IS A TOOL ?
A Wood working Tools are an instrument that
hold in our hands & used for making and
repairing wooden materials.
A Woodworking machine is a machine that is

intended to process wood. These machines are
usually powered by electric motors and are used
for making and repairing wooden things.
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Tools & machines provide: Tools are classified as:

Accuracy 1. Measuring & laying out
Efficiency Linear measuring instruments,
Speed a) Bench rule,
Increased mechanical advantage b) Steel rules & Tapes ,
Safety in the work operation c) Extension rules ,
d) Hook rules ,
e) The folding extension or zigzag rule.
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1. Measuring & laying out

Tools are classified as:
2. Cutting tools
A)Hand saws,
Cross cut saw, Rip saw, Backsaw,…
B)Chisels,
C)Knife
D) Hand planes
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a)Hand saws, b)Chisels & Carving tools
35 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 36
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AAU-EiABC 1/5/2013
D) Hand planes
Tools are classified as:
3. Boring
4. Striking
5. Holding & Clamping
6. Sharpening
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JOINERY & COMMON WOOD JOINTS

Joinery is the art of combining two or more pieces of wood
to make useful parts of a material in construction, home &
office furniture & so on.
WHAT IS JOINERY ? Functions of Woodworking Joints

1.To increase the size of the stock
2.To form the angle between two members
3.To form the vertical or horizontal corners
4 .To allow a certain amount of movement
5 .To provide a neat /beautiful finish
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JOINERY & COMMON WOOD Securing/fixing a Woodworking

JOINTS joint
Requirements of a Woodworking A woodworking joint can be secured by :
1. Adhesives/Glue
joint
2. Wedges
1. Strength 3.Dowels
2. Simplicity 4.Bolts & nuts
5.Nails
3. Appearance 6.Screws
4. Weather resistance
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Classification of Woodworking
joint Types of Woodworking joint :
A woodworking joint can be classified as: 2. Lengthening joint
1. Lay up joint: for enlarging the dimensions a) scarf
2. Assembly joint: to form parts of a I) Plain
construction or furniture II) Notched
III) Locked scarf
Types of Woodworking joint : b) Fish plated
1. Edge joints: used for increasing width c) Lapped
a) Butt joint I) Half
b) Slot screwed II) Long
c) Tongued & grooved III) Beveled
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Types of Woodworking joint : Types of Woodworking joint :

3. Framing Joints 4. Doweled
a)Halving 5. Dovetailed
I) Tee 6. Housed
II) Cross 7. Specialized
III) Dovetailed Adhesives for Timber
b) Mortise & Tenon o Adhesives/ Glues are so widely used construction
material ,
c) Grooved framing
o its main function is to stick wooden materials together
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Properties of adhesives
4.DOORS & WINDOWS
Low initial cohesion making it easy to spread and able to
penetrate the surface, 4.1) DOORS
High ultimate cohesive strength so that when the glue has set Doors are openable or moveable elements in a building
;it’s at least as strong as the material to be joined,
used for separating two spaces.
Good cohesion, both mechnical & specific, so that it will not
easily release its hold on the wood, The main purposes of doors is to provide:
Water resistance,
Heat resistance, a) access into &/or out of a building or a room
Resistance to oils & spirits b) security /privacy
Resistance to bacteria & micro-organisms
Suitable speed of set c) fire exit
Economy in use d) insulation-for thermal & sound
Reasonable pot & shelf life e) weather exclusion
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Types of Doors Types of Doors

Doors can be classified in many categories depending on III)Material
their a) Metal
I) Location: b) Aluminum
a) interior c) plastic
b)exterior d) Wood
c)special 1.battened
II) Operation 2.panel
a) Double swinging 3. Flush
b) Sliding i) solid core
c) Revolving ii) semi solid core
d) Folding iii) Hollow core
e) Smart
AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
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53 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.54
Elements of Doors
Basic elements of a typical doors are:
1.Head
2.Top rail
3. Center rail
4. Bottom rail
5. Hanging stile
6. Closing stile
7. Jamb
8. Panel
9. Butt hinge
10. Mortise lock
11. Lever handle
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Door dimension
Doors for domestic buildings are usually about 2 metres high. Their width
varies, as shown in the following Table
Door dimension
Type of door Thickness (mm) Width (mm)

External door 40-50 760 - 900
Internal doors 40 680 - 760
Fire resistant doors 44 760 - 900
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DOORS & WINDOWS 4.2 WINDOWS

II) WINDOWS Elements of a window
The window element is divided in to :
A window is an opening on the wall of a building. a) Frames b) Sashes(casements)
The window frames may consists of:
The main purpose of a window is : i) Posts (jambs)
i) To admit natural light in to the building ii) Head
ii) To provide natural ventilation iii) Transom
iv) Mullion
iii) To provide views v) Sill
iv) To secure the room /protection against entry The window casements are the openable part , it’s made from
Vertical stile , top & bottom rails
v) Insulation from sound & bad weather
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WINDOWS
Types of opening methods of a window
1. Hinged opening
2. Pivoted opening
3. Sliding
4. composite/combination
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials &

Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
(Carpentry) by Geremew T. 61 62
Quize-2 5. TRUSSES & ROOFS

1) What is the functions of Woodworking Joints? 5.1 TRUSSES
2) What is Wood working Tools & Machineries? A truss is a framed or joined structures in a roofing system .
3) Explain at least five benefits of Tools and Its designed so that when a load is applied at any
Machineries. intersection, the stress in any member is in the direction
of its length.
4) Write the basic elements of a typical doors &
Windows.
5) Doors & windows can be classified in many
categories, write briefly the basic classification.
6) Explain five main purposes of doors & windows.
December 22,2012. 63 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 64
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5. TRUSSES & ROOFS

5.2 ROOFS: are the primary sheltering
elements of a building , which is constructed to
protect the building from rain, wind, heat , snow
flow, etc.
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 65 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 66
5. TRUSSES & ROOFS TRUSSES & ROOFS

Terminology of roofs:
a) Span: is the clear distance between the supports of beams, roofs truss, or arch. CLASSIFICATION OF ROOFS
b) Rise : is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and the wall plate
c) Pitch :is the inclination of sides of a roof to the horizontal and its expressed either The roofs can be classified as:
in degrees or as ratio of rise to span.
d) Ridge :is the apex line of the sloping roof. 1. Pitched roofs
e) Ridge piece : is the horizontal member provided at the ridge line of sloping roof.
F) Hip :is the external angle of a pitched roof at which the roof slopes are turned 2. Flat roofs
down.
g) Eves: is the lower edge of the inclined roof surface. 3. Shell roofs
h) Eve boards :is a board fixed along the eves joining the common rafters.
i) Valley : is the depression or gutter formed by the intersection of two slopes in a 4. Domes
pitched roof.
J) Gable : is the triangular upper part of a wall formed at the end of pitched roof.
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TRUSSES & ROOFS TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS

1. Shed roofs : roofs having only one direction of slope ,
Pitched roofs its mainly used for small span building.
Pitched roofs may have different 2. Gabble roof: a type of roof having a slope in two
directions.
shapes, it depends up on the area 3. Hip roof : this type of roof slopes in all the four
covered, availability of materials, directions.
light & ventilation required , etc. 4. Gambrel roofs: this type of roof slopes in two directions
but there is a break in slopes.
5.Mansared roofs :This type of roofs slopes in all four
directions but there is a break in slopes.
69 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 70
TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS 6. Setting out works

Setting out: - is the process on operation of laying out
engineering projects by placing pegs on the site of
works. Setting out is the opposite of leveling that is
data are transferred from plans to the ground
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Terminology used in setting out work Types of setting out:

Pegs:- are short pointed wooden rods driving in to the Three types:
ground to mark an excavation, construction, etc line or I. The 3,4,5 method
a level. II. The builder’s square method
Batten boards (profile board) :- A horizontal board
III. Setting out circular buildings
150mm by 25mm cut to varying length. They are nailed
to 100mmx50mmx50mm square post which have been
pointed and driven into the ground.
AAU-EiABC ,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 73 74
7.Scaffolding & Formwork

Scaffolding & Formwork
7.1 Scaffolding:- is a temporary structure made Types of Scaffolds by Material:
from poles of wood or metal that let you work on parts 1.Wooden Scaffolding
of building that you cannot reach from the ground.
2.Steel Scaffolding
Types of scaffolds by Function
3.Aluminium Scaffolding
1. Working Scaffold
2. Protecting Scaffold
3. Supporting Scaffold
AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T.75 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 76
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Scaffolding & Formwork 7.2 Formwork

Scaffold Depending on Function Formwork:- is the temporary moulds into
1. Single scaffolding which concrete are poured.
2.Double Scaffolding Types of form work by material
3.Cantilever or Needle Scaffolding 1.Timber formwork:-
4. Suspended scaffolding - made from wood or plywood
2. Engineered Formwork:-
- made from plastic
Types of form work by construction 8. Stairs and stairs components

1. Foundation formwork
Stairs - stair way and stair case are
2. Slab formwork
3. Beam form work
terms used to designate one or
4. Column formwork more flights of steps leading from
5. Stair formwork one level of a structure to another.
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Types of stair by their Function Types of stair by their construction

1. Finish stairs: - extend from one habitable level of a 1. A straight stair:- way is continuous from one floor to another
house to another with out any turns or landings.
2. Plat form - Stairs have intermediate landings b/n floors. Plate
2. Basement and service: stairs extend from a non- form type stairs usually change direction at the landing
habitable level of a house to another 3. L -Type stair way - change direction 90 degrees
4. U type stair way - change direction 180 degree
5. A winding stair - case gradually changes direction as it scent
from on floor to another.
6. Closed stair way - stairways entirely walled in on both side
7. Open stair way - stairs ways that have one or both sides open
AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 81 AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 82
Part of stairs /stair components

Part of stairs /stair components 6.Noising- is the parts of the trade that extends beyond
1. Total rise - is the vertical distance b/n finish floors the face of the riser
2. Total run - is the total horizontal distance which the 7. Stair carrying - some times called a stair horses or
stair way covers rough stringer is usually a normal 2x10 tanning member
3. A rise- vertical distance from on step to another rise which has been cut out to receive the treads and risers.
is the finish material that covers the distance 8. A Stair well - is an opening in the floor for the stair
4. A tread - horizontal member on which the feet are way to pass through and to provide adequate head room
placed when climbing or descending the stairs for persons using the stairs.
5. Tread run- is the horizontal distance b/n the face to 9. The finish stringers - also called skirts are the
the risers finished side of a stair case.
AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 83 AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 84
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9. CEILING
Steps of constructing Ceiling
I. Squaring the room
A ceiling is a framework just bellow the roof, II. Locate ceiling joists
it serves as: III. Install Hunger
1. Good appearance for the room. IV. Apply Ceiling Covers
2. Support the building.
3. Reduce the amount of space to be heated or
cooler and also aids in controlling sound
transmission.
Types of ceiling cover

1. Wooden ceiling cover
2. Cloth ceiling cover
3. Laminated Plastic
AAU-EiABC, Chair of Construction Materials & Geotechniques Workshop Training I ARCH-1093 (Carpentry) by Geremew T. 87
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AAU-EiABC 1/5/2013

2) Tools and Materials,

6) Wooden Truss and Roof covering,

Method of assessment (Evaluation) Introduction

Types of Carpentry Finish Carpentry:–refers to all carpentry work that

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANC OF

1. GENERAL SAFETY RULES 1. GENERAL SAFETY RULES

To identify possible hazards and take the necessary

1.2 Dress Properly:

1.5 Apply Personal Protective

Tools and materials are to be deposited clearly and

1.6 Working Area

Safety elements or hard hats should be dressed

Stop any unnecessary discussion and Pay close

The hard fibrous material that forms

What is wood? Such material when cut and used as

Classification of wood 2.Manufactured

Advantages of Manufactured Uses of Manufactured wood

A Woodworking machine is a machine that is

Tools & machines provide: Tools are classified as:

1. Measuring & laying out

a)Hand saws, b)Chisels & Carving tools

JOINERY & COMMON WOOD JOINTS

WHAT IS JOINERY ? Functions of Woodworking Joints

JOINERY & COMMON WOOD Securing/fixing a Woodworking

Types of Woodworking joint : Types of Woodworking joint :

Types of Doors Types of Doors

Type of door Thickness (mm) Width (mm)

DOORS & WINDOWS 4.2 WINDOWS

AAU-EiABC,Chair of Construction Materials &

Quize-2 5. TRUSSES & ROOFS

5. TRUSSES & ROOFS

5. TRUSSES & ROOFS TRUSSES & ROOFS

TRUSSES & ROOFS TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS

TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS 6. Setting out works

Terminology used in setting out work Types of setting out:

7.Scaffolding & Formwork

Scaffolding & Formwork 7.2 Formwork

Types of form work by construction 8. Stairs and stairs components

Types of stair by their Function Types of stair by their construction

Part of stairs /stair components

Types of ceiling cover

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