ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCESWI

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etheassi
gnmentofBi
mbi
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i
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urer:
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 PREFACE

Pr
aisebet
oAl
l
ahSWTf
oral
lbl
essi
ngssot
hatt
hispapercanbecompi
l
edt
o
compl
eti
oni
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it
led“
Acknowl
edgement
sRef
erences#Onl
i
neRef
erences
APAandMLA.Don'
tfor
gett
othankusf
ort
hehel
pfr
om t
hosewhohav
econt
ri
but
ed
bycont
ri
but
ingbot
hthought
sandmat
eri
als.Theaut
horr
eal
l
yhopest
hatt
hispaper
canaddandexper
iencef
orr
eader
s.
I
nfact
,wehopet
hatt
hispapercanber
eadandpr
act
icedi
nev
ery
dayl
i
fe.For
usaswef
eelt
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her
ear
est
il
lmanyshor
tcomi
ngsi
nthepr
epar
ati
onoft
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duet
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i
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edknowl
edgeandexper
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hisr
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ncer
elyhopef
or
const
ruct
ivecr
it
ici
sm andsuggest
ionsf
rom r
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sfort
heper
fect
ionoft
hispaper
.
Enj
oyy
ourr
eadi
ng!

Ser
ang,
June8t
h2021

PaperCompi
l
er

i
 TABLEOFCONTENT

PREFACE i
TABLEOFCONTENT i
i
CHAPTERII
NTRODUCTI
ON 1
A. Backgr
oundofTheSt
udy 1
B. TheFor
mul
ati
on 1
C. Obj
ect
ivesofSt
udy 1
CHAPTERI
ITHEORI
TICALFRAMEWORK 2
A. APAandMLA 2
B. MLARef
erenceSt
yle 5
1. I
nTextCi
tat
ion:
Ref
erenci
ngsour
cesWi
thi
nTheText 5
2. Basi
cFor
mat:
MLAWor
ksCi
ted 6
3. MLAWor
ksCi
ted–Ci
tat
ionExampl
es 7
C. APARef
erenceSt
yle 10
1. I
n-t
extRef
erencesi
nAut
hor
-Dat
eSt
yle(
APA) 10
2. Thebasi
crul
esofAPASt
yle 11
3. APA Wor
ksCi
ted–Ci
tat
ionEx
ampl
es 11
CHAPTERI
IICONCLUSI
ON 15
REFERENCES

i
i
 CHAPTERI

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
A.Backgr
oundofTheSt
udy
AtUni
ver
sit
yal
argeper
cent
ageofy
ourwr
it
tenwor
kisbasedont
he
i
deasofot
herwr
it
ers.Ther
efor
e,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
olett
her
eaderofy
our
wr
it
ing know wher
eyou f
ound y
ouri
deas.Whenev
ery
ou hav
etaken
somet
hingf
rom anot
heraut
hor
,thati
s,y
ouhav
etakenanaut
hor
’st
heor
y,
opi
nion,i
dea,exampl
e,concl
usi
on,orf
indi
ngs)
,you mustsaywher
ethe
or
igi
nalcan be f
ound.I
n ot
her wor
ds,y
ou must acknowl
edgement
s
r
efer
ences #onl
i
ne r
efer
ences APA and MLA f
ory
oursour
ces.Thi
sis
i
mpor
tantwhet
herornoty
ouuset
heaut
hor
sownwor
ds.
B.TheFor
mul
ati
on
1.Whati
stheAPAandMLAst
yle?
2.Howt
owr
it
efor
matusi
ngAPAst
yle?
3.Howt
owr
it
efor
matusi
ngMLAst
yle?
C.Obj
ect
ivesofSt
udy
1.Toknowwhati
sAPAandMLAst
yle.
2.Toknowhowt
owr
it
efor
matusi
ngAPAst
yle.
3.Toknowhowt
owr
it
efor
matusi
ngMLAst
yle.

1
 CHAPTERI
I
THEORI
TICALFRAMEWORK
A.APAandMLA
TheRef
erencessect
ion(
APA)orWor
ksCi
tedsect
ion(
MLA)ofy
ourpaper
pr
ovi
desal
lthei
nfor
mat
ionsomeoneneedst
obeabl
etol
ocat
eyoursour
ce.An
“
in-
text
”ci
tat
ioni
sincl
udedi
nthebody
,or“
text
,”ofy
ourpaper
,andpr
ovi
dest
he
smal
l
estamountofi
nfor
mat
ionnecessar
yinor
dert
oal
l
owsomeonet
ofi
ndt
he
f
ulli
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hesour
cei
ntheRef
erences(
APA)orWor
ksCi
ted(
MLA)
sect
ion.
I
tist
he“
breadcr
umb”t
oal
l
owsomeonet
ofi
ndt
he“
whol
eloaf
.”TheRef
erences
(
APA)orWor
ksCi
ted(
MLA)sect
ioni
susual
l
yor
gani
zedi
nal
phabet
icalor
derby
aut
horname,t
henbydat
eifanaut
horhasmor
ethanonepubl
i
cat
ion.
In-
text
ci
tat
ionsar
epl
acedi
nyourpaperatt
hepoi
ntwher
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encet
oa
1
par
ti
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arsour
ce.
a.MLAst
yle
MLAst
ylei
sar
efer
enci
ngmet
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elopedbyt
heModer
nLanguage
Associ
ati
on.I
tconsi
stsof
 t
wopar
ts:
 
abr
ief
 i
n-t
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tat
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int
hebodyofy
our
essayandadet
ail
edl
i
stoft “
he Wor
ksCi
ted”
 att
heendoft
hewor
k.
 I
n-t
extci
tat
ions
Uset
hef
ir
stel
ementf
rom t
heWor
ksCi
tedent
ry-usual
l
ytheaut
hor
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sur
name-andpagenumber
/si
npar
ent
hesi
s,e.
g.(
Smi
th173)
.Ift
heaut
hor
’s
nameappear
sint
hebodyofy
ouressayi
tsel
f,usej
ustt
he 
rel
evantpage
number
/si
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ent
hesi
s,e.
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thcl
aimst
hat
..
..
appl
i
es.(
173)
.Ther
eis
nopunct
uat
ionbet
weent
heaut
hor
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hepagenumber
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 Wor
ksCi
ted
Wor
ksCi
tedi
sal
i
stofsour
cesf
rom whi
chy
ouhav
ebor
rowedi
nfor
mat
ion
ori
deas.Youneedt
oacknowl
edge–or
 ci
te– 
ally
oursour
ces.
Arr
anget
he
wor
ksi
nal
phabet
icalor
derbyt
hef
ir
stel
ement
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ytheaut
hor
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name.
Theel
ement
sofeachent
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ncl
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ormat
ti
ngandpunct
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ion,ar
eas
f
oll
ows.Omi
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elev
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hesecondand
subsequentl
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nesofeachent
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thahangi
ngi
ndent
.NBTheal
phabet
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ar
rangementi
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ter
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ore Mc.I
gnor
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1
Cl
assNot
es,
“MLAandAPACi
tat
ions,
”no.May2013(
2015)
:1–16.

2
di
acr
it
icalmar
ks(
e.g.éi
str
eat
edt
hesamease)orspeci
alchar
act
ers(
e.g.
f
or@smi
thusesmi
th)
.
Exampl
e:

3
 4

Aut
hor
.Ti
  t
le ofsour
ce.
 Ti
tl
e ofcont
ainer
,Ot
hercont
ri
but
ors,Ver
sion,
Number
,Publ
isher
,Publ
icat
iondat
e,Locat
ion.
Aut
hor
: 
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name,Ot
hernames as perwor
k;see speci
fi
c exampl
es f
or
mul
ti
pleaut
hor
s
Ti
tl
e ofsour
ce:
  
as perwor
k;see speci
fi
c exampl
es f
orcapi
tal
i
sat
ion,
f
ormat
ti
ngandpunct
uat
ion
Ti
tl
eofcont
ainer
: 
 e.
g.col
l
ect
ionofessay
s,j
our
nal
,newspaper
,tel
evi
sion
ser
ies,
websi
te
Ot
hercont
ri
but
ors:
  
e.g.edi
tor
,di
rect
or,
per
for
mer
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l
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rat
or,
transl
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Ver
sion:
  
e.g.edi
ti
on,
dir
ect
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scut
,met
ri
cver
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idged
Number
: 
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olume,
issue,
epi
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Publ
isher
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 pr
imar
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blef
orpubl
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str
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ionofwor
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Publ
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Locat
ion:
  
locat
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i
ncont
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nant
hol
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sc#i
nset
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URL/
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tef
acti
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chi
ve.
b.APASt
yle
APAst
ylei
saci
tat
ion(
orr
efer
enci
ng)met
hoddev
elopedbyt
heAmer
ican
Psy
chol
ogi
calAssoci
ati
onandi
sav
ersi
onoft
hecommonl
yused 
Aut
hor
-Dat
e
sy
stem.
 Thi
sgui
dei
sbasedont
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ext
:
Amer
icanPsy
chol
ogi
calAssoci
ati
on.(
2020)
.Publ
  i
cat
ionmanualoft
heAmer
ican
Psy
chol
ogi
calAssoci
ati
on 
(7t
hed.
).ht
tps:
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.or
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0000165-
000
SomeSchool
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ndi
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equi
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rom t
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li
nedher
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way
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heci
tat
ionst
yler
equi
redbyy
ourl
ect
urer
.Ifi
ndoubt
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checkwi
thy
ourl
ect
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ort
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When 
youar
eusi
ngot
herpeopl
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deasi
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 wor
kiti
sessent
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edget
heor
igi
nalsour
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l
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oid
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agi
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ntofv
iew,
andal
l
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her
eadert
ocheckt
hef
act
s.Andi
t'
sthel
aw!
 
Sour
ceswhi
chy
our
efert
omustbeci
tedi
ntwoway
s: 
A.byi
nser
ti
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tci
tat
ioncont
aini
ngt
heaut
horanddat
eofpubl
i
cat
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in
t
het
ext
 oft
hepaperatt
heappr
opr
iat
epoi
nt;
and
B.byaddi
ngacor
respondi
ng,
mor
edet
ail
edent
ryi
nthe 
Ref
erence 
li
st 
att
heend

2
Ref
erenci
ngandassi
gnmentwri
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ng:MLA,
htt
ps:
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erenci
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MLA,
accessedonJune6,2021at12.
56.
 5

oft
hepaper
.
a.​
I
n-t
extci
tat
ions 
dir
ectt
her
eadert
othef
ulldet
ail
soft
hewor
kwhi
char
e
f
ound i
nthe Ref
erence Li
st. Each i
n-t
ext ci
tat
ion compr
ises t
he
f
oll
owi
ng 
element
s:
o WHO 
i
sresponsi
blef
ort
hewor
k(sur
name/
sonl
y)
o WHEN 
wast
hewor
kcr
eat
ed(
year
)andy
oumi
ghtal
soneed
o WHERE 
i
nthe wor
kyou can f
ind suppor
ti
ng i
nfor
mat
ion (
page,
par
agr
aphnumber
/s)
 -seebel
ow
I
n-t
extci
tat
ionscanbedonei
ntwoway
s:
o byi
nser
ti
ngt
heaut
horanddat
einpar
ent
heses(
par
ent
het
ical
cit
ati
on)
, 
e.
g. 
..
.adi
scussi
onoft
heanal
ysi
sofr
esul
ts(
Ster
nber
g, 
1993)
..
.OR
o byi
ncor
por
ati
ngt
henameoft
heaut
hor
,fol
l
owedbyt
hedat
eencl
osed
i
n par
ent
heses i
nto t
he t
ext of t
he paper (
nar
rat
ive
ci
tat
ion)
, 
e.g.
 St
ernber
g (
1993)
 suggest
s r
esul
ts shoul
d be
car
eful
l
y anal
ysed 
..
.
When 
cit
ingmul
ti
plewor
ksi
n-t
ext
 usi
ngt
hepar
ent
het
icalmet
hod,
ar
ranget
heci
tat
ionsi
nal
phabet
icalor
derandsepar
atet
hem wi
th
semi
col
ons,
e.
g.(
Cit
izen,
2019;
Jones,
1999;
Smi
th,
2001)
Mul
ti
plewor
kscanbear
rangedi
nanyor
derwhent
heyar
e
i
ncor
por
atedi
ntot
het
extoft
hepaper(
nar
rat
iveci
tat
ion)
.
Par
aphr
asi
ng:
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aphr
asi
ngi
susi
ngy
ourownwor
dst
opr
esentsomebodyel
se'
s
i
deas.When par
aphr
asi
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tmaybe usef
ult
oincl
ude a page number
,
especi
all
ywhenci
ti
ngl
ongwor
kssuchasbooks.
Di
rectquot
ati
ons:
 
Page number
s ar
e al
way
sincl
uded f
or di
rect quot
ati
ons e.
g.
(
Hieber
t,
 2009,
 
p.69)
.Di
rectquot
ati
onsof
 40wor
dsorl
ess 
shoul
dbepl
aced
wi
thi
nthet
extandsur
roundedbydoubl
equot
ati
onmar
ks.
e.
g.
Ther
ear
eanumberofi
nst
anceswhenadi
rectquot
ati
oni
spr
efer
abl
e
t
opar
aphr
asi
ng,f
orexampl
e,"
whenanaut
horhassai
dsomet
hing
memor
abl
yorsucci
nct
ly,orwhen y
ou wantt
orespond t
o exact
wor
ding"(
Amer
ican 
Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Associ
ati
on,
 
2020,
 
p.270)
. 
 6

Di
rectquot
ati
onsof
 mor
ethan40 
wor
ds 
shoul
dbest
art
edonanew
l
i
neandi
ndent
edf
rom t
hel
eftmar
gin,wi
thoutquot
ati
onmar
ks(
Amer
ican
Psy
chol
ogi
calAssoci
ati
on,
 
2020,
 
pp.272-
273)
.
e.
g.
.
..
Framewor
ksar
econst
ruct
edbyscaf
fol
dingmast
ergoal
lear
ning.
Pl
aci
ng an emphasi
s on mast
ery ofnew mat
eri
al,notj
ustt
he
per
for
manceoft
asks,t
ypi
fi
est
het
eacherwhoi
sfocusedonmast
ery
goalor
ient
ati
on.I
nthecl
assr
oom,concept
sar
eint
roducedandt
hen
r
elat
edt
ooneanot
hert
ofor
m acompl
exwebofknowl
edge.St
udent
s
ar
eabl
etoexpl
oret
opi
csi
ndept
handatl
engt
h,andt
heycomeaway
wi
thamor
enuancedunder
standi
ngoft
het
extt
hatcant
henenhance
f
utur
ereadi
ngexper
iences.
 (
Hieber
t,
 2009,
 
p.69)
   
 
b.A 
Ref
erence 
li
st 
i
spl
aced 
att
heendofy
ourpaper
.
ARef
erencel
i
stcont
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lther
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ail
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oll
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wor
k(e.
g.aut
hor
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,fi
l
m pr
oduceror
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rect
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host
)
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ear
,dat
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ist
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kcal
l
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it
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our
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it
leoff
il
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it
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i
sherandDOIorURL;
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ail
s
ofj
our
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i
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andi
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erenceSt
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fpr
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i
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3
Ref
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htt
ps:
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June6t
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 7

number
(s)oft
hequot
e(s)shoul
dbepr
ovi
dedi
npar
ent
hesesi
mmedi
atel
y
af
tert
hequot
e.I
fbot
hquot
esi
nthesamesent
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atedbyonl
ya
f
ew wor
ds,andar
etakenf
rom t
hesamepager
efer
ence,pl
acet
hepage
4
numberatt
heendoft
hesent
ence.

Exampl
e:

 Mul
l
andescr
ibednar
rat
ionas…(
40)
.

 Thenar
rat
ionofwor
kscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo…(
Mul
l
an40)
.

 Mul
l
anexpl
ainedt
hatatt
imes“
tonei
sal
l
”(213)andshoul
dbe“
ant
i-
sol
emn”(
215)
.

I
fthequot
ati
oni
smor
ethanf
ourl
i
nesi
tshoul
dbedi
spl
ayedi
nan
i
ndent
edbl
ock(
0.5i
nchesor1.
27cm)wi
thoutquot
ati
onmar
ks.I
tshoul
d
usual
l
ybei
ntr
oducedi
nourownwor
dswi
thacol
on.Pagenumber
sar
e
pl
acedi
npar
ent
heses,butnot
ethatt
hisi
spl
acedaf
tert
hef
ullst
opi
nthi
s
case.

Exampl
e:
I
nHowNov
elsWor
k,Mul
l
anwr
ote:
Jamesi
smaki
nganar
gumentaboutasi
ngul
arnov
el,butt
hat
l
astphr
asei
sev
idenceenoughofhi
sdi
sdai
nfort
hef
ormi
n
gener
al.He expr
esses t
his el
sewher
ein hi
s cr
it
ici
sm and
cor
respondence,
not
abl
yinanext
raor
dinar
ylet
tert
oH.G.Wel
l
s.
I
n1911Wel
l
shadsentJamesacopyofhi
slat
estnov
el,The
NewMachi
avel
l
i(1911)
,whi
chi
snar
rat
edi
nthef
ir
stper
son.(
41)
2. Basi
cFormat:MLAWor ksCit
ed
a.Forthefi
rstaut
hor
,li
stthelastnamef
ir
st,acomma,t
hent
hef
ir
stname.
Forsubsequentaut
hor
s,l
i
stt
hef
ir
stnamef
ir
st,
thenaspace,
andt
hent
he
l
astname.Use“
and”bef
oret
hel
astaut
hor
’snamei
nal
i
stofaut
hor
s.I
f
t
her
eismor
ethant
hreeaut
hor
s,uset
hef
oll
owi
ng: Last
-Name,Fi
rst
-
Name,
etal
.

Name Wr
it
ing

4
Cit
ingSour
ces,
“Iv
yTechSout
hwestCi
tat
ionHandbook 
:Ci
ti
ngSour
cesWi
th,
”no.Januar
y
(
2013).
 8

JohnA.Smi
th Smi
th,
JohnA.

JohnA.Smi
thandJaneBr
own Smi
th,
JohnA.andJaneBr
own

John A. Smi
th,Jane Br
own and Smi
th,John A.
,Jane Br
own,and
JamesAar
onBl
ack JamesAar
onBl
ack

John A.Smi
th,JaneBr
own,James Smi
th,
JohnA.
,
etal
.
Aar
onBl
ackandSal
l
yAz
ari
a

b.Usei
tal
i
cs.Capi
tal
i
zeal
lwor
dsexceptar
ti
clesandpr
eposi
ti
ons,
e.g.a,
an,
and,
the,
or,
in,
etc,
unl
esst
heyar
ethef
ir
stwor
dint
het
it
tl
e.

c.Medi
aty
peuseaswor
ksci
ted,
wri
tt
enaf
tery
earofpubl
i
cat
ion

a)Pr
int:
Pri
nted

b)Web:
Onl
i
ne

c)Emai
l:El
ect
roni
clet
ter

d)Lect
ure:
Studymat
eri
als

d.Forwel
l
-knownci
ti
es,
e.g.London,
NewYor
k,j
ustputt
henameoft
heci
ty.
Forl
esser
-knownci
ti
esi
ncl
udest
ateand/
orcount
ry.

e.Li
stt
henameoft
hepubl
i
shi
ngcompany
.

f
. Putt
hemostr
ecenty
earl
i
stedont
het
it
lepage(
usual
l
yont
hebackoft
he
t
it
lepage)
.

3. MLAWor
ksCi
ted–Ci
tat
ionExampl
es
BooksandBookChapt
ers

Si
ngl
eAut
hor Aut
hor
’sLastName,
Fistname.BookTi
r tl
e.Ci
ty:
Publ
i
sher
,Dat
e.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Boy
lan,
JamesFi
nney
.Get
ti
ngI
n.NewYor
k:War
nerBooks,
1998.
l
i
st
Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion ….
(Boy
lan95)orBoy
landi
scussed…(
95)

Two/
Thr
ee Fi
rstAut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
rstName,andSecondAut
hor
’sFi
rst
Aut
hor
s NameLastName.Ti
tl
e.Ci
ty:Publ
i
sher
,Dat
e.
 9

Wor
ks Ci
ted Boot
h,Way
neC.
,Gr
egor
yG.Col
omb,
andJosephM.Wi
l
li
ams.The
l
i
st
Cr
aftofResear
ch.2nded.Chi
cago:U ofChi
cagoP,2003.
Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion ….
(Boot
h,Col
omb,
andWi
l
li
ams190)

Mor
e t
han 3 Aut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
r .BookTi
stname.etal tl
e.Ci
ty:Publ
i
sher
,
Aut
hor
s Dat
e.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Bar
clay
,Mi
chael
, .Hav
etal eNotBeent
heSame:TheCanRock
l
i
st
Renai
ssance,1985-
95.Tor
ont
o:ECW,
2001.Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion ….
(Bar
clayetal
.144-
145)orBar
clayetal
.showedt
hat
…(144-
145)

NoAut
hor Ti
tl
e.Ci
ty:
Publ
i
sher
,Dat
e.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Ency
clopedi
aofVi
rgi
nia.NewYor
k:Somer
set
,1993.Pr
int
.
l
i
st

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion (
Ency
clopedi
aofVi
rgi
nia212)

Edi
tedBook Aut
hor
’sLastName,
Fir
stName,
ed(
s).Ti
te.Ci
l ty:Publ
i
sher
,Dat
e.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Gr
eenspan,
Edwar
d,andMar
cRosenber
g,eds.Mar
ti
n’
sAnnual
l
i
st
Cr
imi
nalCode:St
udentEdi
ti
on2010.Aur
ora:CanadaLaw
Book,
2009.Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion ….
(Gr
eenspanandRosenber
g77)

Gov
ernment Aut
hor
/ .Ti
Agency tl
e.Pl
ace:
Publ
i
sher
,Dat
e.
Document
s

Wor
ks Ci
ted Fi
tzger
ald, n.FearofCr
Robi imeandt
heNei
ghbour
hoodCont
exti
n
l
i
st
Canadi
anCi
ti
es.Ot
tawa:
Stat
ist
icsCanada,
2008.Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion …(
Fit
zger
ald33)

BookChapt
er Aut
hor
’s LastName,Fi
rstName.“
Chapt .Ti
erName” tl
e.Ci
ty:
 10

Publ
i
sher
,Dat
e.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Nar
emor
e,James.“
Hit
chcockatt
heMar
ginsofNoi
r”Al
. fr
ed
l
i
st
Hi
tchcock:
Cent
enar
yEssay
s.London:BFI
,1999.263-
277.
Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion (
Nar
emor
e266)

E-
Book Aut
hor
’sLastName,
Fistname.BookTi
r tl
e.Edi
ti
on.Pl
ace:
Publ
i
sher
,
e.Dat
Dat ebaseName.Web.Acceseddat
e

Wor
ks Ci
ted St
evenson,
Rober s.Tr
tLoui easur
eIsl
and.McHenr
y,I
ll
:Fol
l
ettDi
git
al
l
i
st
ReaderPr 2005.Fol
ess, l
ettDi
git
al.Web.1Feb.2010.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion St
evensonst
atedt
hat
…(40)

(
Stev
enson40)

Jour
nalAr
ti
cles,
NewspaperAr
ti
clesandMagazi
ne

Jour
nal
Art
icl
e Aut
hor
’s LastName,Fi
rstname.“
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icl
e Ti
tt
l ” Jour
e. nalTi
tt
le
v
ol.
issue(
year
):pages.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Kear
y,Anne.“
Danci
ngwi
thSt
ranger
s:Eur
opeansandAust
ral
i
ansat
l
i
st Fi
rst

Cont
act
.”Canadi
anJour
nalofHi
stor
y41.
2(2006)
:613-
616.
Pr
int
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion (
Kear
y114)

Jour
nalAr
ti
cle Aut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
rstname.“
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icl
eTi
tt
le”
.Jour
nalTi
tt
le.Vol
.
(
Onl
i
ne) I
ssue(
Year
):pages.Dat
abase.Web.Acceseddat
e.

Wor
ks Ci
ted Car
ter
,Ji
m.“
TheFaceofFacebook”
.NewYor
ker70.
12(
2011)
:52-
l
i
st 53.

Web.20Mei
.2013.
 11

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Car
terf
oundt
hat
…(52-
53)

Newspaper Aut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
rstname.”
Art
icl
eTi
tt
l ”Websi
e. teName.
(
Onl
i
ne) Dat
e.Mount
h.Year
.Web.Acceseddat
e

Wor
ks Ci
ted Azi
za,Kur
niaSar
i.(
2015,Oct
ober2)
.“Kamsi
aAhokSampai2017
l
i
st Saj
a”.

Kompas.
com.N.
p.2Oct
ober2015.Web.2Oct
ober2015.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion ….
(Azi
za)

Magazi
ne Aut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
rstname.”
Art
icl
eTi
tt
l ”Magazi
e. neTi
tl
e.
Ar
ti
cl
e(Onl
i
ne) Dat
e.Mount
h.Year
.Web.Acceseddat
e

Wor
ks Ci
ted Ber
nst
ein,Mar
k.“
Tipson Wr
it
ing t
heLi
vi ”A Li
ng Web. stApar
t
l
i
st Magazi
ne.

16Aug.2002.Web.4May2009.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion ….
(Ber
nst
ein)

Ot
herMat
eri
als

Web Aut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
rstName.“
Websi
t .Or
e” gani
zat
ion,Cr
eat
ion
Dat
e.Web.AccessDat
e

Wor
ksCi
tedl
i
st Dot
ti
,Luca.“
MyFai
rMot
her
.”Vani
tyFai
r,1May2013.Web.5May
2014.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion …(
Dot
i)

Audi
o/v
ideo “
Audi
o/Vi
deo Ti
tl
e.”Di
rect
or,per
for
mer
’sname,Recor
ding Ti
tl
e,
Recor
ding I
ssuey
ear
.URL

Wor
ksCi
t st “
edl
i The Shawshank Redempt
ion.
” Di
rect
ed by Fr
ank Dar
abont
,
per
for
mances

by Ti
m Robbi
ns and Mor
gan Fr
eemant
,Cast
le Rock
Ent
ert
ainment
,1994. Net
fl
ix,dv
d.Net
fl
ix.
com/
Mov
ie/
The-
 12

Shawshank-
Redempt
ion/
70005379.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion TheShawshankRedempt
( ion)
.

I
mage on t
he “
ImageTi
tt
l ”Websi
e. teName,
DayMont
hYear
,URL
I
nter
net

Wor
ksCi
tedl
i
st “
An Of
fer
ing t
otheOcean i
n LaPunt
a,Per
u.”Sy
dneyMor
ning
Her
ald,
19

May
.2009,
www.
smh.
com.
au/
snapshot
s/.WebI
mage.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion I
nthephot
ogr
aph(
“Of
fer
ing”
)itcanbeseen…or“
AnOf
fer
ingt
othe
Oceani
nLaPunt
a,Per
u”,
pict
uredbel
ow,
shows…

Lect
ure Lect
urer
.“ c”Mat
Topi eri
alTi
tt
le,
Dat
eMontYear
,Pl
ace.Lect
ure.
(
Unpubl
i
shed)
/
Per
sonal
Communi
cat
ion

Wor
ksCi
tedl
i
st El
l
iot
t,K.“
Neut
rons.
”Pr
otonsandNeut
rons,6Jul
.2015,West
ern
Sy
dney

U.Lect
ure.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion …f
oundt
hatneut
rons…(
Ell
i
ot)

Podcast Hostl
astname,Fi
rstname,host
.“Epi
sodeTi
tt
l ”PodcastName,
e.
(
Onl
i
ne) Publ
i
sher
,DayMont
hYear
,URL

Wor
ksCi
tedl
i
st At
kin,Mi
chael
,host
.“Ber
maguiFor
estDi
sput
edTur
f”TheHack
.
Hal
f

Hour
, ABC, 13 Nov
. 2008,
www.
abc.
net
.au/
tri
plej
/hack/
not
es/
.Podcast
.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion At
kinf
oundt
hat
…orI
twasf
ound…(
Atki
n).

Thesi
s/ Aut
hor
’sLastName,Fi
rstname.Thesi
s/Di
ser
tat
ionTi
tt
le.Dat
e.
Di
sser
tat
ion I
nst
it
uion.URL.
 13

(
Onl
i
ne)

Wor
ksCi
tedl
i
st Mi
l
ler
,Ry
an.Under
standi
ngt
hePr
ocessofMul
ti
sensor
yInt
egr
ati
on.
2016.

Wake For
est U, PhD di
sser
tat
ion. Wake Space,
wakespace.
li
b.wf
u.edu/
handl
e/103339/
59318

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Mi
l
lershowedt
hat
…(11-
12)
.orI
twasf
ound…(
Mil
l
er11-
12)
.

A.

D.APARef
erenceSt
yle

1.I
n-t
extRef
erencesi
nAut
hor
-Dat
eSt
yle(
APA)

Manyf
ormsofr
efer
enci
ngar
eaccept
abl
e.Asky
ourl
ect
urer
swhi
ch
f
orm ofr
efer
enci
ngt
heypr
efer
.Mostl
ect
urer
satt
heUni
ver
sit
yofCanber
ra
pr
efert
he Amer
ican Psy
chol
ogi
calAssoci
ati
on’
s(APA’
s)v
ersi
on oft
he
Aut
hor
/Dat
esy
stem,whi
chi
sout
li
nedbel
ow.Whi
chev
ersy
stem y
ouuse,y
ou
mustf
oll
owi
tconsi
stent
ly;
don'
tmi
xfoot
not
eswi
thAut
hor
-Dat
e,f
ori
nst
ance.
I
n-t
extr
efer
encesi
ntheAut
hor
-Dat
esy
stem shoul
dcont
ainonl
ythef
oll
owi
ng
i
nfor
mat
ion,
int
hisor
der
:

1)t
hesur
nameoft
heaut
hor
/s

2)t
hey
earofpubl
i
cat
ionoft
het
ext

3)t
hepagenumber
/soft
het
ext(
usual
l
yfordi
rectquot
ati
ons,par
ti
cul
ar
i
deasandconcept
s).

Forexampl
e:Pet
erson(
2005,
p.31)st
atest
hat…

Ar
ecentr
esear
chst
udy(
Jones&Jackson,
2004,
p.27)r
eveal
s…

Youneedt
opr
ovi
deani
n-t
extr
efer
encei
fyou:
a.useal
ongdi
rectquot
ati
on(
thr
eel
i
nesormor
e)
 LongDi
rectQuot
ati
ons
Adi
rectquot
ati
onconsi
stsoft
heact
ualwor
dsusedbyanaut
hor
,in
t
hesameor
derast
heor
igi
nalt
ext
.Inot
herwor
ds,i
tisadi
rectcopy
 14

(
quot
ati
on)of40ormor
ewor
dswhi
chi
ssepar
atedf
rom t
her
estof
t
het
extasaf
reest
andi
ngbl
ockanddoesnotr
equi
requot
ati
onmar
ks.
I
ndenti
t5spacesf
rom t
hel
efthandmar
ginanduset
hesamef
ont
si
zeast
het
extwi
thdoubl
e-l
i
ne spaci
ng.Gi
vepagenumber
(s)aswel
l
asaut
horanddat
e.
Forexample:
Languageissubj
ecttochange,
justasev
ery
thi
ngel
sei
nthewor
ld
i
s.AsAi t
chi
son(1981,p.
16)

b.useashor
tdi
rectquot
ati
on(
twol
i
nesorl
ess)

 Shor tDirectQuotat
ions
Ashortdirectquotati
onisinser
teddir
ectl
yintothet
extwit
houtsepar
ati
ng
i
tfr
om t herestoftheparagraph.Useopeningandcl
osingquot
ati
on
marks,andgi v
et hepagenumber

c.useani
ndi
rectquot
ati
onbyei
therpar
aphr
asi
ngorsummar
izi
ng.

 I
ndi
rectQuot
ati
ons(
par
aphr
asi
ngandsummar
isi
ng)

Par
aphr
asi
ng

Wheny
oupar
aphr
ase,y
ouwr
it
eanaut
hor
’si
deai
nyourownwor
ds,
al
thoughy
oucanusesomeoft
heaut
hor
’sownwor
dsaswel
l
.Thi
sis
pr
efer
abl
etodi
rectquot
es,ast
her
efer
encef
it
smor
eneat
lyi
ntoy
our
ownst
yleofwr
it
ing.I
tal
soshowst
haty
our
eal
l
ydounder
standwhat
t
heaut
hori
ssay
ing.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
oacknowl
edget
heaut
horwi
th
nameanddat
e.

Summar
isi
ng

Asummar
ygi
vesanout
li
neoft
hemai
npoi
ntsofapassage,
chapt
eror
book.
 15

2.Thebasi
crul
esofAPASt
yle

TheBasi
cRul
esf
orAPA St
yleThef
oll
owi
ng pagesoft
hisgui
de
pr
ovi
desomeexampl
esofi
n-t
extandwor
ksci
tedorr
efer
enceci
tat
ions,but
t
heyar
eexampl
esonl
y,anddonot(
orcannot
)repr
esental
loft
hesi
tuat
ions
y
oumayencount
erwhenci
ti
ngy
oursour
ces.Tobecomef
ami
l
iarwi
tht
he
basi
crul
esf
orwr
it
ingapaperi
nAPAst
yle,l
i
stsofaccept
abl
eabbr
evi
ati
ons,
orf
orquest
ionsnotcov
eredbyt
heexampl
esgi
venher
e,r
efert
othese
sour
ces:
(Sect
ionnumber
sint
heexampl
esr
efert
othef
ir
stbookl
i
sted,
wher
e
y
oucanf
indmor
einf
ormat
ion.
)

 Thesampl
esf
oundi
nthi
shandouti
ndi
cat
ewhati
nfor
mat
ioni
sneeded
andt
hecor
rector
derofi
tsar
rangement
.Incaseswher
eapar
ti
cul
arpi
ece
ofi
nfor
mat
ioni
snotav
ail
abl
e,ei
theri
nthepr
intort
heel
ect
roni
csour
ce,
ski
ptot
henextpi
eceofi
nfor
mat
ion.Forexampl
e,i
fnoaut
hornamei
s
gi
ven,al
phabet
izebyt
het
it
leoft
hepi
eceanduseashor
tenedv
ersi
onof
t
het
it
lef
orpar
ent
het
ical
cit
ati
ons.

 Thef
ir
stl
i
neofeachent
ryi
nyourl
i
stshoul
dbef
lushl
eft
.Subsequent
l
i
nesshoul
dbei
ndent
edone-
hal
finch.Thi
sisal
soknownast
hehangi
ng
i
ndent
.

 Al
lref
erencesshoul
dbedoubl
e-spaced.

 Wi
tht
heexcept
ionofj
our
nalt
it
lesandot
herper
iodi
cal
s,onl
ycapi
tal
i
ze
t
hef
ir
stl
ett
eroft
hef
ir
stwor
dofat
it
leandsubt
it
le,t
hef
ir
stwor
daf
tera
col
onoradashi
nthet
it
le,
andpr
opernouns.

 Capi
tal
i
zeeachwor
dofaj
our
nalt
it
leexceptanyshor
tpr
eposi
ti
onsor
conj
unct
ionwor
ds.Al
way
scapi
tal
i
zet
hef
ir
stwor
dofat
it
le.

 Ont
heRef
erencespage,donoti
tal
i
cize,under
li
ne,orputquot
esar
ound
t
het
it
lesofshor
terwor
kssuchasj
our
nalar
ti
clesoressay
sinedi
ted
col
l
ect
ions.

 I
tal
i
cizet
it
lesofbooks,
jour
nal
s,magazi
nes,
newspaper
s,andf
il
ms.
 16

3.TheRef
erenceLi
st
Ref
erencel
i
stmustpr
ovi
def
ullandaccur
atedet
ail
s,asi
tist
he
meansbywhi
cther
eadercanf
oll
owupy
oursour
ces.Ther
ear
esome
st
andar
d conv
ent
ions t
haty
ou mustf
oll
ow,and some st
yli
sti
c
conv
ent
ionst
hatar
emor
efl
exi
ble.
Conv
ent
ionswhi
chy
oushoul
dfol
lowi
naRef
erenceLi
stf
orAPA:
 Aci
tedr
efer
encel
i
stmustconsi
stofaut
hor
(s)
,dat
eofpubl
i
cat
ion,
tit
le
det
ail
s,andpubl
i
sherdet
ail
s(i
nthator
der
).
 Ar
efer
encel
i
stmustbei
nal
phabet
ical
orderofsur
name.
 Ti
tl
esofbooksandj
our
nal
smustbei
nit
ali
cs.
 Ti
tl
esofj
our
nal
smustbei
nti
tl
ecase(
thef
ir
stl
ett
erofev
eryi
mpor
tant
wor
dshoul
dbeacapi
tal
).
 Ti
tl
esofbooks,ar
ti
cl
esorchapt
erheadi
ngsmustbei
nsent
encecase
(
onl
ythef
ir
stwor
dorpr
opernounsshoul
dhav
eacapi
tal
).
 Bookt
it
lesmusti
ncl
udeedi
ti
on(
othert
hanf
ir
st)andanyot
herdet
ail
s
gi
venont
het
it
lepage(
egser
ies,
transl
ator
,or
igi
nal
tit
le)
 Jour
nalt
it
lesmusti
ncl
udet
hev
olume,number
,andpagenumber
sof
t
hear
ti
cle
 Ref
erenci
ngj
our
nal
sandper
iodi
cal
s
 Thev
olumenumberofawor
kwi
l
lfol
l
ow t
het
it
leasani
tal
i
cised
number
:Aut
hor
,T.H.(
Year
).Ti
te.NameofJour
l nal
,7,
pp.11-
26.
I
ssuenumber
s,onl
ywheneachi
ssuebegi
nsonpage1,wi
l
lfol
l
owt
he
v
olumenumberi
npar
ent
hesi
s:
Aut
hor
,T.H.(
Year
).Ti
te.NameofJour
l nal
,7(
2),
pp.2-
27.
I
fthej
our
nal
doesnothav
eav
olumenumber
,pr
ovi
det
heweek,
mont
h,
orseasonwi
tht
hey
ear
.
Aut
hor
,T.H.(
Year
,June)
.Ti
te.NameofJour
l nal
,7,
pp.11-
26.
4.APA Wor
ksCi
ted–Ci
tat
ionExampl
es

BooksandBookChapt
ers

Si
ngl
eAut
hor
 17

Ref
erence Boy
lan,
J.F.(
1998)
.Get
ti
ngi
n.NewYor
k,NY:
War
nerBooks.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion asf
oundi
nthecasest
udy(
Boy
lan,
1998)

Thr
ee Aut
hor
s fi
rstent
ryal
ltheaut
hor
ssur
namesandt
henuseetal
.forsubsequent
entri
es
tof
ive

Ref
erence Duf
fy,A.
,Deaki
n,V.
,Nar
kiewi
cz,E.
,& Wi
l 2001)Gui
son,K.( det
o
wr
it
ingi
nbi
omedi
calsci
ences.Canber
ra:
Uni
ver
sit
yofCanber
ra.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Foral
lcit
ati
onsuset hefir
stnameandtheetal
.
Duff
yetal.(2001)argued…
Onestudy(Duffyetal.
,2001)found…
NoAut
hor No author
’s name appear
s(but t
her
eis a sponsor
ing body
,
newspaper
,ort
itl
e)

Ci
tet
hesponsor
ingor
gani
sat
ion,
thenewspaper
,ort
het
it
le

Ref
erence Aust
ral
i
anTaxati
onOff
ice( .Ther
2005) isi
ngindex.Canber
ra,ACT,
Aust
ral
i
a:Aust
ral
i
anGover
nmentPubl
ishi
ngSer
vice.
I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Ar
ecentst
udy(Aust
ral
i
anTaxat
ionOf
fi
ce,
2005)hasconcl
uded…

quot
einquot
e Refer
ring t
o an author(pr
imaryref
erence)r
ead abouti
n anot
her
publi
cati
on(secondaryr
efer
ence)

Ref
erence Maxwel
l
,F.( .Phonol
1999) ogy
.SanFr
anci
sco:
BrooksCol
e.
Her
eMaxwel
lhasci
tedLi
l
lyi
nPhonol
ogyonpage25,soMaxwel
lis
t
hesecondar
yref
erenceandLi
l
lyt
hepr
imar
y

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Li
l
ly(
1980,
cit
edi
nMaxwel
l
,1999,
p.25)st
atest
hat“
…”.
Li
l
ly’
s1980st
udy(
cit
edi
nMaxwel
l
,1999,
p.25)f
oundt
hat…
t
wo books by
t
he same
aut
hor
:ar
range
by y
ear of
 18

publ
i
cat
ion

Ref
erence Mor
ri
son,
T.(
1992)
.Jazz.NewYor
k,NY:
Knopf
.

Mor
ri
son,T.(
1998)
.Par
adi
se.New Yor
k,NY:Knopf
.abookwi
th
mor
ethanoneaut
hor(
keept
heor
der
ingofnamesas

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion (
Mor
ri
son,
1998)

Jour
nalAr
ti
cles,
NewspaperAr
ti
clesandMagazi
ne

Ar
ti
cl
e anar
ti
clef
rom ar
efer
encebook:

Ref
erence I
tal
y.(
2000)
.InThenewency
clopaedi
aBr
it
anni
ca:Macr
opaedi
a(Vol
.xx,pp.x
xx-
xx
x).Chi
cago,
IL:
Ency
clopaedi
aBr
it
anni
ca.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Accor
dingt
oIt
aly(
2000)

Jour
nal

Ref
err
ence Glant
z ,S.A.( 2003)
.Smoki ngi
nmov i
es:A maj
orpr
obl
em andar
eal
solut
ion.Lancet,
362(9380)
,258-
260.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion (
Glant
z,2003,
p.259)
.

Newspaper Newspaper
sNoAut
hor

Ref
erence Ar
ti
cleTi
tl e.NewspaperTi
e.Dat tl
e,pp.xx
x.

U.
S.schol
arf
aci
ngspyt
ri
al.(
2001,Jul .Ev
y19) ansv
il
leCour
ier&Pr
ess,p.
A5.

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion (
“U.
S.Schol
ar,
”2001,
p.A5)
.

WEBPages/Onl
ineSour
ce
 19

Web

Ref
erence Aut
hor
,A.A.,&Author
,B.B.(Dateofpubli
cat
ion).Ti
tl
eofar
ti
cle.
Ti
tl
eofJour
nal
,vol
.number
.doi
:0000000/
000000000000

Br
ownl
i
e,D.Towar
def
fect
ivepost
erpr
esent
ati
ons:Anannot
ated
bi
bli
ogr .Eur
aphy opeanJour
nalofMar
ket
ing,
41(
11/
12)
,1245-
1283.
doi
:
10.
1108/
0309056071082116

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion

Wi
ki Ent
ryf
rom awi
ki
:

Ref
ernce Germanic phil
ology.( n.d.
). Ret
ri
eved April 2, 2013, f
rom
ht
tp:/
/en.
wiki
pedia.
org/
wi ki/
Ger
manic_phi
l
ology

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Ger
mani
cphi
l
ology(
2013)

Onli
ne
Peri
odical
Art
icl
e—journal
or newspaper
fr
om the
WWW:

Ref
erence I
fy ou ar e cit
ing a per i
odicalarti
cley ou accessed from a
publ
icati
on’
swebsi te,such as Journaloft heAmer i
can Medical
Associat
ion(
jama.ama- assn.
org),Ti
me( www.ti
me.com),ortheStar
Tri
bune(www. st
artr
ibune.com),thenusethecit
ati
onformatbelow.

Aut
hor
,A.A.,&Author
,B.B.(Dateofpubli
cat
ion).Ti
tl
eofar
ti
cle.
Ti
tl
eofJour
nal
,vol
.number
.doi
:0000000/
000000000000

Brownl
ie,D.Towardef fect
iveposterpresentat
ions:Anannotated
bi
bli
ogr .Eur
aphy opeanJour nalofMarket
ing,41(11/12)
,1245-
1283.
doi:
10.
1108/0309056071082116
 20

I
n-t
extci
tat
ion Br
ownl
i
e(2012)st
ate….

Onear
ti
cle(
Brownl
i
e,2012)r
epor
ted,
“bl
ah,
blah”(
p.59)
 CHAPTERI
II
CONCLUSI
ON

Ci
tat
ioni
sawayofwr
it
ingdowni
deas,t
erms,wor
dsorsent
ences,dat
a,and

i
nfor
mat
iont
akenf
rom asour
ceaspar
toft
het
extt
osuppor
t,st
rengt
hen,shar
pen,

det
ail
,orcompar
ethei
deasconv
eyedbyt
heaut
hor
.Act
ual
l
y,t
her
ear
emanyt
ypes

ofci
tat
ionwr
it
ingf
ormatst
yles,ofwhi
cht
her
ear
etwot
hatar
eof
tenusedi
nthe

wor
ldofeducat
ion,namel
yMLA (
Moder
nLanguageAssoci
ati
on)andAPA st
yle,

whi
chi
sar
ulef
orci
ti
ngwr
it
ingscont
ainedi
nfoot
not
esorendnot
esofwr
it
ing.

Quot
ingi
nthi
swayi
squi
teshor
tandeasy
.Weonl
yputt
hel
astnameoft
heaut
hor

andt
henf
oll
owedbyt
hepagenumberoft
hear
ti
cle.

21
22
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