Lect

urer:
Dr.Buhar
i,S.
Pd.
,M.
Pd.

TEFL
"
Summar
y"

Ar
rangedby
:

Ser
liWat
i
1714117

ENGLI
SHEDUCATI
ONDEPARTMENT

SEKOLAHTI
NGGIKEGURUANDANI
LMUPENDI
DIKAN(
STKI
P)

YAYASANPENDI
DIKANUJUNGPANDANG(
YPUP)

STKI
PYPUPMAKASSAR

2020
 Summar
yofTEFLMat
eri
alsf
rom TheFi
rstMat
eri
alunt
ilTent
h.

1.Teachi
ngPr
oduct
iveSki
l
l.

Pr
oduct
iveski
l
leasi
l
ymodi
fyi
nav
ari
etysi
tuat
ionand condi
ti
onofTeachi
ng

Engl
i
sh as For
eign Language act
ivi
ty.So,t
he cl
assr
oom at
mospher
e wi
l
lnotgo

monot
one.Wr
it
ingandspeaki
ngski
l
lswer
eal
sopr
ovi
dedf
orl
ear
ner
satdi
ff
erent

st
agesofl
anguageandl
i
ter
acydev
elopment
,andawi
der
angeofwr
it
tenandspeaki
ng

pr
oduct
s.I
thel
psl
ear
ner
stoi
ncr
easeact
ivecommuni
cat
ionwi
thpr
oduct
iveor
alski
l
l,

andcont
rast
edspeechwi
thwr
it
ing.

Teachi
ngspeaki
ngi
svi
talunl
esssomeonei
slear
ningEngl
i
shpur
elyf
oracademi
c

r
easonsanddoesnoti
ntendt
ocommuni
cat
einEngl
i
sh,
whi
chi
squi
ter
are.Seei
ngt
hei
r

speaki
ng ski
l
lsdev
elop gi
vesl
ear
ner
sa r
ealsense ofpr
ogr
essand boost
sthei
r

conf
idence.

Teachi
ngwr
it
ingi
simpor
tantbecausewr
it
tencommuni
cat
ioni
sabasi
cli
feski
l
l.

St
udent
smayneedt
otakenot
es,f
il
linf
orms,andwr
it
elet
ter
s,r
epor
tsandst
ori
es.

Many need t
ofi
l
lin det
ail
ed quest
ionnai
res r
elat
ing t
o heal
th,educat
ion and

empl
oyment
.Theamountoft
imey
ouspendont
eachi
ngwr
it
ingwi
l
lnat
ural
l
ydependon

y
ourst
udent
s’needs.

2.I
ntr
oduci
ngNewLanguageSt
ruct
ure.

I
ntr
oduci
ng New Language 
(War
m-up Act
ivi
ti
es)t
he ai
m ofact
ivi
ti
esused f
or

t
he 
i
ntr
oduci
ng 
of 
new 
wor
dsandst
ruct
ures 
i
sto makechi
l
dren i
nter
est
ed i
n say
ing
somet
hing,
reacti
nthet
arget
 l
anguage,
andmot
ivat
ethei
rspont
aneousneedt
obeabl
e

t
oexpr
esst
hemsel
vesi
na 
l
anguageot
hert
hant
hei
rmot
her
 l
anguage.

Act
ivi
ti
es and games f
ornew l
anguage i
ntr
oduct
ion ar
e di
vi
ded i
nto gr
oups

accor
dingt
ousedmeans/
aids.Thei
ntr
oduci
ngmaybecar
ri
edoutei
therbyus,t
he

t
eacher
s,orapuppett
aki
ngov
ert
her
oleoft
het
eacher
.

3.Di
scov
eri
ngTechni
que.

The 
discov
eryt
echni
que 
i
sa 
met
hodoft
eachi
ngi
nwhi
chst
udent
sar
enotdi
rect
ly

pr
esent
edwi
that
argetgr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ureorr
ule.I
nst
ead,st
udent
sar
egi
ven

cont
enti
nwhi
cht
het
argetst
ruct
urei
sused.St
udent
sthen 
discov
er 
thegr
ammat
ical

r
uleorf
igur
eoutt
hepat
ter
nfort
hemsel
ves.Thet
eacher
’sr
olei
stogui
dest
udent
sto

t
hei
rowndi
scov
ery
,nott
ogi
vest
udent
sthei
nfor
mat
ionont
hegr
ammarr
ule.

Thet
eacher
’sr
olei
stogui
dest
udent
stot
hei
rowndi
scov
ery
,nott
ogi
vest
udent
s

t
hei
nfor
mat
ionont
hegr
ammarr
ule.Thedi
scov
eryt
echni
quemayseem al
otl
i
ke 
task

basedl
ear
ning,
andsomet
imest
heymayl
ooksi
mil
arsi
ncenei
therpr
esent
sagr
ammar

l
essonupf
rontandori
ncl
udes“
tradi
ti
onal
”gr
ammarexer
cises,buti
nfactt
her
ear
e

sev
eraldi
ff
erences bet
ween t
he t
wo.
 Task based l
ear
ning put
s a communi
cat
ion

exer
cisebef
orest
udent
sanddoesnotst
resst
hegr
ammarnecessar
yfort
hist
ask.

Thedi
scov
eryt
echni
que,ont
heot
herhand,doesf
ocusonapar
ti
cul
argr
ammar

poi
nt,andt
hegoaloft
hel
essoni
stol
ear
nthatpoi
nt.Thepoi
ntoft
hel
essoni
sto

el
i
cit
 agr
ammarr
ule 
fr
om t
hest
udent
sandnotcompl
eteacommuni
cat
iont
ask.So
al
thought
her
eisnodi
rectl
ect
ureonagr
ammarpoi
nt,t
hedi
scov
eryt
echni
quest
il
l

st
ressesat
argetst
ruct
uret
obel
ear
ned.

I
mpl
i
citv
s.Expl
i
cit
.

Wi
tht
hedi
scov
eryt
echni
que,t
her
eisagr
eat
eremphasi
soni
mpl
i
citknowl
edge,

andt
hatknowl
edgei
sat
tai
nedt
hroughi
mpl
i
citi
nst
ruct
ion.
 Expl
i
citknowl
edgei
swhat

weof
tenseewi
thESLst
udent
s.Theyar
eabl
etoexpl
ainapar
ti
cul
argr
ammarr
uleand

cancompl
eteexer
cisescor
rect
lywhent
hoseexer
cisesar
eini
sol
ati
on(
orl
i
stedi
na

gr
ammarbook)
.Butwheni
tcomest
ousi
ngl
anguagef
luent
ly,st
udent
swi
thexpl
i
cit

knowl
edgedonotnecessar
il
yuset
hatsamegr
ammarpoi
ntcor
rect
lyi
nthei
rspeechor

wr
it
ing.

Expl
i
citknowl
edge of
ten r
esul
tsf
rom expl
i
citi
nst
ruct
ion,whi
ch pr
esent
sa

st
ruct
uret
ost
udent
sandt
henpr
oceedst
ouset
hatst
ruct
urei
nspeci
fi
cal
l
ydesi
gned

exer
cises.I
mpl
i
citi
nst
ruct
ion,ont
heot
herhand,gi
vesst
udent
slanguagei
ncont
ext

andt
henchal
l
engest
hem t
ofi
gur
eoutt
hegr
ammaront
hei
rown.Thet
eacher
’sj
obi
s

t
ocr
eat
ethecondi
ti
onst
hatwi
l
lel
i
citt
hegr
ammarr
ulef
rom t
hei
rst
udent
s.Thi
sty
peof

i
nst
ruct
ionof
tenl
eadst
oimpl
i
citknowl
edge.

Thedi
scov
eryt
echni
quehast
hreepr
imar
ybenef
it
s.Fi
rstofal
l
,si
ncest
udent
sar
e

sol
vi
ngagr
ammarmy
ster
y,t
heyt
endt
opaymor
eat
tent
ionandst
aymor
eengaged.

Theyar
enotsi
mpl
yrecei
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom someoneel
se.Theyar
edi
scov
eri
ngi
t

f
ort
hemsel
ves,andt
heycannotdi
scov
eri
tift
heydonotf
ir
stl
ook.Secondl
y,st
udent
s

whol
ear
nwi
tht
hedi
scov
eryt
echni
quet
endt
oremembert
her
ulesofgr
ammarbet
ter
becauset
heyhav
epl
ayedapar
tindi
scov
eri
ngt
hem.Thef
inalbenef
itmi
ghtbet
he

gr
eat
estofal
l
.Becauset
heyhav
elear
nedgr
ammarbyf
igur
ingoutt
her
ulesf
rom

cont
ext
,st
udent
sfami
l
iarwi
tht
hist
echni
quehav
eaneasi
ert
imef
igur
ingoutunf
ami
l
iar

gr
ammarst
ruct
urest
heyencount
eri
nthef
utur
e.Thi
smakest
hem bet
terabl
etocope

whent
heyar
efacedwi
thsomegr
ammarpoi
ntt
heydi
dnotal
readyl
ear
nincl
ass.

4.Pr
act
ice.

Pr
act
ice 
i
stheactofr
ehear
singabehav
iourov
erandov
er,orengagi
ngi
nan

act
ivi
tyagai
nandagai
n,f
ort
hepur
poseofi
mpr
ovi
ngormast
eri
ngi
t,asi
nthephr
ase

'
pract
ice 
makesper
fect
'.

Somecommonway
spr
act
icei
sappl
i
ed:

1.Tol
ear
nhowt
opl
aya 
musi
cal
inst
rument
 (
musi
cal
techni
que)
.

2.Toi
mpr
oveat
hlet
icort
eam per
for
mance.

3.Topr
epar
eforapubl
i
cper
for
mancewi
thi
ntheper
for
mingar
ts.

4.To i
mpr
ove 
readi
ng,
 
wri
ti
ng,
 
int
erper
sonal communi
cat
ion,
 
typi
ng,
 
grammar
,

and 
spel
l
ing.

5.Toenhanceorr
efi
neanewl
yacqui
redski
l
l.

6.Tomai
ntai
nski
l
l.

7.Tol
ear
nmar
ti
alar
ts;
 
kat
a and 
spar
ri
ng 
arecommonf
ormsofpr
act
ice.
 8.Tomast
ert
asksassoci
atedwi
thone'
soccupat
ion(
e.g.acashi
erusi
nga 
POS

sy
stem)
.

Duv
ivi
eretal
.reconst
ruct
ed t
he conceptofdel
i
ber
ate pr
act
ice i
nto pr
act
ical

pr
inci
plest
odescr
ibet
hepr
ocessasi
trel
atest
ocl
i
nicalski
l
lacqui
sit
ion.Theydef
ined

del
i
ber
atepr
act
iceas:

1.r
epet
it
iveper
for
manceofi
ntendedcogni
ti
veorpsy
chomot
orski
l
ls.

2.r
igor
ousski
l
lsassessment
.

3.speci
fi
cinf
ormat
ionf
eedback.

4.bet
terski
l
lsper
for
mance.

Theyf
urt
herdescr
ibedt
heper
sonalski
l
lsl
ear
ner
sneedt
oexhi
bitatv
ari
ousst
ages

ofski
l
ldev
elopmenti
nor
dert
obesuccessf
uli
ndev
elopi
ngt
hei
rcl
i
nicalski
l
ls.Thi
s

i
ncl
udes:

1.pl
anni
ng(
organi
zewor
kinast
ruct
uredway
).

2.concent
rat
ion/
dedi
cat
ion(
higherat
tent
ionspan)
.

3.r
epet
it
ion/
rev
isi
on(
str
ongt
endencyt
opr
act
ise)
.

4.st
udyst
yle/
sel
fref
lect
ion(
tendencyt
osel
f-
regul
atel
ear
ning)
.
5.Communi
cat
iveAct
ivi
ty.

Communi
cat
iveact
ivi
ti
es 
i
ncl
udeany
act
ivi
ti
es 
thatencour
ageandr
equi
real
ear
ner

t
ospeakwi
thandl
i
stent
oot
herl
ear
ner
s,aswel
laswi
thpeopl
eint
hepr
ogr
am and

communi
ty.
 Communi
cat
iveact
ivi
ti
eshav
erealpur
poses:t
ofi
ndi
nfor
mat
ion,br
eak

downbar
ri
ers,t
alkaboutsel
f,andl
ear
naboutt
hecul
tur
e.Ev
enwhenal
essoni
s

f
ocusedondev
elopi
ngr
eadi
ngorwr
it
ingski
l
ls,communi
cat
iveact
ivi
ti
esshoul
dbe

i
ntegr
atedi
ntot
hel
esson.

Thebenef
it
stousi
ngcommuni
cat
ivel
anguage:

1.Mor
eexposur
etoTar
getLanguage.

2.Mor
eaut
hent
icoppor
tuni
ti
est
oUSEt
hel
anguage.

3.Funandi
nter
est
ingf
orl
ear
ner
s.

4.Pr
ovi
desoppor
tuni
tyt
ouseaut
hent
icmat
eri
als.

Teacher
sneedt
oknowhowt
oof
fersuppor
tandwhatsuppor
tneedst
obeof
fer
ed.

Thi
s can mean mor
eti
me i
s needed f
orpl
anni
ng and pr
epar
ati
on ofact
ivi
ti
es.

Communi
cat
iveact
ivi
ti
escanposechal
l
engesi
nassessment
.Lear
ner
scanber
esi
stant

-especi
all
yift
heyar
eaccust
omedt
oteacher
-cent
redst
ylesoft
eachi
ng.

6.Teachi
ngVocabul
ary
.

Vocabul
ary
 i
stheknowl
edgeofwor
dsandwor
dmeani
ngs.
Vocabul
aryknowl
edge

i
snotsomet
hingt
hatcanev
erbef
ull
ymast
ered;i
tissomet
hingt
hatexpandsand
deepensov
ert
hecour
seofal
i
fet
ime.I
nst
ruct
ioni
nvocabul
aryi
nvol
vesf
armor
ethan

l
ooki
ngupwor
dsi
nadi
cti
onar
yandusi
ngt
hewor
dsi
nasent
ence.Vocabul
aryi
s

acqui
red i
nci
dent
all
ythr
ough i
ndi
rectexposur
eto wor
dsand i
ntent
ional
l
ythr
ough

expl
i
citi
nst
ruct
ioni
nspeci
fi
cwor
dsandwor
d-l
ear
ningst
rat
egi
es.Accor
dingt
oMi
chael

Gr
aves(
2000)
,ther
ear
efourcomponent
sofanef
fect
ivev
ocabul
arypr
ogr
am:

1.wi
deorext
ensi
vei
ndependentr
eadi
ngt
oexpandwor
dknowl
edge.

2.i
nst
ruct
ioni
nspeci
fi
cwor
dst
o enhancecompr
ehensi
onoft
ext
scont
aini
ng
t
hosewor
ds.

3.i
nst
ruct
ioni
nindependentwor
d-l
ear
ningst
rat
egi
es,
and

4.wor
dconsci
ousnessandwor
d-pl
ayact
ivi
ti
est
omot
ivat
eandenhancel
ear
ning.

Wor
d-Lear
ningSt
rat
egi
es:

 Di
cti
onar
yUse.

 Mor
phemi
cAnal
ysi
s.

 Cognat
eAwar
eness(
ELL)
.

 Cont
ext
ual
Anal
ysi
s.

7.Whatdot
hest
udent
sneedt
oknow?
.

1.Howt
oSeekandTel
ltheTr
uth.

Ourf
utur
e-hol
der
sshoul
dbesav
vy,
skept
ical
cit
izens.Theyshoul
dbeabl
etocheck

outt
het
rut
h.Andbeabl
etot
elli
t.Fora 
cit
izenr
y hel
l
-bentonl
yi
ngt
oit
sel
fhasnohope

ofcr
eat
ingapeacef
ulpar
adi
se.
2.Howt
oDi
sagr
ee.

Butt
her
e’sapr
obl
em wi
tht
het
rut
h. 
Thet
rut
hmaysety
ouf
ree,
buti
twi
l
lpr
obabl
y

t
icky
ouof
ffi
rst
. 
Thr
oughouthi
stor
y,t
hishascausedpr
obl
emsf
ort
het
rut
h-t
ell
ers.

3.Howt
oHat
etheRi
ghtThi
ngsi
ntheRi
ghtWay
.

Butdi
sagr
eementdoesn’
tal
way
shav
etocausehat
e.Hat
eisal
i
keahangman’
s

noose:
ashor
ttr
ipwi
thal
ongdr
opatt
heend.

4.Howt
oBr
eakOutoft
he 
Echo-
Chamber
.

Ourf
utur
e-hol
der
smustknowhowt
obr
eakoutoft
hebubbl
e.AsFacebook,
Googl
e,

andot
hersi
tesweusewat
chourbehav
ior
,theygi
veusmor
eofwhatwel
i
ke.Theygi
ve

usl
essofwhatwedon’
tli
ke.Thi
siscal
l
edt
he“
fi
lt
erbubbl
e.”Someev
enbl
amet
he

f
il
terbubbl
ewi
tht
hepol
ari
zat
ionofsoci
ety
.

5.Howt
oShi
eldThei
rPr
ivacy
.

Many
 fut
ure-
hol
der
sar
est
eal
i
ngt
hei
rownpr
ivacy
.They
’regi
vi
ngawayt
hei
rmost

pr
eci
ous,
pri
vat
emoment
sonesnap,
tweet
,andpi
catat
ime.I
tonl
ytakesani
nst
antt
o

sendt
hei
rmostpr
ivat
esel
vesi
ntot
hecl
oud.Ther
e,ot
hernamel
essf
aceswi
l
ltr
eat

t
hem asj
ustanot
herbi
tofnakedski
n.

6.Howt
oKnowandLov
ePeopl
e.

Ourf
utur
e-hol
der
sal
readyknow onet
hingv
erywel
l— how t
otakeasel
fi
e. 
They

knowt
hei
rbestsi
deandcansnapamagazi
ne-
readypi
cint
hei
rbat
hroom mi
rr
ori
nand
f
lash.

7.Howt
o Fi
ndCont
ent
ment
.

Her
ear
esi
xti
psy
oucanappl
ytodayt
ofi
ndmor
econt
ent
menti
nyourl
i
fe:Pr
act
ice

gr
ati
tude,t
akecont
rolofy
ourat
ti
tude,br
eakt
hebuy
inghabi
t,st
opcompar
ingy
our
sel
f

t
oot
her
s,hel
pot
her
s,becont
entwi
thwhaty
ouhav
enev
erwi
thwhaty
ouar
e.

8.Howt
oManageThei
rMoney
.

Speaki
ngofweal
th,i
fourf
utur
e-hol
der
shav
elear
nedany
thi
ng,i
tist
hatmanyi
n

t
hegener
ati
onwhohav
erai
sedt
hem hav
en’
tat
tendedt
othei
rfut
ure.Manyofour

f
utur
e-hol
der
swi
l
lbel
efthol
dingt
hebi
l
l.Theyneedt
hewi
l
ltocar
eforagi
ngpar
ent
s.

9.Howt
oHel
pOt
her
s.

Fut
ure-
hol
der
s f
ace a needy wor
ld. The wor
ld doesn’
t need

mor
e sl
ackt
ivi
sts 
(peopl
ewhot
hinkt
hatl
i
kingorr
epost
ingaboutacausehel
ps)
 butr
eal

act
ivi
stswhouset
hei
rsoci
almedi
asav
vyandmoneyf
orgood.

10.
 Howt
oHav
eanI
nnocentChi
l
dhood.

Buti
fther
e’sany
thi
ngt
hatmakesmet
rul
yangr
y,i
tisatt
hef
utur
e-hol
der
soft
oday
.

Yes,
I’
m madatmygener
ati
on.

11.Howt
oBeSel
f-
Awar
eandSel
f-
Mot
ivat
ed.

I
fweseeany
thi
ngi
neducat
ion,i
tist
hatsel
f-
awar
eness,sel
f-
regul
ati
on,andsel
f-

mot
ivat
ionar
ehol
ygr
ail
sofsuccess.Met
acogni
ti
onorourabi
l
ityt
othi
nkaboutour
ownt
hinki
ngi
ssoi
mpor
tant
.

8.Recept
iveSki
l
l.

Ther
ecept
iveski
l
lsar
eli
steni
ngandr
eadi
ng,becausel
ear
ner
sdonotneedt
o

pr
oduce l
anguage t
o do t
hese,t
hey r
ecei
ve and under
stand i
t.These ski
l
ls ar
e

somet
imesknownaspassi
veski
l
ls.Theycanbecont
rast
edwi
tht
hepr
oduct
iveor

act
ive ski
l
ls ofspeaki
ng and wr
it
ing.I
nthe cl
assr
oom t
he r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween

r
ecept
ive and pr
oduct
ive ski
l
lsi
sa compl
exone,wi
th one setofski
l
lsnat
ural
l
y

suppor
ti
ng anot
her
.Forexampl
e,bui
l
ding r
eadi
ng ski
l
ls can cont
ri
but
etot
he

dev
elopmentofwr
it
ing.

Thr
eei
mpor
tantt
hingsshoul
dbet
akeni
ntoaccountwhent
eachi
ngr
ecept
iveski
l
ls:

 Theai
m oft
eachi
ngr
ecept
iveski
l
lsi
stohel
pthel
ear
ner
sdev
elopt
henecessar
y

ski
l
lst
ounder
standandi
nter
pretspokenorwr
it
tenmat
eri
als.Consequent
ly,t
he

t
eacherhast
oav
oidf
ocusi
ngonl
yont
est
ingt
hel
ear
ner
sper
for
mancei
nget
ti
ng

t
hemeani
ngoft
het
ext
sandai
m,i
nst
ead,
att
rai
ningt
hem t
ouset
her
eadi
ngand

l
i
steni
ngst
rat
egi
est
hatenabl
ethem t
odeal
wit
hanyt
ypeoft
ext
.

 Peopl
ereadorl
i
stenf
orapur
pose.Thi
scanbet
ogetspeci
fi
cinf
ormat
ionort
o

getagener
ali
deaoft
het
ext
.Somet
imes,
li
steni
ngandr
eadi
ngar
edonej
ustf
or

pl
easur
easwhenwer
eadpoet
ryorl
i
stent
oapodcast
.

 Ther
ecept
iveski
l
lsar
enotpassi
ve.Li
stener
sandr
eader
smakeuseofi
mpor
tant

cogni
ti
vepr
ocessi
ng whi
l
eli
steni
ng orr
eadi
ng.Two oft
hemosti
mpor
tant
 act
ivi
ti
est
hatoccuri
nthemi
ndwhi
l
epr
ocessi
ngat
extar
etop-
downandbot
tom

-
up.

9.Cl
assr
oom Management
.

Cl
assr
oom managementr
efer
stot
hewi
dev
ari
etyofski
l
lsandt
echni
quest
hat

t
eacher
suset
o keep st
udent
sor
gani
zed,or
der
ly,f
ocused,at
tent
ive,on t
ask,and

academi
cal
l
ypr
oduct
ivedur
ingacl
ass.Theobj
ect
ivesofcl
assr
oom managementar
e

f
orst
udent
sto gai
n behav
ior
al,soci
aland academi
c success i
n a st
ruct
ured

env
ironmentt
hatcat
erst
otol
erance,exempl
arybehav
iorand l
ear
ning.Cl
assr
oom

managementi
sdi
ff
icul
tfornew t
eacher
sbecausey
oucannotl
ear
ngoodcl
assr
oom

managementf
rom at
ext
bookorf
rom l
ect
uresf
rom apr
ofessor
.

Lear
ninggoodcl
assr
oom managementcomesf
rom exper
ience.Goodcl
assr
oom

managemental
socomesf
rom hav
ingagoodment
ort
eacherdur
ingst
udentt
eachi
ng.

Al
thoughev
eryt
eacherwi
l
lhav
eauni
quest
yleofmanagementt
omeeteachcl
ass'

needs,t
hesameel
ement
scanbef
oundconsi
stent
ly,ar
e:Cl
assr
oom desi
gn,r
ules,

di
sci
pli
ne,
schedul
i
ng,
organi
zat
ion,
inst
ruct
ional
techni
que,
communi
cat
ion.

10.Pl
anni
ng.

Pl
anni
ngi
sthepr
ocessofdet
ermi
ningandut
il
izi
ngr
esour
cesi
nani
ntegr
ated

manner
,whi
chi
sexpect
edt
osuppor
ttheact
ivi
ti
esandef
for
tscar
ri
edoutef
fi
cient
ly

andef
fect
ivel
yinachi
evi
nggoal
s.I
nthi
scase,Gaf
farasser
tedt
hatpl
anni
ngcanbe

i
nter
pret
edast
hepr
ocessofpr
epar
ingv
ari
ousdeci
sionst
hatwi
l
lbecar
ri
edouti
nthe
f
utur
etoachi
evet
hespeci
fi
edgoal
s.Pl
anni
ngcont
ains6poi
nts,
namel
y:

1.Pl
anni
ngi
nvol
vest
hepr
ocessofdet
ermi
ningt
hedesi
redf
utur
est
ate.

2.Thedesi
redf
utur
est
atei
sthencompar
edt
othepr
esentst
ate,
sot
hatt
hegapcanbe

seen.

3.Tocl
oset
hegap,
eff
ort
sneedt
obemade.

4.Ef
for
tsmadet
ocl
oset
hegapcanbedi
ver
seandar
epossi
bleal
ter
nat
ives.

5.Sel
ect
ionoft
hebestal
ter
nat
ivei
nthesenseofhav
ingt
hehi
ghestef
fect
iveness

needst
obedone.

6.Theal
ter
nat
ivechosenmustbespeci
fi
edsot
hati
tcanbecomeagui
dei
nmaki
ng

deci
sionsi
fitwi
l
lbei
mpl
ement
ed.

Met
hodsf
orconcl
udi
ngcl
ass:

Summar
izet
hei
nfor
mat
ionj
ustcov
eredi
nthecl
assi
nyourownwor
ds.Expl
ain

howt
hel
essonbui
l
dsonpr
evi
ousl
essonsandconnect
stot
heupcomi
ngassi
gnment
.

Hav
est
udent
sconcl
udebysummar
izi
ngori
nter
pret
ingt
hesi
gni
fi
canceoft
hel
esson.

Whatdi
dtheyl
ear
n?,Howwi
l
litr
elat
etot
hei
rassi
gnment
?.Askst
udent
stodoabr
ief

"
Wri
teToLear
n"act
ivi
tyr
efl
ect
ingononet
hingt
heycant
akef
rom t
oday
'scl
assand

appl
ytot
hei
rwr
it
ing.