RESEARCHPROPOSAL

THEUSI
NGOFAUDI
OLI
NGUALMETHODTOI
MPROVESTUDENTS’
SPEAKI
NG
SKI
LL
(
ACLASSROOM ACTI
ONRESEARCHOFTHEEI
GHTGRADESTUDENTS’
OF
I
SLAMI
CBOARDI
NGSCHOOLMTSDDIPATOBONG)

BY

MUH.
IDRI
S.YASI
N
REGNUMBER.17.
1300.
039

ENGLI
SHEDUCATI
ONPROGRAM
TARBI
YAHFACULTY
STATEI
SLAMI
CINSTI
TUTE
PAREPARE
2022

1
I
.I
NTRODUCTI
ON
A.
Backgr
ound
Engl
i
shi
sauni
ver
sall
anguagesoi
tisnotsur
pri
singt
hatr
esi
dent
sinev
ery
count
ryi
nal
lpar
tsoft
hewor
ldst
udyandmakecompul
sor
ysubj
ect
sinschool
sand
uni
ver
sit
iesnotonl
ythat
,Engl
i
shi
sal
soauni
quel
anguagebecausewheny
ouwr
it
e
andt
henr
eadi
tyouwi
l
lfi
ndt
hedi
ff
erencewhi
chi
squi
tecl
ear
.

I
nthi
ser
aofGl
obal
i
zat
ionandmi
l
leni
als,Engl
i
shLanguagei
simpor
tantf
or
ourl
i
ves.I
nfact
,iti
sthesecondmostspokenl
anguagei
nthewor
ld.Gl
obal
i
zat
ion
maket
heuseofEngl
i
shl
anguagemor
ewi
den.Theabi
l
ityt
ospeakandt
owr
it
e
Engl
i
shpr
oper
tyhasbeenoneessent
ial
benchmar
kski
l
lsi
nthepr
ofessi
onal
wor
ld.

Lear
ningEngl
i
shi
nJuni
orHi
ghSchool
sar
eimpor
tantgi
venot
hert
hanusa
pr
epar
ati
onoft
hegl
obal
i
zat
ionpr
ocessbutast
hepr
ovi
sionofJuni
orHi
ghSchool
st
udent
stocont
inuehi
ghereducat
ionl
eveloft
heest
abl
i
shedEngl
i
sht
eachi
ngasa
l
essont
hatmustbecont
rol
l
edbyst
udent
s.

Asl
anguagei
ngener
alt
heabi
l
ityt
ospeakbecomessomet
hingt
hatcannot
besepar
atedbecauset
hent
hel
anguaget
hatwehav
elear
nedbecomesusef
uland
meani
ngf
ulasi
tshoul
dbegoodf
orcommuni
cat
ingwi
thpeopl
ewhocomef
rom
count
ri
est
hatusei
torbecomeat
oolt
hatsomeonecanuset
oconv
eyi
nfor
mat
ion
ef
fect
ivel
yver
bal
l
yandj
ustasani
ntr
oduct
iont
oexchangear
gument
swi
thot
her
peopl
ewhoonl
yuseEngl
i
sh.

Asast
udentwhospeci
fi
cal
l
yst
udi
esEngl
i
sh,
wer
eal
l
yhopet
obeabl
etouse
i
tfl
uent
lyaswel
laswhent
eachi
ngi
ttopeopl
ewhoar
eint
erest
ed,t
hisi
sver
y
r
easonabl
ebecauseasweal
lknowatt
hist
imet
hedev
elopmentoft
heer
adoesnot
seem t
ost
opi
nanyf
iel
dincl
udi
ngl
anguage.sot
hatmast
eri
ngt
heof
fi
ciall
anguage
oft
hei
rowncount
rywi
thoutmast
eri
ngaf
orei
gnl
anguagemeanst
hatwehav
ebeen
l
eftbehi
ndf
rom ci
vi
li
zat
ioni
nthef
iel
dofcommuni
cat
ion.

Accor
dingt
oresul
toft
her
esear
cher
’si
nter
view wi
thanEngl
i
sht
eacheri
n
MTS I
slami
cboar
dingschoolDDIPat
obong,speaki
ngi
sthemostdi
ff
icul
tand
i
ntr
icat
etoknow becausei
nEngl
i
sht
hespokenandwr
it
tenEngl
i
shar
edi
ff
erent
whi
l
ethest
udent
s’abi
l
ityofMTSI
slami
cboar
dingschool
DDIpat
obongi
squi
tel
ow.

t
hiscanbepr
ovedwhenwecar
ryoutoneoft
hecampuspr
ogr
amsnamel
y

2
PPL,mostoft
hest
udent
shav
espeaki
ngski
l
lst
hatar
enotasexpect
edf
orsev
eral
r
easons.Someoft
heobst
acl
esf
acedbyst
udent
sofMTSI
slami
cboar
dingschool
DDIPat
obongi
nlear
ningt
o speaki
sthatst
udent
scannotexpr
esst
hei
rideas
becauseofl
i
mit
edv
ocabul
arymast
ery
.st
udent
sal
way
sthi
nkt
hatEngl
i
shi
sa
di
ff
icul
tsubj
ecti
nthei
rschoolbecausespokenandwr
it
tenar
edi
ff
erentsot
hey
seem di
ff
icul
ttodeal
wit
h.

Besi
des,st
udent
sdon'
thav
etheconf
idencet
ospeakl
i
ket
heyspeaki
nthei
r
mot
hert
ongueorbahasa.Thi
sisbecausest
udent
sar
eaf
rai
dofmaki
ngmi
stakesi
n
gr
ammarorst
ruct
ureandpr
onunci
ati
onwhent
heyspeakEngl
i
shi
nfr
ontoft
hei
r
f
ri
ends.I
naddi
ti
on,st
udent
slackpr
act
icei
nspeaki
ngcl
ass.Mostst
udent
sonl
y
memor
izeal
lthesent
encesi
ntheconv
ersat
ionbookwi
thoutknowi
ngt
hemeani
ng
andhowt
opr
onouncesent
encescor
rect
ly.Thel
astonei
sthatst
udent
sonl
yst
udy
Engl
i
shi
nthei
rcl
ass.Theydon'
ttr
ytol
ear
nEngl
i
shf
rom ot
hersour
cesl
i
ker
eadan
Engl
i
shbook,wat
chi
ngEngl
i
shmov
iesorpodcastandj
oinameet
ingcl
ubort
ake
pr
ivat
ecl
assesatt
hei
rhome.

Tor
educet
heseobst
acl
es,exper
tshav
efoundaf
ew Engl
i
shmet
hodssuch
asFor
eignl
anguage.Oneoft
hem i
stheAudi
oli
ngualMet
hod. Anaudi
o-l
i
ngual
Met
hodi
sanor
al-
basedappr
oach.Howev
er,i
tisv
erydi
ff
erent
,int
hatr
athert
han
emphasi
zi
ngv
ocabul
aryacqui
sit
iont
hroughexposur
etoi
tsusei
nsi
tuat
ions,t
he
Audi
o-Li
ngualMet
hoddr
il
lsst
udent
sint
heuseofgr
ammat
icalsent
encespat
ter
ns.
Al
so,unl
i
ket
heDi
rectMet
hod,i
thasast
rongt
heor
eti
calbasei
nli
ngui
sti
csand
psy
chol
ogy
.

t
heUni
ver
sit
yofMi
chi
ganl
edt
hewayi
nappl
yi
ngpr
inci
plesf
rom st
ruct
ural
l
i
ngui
sti
csi
ndev
elopi
ngt
hemet
hod,andf
ort
hisr
eason,i
thassomet
imesbeen
r
efer
red t
o ast
he‘
Michi
ganMet
hod’
.Lat
eri
nit
sdev
elopment
,pr
inci
plesf
rom
1
behav
iour
alpsy
chol
ogy wer
eincor
por
ated.I
twast
houghtt
hatt
hewayt
oacqui
re
t
hesent
encepat
ter
nsoft
het
argetl
anguagewast
hroughcondi
ti
oni
ng-hel
ping
l
ear
ner
stor
espondcor
rect
lyt
ost
imul
ithr
oughshapi
ngandr
einf
orcementsot
hat
t
hel
ear
ner
scoul
dov
ercomet
hehabi
tsoft
hei
rnat
ivel
anguageandf
rom t
henew

1
Ski
nner
, F.Ver
B. balbehav
ior
.Appl
etoncent
ury
-cr
oft
s.1957

3
 2
habi
tsr
equi
redt
obet
argetl
anguagespeaker
s.

B.Pr
obl
em St
atement
Based ont
hebackgr
oundabov
e,t
her
esear
cherst
atedt
hatt
hepr
obl
em
st
atement
soft
hisr
esear
ch,
fol
l
ow:

1.Howi
sthei
mpr
ovementoft
heei
ghtgr
adest
udent
s’speaki
ngski
l
lby
usi
ng Audi
oli
ngualMet
hod atMTS I
slami
c boar
ding schoolDDI
Pat
obong?

2.I
sAudi
oli
ngualanef
fect
ivemet
hodi
nteachi
ngspeaki
ngski
l
ltot
he
st
udent
s?

C.Resear
chObj
ect
ive
Theobj
ect
iveoft
hisr
esear
chi
s:
1.To f
ind out whet
her t
eachi
ng Engl
i
sh Speaki
ng ski
l
lby usi
ng
audi
oli
ngual
met
hodi
sef
fect
ivet
echni
queornotf
ort
hest
udent
s.
2.To f
ind outwhet
hert
he audi
oli
ngualmet
hod abl
eforst
udent
s
speaki
ngski
l
linMTSDDIpat
obong.
D.Resear
chSi
gni
fi
cance
Thesi
gni
fi
canceoft
her
esear
chi
sex
pect
edt
obeusef
ulf
or:
1.Fort
hest
udent
Thi
sisi
ntendedsot
hatst
udent
scanchanget
hei
rmi
ndsett
hat
l
ear
ningEngl
i
shespeci
all
yspeaki
ngski
l
lsi
sadi
ff
icul
tthi
ngt
otur
nint
o
an i
nter
estt
o st
udy i
tser
iousl
y.t
he r
esear
cherr
eal
l
y hopes t
he
st
udent
s’speaki
ngski
l
lcanbei
mpr
ovedbyusi
ngAudi
oli
ngual
Met
hod.
Besi
des,t
her
esear
cheral
sohopest
hest
udent
scanspeakEngl
i
sh
f
luent
ly,ar
rangesomewor
dsi
ntoagoodsent
ence,andt
obr
avet
o
speakEngl
i
shi
nfr
ontoft
hei
rfr
iendsi
nthecl
ass.Toachi
evet
hoseal
l
,
t
her
esear
cherappl
i
esAudi
oli
ngualMet
hoddur
ingl
ear
ningpr
ocess.I
t
i
sexpect
ed t
o maket
hem i
nter
est
ed i
n speaki
ng Engl
i
sh f
luent
ly.
Fi
nal
l
y,t
hest
udent
scani
mpr
ovet
hei
rski
l
linspeaki
ngengl
i
sh.
2.Fort
het
eacher
how t
oteachEngl
i
shusi
ngt
heaudi
oli
ngualmet
hodespeci
all
y

2
Fries,
C.C.Teachi
ngandl
ear
ningengl
i
shasaf
orei
gnl
anguage.AnnAr
bor
:Uni
ver
sit
yofmi
chi
gan
press.1945

4
 t
oimpr
ovest
udent
s'speaki
ngski
l
lscanbeanewsol
uti
onf
ort
eacher
s
sot
hatt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningact
ivi
ti
esbecomemor
efun,
wel
lrecei
ved
byst
udent
sandeasyt
oappl
y.
3.Fort
heot
herr
sear
cher
s
Thi
sresear
chi
sexpect
edt
obeasour
ceofknowl
edgeand
r
efer
encef
orot
herr
esear
cher
sint
hef
utur
ethatt
hemet
hodweuse
pr
ovi
desconv
eni
encei
nit
’sappl
i
cat
iont
oimpr
oveEngl
i
shspeaki
ng
ski
l
lsf
orst
udent
sandt
headdi
ti
onalbenef
itoft
hismet
hodi
sthati
t
canmakei
teasi
erf
orst
udent
stomemor
izev
ocabul
ary
.

I
I.
REVI
EW OFRELATEDLI
TERATURE
A.SomePer
ti
nentI
deas
Thi
sispar
ttheconceptofspeaki
ngandAudi
oli
ngualmet
hodi
nMTSDDI
pat
obong
1.
TheConceptofSpeaki
ng
Ther
e ar
e conceptofspeaki
ng.Def
ini
ti
on ofspeaki
ng,t
he f
unct
ion of
speaki
ng,
elementofspeaki
ng,
typeofspeaki
ng,
techni
queoft
eachi
ngspeaki
ngski
l
l,
SomeTheor
iesandConceptofSpeaki
ngSki
l
l.
a.Def
ini
ti
onofSpeaki
ng
Speaki
ngi
sanact
ivi
tycar
ri
edoutor
all
ytoexchangei
nfor
mat
ioncar
ri
edout
byt
woormor
epeopl
eont
hecondi
ti
ont
hatbot
hoft
hem under
standt
hel
anguage
usedbyeachot
herwhi
chi
smar
kedbyt
hepr
esenceofsoundspr
oducedasasi
gn
t
hatani
deaorar
gumenthasbeenconv
eyed.speaki
ngast
heabi
l
ityt
oexpr
ess
onesel
f.

Speaki
ngi
sal
sor
efer
redt
oasanactofr
epor
ti
ngt
hroughspokenwor
dswi
th
t
heabi
l
ityt
ospeak.Speaki
ngi
nEngl
i
shi
srel
atedt
owhati
sseen,f
elt
,hear
d,and
expr
essedi
nthef
orm ofwor
ds.I
fspeaki
ngi
sdonebymor
ethanoneper
son,i
twi
l
l
l
eadt
oaconv
ersat
ionori
nter
act
ion3.

st
atest
hatspeaki
ngi
stheabi
l
ityt
opr
onouncear
ti
cul
ati
onsoundsorwor
ds
t
oexpr
ess,
stat
e,andconv
eyt
hought
s,i
deas,
andf
eel
i
ngs.Mor
ebr
oadl
y,speaki
ngi
s
af
orm ofhuman behav
iort
hatut
il
izes phy
sical
,psy
chol
ogi
cal
,neur
ologi
cal
,

3
Ladouse.Ev
aluat
ionofspeaki
ng.
1991

5
semant
ic,andl
i
ngui
sti
cfact
orsext
ensi
vel
yandwi
del
ysot
hati
tcanbeconsi
der
ed
ast
hemosti
mpor
tanthumant
ool
forsoci
alcont
rol
.

Thus,i
tcanbesai
dthati
nspeaki
ngact
ivi
ti
est
her
eisapr
ocessofchangi
ng
t
he f
orm oft
hought
sorf
eel
i
ngsi
nto meani
ngf
ulspeech orl
anguage sounds.
Speaki
ngi
snotj
ustsay
ingmeani
ngl
esswor
ds,
butconv
eyi
ngt
hought
sorf
eel
i
ngst
o
4
ot
her
sthr
oughspeechorspeechwi
thspokenl
anguage.

Speaki
nghasof
tenbeendeal
twi
thi
nasi
mil
arwayi
nlanguaget
eachi
ng.I
tis
somet
imest
houghtofassomet
hingwhi
chi
scov
eredsuf
fi
cient
lybyv
irt
ueofbei
ng
so bound up i
nthe t
eachi
ng ofev
ery
thi
ng el
se.Par
adoxi
cal
l
y,al
though many
l
ear
ner
sfeel
lthatbei
ngabl
etocommuni
cat
eef
fect
ivel
ythr
oughspeechi
sthei
r
mai
npr
ior
it
y,whenspeaki
ngi
sthemai
nai
m oft
hel
essonIcanbesomet
imesl
ead
t
odi
ssat
isf
act
ion.

Somel
ear
ner
scan’
tqui
teseet
hepoi
ntofdoi
ngsomet
hingi
nthecl
assr
oom
t
hatt
heycoul
dqui
teeasi
l
ydoov
eracof
fee,andt
eacher
scanf
eelasenseofgui
l
t
becauset
heyhav
enott
aughtsomet
hingwi
thacl
earl
ear
ningout
comet
hatcanbe
hel
dupasj
ust
if
icat
ionf
ort esson5.
hel

Aswecansee,t
her
ear
emanyr
easonswhypeopl
espeakt
oeachot
her
.One
pr
imayuseofl
anguagei
stoest
abl
i
shandmai
ntai
nsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
p.Wesay“
hel
l
o”
t
opeopl
ewhenwemeett
hem,ex
changesmal
ltal
kaboutt
heweat
her
,wor
k,spor
t
andf
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
ps.

Aspar
toft
hissoci
aluseofl
anguageweal
sot
ryt
oent
ert
aineachot
herby
maki
ngj
okesandt
ell
i
nganecdot
esandst
ori
es.Wemayal
soshar
evi
ewsand
opi
nionsonav
ari
etyofsubj
ect
s.Whenwechatt
ofr
iendst
her
eisnoagendaofwhat
weshoul
dcov
er.Thosei
nvol
vedi
ntheconv
erst
aioncani
ntr
oduceav
ari
etyof
subj s6.
ect

I
ntheot
herhand,
speaki
ngasani
nter
act
ivepr
ocessi
nconst
ruct
ingmeani
ng
i
nvol
vespr
oduci
ng,r
ecei
vi
ng,and pr
ocessi
ng i
nfor
mat
ion.i
nthi
scase,when i
t
speaksofconst
ruct
edf
ormsandmeani
ngsdependi
ngont
hecont
exti
nwhi
cht
he
4
Tari
ganH. G.Semanticteaching.
1985
5
Watkins,pet .Lear
er ningtot eachengl
i
sh:Apr
act
icali
ntr
oduct
ionf
ornewt
eacher
s.Engl
and:v
iva
bookspriv
at eli
mit
ed.P.26.2007
6
Ibi
d.P.27

6
conv
ersat
iont
akespl
acei
ncl
udi
ngpar
ti
cipant
sinv
olv
edi
nspeaki
ng,exper
ience,
the
phy
sicalenv
ironmentandt
hepur
poseofspeaki
ng.aper
soni
ssai
dtobeabl
eto
speaki
fhei
sabl
etoant
ici
pat
eandpr
oducepat
ter
nsexpect
edbyapar
ti
cul
ar
di
scour
sesi
tuat
ion7.

speaki
ngi
sforcommuni
cat
ing,
sowehav
etoconv
eyt
het
hinki
ngandf
eel
i
ng
ef
fect
ivel
yandt
hespeakermustunder
standt
hemeani
ngt
obecommuni
cat
edi
n
8
or
dert
omakeot
herpeopl
eunder
standwi
thwhatt
heyar
etal
ki
ngabout.I
tmeans
t
hatpeopl
eint
hewor
ldhav
espeaki
ngabi
l
itybecausespeaki
ngi
sanact
ivi
tyt
hatwe
al
way
sdoi
nev
eryt
imet
ocommuni
cat
ewi
thot
herpeopl
eandt
omakeagood
r
elat
ionshi
pinsoci
ety
.

Fr
om t
heexpl
anat
ionabov
e,t
her
esear
cherconcl
udest
hatspeaki
ngi
sa
pr
ocesst
oconv
eyandshar
ingi
deasandf
eel
i
ngsor
all
y.Speaki
ngi
nvol
vedsome
ski
l
ls such as v
ocabul
ary
,pr
onounci
ati
on,accur
acy
,fl
uency
,gr
ammar
,et
ch.
St
udent
sneedt
omast
eredal
loft
hoseel
ement
s.Speaki
ng,especi
all
yinaf
orei
gn
l
anguage,i
sav
erynecessar
yact
ivi
tyf
oral
lagesofl
ear
ner
sbecausef
rom t
his
act
ivi
typeopl
ecanunder
stoodwhatt
heot
hersai
dwhouseaf
orei
gnl
anguaget
oo.

b.TheFunct
ionsofSpeaki
ng

Sev
erall
anguage exper
tshav
e at
tempt
ed t
o cat
egor
ize t
he f
unct
ions of
speaki
ngi
nhumani
nter
act
ion.expl
aint
hatt
hef
unct
ionsofspeaki
ngar
edi
vi
dedi
nto
t
hreecat
egor
iesi
ncl
udi
ngar
etal
kasi
nter
act
ion,t
alkast
ransact
ionandt
alkas
per
for
mance.Bel
owar
etheexpl
anat
ionsofeachf
unct
ionofspeaki
ng:

1.
Tal
kasi
nter
act
ion
The mai
nfunct
ion of t
hist
ype i
stof
ocus on soci
ali
nter
act
ion i
n
communi
cat
ion.Thi
sisabouthowpeopl
edel
i
ver
sthemessagest
otheot
her
sand
t
her
efor
e,t
heymustuset
hei
rspeaki
ngski
l
ltocommuni
cat
ion.
2.Tal
kast
ransact
ion
I
nthi
sty
pe,
thef
ocusi
stoconv
eyt
hei
nfor
mat
iont
omakepeopl
eunder
stand
whatwewantt
osaycl
ear
lyandaccur
atel
y.Forexampl
e,st
udentmaybei
nvol
vedi
n
someact
ivi
ti
esi
nlanguagel
essont
oexpl
oreconceptassoci
atedwi
tht
ensesand

7
Didi
kSantoso.Keter
ampilanBerbicar
aBahasaInggr
is,
Medan:Dut aAzhar,P.
18.2017
8
Tari
gan,
H. G.Ber
bicarasebagaisuatuket
erampil
anberbahasa.Bandung.Angkasa.P.
15.
1981

7
r
educt
ion.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
alkast
ransact
ionhassev
eral
mai
nfeat
uresasf
oll
ows:
1. Focust
othemai
ninf
ormat
ion
2. Onl
yfocust
othemessageandnott
hepar
ti
cipant
s
3. Usecommuni
cat
ionst
rat
egyt
omakesomeoneunder
stood
4. Uset
hef
requentquest
ions,
repet
it
ions,
andcompr
ehensi
onchecks
5. Uset
henegot
iat
ionanddi
gressi
on
6. Li
ngui
sti
caccur
acyi
snotal
way
simpor
tant
.
someoft
heski
l
lsi
nvol
vedi
nusi
ngt
alkf
ort
ransact
ions,
theyar
e:
1.Expl
aini
nganeedori
ntent
ion
2.Descr
ibi
ngsomet
hing
3.Aski
ng-
quest
ioni
ng
4.Conf
ir
mingi
nfor
mat
ion
5.Just
if
yinganopi
nion
6.Maki
ngsuggest
ions
7.Cl
ari
fyi
ngunder
standi
ng
8.Maki
ngcompar
isi
on.
c.Tal
kasper
for
mance
I
nthi
scase,speaki
ngact
ivi
ti
esar
emor
efocusedonmonol
ogr
athert
handi
alog.
Thef
unct
ionofspeaki
ngasper
for
manceoccur
satspeeches,publ
i
ctal
ks,publ
i
c
announcement
s,andst
oryt
ell
i
ngs.Forexampl
es,
giv
ingacl
assr
epor
taboutst
udent
exper
ience,conduct
ingacl
assdebat
e,andmaki
ngasal
espr
esent
ati
on.Themai
n
f
eat
uresoft
alkasper
for
mancear
e:
1.Focust
othemessageandt
hepar
ti
cipant
2.I
tref
lect
sor
gani
zat
ionandsequenci
ng
3.For
m andaccur
acyi
sal
way
simpor
tant
4.Languagei
smor
eli
kewr
it
tenl
anguage
5.I
tisof
tenmonol
ogi
c
Someoft
heski
l
lsi
nvol
vedi
nusi
ngt
alkasper
for
mancei
ncl
ude:
1.Usi
nganappr
opr
iat
efor
mat
2.Pr
esent
ingi
nfor
mat
ioni
nanappr
opr
iat
esequence
3.Mai
ntai
ningaudi
enceengagement
4.Usi
ngcor
rectpr
onunci
ati
onandgr
ammar
5.Cr
eat
inganef
fectont
heaudi
ence
6.Usi
ngappr
opr
iat
evocabul
ary
8
 7.I
tusesappr
opr
iat
eopeni
ngandcl ng9.
osi
I
nconcl
usi
on,t
her
ear
ethr
eef
unct
ionsofspeaki
ngt
hatar
ecat
egor
izedbyt
he
exper
tincl
udi
ng“
tal
kasi
nter
act
ion,t
alkast
ransact
ion,andt
alkasper
for
mance”
.
Thesear
etheki
ndsofspeaki
ng act
ivi
ti
est
hatpeopl
eusual
l
yusei
ndai
l
yli
fe
accor
dingt
othei
rdi
ff
erentf
unct
ions.
2.El
ementofSpeaki
ng
a.
Vocabul
ary
Vocabul
aryi
sessent
ialf
orsuccessf
ulsecondl
anguageusebecausewi
thout
anext
ensi
vev
ocabul
ary
,wewi
l
lbeunabl
etouset
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionwemay
hav
elear
ntf
orcompr
ehensi
blecommuni
cat
ive.I
tcan besai
dthatonekeyt
he
successi
ncommuni
cat
ive,
whi
chi
sthepowerofwor
ds.

Vocabul
arymeanst
heappr
opr
iat
edi
cti
onort
hemosti
mpor
tantt
hingi
n
al
anguageespeci
all
yinspeaki
ngf
urt
her
mor
e,knowi
ngmanyv
ocabul
ari
eswewi
l
lbe
easi
ert
oexpr
essouri
deas,f
eel
i
ngandt
hought
sbot
hinor
alorwr
it
tenf
orm.I
n
spokenl
anguage,
thev
ocabul
aryt
endst
obef
ami
l
iarandev
ery
day
.Itmeanst
hati
n
spokenl
anguageorspeaki
ng,t
hev
ocabul
ary
usedmustbev
eryf
ami
l
iarandi
tis
usedi
nev
ery
dayconv
ersat
ioni
nor
dert
ounder
standt
hespokendi
scour
se.

Vocabul
aryi
sabasi
cbui
l
dingbl
ockofl
anguagel
ear
ning.St
udent
sneedt
o
knowwor
ds,t
hei
rmeani
ngs,howt
heyar
espel
tandhowt
heyar
epr
onounced.Thus,
whent
eachi
ngv
ocabul
ary
,thet
eacher
shav
etomakesur
ethatt
heyexpl
aint
he
meani
ngaswel
last
hespel
l
ingandpr
onunci
ati
on.Vocabul
aryi
stheknowl
edgeof
meani ds10.
ngsofwor

Vocabul
aryi
sacor
ecomponentofl
anguagepr
ofi
ciencyandpr
ovi
desmuch
oft
hebasi
sforhowwel
llear
ner
sspeak,l
i
sten,r
eadandwr
ie11.I
t t’
smeant
hatt
he
v
ocabul
aryi
squi
tei
mpor
tantapectofl
anguagecomponentt
hatal
way
sbeused
bot
hor
alandwr
it
tenf
om.Wecandonot
hingi
nli
steni
ng,speaki
ng,r
eadi
ngand
wr
it
ingwi
thoutv
ocabul
ary
.Whatcompl
i
cat
est
hisdef
ini
ti
oni
sthef
actt
hatwor
ds
comei
natl
east
twof
orms:or
alandwr
it
ten.
Oralv
ocabul
aryi
sthesetofwor
dsf
or
whi
chweknowt
hemeani
ngswhenwespeakorr
eador
all
y.
9
Richard,Jack.C.Teachingli
steni
ngandspeakingfr
om theorytopr
acti
ce.Cambri
dgeuni
ver
sit
y
press.P.
4.2008
10
Turk.Vocabulary
.p.87.
2003
11
Jack.C.Richardandwi ll
yA.Renandya.Methodol
ogyinlangauget
eachingant
hol
ogyofcur
rent
practi
ce.Newy ork:cumbr i
dgeuniver
sit
ypress,
2002,p.
255

9
 Wr
it
tenv
ocabul
aryconsi
stsoft
hosewor
dsf
orwhi
cht
hemeani
ngi
sknown
whenwewr
it
eorr
eadsi
l
ent
ly.Thesear
eimpor
tant
dist
inct
ionsbecauset
hesetof
wor
dst
hatbegi
nni
ngr
eader
sknowar
emai
nly
oralr
epr
esent
ati
ons.Ast
heyl
ear
nto
r
ead,
wri
tt
env
ocabul
arycomest
opl
ayani
ncr
easi
ngl
ylar
gerr
olei
nli
ter
acyt
handoes
12
t
heor
alv
ocabul
ary
.

t
her
ear
efourt
ypesofv
ocabul
arywhi
chmustbeknownandmast
eredf
orany
ski
l
l,suchasr
eadi
ng v
ocabul
ary
,speaki
ng v
ocabul
ary
,li
steni
ng v
ocabul
aryand
wr
it
ingv
ocabul
ary
.Theyar
e:
1.Readi
ngv
ocabul
aryi
sthewor
dsweunder
standwhenwer
eadt
ext
.Wecan
r
ead and uder
stand many wor
ds t
hatwe do notuse i
n ourspeaki
ng
v
ocabul
ary
.Thi
sist
he2ndl
argesv
ocabul
aryi
fyouar
ear
eader
.Ify
ouar
enot
ar
eader
,youcannnot“
Grow“y
ourv
ocabul
ary
.
2.Speaki
ng v
ocabul
aryi
sthe wor
d we use when we speak orspeaki
ng
v
ocabul
aryi
sreal
i
tev
lyl
i
mit
ed:mostadul
tsuseamor
e5000t
o10.
000wor
ds
f
oral
lthei
rconv
ersat
ionandi
nst
ruct
ion.
3.Li
steni
ngv
ocabul
aryi
sthewor
dhear
dandunder
stand.St
art
ingi
nthewomb,
v
etuses can det
ec sounds as ear
ly 16 weeks.Fur
ther
mor
e,babi
es ar
e
l
i
steni
ngdur
ingal
lthei
rwor
kinghour
s-andwecont
ini
out
olear
nnewwor
ds
t
hiswayal
lofourl
i
ves.
4.Wr
it
ingv
ocabul
aryt
hewor
dwecanr
etr
iev
ewhenwewr
it
etoexpr
essour
sel
fs.We gener
alyf
ind i
teasi
ert
o expl
ain oursel
for
all
y,usi
ng v
aci
al
expr
essi
onandt
ohel
pgetouri
deasacr
osst
hent
ofi
ndj
ustt
her
ightwor
dst
o
communi
cat
ethesamei
deasandwr
it
ingourwr
it
ingv
ocabul
aryi
sst
rongl
y
13
i
nfl
uencedbyt
hewor
dswecanspel
l
.
b.
Pronunci
ati
on
Pr
onunci
ati
on i
sthe pr
oduct
ion oft
he speech sound f
orcommuni
cat
e
pr
onunci
ati
onal
sot
oref
erst
oaspsy
comot
orski
l
loneofel
ementconst
it
uti
ng
communi
cat
e compet
ence,whhi
ch i
s sai
dthe i
dealgoalofev
eryl
anguage
i
nst
ruct
ion14.Pr
onunci
ati
oni
sthewayf
orst
udent
stopr
oducecl
ear
erl
anguage

12
M.LKami l
,E.H.Hi
eber.Teachi
t ngandl earni
ngvocabular
y:perspect
ivesandpersi
stentissue.
2005
13
JudyKMont gomery,TheBridgeofVocabul ar
y:EvidenceBasedActivit
iesf
orAcademi cSuccess,
(SanFransisco:NCSPearson, 2007),p,119
14
H.DouglasBrown.Teachingbypr i
nciple:anint
err
acti
veapproachinlanguagepedagogy ,(
2ndEd),
(newyork:
longman2001) ,
p.68

10
whent
heyar
espeaki
ng.I
tmeanst
hatt
hest
udentcancommuni
cat
eef
fect
ivel
y
whent
hey hav
e good pr
onunci
ati
on and i
ntonat
ion ev
en t
hough t
hey hav
e
l
i
mit
edv
ocabul
ary and gr
ammar
. Pr
onunci
ati
on r
efer
s t
o t
he t
radi
ti
onal or
cust
omar
yut
ter
ance of wor
ds.Fr
om t
hat st
atement can be concl
uded t
hat
pr
onunci
ati
oni
sthewayf
orst
udent
stopr
oducet
heut
ter
ancewor
dscl
ear
lywhen
t
heyar
espeaki
ng.

Mor
eov
er,pr
onunci
ati
oni
ncl
udesal
lthoseaspect
sofspeechwhi
chmakef
or
an easi
l
yint
ell
i
gibl
efl
ow of speech,i
ncl
udi
ng segment
alar
ti
cul
ati
on,
rhy
thm,
i
ntonat
ionandphr
asi
ng,andmor
eper
ipher
all
yev
engest
ure,body
languageandey
e
15
cont
act
. Based on t
hest
atementabov
ecanbeconcl
uded t
hatPr
onunci
ati
on
i
ncl
udesmanyaspect
sthati
ncl
udear
ti
cul
ati
on,
rhy
thm,
int
onat
ionandphr
asi
ng,
and
16
mor
eper
ipher
all
yev
engest
ure,
bodyl
anguageandey
econt
act
.

c.I
nter
act
ivecommuni
cat
ion
Themostdi
ff
icul
ti
esf
acedbyst
udent
sinspeaki
ngar
ethei
nter
act
ivenat
ure
ofcommuni
cat
ion.I
nspeaki
ng,especi
all
ywhent
heyar
ehav
ingconv
ersat
iont
hey
ar
eengagi
ngi
napr
ocessofnegot
iat
ionofmeani
ng.Thus,l
ear
ner
susual
l
yhav
e
pr
obl
emsi
nhow t
o sayt
hings,when t
o speak,and ot
herdi
scour
seconst
ant
s.
Al
thought
heyhav
edi
ff
icul
ti
esi
nthi
saspect
,assessi
ngst
udent
sthr
ought
heway
t
hey
int
eracti
sgoodt
otr
aint
hem t
ohav
enat
ural ng17.
speaki

d.Compr
ehensi
on
Compr
ehensi
oni
sanabi
l
ityt
oper
cei
veandpr
ocessst
ret
chesofdi
scour
se,
to
f
ormul
ater
epr
esent
ati
onst
hemeani
ngofsent
ences.Compr
ehensi
onofasecond
l
anguagei
smor
edi
ff
icul
ttost
udysi
ncei
tisnot
;di
rect
lyobser
vabl
eandmustbe
i
nfer
redf
rom ov
ertv
erbalandnonv
erbalr
esponses,byar
ti
fi
cial
i
nst
rument
s,orby
t
hei
ntui
ti
onoft
het
eacherorr
esear
cher
.Compr
ehensi
onr
efer
stot
hef
actt
hat
par
ti
cipant
sful
l
y under
stand t
he nat
ure of t
he r
esear
chpr
oject
,ev
en when
pr
ocedur
esar
ecompl
i
cat
edandent
ail
risks18

15
M. Gil
bert(2008).Sosialli
fe
16
Frazer.H,(
2001) .Teachingpr onunciati
on:Ahandbookf orteachersandtr
ainers
17
Brown, H.D.(2001) .AssessingSpeaki ng(OralPr
ofi
ciencyScor i
ngCategori
es).Cal
if
ornia:Edi
ts
publishers.
18
Cohen, et.
al,
(2005).Speakingski l
lthroughtaskbasedlearninginengli
shforei
gnlanguage
classroom

11
e.Appr
opr
iat
eness
The t
erm ofappr
opr
iat
enessi
srel
ated t
o somev
ari
abl
es.When peopl
e ar
e
communi
cat
ingt
heyhav
etoseewhatef
fect
stoachi
evet
hecommuni
cat
ivepur
pose.
Thosev
ari
abl
esar
e:

1.Set
ti
ng

2.Par
ti
cipant
s

3.Gender

4.Channel

c19
5.Topi

f
.Gr
ammar
Gr
ammari
s needed f
ort
he st
udent
sto ar
range cor
rectsent
ences i
n
conv
ersat
ionbot
hinwr
it
tenandor
alf
orms.Gr
ammari
sdef
inedasasy
stemat
icway
ofaccount
ingf
orandpr
edi
cti
ngani
dealspeaker
’sorhear
er’
sknowl
edgeoft
he
l
anguage.Thi
sisdonebyasetofr
ulesorpr
inci
plest
hatcanbeusedt
ogener
ateal
l
wel
lfor
medorgr
ammat
ical
utt
erancesi
nt anguage20.
hel

st
atest
hatgr
ammari
sthest
udyofhow wor
dscombi
net
ofor
m sent
ences.
Thusf
rom st
atementabov
ecanbeconcl
udedt
hat
grammari
sar
ulet
hati
sneeded
f
ort
hest
udent
stocombi
necor
rectsent
encesi
nconv
ersat
ionbot
hinwr
it
tenand
or
alf
orms.Gr
ammarr
efer
stot
hef
undament
alpr
inci
plesand st
ruct
ureoft
he
l
anguage,i
ncl
udi
ngcl
earandcor
rectsent
enceconst
ruct
ionandt
hepr
operf
ormsof
ds21.
wor

g.Fl
uency
Fl
uency i
s def
ined as t
he abi
l
ityt
o speak communi
cat
ivel
y,f
luent
ly
andaccur
atel
y. Fl
uency usual
l
y r
efer
s t
o expr
ess or
al l
anguage f
reel
y
wi
thout
int
err
upt
ion.I
nteachi
ng and l
ear
ning pr
ocess,i
fthe t
eacherwant
sto
checkst
udent
s’f
luency
,the t
eacher al
l
ows st
udent
sto expr
ess t
hemsel
ves
f
reel
ywi
thouti
nter
rupt
ion.Theai
m i
sto hel
p st
udent
sspeakf
luent
lyand wi
th

19
Har
mer,
J.(
2001).Thepracti
ceofengl
i
shlanguageteachi
ng.(3rd.ed)l
ongman
20
Pur
pur
a,JE(2004).Assessi
nggrammar.Cambridge:Cambr
idgeUniver
sit
y
21
Bat
ko,
Ann&Rosenhei m.( .Whenbadgr
2004) ammarhappenst ogoodpeople;
howt
oav
oid
commonerrorsi
nenglish

12
ease.
Thet
eacherdoesnotcor
recti
mmedi
atel
ywher
east
hei
deabei
ngt
hatt
oomuch
cor
rect
ioni
nter
fer
eswi
tht
hef
lowofconv
ersat
ion22.

h.Cont
ent
or
alcommuni
cat
ion i
stwo way
s pr
ocess bet
ween speaker
,li
stenerand
i
nvol
vet
hepr
oduct
iveski
l
lofspeaki
ngandt
her
ecept
iveski
l
lunder
standi
ng.I
tis
i
mpor
tantt
oremembert
hatr
ecept
iveski
l
lnoti
mpl
ypassi
vebot
hinl
i
steni
ngand
r
eadi
ng,l
anguageuser
sar
eact
ivel
yinv
olv
edi
nthepr
ocessofi
nter
rupt
ingand
negot
iat
i ng23.
ngmeani

i
.Compl
exi
ty
Whatmadespeaki
ngdi
ff
icul
twer
erel
atedt
othet
ypeofi
nfor
mat
iont
hathad
t
obeconv
eyedandwer
econcer
nedt
hescal
eoft
het
askandi
nter
rel
ati
onshi
ps
among t
he di
ff
erentel
ement
sinv
olv
ed.The spoken l
anguage i
s compl
ex i
n
adi
ff
erentway
.Thecompl
exi
tyofwr
it
tenl
anguagei
sst
ati
canddense,
whi
l
espoken
i
sdy
nami
candi
ntr
i e24
cat

3.Ty
pesofSpeaki
ng
t
her
ear
esev
eralt
ypesofcl
assr
oom speaki
ngper
for
mancet
hatst
udent
sar
e
expect
edt
ocar
ryouti
nthecl
assr
oom:

1.I
mit
ati
ve,atoneendofacont
inuum oft
ypesofspeaki
ngper
for
mancei
sthe
abi
l
ityt
osi
mpl
ypar
rotback(
imi
tat
e)awor
dorphr
aseorpossi
blyasent
ence.
Whi
l
ethi
sispur
elyphonet
icl
evelofor
alpr
oduct
ion,anumberofpr
osodi
c,
l
exi
caland gr
ammat
icalpr
oper
ti
es ofl
anguage maybe concl
ude i
nthe
cr
it
eri
onper
for
mance.

2.I
ntensi
ve,asecondt
ypeofspeaki
ngf
requent
lyempl
oyedi
nassessment
cont
ext
sist
hepr
oduct
ionofshor
tst
ret
chesofor
all
anguagedesi
gnedt
o
demonst
rat
ecompet
encei
nanar
rowbandofgr
ammat
ical
,phr
asal
,l
exi
calof
phonol
ogi
calr
elat
ionshi
p(such as pr
osodi
c el
ement
-i
ntonat
ion,st
ress,
r
hyt
hm,j
unct
ure)
.Exampl
esofex
tensi
veassessmentt
asksi
ncl
udedi
rect
ed
r
esponset
asks,r
eadi
ng al
oud,sent
enceand di
aloguecompl
eti
onl
i
mit
ed

22
Poll
ard.(
2008).Refl
ecti
veteaching:Eff
ecti
veandevi
denceinfor
medpr of
essi
onalpr
acti
ce
23
Aaker,A.Davi
d(1991).Managingbr andequit
y
24
Brown,H.dougl
as(2004).LanguageAssessment:Pr
inci
plesandClassr
oom pr
acti
cePracti
cs,
USA:
Longman

13
 pi
ctur
e-cued t
aski
ncl
udi
ng si
mpl
e sequencesand r
elat
ionshi
p up t
othe
si
mpl
esent
encel
evel
.

3.Responsi
ve,r
esponsi
ve assessmentt
asks i
ncl
uded i
nter
act
ion and t
est
compr
ehensi
onbutatt
hesomewhatl
i
mit
edl
evelofv
eryshor
tconv
ersat
ions,
st
andar
dgr
eet
ingsandasmal
ltal
k,si
mpl
erequestandcomment
sandt
he
ke25.
l
i

4.Tr
ansact
ional(
dial
ogue)
,ransact
ionall
anguage,
car
ri
edoutf
ort
hepur
poseof
conv
eyi
ng orexchangi
ng speci
fi
cinf
ormat
ion i
s an ext
ended f
orm of
r
esponsi
vel
anguage.

5.I
nter
per
sonal(
dial
ogue)
,theot
herf
orm ofconv
ersat
ionment
ionedi
nthe
pr
evi
ouswasi
nter
per
sonaldi
alogue,car
ri
edoutmor
efort
hepur
poseof
mai
ntai
ning soci
alr
elat
ionshi
pthan f
ort
he t
ransmi
ssi
on of f
actand
i
nfor
mat
ion.Lear
ner
s woul
d need t
olear
n how such f
eat
ures as t
he
r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween i
nter
locut
or,casualst
yle,and sar
casm ar
e coded
l
i
ngui
sti
cal
l
yint
hisconv
ersat
ion.

6.Ext
ensi
ve(
monol
ogue)
,ext
ensi
vet
ypei
ncl
udesspeeches,or
alpr
esent
ati
ons,
andst
ory
tel
l
ingdur
ingwhi
choppor
tuni
tyf
oror
ali
nter
act
ionf
rom l
i
steneri
s
ei
therhi
ghl
yli
mit
edorr
uledoutt
oget
her
.Thi
sty
peneedsmor
eact
ionand
26
i
nter
act
iont
othel
i
stener .

4.
Techni
queofTeachi
ngSpeaki
ngSki
ll
t
eachi
ngspeaki
ngorpr
oduci
ngski
l
l,wecanappl
ythr
eemaj
orst
age,
thosear
e:
1.I
ntr
oduci
ngnewl
anguage
2.Pr
act
ice
3.Communi
cat
iveact
ivi
ti
es.
Wheni
ntr
oduci
ngnewl
anguage,t
het
eachershoul
dfi
ndoutt
hegenr
eort
he
t
ext
,whi
chi
smeani
ngf
ul.I
nthi
sst
aget
eachercanaskst
udent
stopr
onouncet
he
unf
ami
l
iarwor
ds,
findoutt
hemeani
ngoft
heex
pressi
onusedi
nthet
ext
.

5.SomeTheor
iesandConceptofSpeaki
ngSki
l
l
25
Brown,
H.Dougl
as.(2001).AssessingSpeaki
ng(OralProfi
ciencyScori
ngCategori
es).Cali
fornia:
Edit
spubli
sher
s.
26
Brown,
H.Dougl
as.
(2001).AssessingSpeaki
ng(OralProfi
ciencyScori
ngCategori
es).Cali
fornia:
Edit
spubli
sher
s.

14
 a.Fur
ther
mor
espeaki
ngi
soft
hecent
ralel
ement
sofcommuni
cat
ion.I
nEFL
(
Engl
i
shasFor
eignLanguage)t
eachi
ng,i
tisanaspectt
hatneedsspeci
al
at
tent
ionandi
nst
ruct
ion.I
nor
dert
opr
ovi
deef
fect
iveat
tent
ion,
iti
snecessar
y
f
ora t
eacherofEFL t
o car
eful
l
y exami
ne t
he f
act
ors,condi
ti
on and
component
sthatunder
li
nespeaki
ngef
fect
iveness.

b.t
her
ear
ethr
eeki
ndsofef
fect
iver
elat
edt
osecondl
anguageacqui
sit
ion,
they
ar
e:mot
ivat
ion (
lear
nerwi
th hi
gh mot
ivat
ion gener
all
y do bet
ter
),sel
f
conf
idence(
lear
nerwi
thsel
f-
conf
idenceandagoodsel
fimaget
endt
obe
mor
esuccessf
ul)
,anxi
ety(
low per
sonalanxi
etyandl
ow cl
assr
oom anxi
ety
)
ar
emor
econduct
ivet
osecondl
anguageacqui
sit
ion.

c.Speaki
ngi
sver
yimpor
tantpar
tinst
udy
ingEngl
i
sh.Peopl
eneedt
ospeaki
n
or
dert
ocommuni
cat
eeachot
herandmakeagoodcommuni
cat
ion.When
someonewasbor
n,he/
shel
ear
nhow t
ospeak,andspeaki
ngcanmake
hi
m/hercommuni
cat
eorcont
actwi
thot son27.
herper

6.AUDI
OLI
NGUALMETHOD
A.Def
ini
ti
onofAudi
oli
ngualMet
hod
Audi
oLi
ngualMet
hodi
susual
l
yal
sor
efer
redt
oasanAr
myMet
hod.I
tisa
st
yleoft
eachi
ngf
orei
gnl
anguages.Oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantf
eat
uresoft
his
met
hodi
sthepr
act
iceofr
einf
orcement
.Insi
mpl
eter
ms,t
oencour
aget
hecor
rect
useofat
rai
t,posi
ti
vef
eedbacki
sgi
ven.Ont
heot
herhand,negat
ivef
eedbacki
s
gi
veni
fani
ncor
rectuseofat
rai
tismade.Thi
sissi
mil
art
othebasi
cnot
ionsof
behav
iour
alpsy
chol
ogywhi
chemphasi
zesgr
eat
lyont
hei
deaofr
einf
orcement
.

Thi
smet
hodi
spr
imar
il
yaboutt
eachi
ngaf
orei
gnl
anguagewi
thoutmaki
ng
useoft
henat
ivel
anguage.Hence,t
hisway
,new gr
ammat
icalr
ulesar
etaughtt
o
st
udent
swhoar
eonlexposedt
othet
argetl
anguage.Usi
ngt
hismet
hod,
thet
eacher
woul
dtel
lthest
udent
sthecor
rectwayofusi
ngacer
tai
ngr
ammat
icalr
ulef
or
i
nst
ance.Thest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
orepeat
.

Thesamest
ruct
urei
sfol
l
owed.Thet
eacherkeepst
ell
i
ngt
hest
udent
snew
wor
dsandt
hest
udent
srepeatt
hoseaf
tert
het
eacher
.Assel
f-
expl
anat
oryasi
t
sounds,t
hisal
limpl
i
est
hatt
hest
udent
sbasi
cal
l
yar
esupposedt
omemor
izeal
l
27
Ri
char
dandRodger
s.( .Appr
1986) oachesandmet
hodsi
nlanguaget
eachi
ng.Camr
idgeuni
ver
sit
y

15
whatt
heyar
ebei
ngt
aughtt
osay
.

Thi
sismor
eli
keadr
il
l,wher
ebyt
hest
udenti
sexpect
edt
okeepr
epeat
ingi
t
unt
ilt
heyar
eabl
etouset
hel
ear
ntwor
dsorr
ulesbyt
hemsel
vesandi
namor
e
spont
aneousmanner
.Mosti
mpor
tantf
eat
ureoft
hismet
hodi
sthatt
hel
anguagei
s
l
ear
ntmai
nlyt
hroughdi
alogue.Ther
eadi
ngandwr
it
ingpar
ts,
hence,
arel
ear
ntatt
he
l
aterst
age.

Li
ke ev
eryf
orei
gn l
anguage t
eachi
ng met
hod,t
his met
hod has sev
eral
adv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
ages.Theaudi
o-l
i
ngualmet
hodi
sat
eacher
-domi
nat
ed
met
hod.Thi
smi
ghtl
eadt
oaf
ast
erl
ear
ning.Thel
ear
nerhasal
i
ttl
econt
rolov
er
whati
sbei
ngt
aught
.Al
ltheseser
veasbi
gadv
ant
agesf
ort
heuser
soft
hismet
hod.
Ont
heot
herhand,oneoft
hedi
sadv
ant
agesi
sthepassi
ver
oleoft
hel
ear
ner
.Thi
s
mi
ghtl
eadt
osl
i
ghtdemot
ivat
ion28

t
heAudi
oli
ngualMet
hodwasdev
elopedi
ntheUni
tedSt
atedur
ingWor
ldWar
I
I.Att
hatt
ime,t
her
ewasaneedf
orpeopl
etol
ear
nfor
eignl
anguager
api
dlyf
or
mi
l
itar
ypur
poses.Theobj
ect
iveoft
hear
mypr
ogr
amswasf
orst
udent
stoat
tai
n
conv
ersat
ional
prof
ici
encyi
nav
ari
etyoff
orei
gnl
anguages.

Si
ncet
hiswasnott
hegoalofconv
ent
ionalf
orei
gnl
anguagescour
sesi
nthe
Uni
tedSt
ates,
newappr
oacheswer
enecessar
y.Al
sost
atedt
hatappl
i
edt
olanguage
i
nst
ruct
ion,andof
tenwi
thi
nthecont
extoft
hel
anguagel
ab,t
hismeanst
hatt
he
i
nst
ruct
orwoul
dpr
esentt
hecor
rectmodelofasent
enceandt
hest
udent
swoul
d
hav
etor
epeati
t.

Thet
eacherwoul
dthencont
inuebypr
esent
ingnewwor
dsf
ort
hest
udent
sto
sampl
eint
hesamest
ruct
ure.I
naudi
oli
ngual
i
sm,t
her
eisno expl
i
citgr
ammar
i
nst
ruct
ion,ev
ery
thi
ngi
ssi
mpl
ymemor
izedi
nfor
m.Thei
deai
sfort
hest
udent
sto
pr
act
icet
hepar
ti
cul
arconst
ructunt
ilt
heycanusei
tspont
aneousl
y.I
nthi
smanner
,
t
hel
essonsar
ebui
l
tonst
ati
cdr
il
lsi
nwhi
cht
hest
udent
shav
eli
tt
leornocont
rolon
t
hei
rownout
put
;thet
eacheri
sex
pect
ingapar
ti
cul
arr
esponseandnotpr
ovi
ding
t
hatwi
l
lresul
tinast
udentr
ecei
vi
ngnegat
iv eedback29.
ef

28
ht
tps:
//www.
languageeducati
on.eu/
29
Fr
eeman,L.
diane(1986).Teachni
quesandpr
incepl
esi
nlanguage.Oxpor
duni
ver
sit
y

16
8.
Procedur
eofAudi
oli
ngualMet
hod
expl
ainedt
hepr
ocedur
esofAudi
l
ingual
Met
hod:
1.St
udent
shearamodel
dial
ogue

2.St
udent
srepeateachl
i
neoft
hedi
alogue.

3.Cer
tai
nkeywor
dsorphr
asesmaybechangedi
nthedi
alogue.

4.Keyst
ruct
uresf
rom t
hedi
alogueser
vest
hebasi
sforpat
ter
n

5.dr
il
lsofdi
ff
erentki
nds.

6.Thest
udent
spr
act
icesubst
it
uti
onsi
nthepat
ter
ndr
il
ls30.

A.
VIDEODEMONSTRATI
ONLESSONPLAN
a.
Teachi
ngPoi
nts
1.Vocabul
ary
:cl
ean,
amazi
ng,
vacuum,
cleaner
,pr
ett
y,l
awn

2.Gr
ammar
:Usi
ngt
hemodalcombi
nat
ion“
woul
dli
ke”Usi
ngt
hesuper
lat
ive
degr
ee

3.Expr
essi
ons:Yes,ofcour
se.
..
.Oh,no Idon’
t!Whynot
?Oh.(
to expr
ess
di
sappoi
ntment
)

4.Cul
tur
alpoi
nt:
Iti
sn’
tunusual
forment
odohousewor
kint
heUni
tedSt
ates.

b.
Obj
ect
ives
1.Thest
udent
swi
l
lbeabl
etor
eci
tet
hedi
aloguef
rom memor
ywi
thf
eworno
mi
stakes.

2.Thest
udent
swi
l
llear
nal
loft
henew v
ocabul
aryi
temsandbeabl
etouse
t
hem whenr
eci
ti
ngt
he

3.di
alogueanddoi
ngt
hegr
ammardr
il
ls.

4.Thest
udent
swi
l
lbeabl
etodot
hegr
ammardr
il
lssmoot
hly
,qui
ckl
y,and
wi
thoutmi
stakes.

5.Thest
udent
swi
l
lreal
i
zet
hatsomet
imesmendot
hehousewor
kint
heUni
ted
St
ates.
30
Ri
char
dandRodger
s(1986)Appr
oachandmet
hodsi
nlanguaget
eachi
n.Cambr
idgeuni
ver
sit
y

17
B.
VideoLessonSt
epsi
nSequence(
Dial
oguePr
act
ice)

1.Thet
eacherset
sthescenef
ort
hedi
alogueandt
ell
swhathei
sgoi
ngt
odo
andwhatt
hest
udent
sshoul
ddo.

2.Thet
eacheract
soutt
hedi
alogueusi
ngpi
ctur
es,
gest
ures,
andpr
ops.

3.Thet
eacheract
soutt
hedi
alogueagai
n,i
nthesamemannerasabov
e.

4.Thet
eacherl
eadst
hest
udent
sinr
epet
it
iondr
il
ls,
onel
i
neoft
hedi
alogueata
t
ime.Whent
het
eachert
hinkst
hest
udent
shav
epr
act
icedapar
ti
cul
arl
i
ne
enough,hegoesont
henextl
i
nebutf
ir
sthegoesbackt
othebegi
nni
ngand
hast
hest
udent
sreci
teal
loft
hedi
aloguet
heyhav
epr
act
icedt
othatpoi
nt.

5.Thet
eacherandst
udent
spr
act
icet
hedi
aloguebyr
olepl
ayi
ngi
t.Fi
rstt
he
t
eacherpl
ayst
her
oleofTheSal
esman;t
hest
udent
sar
eTheWoman.Then
t
heychanger
olesandt
het
eacheri
stheWomanandt
hest
udent
sar
eThe
Sal
esman.

6.Thet
eacheraskst
wost
udent
stocomet
othef
rontoft
hecl
assandactout
t
hedi
alogue,
usi
ngpr
ops.
Then,
twomor
est
udent
sdot
hesamet
hing,
andso
on,
dependi
ngont
het
imeal
l
owed.

Gr
ammarPr
act
ice

Fort
heSi
ngl
e-Sl
otSubst
it
uti
onDr
il
l,t
het
eachersay
sthewhol
esent
encewi
theach
subst
it
uti
on.Thent
het
eachergi
vest
hesubst
it
uti
onphr
aseonl
y;t
hest
udent
ssay
t
hewhol
esent
ence:

1.Woul
dyoul
i
ket
ohav
ethecl
eanesthousei
ntown?

2.t
hepr
ett
iesthouse

3.t
hegr
eenestl
awn

4.Fort
heQuest
ion-
AnswerDr
il
l,t
het
eacheraskst
hequest
ions,t
hest
udent
s
answer
.Thent
hest
udent
saskt
hequest
ions;
thet
eacheranswer
s.

5.Thet
eachergi
vest
hest
udent
sawr
it
tencopyoft
hedi
alogue.Thent
he
t
eachersay
seachl
i
ne;
thest
udent
srepeatwhi
l
ereadi
ng.

18
Thet
eachergi
vest
hest
udent
sahomewor
kassi
gnmentf
ort
henextcl
ass:

1.Memor
izet
hedi
aloguesot
heycansayi
tper
fect
ly.

2.Sel
lav
acuum cl
eaner
.(Thi
s,ofcour
se,
wasaj
oke.
)

9.
TEACHER-
TRAI
NINGDI
SCUSSI
ONQUESTI
ONSBASEDONTHEVI
DEO

1.Howdoest
het
eachert
eacht
hemeani
ngoft
hedi
alogue?

2.Whydoest
het
eachert
ellt
hest
udent
stol
i
stenandnott
otal
kdur
ingSt
eps2
and3oft
hel
esson?

3.Thet
eacheral
mostal
way
ssay
sawor
d,phr
ase,orsent
encei
mmedi
atel
y
bef
oret
hest
udent
ssayi
t.
Why
?

4.Howdoest
het
eachercor
rectt
hest
udent
s’mi
stakes?Whydoy
out
hinki
tis
donei
nthi
smanner
?

5.Wher
edi
dthet
eacherf
ir
stuset
he“
backwar
dbui
l
d-up”t
echni
que?Thi
sist
he
t
echni
quei
nwhi
cht
het
eacherhast
hecl
assl
ear
nthel
ongersent
enceby
r
epeat
ingsmal
lpar
tsoft
hesent
ence,st
art
ingf
rom t
heendandwor
king
t
owar
dthebegi
nni
ngunt
ilt
hest
udent
swer
esay
ingt
hewhol
esent
encef
rom
t
hebegi
nni
ng.Whati
sthepur
poseoft
hist
echni
que?How,
exact
ly,
isi
tdone?

6.I
nSt
ep4oft
hel
esson,
howwel
ldi
dthest
udent
shav
etobeabl
etosayeach
l
i
nebef
oret
het
eacherwentont
othenextl
i
ne?Whatdoy
out
hinkt
het
eacher
wasl
ooki
ngf
ori
nthest
udent
s’per
for
mance?

7.Wher
eint
hel
essondi
dyouseet
hest
udent
sdochor
al(
thewhol
ecl
assi
n
uni
son)r
epet
it
ions?What
otherf
ormsofr
epet
it
iondi
dyousee?Whatpat
ter
n
i
ntheuseoft
hesef
ormsdi
dyousee?What
pur
posedoy
out
hinkt
hispat
ter
n
ser
ved?

8.Whatr
oledoest
het
eacherpl
aywhi
l
ethest
udent
sar
eact
ingoutt
hedi
alogue
i
nSt
ep6?Whatdoest
het
eacherdowhenast
udenthast
roubl
eremember
ing
t
hewor
dsormakesami
stake?

9.Whendoest
het
eacheri
ntr
oducet
hegest
urest
hatgowi
tht
hedi
alogue?
Whendoest
het
eacherf
ir
sthav
ethest
udent
spr
act
icet
hem?Whati
sthe

19
 st
udent
s’r
eact
ion?Doesusi
ngt
hegest
ureshel
porhi
ndert
hest
udent
s’
l
ear
ning?Why
?

10.
Whatdoy
out
hinkt
hest
udent
slear
nedi
nthi
slesson?Whatdoes“
tol
ear
n”
meani
nthecont
extoft
hisl
esson(
inkeepi
ngwi
thaudi
o-l
i
ngualpr
inci
ples)
?
Howdoest
hismat
chy
ourdef
ini
ti
onof
lear
ning?

11.
Towhatext
entdot
hest
udent
staket
hei
nit
iat
ivet
ospeakdur
ingt
hel
esson?
Thati
s,dot
heydeci
dewhent
heywi
l
lspeakandwhatt
heywi
l
lsay
,ordoes
t
het
eacher
,ori
sitacombi
nat
ionoft
het
wo?whyi
sitt
hatway
?

12.
Whydoest
het
eacherwai
tunt
ilt
heendoft
hecl
asst
oshowt
hest
udent
sthe
di
aloguei
nwr
it
ing?whydoest
het
eachergi
vet
hest
udent
sthedi
aloguei
n
wr
it
ingatal
l
?

10.
TEACHER-
TRAI
NINGACTI
VITI
ESBASEDONTHEVI
DEO

Wat
cht
hel
essonont
het
apeagai
nandl
i
stasmanyexampl
esofwhenand
how t
he t
eacherexer
cised cont
rol
.(Underwhatci
rcumst
ances? Usi
ng what
t
echni
ques?
)Keepi
ngi
nmi
ndt
hatcont
rolofal
laspect
soft
hel
essonbyt
het
eacher
i
sver
yimpor
tantt
othesuccessoft
hismet
hod,di
scussy
ourf
indi
ngswi
tha
col
l
eague.Concent
rat
eonmast
eri
ngt
het
echni
quest
het
eacherusedi
nSt
eps2,4,
and7oft
hel
esson.Wor
kwi
thasmal
lgr
oupofy
ourcol
l
eagues,onest
epatat
ime,
i
nthef
oll
owi
ngmanner
,unt
ily
ougai
nconf
idencei
nyourabi
l
ityt
odoi
tsmoot
hly
:

a.
peert
eachi
ng
1.Wat
cht
hesect
ionoft
het
apecont
aini
ngt
hepar
toft
hel
essony
ouhav
e
chosent
owor
kon.Makeal
i
stofev
ery
thi
ngy
ouseet
het
eacherdoi
ngand
say
ing.Repeatt
hisunt
ily
ouhav
ear
easonabl
ycompl
etedescr
ipt
ionofwhat
t
het
eacherdi
dandhowhedi
dit
.

2.Pr
act
icet
eachi
ng t
hispar
toft
hel
essont
oyourcol
l
eagues.I
mit
atet
he
t
eacheront
het
apeascl
osel
yaspossi
ble.

3.Asky
ourcol
l
eaguest
otel
lyouwhaty
oudi
dri
ghtandwhaty
ouneedt
o
change.Thendoi
tagai
n.

4.Af
tereachofy
ouhashadachancet
opr
act
icet
eachi
ngt
hispar
toft
hel
esson,

20
 wat
cht
het
apeagai
nandseewhatmor
eyoucanl
ear
nthi
sti
me.

5.Di
scussot
herpossi
bleway
sofdoi
ngt
heQuest
ion-
AnswerDr
il
l(St
ep7)
.For
exampl
e,hav
eindi
vi
dual
student
saskeachot
hert
hequest
ions.

6.Wr
it
eyourownmi
ni-
dial
ogue(
3to5l
i
nes)andpr
act
icet
eachi
ngi
ttoy
our
col
l
eagues.Af
tery
ouf
ini
sh,asky
ourcol
l
eaguest
ohel
pyouev
aluat
ewhat
y
oudi
dont
hebasi
sofcl
ari
tyand oni
tsconsi
stencywi
thaudi
o-l
i
ngual
pr
inci
ples.

11.
EXTENSI
ONSOFTHEDEMONSTRATI
ONLESSON:
I
NTERACTI
VE/
COMMUNI
CATI
VEACTI
VITI
ES

I
nter
act
iveandcommuni
cat
iveact
ivi
ti
es,aswedef
inet
hem t
oday
,ar
enot
t
radi
ti
onal
l
ypar
tofanAudi
o-Li
nguall
esson.Thef
oll
owi
ngsuggest
ionsf
orexpanded
act
ivi
ti
es,
ther
efor
e,ar
enotnecessar
il
yint
eract
iveorcommuni
cat
ive.

a.
readi
ngpassages
1.Sel
ectashor
tpassageaboutadi
ff
erentt
opi
cbutonet
hatcont
ainst
hesame
gr
ammarpoi
ntsand/
orv
ocabul
aryi
tems.(
Youcanwr
it
eity
our
sel
forf
ind
onei
nabook.
)

2.Pr
epar
ethest
udent
sbyr
evi
ewi
ngt
hegr
ammar(
thr
oughsubst
it
uti
onand
ot
herdr
il
ls)andt
eachi
nganynewv
ocabul
aryi
temst
hatmi
ghtbei
nthest
ory
.

3.Readeachsent
encebef
oret
hest
udent
sdo,t
osetacor
rectmodelf
ort
hem
t
oimi
tat
e.

4.Hav
ethest
udent
sreadoutl
oudt
opr
act
icet
hei
rpr
onunci
ati
onandi
ntonat
ion.
Besur
etocor
rectanymi
stakesassoonast
heyar
emade.

5.Fol
l
ow t
hesamepat
ter
nasusedi
nteachi
ngt
hedi
alogue,byst
art
ingwi
th
chor
alr
epet
it
ions,t
hengr
oupr
epet
it
ions,andt
heni
ndi
vi
dualr
epet
it
ions.Let
i
ndi
vi
dualst
udent
sreadoutl
oudwi
thouty
ourf
ir
stmodel
i
ngt
hesent
ences,
butcont
inuet
ocor
rectt
hei
rmi
stakesi
mmedi
atel
y.

6.Askcompr
ehensi
vequest
ionsofi
ndi
vi
dual
student
s.

b.
cont
rol
l
edwr
it
ing

21
 1.Thest
udent
scandoacont
rol
l
edwr
it
ingexer
ciseabouthousewor
k

2.Uset
hev
ideol
essondi
alogueorwr
it
eonebasedont
hesamef
ormat
.Whi
l
e
pr
epar
ing,
leav
ebl
ankspacesf
orsomeoft
hewor
ds(
asi
nacl
ozet
est
).

3.Gi
vet
hest
udent
sacopy
,orwr
it
eitont
heboar
d,ordi
ctat
eit
.Askt
hem t
o
wr
it
ethewhol
edi
alogue,
fil
l
ingi
nthebl
anksast
heygoal
ong.

c.
creat
iveSt
ory
-Tel
l
ing/Wr
it
ing
1.Wi
thy
ourgui
dance,
thest
udent
scancr
eat
ethei
rownst
ori
es.St
artbyset
ti
ng
t
het
opi
c(i
nthi
scase,
housewor
k).

2.Gi
veonest
udentawor
dthatwi
l
lbegi
nthest
ory
.Thef
ir
stst
udentsay
sthe
f
ir
stwor
doft
hest
ory
;thesecondst
udentt
henr
epeat
sthef
ir
stwor
dand
addsoneofhi
s/herown;t
het
hir
dst
udentst
art
satt
hebegi
nni
ng,r
epeat
ing
t
hef
ir
standsecondwor
ds,andt
henaddsanot
herone,andsoon.Taki
ng
t
urnsi
nthi
smanner
,thest
udent
sbui
l
dthest
oryasi
tpr
ogr
essesar
oundt
he
r
oom.

3.Make sur
ethat t
he st
ory makes sense,and t
hatt
he gr
ammar and
pr
onunci
ati
onar
ecor
rect
.Makecor
rect
ionsi
mmedi
atel
y.Hel
pst
udent
swho
ar
est
uckt
ocomeupwi
thawor
d.Keepi
tli
ghtandf
un.

4.Af
tert
hest
oryhasgonear
oundt
her
oom once,askt
hest
udent
stodi
ctat
e
t
hest
oryt
oyou.Af
tery
ouwr
it
eitont
heboar
d,t
heycanwr
it
eiti
nthei
r
not
ebooks.I
nlar
gecl
asses,y
oucanwor
kwi
thgr
oupsof12t
o15atat
ime
whi
l
etheot
her
sobser
veandt
akenot
es.

d.
mini
mal
-Pai
rsPr
onunci
ati
onPr
act
ice
Forspeci
alpr
onunci
ati
onpr
act
icewi
thdi
ff
icul
tsounds,
youcandoami
nimal
-
pai
rdr
il
lwi
tht
hest
udent
s.Dependi
ngont
henat
ivel
anguageofy
ourst
udent
s,of
cour
se,
agoodpai
rtof
oll
owupt
hisl
essonwoul
dbet
hev
owel
soundsi
nlawnand
l
oan.

Fort
eacher
snewt
othef
iel
d,abasi
cmi
nimal
pai
rdr
il
li
sthepr
act
iceofpai
rs
ofwor
dst
hathav
eexact
lyt
hesamesoundsexceptf
oronesoundwhi
chi
sdi
ff
erent
i
nthepai
r(f
orexampl
e,l
awn/
loan)
.Spani
shspeaker
s,f
ori
nst
ance,
oft
enhav
e
t
roubl
edi
ff
erent
iat
ingbet
weent
he/
i/and/
iy/soundsi
nshi
pandsheep.Anexampl
e

22
ofami
nimal
-pai
rdr
il
lforspeaker
sofSpani
shl
ear
ningEngl
i
sht
henmi
ghtcont
ain
t
hef
oll
owi
ng:

shi
p/sheep;
li
p/l
eap;
hip/
heap;
dip/
deep

Lear
ner
s f
rom ot
her l
anguage backgr
ounds hav
e v
ari
ous pr
obl
ems
di
ff
erent
iat
ing bet
ween pai
rsl
i
ke t
hin/
ti
n;l
ake/
rake;pi
n/bi
n;wi
ne/
vine;si
ng/
sink;
pool
/pul
l
,et
c.Youcaneasi
l
ypr
epar
eyourownmi
nimal
-pai
rli
sti
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
.
Makeupashor
tli
stofwor
dpai
rs,
sel
ect
ingwor
dswhi
cht
hest
udent
sal
readyknow,
i
fpossi
ble.Remembert
ochoosewor
dpai
rst
hatcont
ainonl
yonedi
ff
erentsound.
Asky
our
sel
f:

1.Doesi
tchanget
hemeani
ngoft
hewor
dift
hissoundi
snotpr
onounced
cor
rect
ly?

2.Ar
eyourst
udent
shav
ingt
roubl
epr
onounci
ngt
hissound?

3.Dot
hewor
dpai
rsmat
chex
act
lyexceptf
ort
hisonespeci
alsound?

4.Now,modelt
hewor
dsf
ory
ourst
udent
s,pr
onounci
ngt
hem f
ir
sti
ndi
vi
dual
l
y
andt
heni
npai
rs.Askt
hest
udent
stor
epeataf
tery
ou.I
nthi
sway
,theycan
l
ear
nto heart
hem cor
rect
lyand t
o sayt
hem cor
rect
ly.(
Forbegi
nni
ng
st
udent
siti
shel
pful
tohav
evi
sual
aidst
oil
l
ust
rat
ethewor
ds.
)

e.
char
ades
Pr
act
ice get
ti
ng t
he meani
ng of wor
ds and phr
ases acr
oss t
hrough
demonst
rat
ingandact
ing,ani
mpor
tantandusef
ult
echni
quef
ort
hismet
hod.You
canpr
act
icebypl
ayi
ngav
ari
ati
onofchar
adeswi
thy
ourcol
l
eaguesasf
oll
ows:

1.Choosev
ocabul
aryi
tems,phr
ases,orexpr
essi
onst
hatar
eint
hecl
assr
oom
t
extorcur
ri
cul
um y
ouuse(
inst
eadofmov
ieorbookt
it
les)
.

2.Pl
aywi
tht
wot
eams,
AandB.Eacht
eam wr
it
eswor
ds,
phr
ases,
etc.
,onsmal
l
pi
ecesofpaper(
onei
tem perpi
eceofpaper
).

3.Pl
ayer
sfol
dthepi
ecesofpapersot
hatt
heycan’
tber
ead,andputt
hem i
n
t
wosmal
lcont
ainer
s—ahatorbox,
forex
ampl
e.

4.Oneper
sonf
rom Team Achoosesapi
eceofpaperf
rom Team B’
spi
ecesof

23
 paper
.Heorshet
henhast
hreemi
nut
est
oactoutt
hemeani
ngofwhati
s
wr
it
tenont
hepaperf
orhi
sorherownt
eam mat
es.Theobj
ecti
sfort
het
eam
t
oguesst
hewor
dthati
swr
it
tenont
hepaperwi
thi
nthet
hree-
minut
eti
me
l
i
mit
.Ifheorshesucceeds,
thent
hatpl
ayer
’st
eam get
sonepoi
nt.

5.Then,i
tisTeam B’
stur
ntohav
ear
epr
esent
ati
vet
akeapi
eceofpaperf
rom
Team A’
scol
l
ect
ionandacti
toutf
orhi
sorhert
eam.Themeani
ngcanbe
communi
cat
edi
nanywayexceptbyspeaki
ng,wr
it
ing,orpoi
nti
ngt
othe
31
obj
ecti
tsel
f

13.
Prev
iousRel
atedFi
ndi
ngs

Somer
esear
cher
shav
ea conduct
ed r
esear
ch byusi
ng a f
ew t
echni
que
met
hodsi
nteachi
ngspeaki
ng,
afewofwhi
char
easf
oll
ows:
1.I
smal
i
ani
.GM.Remot
elear
ning:speaki
ngski
l
latv
ocat
ionalhoghtschool1
pi
nrang.Engl
i
shdepar
tmentoft
arbi
yahf
acul
ty,st
atei
slami
cinst
it
ute(
IAI
N)
par
epar
e.(
super
visedbyhj
.
Nur
hamdahandmuj
ahi
dah)
.

The subj
ectoft
his st
udywas r
andoml
ysel
ect
ed t
o gett
he dat
afr
om
popul
ati
on,t
hesampl
eoft
her
esear
chconsi
sted16st
udent
satt
hesecond
second gr
ade ofSMK Neger
i1 pi
nrang.The r
esear
ch was used t
he
descr
ipt
iver
esear
ch t
o answert
he pr
obl
e,t
hisr
esear
ch.The r
esear
cher
t
eachi
ngdur
ingt
hedor
emot
elear
ningi
nteachi
ngspeaki
ng.Ther
esul
toft
his
st
udyt
her
ewer
e4sr
udent
sint
hecl
asswhopassedt
heKKM consi
der
ing
t
hei
rmeanscor
e oft
esti
s55,
4.Next
,basedont
her
esul
toft
het
est2,
ther
e
wer
e15st
udent
sint
hecl
asswhopassedt
heKKM consi
der
ingt
hei
rmean
scor
e65,
5.I
tisshowed t
hatt
hest
udent
shav
esi
gni
fi
canti
mpr
ovement
;the
i
mpr
ovementcanbeseenf
rom t
hescor
ethatget
shi
gher
,fr
om t
est1and2
t
her
esul
tofquest
ionnar
e showed t
hatst
udent
sgav
e posi
ti
ver
esponse
mor
ever
,remot
eler
ning:speaki
ngski
l
lwol
dbeal
ter
nat
ivest
rat
egyi
nonl
i
ne
t
eachi
ng cl
ass.The dat
a showed i
n scor
e 82,
3% whi
ch mean “
str
ongl
y
32
agr
ee”
.

31
Jeral
dMichael
,.ht
tps:
//americanengl
ish.
state.
gov/LanguageTeachingMethodsTeacher'
s
Handbook(1)
32
Ismali
ani
.GM.Remot elear
ning:speakingskil
latvocat
ionalhoghtschool1pi
nrang.Engl
i
sh
departmentoft
arbiy
ahfacult
y,stateisl
amicinsti
tut
e(IAI
N)par epar
e.2020

24
 2.Nur
hi ah.Theusi
day ngpi
ctur
eser
iest
oimpr
ovest
udent
sspeaki
ngski
l
latt
he
el
event
hgr
adest
udent
sofSMKN9pi
nrang.(
super
visedbyH.
Saepuddi
nand
Hj
.Nanni
ng)
.

Ther
esear
cherappl
i
edt
hepr
e-ex
per
iment
aldesi
gnt
oanswert
hepr
obl
em
st
atementoft
hisskr
ipsi
.Ther
esear
cherwasconduct
edatSMKN9pi
nrangi
n
academi
c 2016/
2017. Popul
ati
on was management mul
ti
medi
a. The
r
esear
cherappl
i
edpor
pusi
ver
andom t
echni
quei
nthi
sresear
ch,t
her
efor
e
t
otanumberofpopul
ati
onofwer
e27ofst
udent
s,t
her
efor
ether
esear
cher
j
ustt
ook15st
udent
satt
hesampl
eoft
her
esear
ch.Thei
nst
rumentusedf
or
measur
ing t
he st
udent
sini
ncr
easi
ng scor
eint
he f
orm ofper
cent
age
speaki
ngt
est
.Fur
ther
mor
eincol
l
ect
ingdat
ather
esear
cherusedt
est
,the
wer
epr
e-t
estandpost
-t
est
.Thepr
e-t
estusedbef
oret
reat
mentandpost
-t
est
usedaf
tert
reat
ment
.Thedat
awer
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nsi
xcl
assi
fi
cat
ionwer
e:
excel
l
ent
,ver
ygood,
good,
pass,
weak,
andv
erypoor
.

Thedat
awer
ecol
l
ect
edt
hroughobser
vat
ionandspeaki
ngt
est
;thedat
awer
e
anal
yzedbyusi
ngquant
it
ati
vemet
hod.Af
teranal
yzi
gthedat
abyusi
ngt
-t
est
f
ormul
a,t
her
esul
toft
het
-t
estv
alue(
20.
8000)i
sbi
ggert
hanv
alue(
12.
8000)
.
t
hisi
ndi
ctedt
hatt
hehy
phot
esi
soft
her
esear
chaccept
ed.Ther
esul
toft
he
r
esear
cht
her
eist
hesugni
fi
cancedi
ff
erencei
nusi
ngpi
ctur
eser
iesbef
ore
andaf
tert
reat
mentoft
hest
udent
simpr
ovementi
nengl
i
shl
ear
ningpr
occes.
Ther
esear
cherf
indt
hatf
ict
ureser
ieswaseasyt
ousesot
heycoul
dspeak
wi
thpi
ctur
eser
ieseasi
l
y.Speaki
ngpr
ocedur
ethr
oughtpi
ctur
eser
iesbr
ought
t
hest
udent
stot
henewki
ndofsi
tuat
ion.I
twoul
dhel
pbot
hthet
eacherand
st
udent
stor
evi
set
hest
udent
sspeaki
ngandmadespeaki
ngmor
efunt
han
33
t
hewayi
tusedt
obe.

Fr
om t
her
esear
chf
indi
ngsabov
ether
esear
cherusi
ngAudi
oli
ngualMet
hod
t
oincr
easest
udent
s’speaki
ngski
l
lbecausei
tcancompl
etet
hepr
evi
ousr
esear
ch.
Besi
des,Audi
oli
ngualMet
hodi
seasymet
hodt
oimpr
ovest
udent
s’speaki
ngski
l
l
r
api
dly
.

14.
Concept
ualf
ramewor
k

33
Nurhi ah.Theusi
day ngpict
ureser
iest
oimpr
ovest
udent
sspeaki
ngski
l
latt
heel
event
hgr
ade
st
udent
sofSMKN9pinrang.
2016

25
 Thecy
cleofCl
assr
oom Act
ionResear
chcanbedr
awnasf
olows34:
l

descr
ibet
hemodelort
hepr
ocedur
esofCl
assr
oom Act
ionResear
chi
ntof
our
st
eps,
fol
l
ow:
1.Pl
an,
ther
esear
cherpr
epar
eswhatt
hest
udent
shav
etodoi
ntheact
ionst
ep

2.act
ion,
thenextst
epaf
terpl
an

3.obser
ve&col
l
ectdat
a,I
nthi
sst
ept
her
esear
cherobser
veswhathappenedi
n
t
hecl
assr
oom

4.dat
aanal
ysi
s,I
nthi
sst
ept
her
esear
cheranal
yzest
heweaknessest
hathehas
seenwhi
l
eobser
ving

5.Ref
lect
ion,
thi
sst
epr
esear
chert
hinkwhathewoul
dtodoatt
henextst
ep

15.
Hypot
hesi
s
Hy
pot
hesi
sasf
oll
ow:
1.Nul
lhy
pot
hesi
s(t
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofAudi
oLi
ngualmet
hodi
snotef
fect
ive
t
oincr
easspeaki
ngski
l
l

2.Al
ter
nat
ive hy
pot
hesi
s(t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on ofAudi
o Li
ngualmet
hod an
ef
fect
ivet
oincr
easspeaki
ngski
l
l)

16.
Var
iabl
eandoper
ati
onaldef
ini
ti
on
a.Var
iabl
e

34
Kemmisandtaggar
t.(
1982- .Theact
2014) ionr
esear
chpl
anner
:doi
ngcr
it
icalpar
ti
cipat
oryact
ion
r
esear
ch.
Libr
ari
esworl
wide

26
 Var
iabl
eTher
ear
etwov
ari
abl
esi
nthi
sst
udy
,namel
ydependantv
ari
abl
eand
I
ndependantv
ari
abl
e.Thedependentv
ari
abl
eisAudi
oLi
ngualmet
hod,andt
he
i
ndependentv
ari
abl
eisspeaki
ngski
l
l.

b.Oper
ati
onal
def
ini
ti
on

1.Thest
udent
simpr
ovi
ngspeaki
ngski
l
list
her
esul
tandsuccesf
ull
nessaswel
l
aspr
ogr
essofst
udentspeaki
ngski
l
latMTSDDIpat
obong.

2.TheAudi
oLi
nguali
smet
hod,
thi
smet
hodwi
l
lbeasol
uti
onf
oral
lst
udent
sto
i
mpr
ovet
hei
rspeaki
ngski
l
l.

14.
Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
ages
Her
ear
etheadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofAudi
oli
ngual
Met
hod:
a.
Adv
ant
ages
1.I
tai
msatdev
elopi
ngl
i
steni
ngandspeaki
ngski
l
lswhi
chi
sast
epawayf
rom
t
heGr
ammart
ransl
ati
onmet
hod

2.Theuseofv
isual
aidshaspr
oveni
tsef
fect
ivenessi
nvocabul
aryt
eachi
ng.

3.I
twas t
he f
ir
stmet
hod whi
ch was based on sci
ent
if
icl
i
ngui
sti
c and
psy
chol
ogi
cal
theor
ies.

4.Wi
thi
tssi
mpl
ert
echni
ques,t
hismet
hodwi
denedt
hescopeoft
hel
anguage
l
ear
ner

5.Sy
ntact
icpr
ogr
essi
onofl
anguagepat
ter
nsr
ecei
vesmor
eimpor
tancet
han
v
ocabul
aryandmor
phol
ogy
.

6.Languagel
ear
ningi
nvol
vedi
nlear
ningdi
ff
erentski
l
ls

7.Theypr
omot
etheuseofasi
mpl
et que35
echni

b.
Disadv
ant
ages
1.Thet
eacheronl
yreadt
hedi
alogandt
hest
udent
srepeati
t

2.t
hest
udent
sar
ebor
edt
olear
nandt
hismet
hodl
eadt
hest
udent
sbe

3.passi
vel
ear
ner
s.

35
Kat
hleen,
M.Bai
l
ey( .Pr
2005) act
icalengl
i
shl
anguage:
Speaki
ng.
Mcgr
awhi
l
l

27
I
II
.RESEARCHMETHOD
A.Resear
chMet
hod
Act
ionResear
chi
neducat
ionalf
iel
d,Cl
assr
oom Act
ionResear
ch,pi
oneer
ed
bySt
ephen Cor
ey,
he used i
tas r
esear
ch appr
oach f
ort
eacher
s.Accor
ding t
o
Cor
rey
,thechanges i
nact
ivi
ti
es and pr
act
ices of educat
ionwi
l
l beeasi
l
y
conduct
edbyCl
assr
oom Act
ion Resear
chbecauset
he t
eacher
s,super
visor
s,and
admi
nist
rat
ivesst
aff
swi
l
lbei
nvol
vedt
o sear
cht
he answer
sandt
o appl
ythe
r
esear
chr
esul
ts.I
mpactofCl
assr
oom Act
ionResear
ch (
CAR)i
n educat
ionalf
iel
d
spr
eadaf
terCor
eywr
ote“
Act
ionResear
cht
oImpr
oveSchool
Pract
ice36.

Ther
ear
ethr
eewor
dsi
nCAR,
classr
oom,
act
ion,
andr
esear
ch.Resear
chi
san
act
ivi
tyt
oinv
est
igat
e an obj
ectusi
ng cer
tai
n met
hodol
ogy t
o gai
n dat
a or
i
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chi
sbenef
ici
alt
oimpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofany
thi
ng,i
nter
est
edby
r
esear
ccher
sand i
mpor
tant
.Act
ion i
s pl
anned act
ivi
ty t
o gai
n cer
tai
n goal
.
Cl
assr
oom def
inedasagr
oupofst
udent
satcer
tai
nti
meandcer
tai
nteachi
ngf
rom
si
mil
art
eacher
.Cl
assr
oom her
edef
ined notonl
yroom space,butdef
ined asa
gr
oupofst
udent
sinl
ear
ni ocess37.
ngpr

B.Resear
chSubj
ect
Thi
sresear
chwasconduct
edt
otheei
ghtgr
adest
udent
sofJuni
orHi
gh
SchoolMt
sDDIpat
obongi
nacademi
cyear2020/
2021.Thesubj
ectoft
hisr
esear
ch
consi
stedoft
went
ythr
eest
udent
s;t
her
ewer
etwel
vemal
esandel
evenf
emal
es.

C.Resear
chI
nst
rument
Ther
esear
cherusedt
estt
oknowaboutst
udent
s’speaki
ngabi
l
ity
.Ther
ear
e
t
woki
ndsofi
nst
rumentt
hosear
espeaki
ngt
estandobser
vat
ioncheck.Speaki
ng
t
esti
susedt
oknowt
hest
udent
s’speaki
ngski
l
landt
heobser
vat
ioncheckconsi
st
ofl
i
stoft
hest
udent
s’act
ivi
ti
est
hathav
etoobser
vedur
ingl
ear
ningpr
ocess.I
twas
usedt
oident
if
ywhet
herAudi
oli
ngualmet
hodcani
mpr
ovest
udent
s’speaki
ngski
l
lat
Mt
sDDIpat
obong.

D.Pr
ocedur
esofCol
lect
ingDat
a
Thi
sresear
chi
sconduct
edwi
thusi
ngCl
assr
oom Act
ionResear
chmet
hod.I
t
36
Corey,st
ephenM.( .Act
1953) i
onresear
chtoimprov
eschoolpract
ice.Newyork:t
eachercol
lege,
columbiauniver
sit
y
37
Ari
kuntoSuharsi
mi.(
2004).Resear
chprocedur
e:Apract
iceappr
oach.Nati
onalli
brar
yofthe
republ
icindonesi
a

28
consi
stsoft
wocy
cle.Eachcy
cleconsi
stsoff
ourmeet
ings.I
nacy
cle,
itconsi
stsof
f
ourst
eps.Theyar
e:
a.Pl
an
I
nthi
sst
ep,t
her
esear
cherpr
epar
eswhatt
hest
udent
shav
etodoi
nthe
act
ionst
ep.She/
hepr
epar
esal
loft
hei
nst
rument
stogetv
ali
ddat
a,suchas
mat
eri
alf
orspeaki
ngt
est
,gui
del
i
nesofobser
vat
ionandquest
ioner
.

b.Act
ion
I
ngener
al,
thepr
ocedur
esoft
heact
ioni
neachcy
clear
e:
TheFi
rstCy
cle:
1.Ther
esear
cheri
ntr
oducesAudi
oli
ngual
Met
hod.
2.The r
esear
cherment
ions and r
epeat
s some wor
ds t
hatr
elat
ed wi
tha
conv
ersat
ion.
3.Askt
hest
udent
stof
oll
owher
.
4.Ther
esear
cherr
eadsashor
tconv
ersat
ion.
5.Askt
hest
udent
stof
oll
owher
.
6.Di
vi
det
hest
udent
sint
oagr
oupt
hatconsi
stsoft
wost
udent
s.
7.Askt
hest
udent
stomemor
izet
heconv
ersat
ion.
8.Eachgr
ouppr
act
icest
heconv
ersat
ioni
nfr
ontoft
hecl
ass.
TheSecondCy
cle:
1.Ther
esear
cherr
eadsashor
tconv
ersat
ion.
2.Askt
hest
udent
stof
oll
owher
.
3.Ther
esear
cherr
eadsashor
tconv
ersat
ion.
4.Askt
hest
udent
stof
oll
owher
.
5.Di
vi
det
hest
udent
sint
oagr
oupt
hatconsi
stsoft
wost
udent
s.
6.Askt
hest
udent
stomemor
Aizet
heconv
ersat
ion.
7.Eachgr
ouppr
act
icest
heconv
ersat
ioni
nfr
ontoft
hecl
ass.
3.Obser
vat
ion
I
nthi
sst
ep,t
her
esear
cherobser
veswhathappenedi
nthecl
assr
oom,what
t
hest
udent
sdoi
nthecl
assr
oom.Shehast
oobser
veal
sot
heweaknessesoft
he
l
ear
ningpr
ocess.Shewr
it
esdownal
lthest
udent
s’act
ivi
ti
esdur
ingt
he20t
eachi
ng
andl
ear
ningpr
ocess.Thewr
it
ingort
henot
eisev
aluat
edf
ort
henextst
ep.

4.Ev
aluat
ionandRef
lect
ion
I
nthi
sst
ep,t
her
esear
cheranal
yzest
heweaknessest
hathehasseenwhi
l
e

29
obser
ving.Af
teranal
yzi
ngt
heweaknesses,hel
ooksf
ort
hepr
obl
emscausi
ngt
he
weaknesses.Al
so,
int
hisst
ephehast
othi
nkwhathehast
odoatt
henextst
ep.

E.Techni
queofDat
aAnal
ysi
s
Af
tercol
l
ect
ingt
hedat
a,t
her
esear
cheranal
yzedt
hem t
ogetv
ali
ddat
a.Two
t
echni
queswer
eusedi
nanal
yzi
ngt
hedat
a.Theyar
e:

1.Quant
it
ati
veDat
a
Thequant
it
ati
vedat
awer
eobt
ainedf
rom t
her
esul
toft
het
est(
achi
evement
dat
a)t
hatwascar
ri
edoutatt
heendoft
hecy
cles.I
nter
msoft
heachi
evementdat
a,
t
heanal
ysi
sisasf
oll
ows:
a.Compar
ati
veDescr
ipt
iveAnal
ysi
s
The st
udent
s’achi
evementi
sanal
yzed byusi
ng compar
ati
ve descr
ipt
ive
anal
ysi
s.Thi
sanal
ysi
scompar
est
hest
udent
s’achi
evementandper
for
mancedur
ing
t
hecy
cles.

b.St
ati
sti
cAnal
ysi
s
To know t
he st
udent
s’achi
evementi
n each cy
cle,t
he r
esear
cherused
st
ati
sti
canal
ysi
s.Scor
ingandcl
assi
fyi
ngt
hest
udent
s’wr
it
ingabi
l
ityassuggest
ed
byHeat
on(
1988)
,theaspect
sar
eaccur
acy
,fl
uency
,Compr
ehensi
bil
i
ty.Thest
eps
ar
efol
l
ow:
Tabl
e1.Scor
ingAccur
acy

No. Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Cr
it
eri
a

1 Excel
l
ent 6 Pr
onunci
ati
oni
sonl
yver
ysl
i
ght
ly

i
nfl
uencedbyt
hemot
her
-t
ongue.Two
ort
hreemi
norgr
ammat
icalandl
exi
cal
er
ror
s

Pr
onunci
ati
oni
ssl
i
ght
lyi
nfl
uencedby
2 Ver
ygood 5 t
hemot
her
-t
ongue.Af
ewmi
nor

gr
ammat
ical er
ror
s but most
ut
ter
ancesar
ecor
rect
.

30
 Pr
onunci
ati
on i
s st
il
l moder
atel
y
i
nfl
uenced byt
hemot
her
-t
onguebut
3 Good 4
noser
iousphonol
ogi
caler
ror
s.af
ew
gr
ammat
icalandl
exi
caler
ror
sbutonl
y
one or t
wo maj
or er
ror
s causi
ng
conf
usi
on.

Pr
onunci
ati
oni
sst
il
lmoder
atel
y

i
nfl
uencedbyt
hemot
her
-t
onguebut

ser
ious phonol
ogi
caler
ror
s,Sev
eral
4 Fai
r 3 gr
ammat
ical
andl
exi
cal
err
ors.

pr
onunci
ati
onser
iousl
yinf
luencedby
t
hemot
her
-t
onguewi
ther
ror
scausi
ng
abr
eakdowni
ncommuni
cat
ion.Many
basi
cgr
ammat
ical
andl
exi
cal
err
ors.

5 I
nadequat
e 2

Ser
iouspr
onunci
ati
oner
ror
saswel
las
manybasi
c gr
ammat
icaland l
exi
cal
er
ror
s. No ev
idence of hav
ing
mast
ered anyofl
anguage ski
l
land
ar
easpr
act
isedi
nthecour
se.

6 Unaccept
abl
e 1

31
 Tabl
e2.Scor
ingofFl
uency

No. Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Cr
it
eri
a

1 Excel
l
ent 6 Speakerwi
thoutt
oo gr
eatan ef
for
t
wi
thf
air
lywi
der
angeofexpr
essi
on.
Sear
chesf
orwor
dsoccasi
onal
l
ybut
onl
yoneort
wounnat
ural
pauses.

Has t
o make an ef
for
tatt
imes t
o
sear
ch f
or wor
ds. Nev
ert
hel
ess,
smoot
hdel
i
ver
yont
hewhol
eandonl
y
2 Ver
ygood 5 af
ewunnat
ural
pauses.

Al
thoughhehast
omakeanef
for
tand
sear
chf
orwor
ds.Ther
ear
enott
oo
manyunnat
uralpauses.Fai
rl
ysmoot
h
del
i
ver
y most
ly. Occasi
onal
l
y
f
ragment
ary but succeeds i
n
3 Good 4
conv
eyi
ngt
hegener
almeani
ng.Fai
r
r
angeofexpr
essi
on.

Hast
omakeanef
for
tformuchoft
he
t
ime.Of
ten has t
o sear
ch f
ort
he
desi
red meani
ng. Rat
her hal
ti
ng
del
i
ver
y and f
ragment
ary
.Range of
expr
essi
onof
tenl
i
mit
ed.

Longpauseswhi
l
ehesear
chesf
ort
he
4 Fai
r 3
desi
re meani
ng. Fr
equent
ly
f
ragment
ary and hal
ti
ng del
i
ver
y.

32
 Al
mostgi
vesupmaki
ngt
heef
for
tat
t
imes.Li
mit
edr
angeofexpr
essi
on.

Ful
lofl
ong and unnat
uralpauses.
Ver
yhal
ti
ngandf
ragment
arydel
i
ver
y.
5 I
nadequat
e 2 Att
imesgi
vesup maki
ng t
heef
for
t.
Ver
yli
mit
edr
angeofexpr
essi
on.

6 Unaccept
abl
e 1

Tabl
e3.Scor
ingofCompr
ehensi
bil
it
y

No. Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Cr
it
eri
a

1 Excel
l
ent 6 Easyf
ort
hel
i
stenert
ounder
standt
he
speaker
’si
ntent
ionandgener
al

meani
ng.Ver
yfewi
nter
rupt
ionsor

cl
ari
fi
cat
ionsr
equi
red.

Thespeaker
’si
ntent
ionandgener
al
2 Ver
ygood 5
meani
ng ar
e f
air
ly cl
ear
.a f
ew
i
nter
rupt
ions byt
he l
i
stenerf
ort
he
sakeofcl
ari
fi
cat
ionar
enecessar
y.

33
 Mostofwhatt
hespeakersay
siseasy
t
ofol
l
ow.Hi
sint
ent
ioni
sal
way
scl
ear
3 Good 4
butsev
eral
int
err
upt
ionsar
e.

necessar
ytohel
phi
mtoconv
eyt
he

messageort
oseekcl
ari
fi
cat
ion.

4 Fai
r 3
Onl
y smal
l bi
ts (
usual
l
y shor
t
sent
ences and phr
ases) can be
under
stood – and t
hen wi
th
consi
der
abl
eef
for
tbysomeonewho
5 I
nadequat
e 2 i
susedt
oli
steni
ngt
othespeaker
.

Har
dlyany
thi
ngofwhati
ssai
dcanbe
under
stood.Ev
en when t
he l
i
stener
makesagr
eatef
for
tori
nter
rupt
s,t
he
speakeri
sunabl
etocl
ari
fyany
thi
ng
beseemst
ohav
esai
d.

6 Unaccept
abl
e 1

38

39
1.Scor
ingt
hest
udent
scor
rectanswerofspeaki
ngt
est .

Scor
ing:
Student
s’cor
rectanswer
s
Tot
alnumberofi
tems

38
Rahmat.Usingtotalphysi
calr
esponsetoincreasestudents’speaki
ngabil
ityi
nproduci
ng
imperat
ivesentenceatsecondgradeofjuniorhightschool4takalarr
egency.Thesi
sofbachel
or
degree,f
acult
yoft ar
biyahandteachi
ngscience.UINAl auddi
nmakassar .
2013
39
Pusatkuri
kulum,2006:32

34
2.
Classi
fyi
ngt
hescor
eofst
udent
sbyusi
ngf
oll
owi
ngscal
e:

Tabl
e4.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionScor
eofSt
udent
s

Scal
e Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion

5,
6–6,
0 Exel
l
ent

4,
6–5,
5 Ver
ygood

3,
6–4,
5 Good

2,
6–3,
5 Fai
r

1,
6–2,
5 Poor

0,
0–1,
5 Ver
ypoor

3.
Cal
cul
ati
ngt
her
ateper
cent
ageoft
hest
udent e40:
sscor

N
%= ×100
F

Wher
e:

% :
Per
cent
age

F :
Frequency

N :
Thet
otal
numberoft
hest
udent
s

4.
Themeanscor
eoft
hest
udent
s’achi
evement
:

∑
X=
N

Wher
e:

X =Meanscor
e

∑x =Thesum ofal
lscor
e

40
Gay
.L.
R,educi
aonalr
esear
ch.Col
ombus:Char
les.E.Mer
rylpubl
i
shi
ngcompany
s.1981

35
 N =Thenumberofsubj
ect(
student
)

5.
Qual
i
tat
iveDat
a

Thequal
i
tat
ivedat
awer
etakenf
rom obser
vat
iongui
del
i
nesbei
ngappl
i
ed
dur
ing t
het
reat
menti
n each cy
cle.Qual
i
tat
ivedat
awast
hedat
awhi
ch i
n
sent
encef
ormst
hati
nvol
vet
hei
nfor
mat
ionaboutl
ear
ningact
ivi
ti
es,
creat
ivi
ti
es,
f
eel
i
ngofhappi
nessandi
nter
act
ion.

36