KENYATTAUNI

VERSI
TY

KENYATTAUNI
VERSI
TY
DI
GITALSCHOOLOFVI
RTUALANDOPENLEARNI
NG

DEPARTMENTOFEDUCATI
ONALMANAGEMENT,
POLI
CYANDCURRI
CULUM STUDI
ES

EMP211CURRI
CULUM ANDI
NNOVATI
ONSTUDI
ES
WRI
TTENBY:
Dr.Ephant
usM Kaugi

VETTEDBY:
Li
censed undera Cr eat
ive Commons At
tri
but
ion-
Non Commer
cial
-Shar
e Al
i
ke 4.
0
I
nter
nati
onalLicense

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Wel
comet
oCur
ri
cul
um andI
nnov
ati
onSt
udi
esonl
i
nebl
endedmodul
e.Thi
sisan
i
nter
act
ivei
nst
ruct
ionalmodul
ethatusesbot
hact
ionandcol
l
abor
ati
vel
ear
ning
st
yles t
hatpr
ovi
de y
ou wi
th di
ver
se onl
i
ne l
ear
ning exper
iences and ef
fect
ive
l
ear
ningpr
ocesses.Thepur
poseoft
hismodul
eist
otakey
out
hroughacour
sei
n
Cur
ri
cul
um Dev
elopmentt
hatwi
l
lequi
pyouwi
thbasi
cknowl
edge,ski
l
ls,at
ti
tudes
andv
aluest
omakey
ouf
unct
ionasat
eacherand/
orcur
ri
cul
um dev
eloper
.

The modul
e st
art
s byl
ooki
ng atcur
ri
cul
um cont
ext
.Her
e basi
c concept
sin
cur
ri
cul
um ar
edef
ined,basi
ccur
ri
cul
um quest
ionsar
eexpl
ainedandel
ement
sof
cur
ri
cul
um ar
edi
scussed.Al
socov
eredundercont
extar
edi
mensi
onsofschool
cur
ri
cul
um,ai
ms,goal
sandl
ear
ningout
comesandcur
ri
cul
um document
s.The

1
 modul
ethen l
ooks athi
stor
ical
,phi
l
osophi
cal
,psy
chol
ogi
cal
,soci
ologi
caland
pr
ofessi
onalf
oundat
ionsandt
hei
rinf
luencet
oourpr
esentdayschoolcur
ri
cul
um.
The modul
e goes f
urt
hert
o di
scuss cur
ri
cul
um desi
gn i
ncl
udi
ng model
s and
pat
ter
ns.Themodul
ethenexpl
ainst
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocessi
ncl
udi
ng
t
her
oleofv
ari
ousagenci
est
hatar
einv
olv
ed.

The modul
efur
therdi
scusses t
he cur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on st
rat
egi
es and
chal
l
engesand t
her
oleofv
ari
ousact
orsi
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
on pr
ocess.The
modul
eal
soexami
nest
eachereducat
ioni
nthecont
extoft
hecompet
encybased
cur
ri
cul
um.Themodul
egoesaheadt
olookatcur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ionandt
her
oleof
v
ari
ousagenci
esi
nev
aluat
ion.Fi
nal
l
ythemodul
elooksatcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons
and l
ooks at8-
4-4 and compet
ency based cur
ri
cul
um as r
ecentcur
ri
cul
um
i
nnov
ati
ons.
I
tisourhopet
haty
ouwi
l
lfi
ndt
hismodul
eexci
ti
ng,educat
ive,andengagi
ng.I
tis
al
sohopedt
hatt
hemodul
ewi
l
lst
imul
atesy
ourmi
ndandencour
agey
out
oappl
y
t
heknowl
edgeacqui
ret
ofunct
ionasmodelt
eacher
s/cur
ri
cul
um dev
eloper
sto
pr
omot
elear
ningi
nouri
nst
it
uti
onsandcount
ry.

CURRI
CULUM ANDI
NNOVATI
ONSTUDI
ESFLOW CHART
WEEK TOPI
C

WEEK0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON(
YOURCONTEXT,
YOURGOALS)

WEEK1: CURRI
CULUM CONTEXT

WEEK2: CURRI
CULUM CONTEXT

WEEK3: CURRI
CULUM FOUNDATI
ONS

WEEK4: CURRI
CULUM FOUNDATI
ONS

2
WEEK5: CURRI
CULUM DESI
GN

WEEK6: CURRI
CULUM DESI
GN

WEEK7: CURRI
CULUM DEVELOPMENTPROCESS

WEEK8: CURRI
CULUM DEVELOPMENTPROCESS

WEEK9: CURRI
CULUM I
MPLEMENTATI
ON

WEEK10: CURRI
CULUM EVALUATI
ON

WEEK11 CURRI
CULUM I
NNOVATI
ON

WEEK12&13 EXAMI
NATI
ONS

OVERVI
EW OFTHECOURSE

Week0:
Int
roduct
ion(
YourCont
ext
,YourGoal
s)

Thi
slessoni
sint
endedt
ohel
pyouaccl
i
mat
izet
obl
endedl
ear
ningandt
ocr
eat
ea
communi
tyofl
ear
ner
swhowi
l
lmot
ivat
eeachot
herdur
ingt
hecour
se. Youwi
l
lbe
r
equi
redt
oint
roducey
our
sel
ftoy
ourl
ect
urerandcol
l
eaguesei
therphy
sical
l
ydur
inga
f
acet
ofacesessi
onorev
enonl
i
nebef
oreot
heracademi
cint
eract
ionsst
art
.Itwi
l
lbe
i
mpor
tantt
oal
sost
atey
ourcont
extandgoal
saswel
laswhaty
out
hinkcur
ri
cul
um and
i
nnov
ati
ons.Youcanal
soshar
eanyexper
iencet
haty
oumayhav
eregar
dingcur
ri
cul
um
andi
nnov
ati
onst
udi
es.

Week1&2:
Cur
ri
cul
um cont
ext

I
nthi
sfi
rstl
esson,
basi
cconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um ar
edef
ined,
basi
ccur
ri
cul
um quest
ionsar
e

expl
ainedandel
ement
sofcur
ri
cul
um ar
edi
scussed.Al
socov
eredundercont
extar
e

di
mensi
onsofschool
cur
ri
cul
um,
aims,
goal
sandl
ear
ningout
comesandcur
ri
cul
um document
s.

Thi
slessonl
aysf
oundat
ionf
ort
hel
ear
ner
sandpr
epar
est
hem t
obet
terengagei
nthe

r
estoft
hemodul
e

3
Week3&4:
Foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um
I
n t
his l
esson, we di
scuss hi
stor
ical f
oundat
ions, phi
l
osophi
cal f
oundat
ions,
psy
chol
ogi
calf
oundat
ions,soci
ologi
calf
oundat
ionsandpr
ofessi
onalf
oundat
ionsof
cur
ri
cul
um andhoweachhasi
nfl
uencedourschool
cur
ri
cul
um.

Week5&6:
Cur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn

Thisl
essonfocussesonwhatiscur
ri
cul
um desi
gn,modelsofcurri
culum desi
gn,
sel
ecti
onandor gani
zat
ionofcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
,patt
ernsofcurr
iculum desi
gnand
fi
nall
yKICDdesigns

Week7&8:
Cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess

Thislessondeal swit
ht heprocessofdevelopi
ngcurr
iculum.I
nthelessonwego
thr
ougheachst ageofdev el
opingcurr
icul
um.Wet henlookatthest
r uct
ureandr
oleof
KICDi ncur
ricul
um dev elopment.Wealsolookattheroleofot
heragenciesi
nvol
vedin
curr
iculum development .

Week9:
Cur
ri
cul
um I
mpl
ement
ati
on

I
nthi
slesson,y
ouwi
l
llear
naboutt
hest
rat
egi
esf
orcur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on.You
al
sol
ookatt
her
oleofv
ari
ousper
sons,
inst
it
uti
onsandagenci
esi
nvol
vedi
ncur
ri
cul
um
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.Youwi
l
lal
soexami
net
eachereducat
ioni
nKeny
a.Fi
nal
l
yyouwi
l
llook
att
hechal
l
engest
hatf
acecur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on.

Week10:
Cur
ri
cul
um Ev
aluat
ion

Thi
slessoni
sthel
astst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess.Wel
ookatt
he
basi
c concept
s used i
n ev
aluat
ion,and t
hen di
scuss t
he r
ole off
ormat
ive and
summat
iveev
aluat
ion.Wet
henl
ookatt
hepr
inci
plest
hatgui
dei
nst
ruct
ionalev
aluat
ion.
Fi
nal
l
ywedi
scusst
heev
aluat
ionact
ivi
ti
esateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
pr
ocess

Week11:
Cur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons

Thi
slessoni
sext
remel
yimpor
tantasi
tint
roducest
hei
deaofchangeandi
nnov
ati
ons
whoseunder
standi
ngi
scr
it
icalt
oat
eacherast
her
eisal
way
sneedf
orchangeand

4
i
nnov
ati
onst
oaddr
esst
hei
ssuesofr
elev
ancei
nthecur
ri
cul
um.Wel
ookatt
het
ypesof
cur
ri
cul
um change,model
sofcur
ri
cul
um changeandhowt
ojudgeagoodi
nnov
ati
on.
Weal
sol
ookatt
hechal
l
engest
hatf
acecur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons.Wef
ini
sht
hel
essonby
l
ooki
ngat8-
4-4andCBCassomeexampl
esofr
ecentcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a.

Week12&13:
Exami
nat
ion

Thesetwoweeksbringt
oget
hertheworkyouhav
ebeendoingt
oanend.Thiscourse
uni
twillbeexami
nedandwil
lpar
ti
all
ycont
ri
but
etotheawar
dofthedegr
eeofbachel
or
ofeducati
on.

MODULELEARNI
NGOUTCOMES

Byt
heendoft
hiscour
se,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
1.
1 Explain common concept s,pr inciples and t er
ms as appl ied t
ot he fi
eld of
curri
culum andI nnovationSt udies.
1.
2 Apply knowl edge ofhi stori
cal,phi l
osophi cal,psy chol ogicaland soci ologi
cal
foundationsinCur r
iculum dev elopmentandi nnov at
ion.
1.
3 Evaluatecurriculum exper i
encesandpr acticesgl oball
yandi nKeny a
1.
4 Evaluatecur riculum dev el
opmenti nv ari
ouscont extswi th an emphasi zeon
compet encybasedcur ri
cul um
1.
5 Assesst herol eoft eacher sandot herst akehol dersi ncur ri
culum dev el
opment
andi mplement ati
onwi thpar ti
cularr eferencet ocompet encybasedcur r
iculum
1.
6 Evaluater ecentcur r
iculum i nnov at i
ons and t heiri nfluence on cur r
icul
um
developmenti nKeny a
1.
7 Discusscur ri
cul um evaluat i
onint hecont extofcompet encybasedcur ri
culum
1.
8 Appl yt heknowl edge,skill
sat titudesandv aluesacqui redt opl an,implement
andev aluatetheschool curri
culum especi all
yint heirindivi
dual subjectareas.

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON
Thi
sisacommoncour
seuni
tforal
lst
udent
staki
ngaBachel
orofEducat
iondegr
ee.
Ther
ati
onal
eforof
fer
ingt
hecour
sei
stoequi
pst
udent
swi
thnecessar
yknowl
edge,
ski
l
ls,
val
uesandat
ti
tudesi
nthear
eaofcur
ri
cul
um andi
nnov
ati
onst
hati
scr
it
icalt
o
any
onej
oini
ngt
eachi
ngpr
ofessi
on.Thi
scommonuni
torcour
sei
stakeni
nthe
secondy
earofst
udyandhasnopr
erequi
sit
euni
t.Thecour
sest
art
sbyl
ooki
ngat

5
t
hecont
extofcur
ri
cul
um,
thendi
scussest
hev
ari
ousf
oundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um and
howeachhasi
nfl
uencedourpr
esentschoolcur
ri
cul
um.Thecour
sest
hendi
scuses
cur
ri
cul
um desi
gn,cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocessandt
hencur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ion.
Thecour
seendsbydi
scussi
ngcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons.Thecour
sewi
l
ltakey
ou39
i
nst
ruct
ionalhour
ssomeofwhi
chwi
l
lbecov
eredf
acet
ofaceandot
her
sinonl
i
ne
act
ivi
ti
es.Youwi
l
lther
efor
eber
equi
redt
osetasi
deabout5hour
sperl
essont
o
compl
etet
hiscour
sesuccessf
ull
y.

COURSEREQUIREMENTS
Thi
sisabl
endedl
ear
ningcour
sethatwi
l
lutil
i
zethef
lexmodel
.Thi
smeanst
hat
l
ear
ningmat
eri
alsandi
nst
ruct
ionswi
l
lbegi
venonl
i
neandt
hel
essonswi
l
lbesel
f-
gui
dedwi
tht
hel
ect
urerbei
ngav
ail
abl
ebr
ief
lyf
orf
acet
ofacesessi
onsandsuppor
t
andal
soon-
sit
e(onl
i
ne)mostoft
het
ime.Yourl
ect
urerwi
l
lbemeet
ingy
ouf
acet
o
f
acet
oint
roduceal
essonandputi
tint
oper
spect
iveandy
ouwi
l
lact
ivel
ypar
ti
cipat
e
i
nyoursear
chf
orknowl
edgebyunder
taki
ngsev
eralonl
i
neact
ivi
ti
es.Thi
smeans
t
hatsomeoft
he39i
nst
ruct
ionalhour
soft
hecour
sewi
l
lbedel
i
ver
edf
acet
oface
whi
l
e ot
herl
essons wi
l
lbe t
aughtonl
i
ne t
hrough v
ari
ous l
ear
nerand l
ect
urer
act
ivi
ti
es.I
tisi
mpor
tantf
ory
out
onot
ethatonei
nst
ruct
ionalhouri
sequi
val
entt
o
t
woonl
i
nehour
s.Thr
eei
nst
ruct
ionalhour
swi
l
lbeneededperweek.Outoft
hese,
onewi
l
lbeusedf
orf
acet
ofacecont
actwi
thy
ourl
ect
urer(
alsor
efer
redase-
moder
atori
ntheonl
i
neact
ivi
ti
es)whi
l
etheot
hert
woi
nst
ruct
ionalhour
s(t
ransl
ati
ng
t
ofouronl
i
nehour
s)wi
l
lbeusedf
oronl
i
neact
ivi
ti
esot
her
wiser
efer
redt
oase-
t
ivi
ti
esi
nthel
essons.Thi
swi
l
laddupt
othe5hour
srequi
rementperl
essonear
li
er
ment
ioned.Ther
ear
e27onl
i
neact
ivi
ti
eseacht
aki
ngatl
eastt
wohour
sandt
otal
i
ng
t
o54onl
i
nehour
s.Youar
eadv
isedt
ofol
l
owt
het
opi
cfl
ow-
char
tgi
vensot
haty
ou
cov
eratl
eastal
essonev
eryweek.

Youwi
l
lber
equi
redt
opar
ti
cipat
eandi
nter
actonl
i
newi
thy
ourpeer
sandt
hee-
moder
atorwhoi
nthi
scasei
syourl
ect
urer
.Gui
del
i
nesf
ort
heonl
i
neact
ivi
ti
es(
whi
ch
weshal
lkeepr
efer
ri
ngt
oase-
ti
vi
ti
es)wi
l
lbepr
ovi
dedwhenev
ert
her
eisane-
ti
vi
ty.
Pl
easenot
ethatsi
ncet
heonl
i
nee-
ti
vi
ti
esar
epar
toft
hel
ear
ningpr
ocess,
theymay

6
 begr
adedatt
hedi
scr
eti
onofy
oure-
moder
ator
.Suchgr
adi
ngwi
l
lhowev
erbe
communi
cat
edi
nthee-
ti
vi
tygui
del
i
nesandf
eedbackgi
venassoonaspossi
bleaf
ter
t
hee-
ti
vi
ty.Thee-
ti
vi
ti
eswi
l
lincl
udebutwi
l
lnotbel
i
mit
edt
oonl
i
neassessment
qui
zzes,assi
gnment
sanddi
scussi
ons.Ther
ear
eal
soassessmentquest
ionst
hat
y
oucanat
temptatt
heendofev
eryl
essont
otesty
ourunder
standi
ngoft
hel
esson.
Theanswer
stoal
ltheassessmentquest
ionsar
eatt
heendoft
hemodul
eaf
ter
l
esson10.Al
lther
esour
cet
hathav
ebeenusedi
nthi
smodul
einf
orm ofbooksar
e
av
ail
abl
eundert
her
esour
cessect
ionaf
tert
heanswer
stot
hequest
ions.

ASSESSMENT
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
o not
ethatt
he modul
e has embedded cer
tai
nlear
nerf
ormat
ive
assessmentf
eedbackt
ool
sthatwi
l
lenabl
eyougaugey
our
ownl
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.The
t
ool
sincl
udeonl
i
necol
l
abor
ati
vedi
scussi
onsf
orumst
hatf
ocusont
eam l
ear
ningand
per
sonalmast
ery and wi
l
lther
efor
e pr
ovi
de y
ou wi
th peer f
eedback,l
ect
urer
assessmentand sel
f-r
efl
ect
ion. You wi
l
lal
so be r
equi
red t
o do one maj
or
assi
gnment
/pr
ojectt
hati
smeantt
oassesst
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
heski
l
lsandknowl
edge
gai
neddur
ingt
hecour
se.Thepr
ojectscor
eincombi
nat
ionwi
thscor
esf
ore-
ti
vi
ti
es
(
wher
egr
aded)wi
l
laccountf
or30%ofy
ourf
inalexami
nat
ionscor
ewi
tht
her
emai
ning
70%comi
ngf
rom af
acet
ofacesi
t-
inf
inalwr
it
tenexami
nat
iont
hatwi
l
lbegui
dedby
y
ouruni
ver
sit
yexami
nat
ionpol
i
cyandpr
ocedur
es.

Wewi
shy
out
hev
erybestofexper
iencesi
nthi
scour
se.

7
 I
ntr
oduct
ion1

Cur
ri
cul
um andI
nnov
ati
onSt
udi
esFl
owChar
t2
Ov
erv
iewoft
heCour
se3

Modul
eLear
ningOut
comes5

Cour
seRequi
rement
s6
ASSESSMENT……………………………………………………………………………………7
1.
0LESSONONE: CURRICULUM CONTEXT……………………………………………10
1.
2Int
roduct
ion…………………………………………………………………………………10
1.
2LessonLearni
ngOutcomes………………………………………………………………..
10
1.
2.1E-
ti
vi
ty1.
2.1Def
ini
ti
onsofbasi
cconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um…………………………….
.11

1.
2.2E-t
ivi
ty1.
2.2BasicCurri
cul
um Questi
onsandelementsofcurr
icul
um………….
.…12
1.
2.3 E-t
ivi
ty1.
2.3DimensionsoftheSchoolCur
ri
culum………………………………. 13
1.
2.4 E-t
ivi
ty1.
2.4Educati
onalAims,Goal
sandObjecti
vesandlear
ningout
comes……15

1.
2.5 E-
ti
vit
y1.2.
5Curricul
um document
s……………………………………………..
.16
1.
2.6 Assessmentquesti
ons…………………………………………………….………17

Ref
erences………………………………………………………………….
.……18

2.
1LESSONTWO:
FOUNDATI
ONSOFCURRI
CULUM …………………………….
18

2.
1Int
roduct
ion…………………………………………………………………….
.……18

2.
2lessonl
ear
ningout
comes…………………………………………………………….
19

2.
2.1E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.1Hi
stor
ical
Foundat
ions……………………………………………19
2.
2.2 E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.2Phi
l
osophi
cal
Foundat
ions………………………………………20

2.
2.3E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.3Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
…………21

2.
2.4E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.4Soci
ologi
cal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um………………………….
23

2.
2.5E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.5Pr
ofessi
onal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um………………………….
24

2.
2.6 AssessmentQuest
ions……………………………………………………….
..
25

Ref
erences………………………………………………………………….
…26

3.
0LessonThr
ee:
Cur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn…………………………………………….
.…26

8
 3.
1Int
roduct
ion………………………………………………………………26

3.
2LessonLear
ningout
comes……………………………………………….
27

3.
2.1E-t
ivi
ty3.
2.1TheconceptCur
ri
cul
um desi
gn………………………….
27E-
ti
vi
ty3.
2.2
ModelsofCurr
icul
um Desi
gn………………………………. .
28

3.
2.2 E-Ti
vi
ty3.
2.3Crit
eri
aforsel
ecti
ngl
earni
ngexperi
ences…………………29
3.
2.4E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.4Pr
inci
plesforOr
gani
zingCur
ri
culum Cont
ent…………………….
30

3.
2.5E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.5Pat
ter
nsofCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn………………………………….
…31

3.
2.6 E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.6KI
CDCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gns…………………………………….
.33

3.
2.7AssessmentQuest
ions…………………………………………………………….
.34

Ref
erences…………………………………………………………………….
..
34

4,
0lessonf
our
:Cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentPr
ocess…………………………………….
35

4.
1Int
roduct
ion………………………………………………………………….
.……35

4.
2 Lessonl
ear
ningOut
comes……………………………………………………….
.35

4.
2.1 E-Ti
vi
ty4.
2.1 Meani
ng ofcur
ri
cul
um devel
opmentand st
agesofcur
ri
cul
um
devel
opmentpr
ocess……………………………………………………………35

4.
2.2 E- Ti
vity 4.
2.2the st
ruct
ure and funct
ions ofKeny aInst
it
ute ofCurr
icul
um
development ……………………………………………………………………………. 37
4.
2.3E- Tiv
ity4.2.
3Agenci
esandinsti
tut
ionsinvol
vedinCurr
icul
um Devel
opmentand
I
mpl ement ati
on…………………………………………………………………………. 38

4.
2.4 AssessmentQuesti
ons……………………………………………………….….
39
Refer
ences……………………………………………………………………. .40
5.1LessonFiv
e:Curr
icul
mImplement
ati
on……………………………………….
40

5.
2Int
roduct
ion…………………………………………………………………….
.40

5.
3Lessonl
ear
ningout
comes……………………………………………….
…….
40

5.2.
1E-Tiv
ity5.
2.1Def
ini
ti
onofcur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ementat
ionandst
rategi
est
o
curr
icul
um impl
ementati
on……………………………………………………………………. .
41

5.
2.2E-
Tiv
ity5.
2.2Rol
eofVar
iousAgenci
esi
nCurr
icul
um I
mpl
ementat
ion……….
.42
5.
2.3E-
Tiv
ity5.
2.3TEACHEREDUCATIONINKENYA……………………….
….43

5.
2.4 E-
Tiv
ity5.
2.4Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um I
mpl
ement
ati
on……………………45
5.
2.5 AssessmentQuest
ions…………………………………………………….
.….
46
9
 Ref
erences…………………………………………………………………….
47

6.
0LessonSi
s:Cur
ri
cul
um Ev
aluat
ion……………………………………………….
47

6.
1int
roduct
ion……………………………………………………………………….
.47

6.
2Lessonl
ear
ningOut
comes………………………………………….
…………….
.48

6.
2.1E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.1Def
ini
ti
onofKeyconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ion……….
48

6.
2.2E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.2Rol
eofFor
mat
iveEv
aluat
ion(
Assessmentf
orLear
ning,
Assessment
asLear
ning)andSummat
iveEv
aluat
ion(
AssessmentofLear
ning)
……………….
49

6.
2.3E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.3Pr
inci
plesofI
nst
ruct
ional
Eval
uat
ion…………………….
.51

6.
2.4E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.4Ev
aluat
ionact
ivi
ti
esateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
pr
ocess…………………………………………………………………………52

6.
2.5 AssessmentQuest
ions………………………………………………….
53

Ref
erences…………………………………………………………….
.54

7.
0Lessonsev
en:
Cur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on…………………………………….
.54

7.
1Int
roduct
ion…………………………………………………………….
….54

7.
2LessonLear
ningout
comes…………………………………………….
.…54

7.
2.1 E-
Tiv
ity7.
2.1WhyCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons/
Change…………………55

7.
2.2E-
Tiv
ity7.
2.2Model
sofCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons…………………….
..
56

7.
2.3.
E-Ti
vi
ty7.
2.3Cr
it
eri
aforCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on…………………….
57

7.
2.4E-
ti
vi
ty7.
2.4Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons………………….
.58

7.
2.5E-
Tiv
ity7.
2.5Recentcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a……………….60

7.
2.6AssessmentQuest
ions………………………………………………….
.61

Ref
erences……………………………………………………………….
..…62

10
1.
0LESSONONE:
CURRI
CULUM CONTEXT

1.
1Int
roduct
ion

I
nthi
slesson,wewi
l
ldef
inekeyconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
,expl
ainbasi
c
cur
ri
cul
um quest
ions,i
dent
if
yel
ement
soft
heschoolcur
ri
cul
um,anddescr
ibet
he
di
mensi
onsoft
heschoolcur
ri
cul
um.Fur
therweshal
lident
if
ythemai
ncur
ri
cul
um
document
s and di
scuss t
he ai
ms,goal
s,obj
ect
ives ofeducat
ion and l
ear
ning
out
comes.

1.
2LessonLear
ningOut
comes

Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
1.
2.1 Expl
aint
het
ermscur
ri
cul
um,
educat
ion,
compet
ency
-basedcur
ri
cul
um
1.
2.2 Di
scusst
hecur
ri
cul
um quest
ionsadv
ancedbyRal
phTy
ler(
1949)
1.
2.3 Descr
ibet
heel
ement
sofschool
cur
ri
cul
um
1.
2.4 Di
ff
erent
iat
ethev
ari
ousdi
mensi
onsoft
heschool
cur
ri
cul
um
1.
2.5 Expl
aint
her
oleofgoal
sandl
ear
ningout
comesi
ncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
1.
2.6 Di
scusst
hekeycur
ri
cul
um document
sfoeef
fect
ivecur
ri
cul
um del
i
ver
y

1.
2.1E-
ti
vi
ty1.
2.1Def
ini
ti
onsofbasi
cconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um

Number
ing, paci
ng and 1.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Defi
nit
ionsofEducat
ion,
Cur
ri
cul
um andcompet
ency
-
basedcurri
cul
um

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
oexpl
ain
t
hef
undament
alconcept
sofeducat
ionandcur
ri
cul
um

11
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadDef
ini
ti
onsofbasi
cconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um
Wat
chv
ideoonCompet
encyBasedCur
ri
cul
um (
CBC)

Spar
k Compet
ency
-BasedCur
ri
cul
um:
APARADI
GM
SHI
FT

KnowledgeBased Compet
ence
Based

I
ndi
vi
dual
task a)Usi
ngbull
etpoi
nts,outl
inethe
commonali
ti
es/si
milar
it
iesfrom t
hedef
ini
ti
onsof
cur
ri
cul
um

b)Explainthedif
ferencebetweeneducat
ionand
cur
riculum andsavei ti
naportfol
i
othatcanbeaccessed
byyourf aci
li
tat
orifrequir
ed.

c)expl
ainmeani
ngofcompet
encybasededucat
ion

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a)Postt
wot
hemest
hatar
ecommoni
nthedef
ini
ti
onof
cur
ri
cul
um
b)Postdef
ini
ti
oneducat
ion
c) Postmeani
ngofcompet
encybasededucat
ion
d)Pr
ovi
de posi
ti
ve and const
ruct
ivef
eedback on t
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iews and i
deas.Do t
his on t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 1.
2.1
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions 1 Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
2 St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
3 Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
4 Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Basi
cCur
ri
cul
um Quest
ions

12
1.
2.2E-
ti
vi
ty1.
2.2Basi
cCur
ri
cul
um Quest
ionsandel
ement
sofcur
ri
cul
um

1.
2.2
Number
ing, paci
ng and
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e 1.
2.2Basi
cCur
ri
cul
um Quest
ions
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
oexpl
ain
Ty
ler
’sr
ati
onal
eforcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadE- ti
vi
ty1.
2.2Basi
cCurriculum Quest
ionsand
element
sofcur r
i um and An
cul aly
zet heTy ler
’s
fourquest i
onsoncurricul
um dev elopment
Spar
k

Whatar
ethecomponent
s/par
ts/
element
sofaschool
cur
ri
cul
um?
I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,
out
li
ne

a)t
hesour
cesofcur
ri
cul
um obj
ect
ives

b)el
ement
sofschool
cur
ri
cul
um

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a)Postt
hreesour
cesofcur
ri
cul
um obj
ect
ives
b)Postf
ourel
ement
soft
heschool
cur
ri
cul
um
c) Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 1.
2.2
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions 1. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
2. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
3. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
4. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty

13
 Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Di
mensi
onsoft
heSchool
Cur
ri
cul
um

1.
2.3E-
ti
vi
ty1.
2.3Di
mensi
onsoft
heSchool
Cur
ri
cul
um

1.
2.3
Number
ing, paci
ng and
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Di
mensi
onsoft
heSchool
Cur
ri
cul
um
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
t
hedi
mensi
onsofschool
cur
ri
cul
um
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Read E-
ti
vi
ty 1.
2.3 Di
mensi
ons of t
he School
Cur
ri
cul
um
Anal
yze
a)For
mal
dimensi
on
b)Non-
for
mal
dimensi
on
c) I
nfor
mal
dimensi
on
Spar
k

I
sacur
ri
cul
um l
i
mit
edt
ocl
assr
oom andschool
onl
y?
I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,
out
li
ne

a)t
het
hreedi
mensi
onsofschool
cur
ri
cul
um

b)charact
eri
sti
csofeachdi
mensi
onofschool
curr
icul
um

c) whatar
ethev
ari
ousaspect
sofacur
ri
cul
um?

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a)Postt
hreedi
mensi
onsofcur
ri
cul
um
b)Postatt
wochar
act
eri
sti
csofeachdi
mensi
onof
t
hecur
ri
cul
um
c) St
atet
het
hreeaspect
sofeachoft
hedi
mensi
ons
oft
hecur
ri
cul
um
d)Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he

14
 t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 1.
2.3
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions 5. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
6. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
7. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
8. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Educat
ionalAi
ms,Goal
s and Obj
ect
ives and l
ear
ning
out
comes

1.
2.4 E-
ti
vi
ty1.
2.4Educat
ional
Aims,
Goal
sandObj
ect
ivesandl
ear
ningout
comes

1.
2.4
Number
ing, paci
ng and
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Educat
ional
Aims,
Goal
sandObj
ect
ives
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
oexpl
ain
Educat
ional
Aims,
Goal
sandObj
ect
ives
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Read E-
ti
vi
ty 1.
2.4 Educat
ionalAi
ms,Goal
s and
Obj
ect
ivesandl
ear
ningout
comesand

a)Expl
ain Ai
ms,Goal
s, Obj
ect
ives and l
ear
ning
out
comes
b)Di
ff
erent
iat
e educat
ional and i
nst
ruct
ional
obj
ect
ivesandl
ear
ningout
comes
c) Rel
atenat
ionalgoal
sofeducat
iont
ocur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment
Spar
k

Whati
sthedif
fer
encebet
ween
obj
ect
ivesandLear
ningout
comes

15
 I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a)Expl
aint
heter
msai
ms,
goal
s,obj
ect
ivesand
l
earni
ngout
comes

b)Dif
ferent
iat
ebet
weenobj
ect
ivesandl
ear
ning
outcomes

c) Expl
ainwhyobj
ecti
ves/
lear
ningout
comesar
e
i
mportantt
oateacher

d)I
nwhatway
sdoestheschoolcur
ri
culum at
tempt
t
oachi
evet
henat
ional
goalsofeducati
on

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a)Post t
he meani
ng of t
he t
erms ai
ms,goal
s,
obj
ect
ivesandl
ear
ningout
comes
b)Post t
he di
ff
erence bet
ween obj
ect
ives and
l
ear
ningout
comes
c) Show t
wo way
sin whi
ch t
heschoolcur
ri
cul
um
t
ri
est
oachi
eveanyt
wonamednat
ionalgoal
sof
educat
ion
e) Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 1.
2.4
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions 2 Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
3 St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
4 Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
5 Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Cur
ri
cul
um document
s

1.
2.5E-
ti
vi
ty1.
2.5Cur
ri
cul
um document
s

1.
2.5
Number
ing, paci
ng and
sequenci
ng

16
Ti
tl
e Cur
ri
cul
um document
s
Pur
pose The pur
pose of t
his e-
ti
vi
tyi
s t
o di
scuss t
he
document
sthet
eacherr
equi
ret
oef
fect
ivel
ydel
i
vera
cur
ri
cul
um
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask a.St
ate t
he mai
n char
act
eri
sti
cs of t
he key
cur
ri
cul
um document
sat
eacherneedf
oref
fect
ive
cur
ri
cul
um del
i
ver
y
b.Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceofeachoft
hei
dent
if
ied
cur
ri
cul
um documenti
n(a)abov
e
Spar
k

Whatist
hedi
ff
erencebet
weena
sy
ll
abusandaschemeofwork?
I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.I
dent
if
ythemaincurri
cul
um documentsat
eacher
r
equi
reforef
fect
ivecur
ri
cul
um del
iver
y

b.Stat
ethemaincharact
eri
sti
csofkeycur
ri
cul
um
document
sident
ifi
edin(a)abov
e

c. Expl
aintheimport
anceofeachofthei
dent
if
ied
curr
icul
um documenti
n(a)above

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a.Postt
hemai
n char
act
eri
sti
csofkeycur
ri
cul
um
document
s
b.Postt
he i
mpor
tance ofeach oft
he i
dent
if
ied
cur
ri
cul
um document
sin(
a)abov
e.
c. Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 1.
2.5
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions 1 Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
2 St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
3 Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.

17
 4 Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty

Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Assessmentquest
ions

1.
2.6 Assessmentquest
ions

1.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
ermsandeducat
ioncur
ri
cul
um?
2.WhyRal
phTy
leri
scal
l
edt
hef
atherofmoder
ndaycur
ri
cul
um?
3.Whatar
etheel
ement
sofacur
ri
cul
um desi
gn?
4.Whydocur
ri
cul
um exper
tspr
efert
heuseoft
het
erm co-
cur
ri
cul
aract
ivi
ti
est
o
ext
ra-
cur
ri
cul
aract
ivi
ti
es?
5.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
ermsobj
ect
iveandl
ear
ningout
come?
6.Whyshoul
dteacher
spr
epar
eal
essonpl
an?
Answer
s
1. Wher
easeducat
ionr
efer
stoapr
ocesst
hati
scont
inuousandl
i
fel
ongt
het
erm
cur
ri
cul
um r
efer
stot
hepl
anort
hedocumentt
hatcont
ainst
hepl
anf
ordel
i
ver
ing
educat
ion
2. Ral
phTy
ler(
1949)dev
elopedar
ati
onal
eorconcept
ualf
ramewor
kthatgui
det
he
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentandassessmentt
hati
sinuseuppr
esentday
3. El
ement
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gnar
e:
 obj
ect
ives/
lear
ningout
comes
 l
ear
ningexper
iences
 ev
aluat
ion
4. Thet
erm co-
cur
ri
cul
aract
ivi
ti
esar
eusedt
oshowt
hatt
heact
ivi
ti
esar
ecent
ralt
o
t
her
eal
i
zat
ionoft
hecur
ri
cul
um obj
ect
ivest
hought
heymaynotbecar
ri
edout
dur
ingcl
assi
nst
ruct
ion.Ont
heot
herhandext
ra-
cur
ri
cul
aract
ivi
ti
essuggestt
hat
t
heact
ivi
ti
esar
eext
ernalt
othecur
ri
cul
um andt
hisconnot
ati
onmayi
mpl
ythat
car
ryi
ngoutoft
heact
ivi
ti
esmaynotbecent
ralt
otheachi
evementofcur
ri
cul
um
obj
ect
ives
5. Obj
ect
ivesr
efer
stot
hest
atementofi
ntentwher
easl
ear
ningout
comesr
efert
o
18
 t
her
esul
ts
6. Lessonpl
anni
ngi
simpor
tantbecausei
thel
pst
het
eachert
othi
nkt
hrought
he
obj
ect
ive/
lear
ning out
come, sel
ect t
he appr
opr
iat
e cont
ent
, l
ear
ning
act
ivi
ty/
exper
ience,l
ear
ningr
esour
cesandassessmentwel
lbef
oret
heact
ual
l
essondel
i
ver
y.

Ref
erences
Bi
shop,
G.( .Cur
1985) r
icul
um Devel
opment
:AText
bookf
orSt
udent
s,London:
McMil
l
anPubli
shers.
Bur
ke,
J.(
Ed.
).( .Compet
2005) encybasededucat
ionandt
rai
ning.Rout
ledge.
KenyaI nstit
ute of Cur r
iculum Dev el
opment ,(2017) Basic Educati
on Cur r
iculum
Framewor k.
Olouch,G.P.(1982).Essent i
alofCur ri
culum Dev el
opment ,
Nai r
obi:El
imuPublishers
Lt
d.
Shiundu,J.S.andOmul ando, S.J.(1992).Cur r
icul
um:Theor yandPract
iceinKeny a
Nair
obi:OxfordUni versi
tyPr ess.
Tyler
,R.W.( 1949).BasicPrincipl
esof fcur r
icul
um andinstructi
on,Chi
cago:The
Uni
versi
tyofChi cagoPr ess.
KenyaInstit
uteofEducation( 2002).Republ i
cofKeny a,Mini
stryof
Educat i
on,ScienceandTechnol ogy:Secondaryeducati
on
Sy ll
abus.Nai robi
,Kenya.
Qui
st,
D.( .Pr
2000) imar
yteachi
ngmet
hods.Macmi
l
lanTeachi
ngHandbooks.

2.
0LESSONTWO:
FOUNDATI
ONSOFCURRI
CULUM

2.
1Int
roduct
ion

Thef
oundat
ionsofCur
ri
cul
um compr
iseofv
alues,t
radi
ti
ons,f
act
orsandf
orceswhi
ch
i
nfl
uencet
heki
nd,
quant
it
yandqual
i
tyoft
heexper
iencet
heschool
off
erst
oit
slear
ner
s.
I
nthi
slesson we l
ook athi
stor
ical
,phi
l
osophi
cal
,psy
chol
ogi
cal
,soci
ologi
caland
t
echnol
ogi
calf
oundat
ions ofcur
ri
cul
um and t
hei
rinf
luence and i
mpl
i
cat
ions t
o
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentandi
nnov
ati
on.

2.
2LessonLear
ningOut
comes
Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
2.
2.1 Di
scusshi
stor
ical
foundat
ionsandi
tsi
nfl
uenceoncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

19
 2.
2.2 Di
scuss phi
l
osophi
calf
oundat
ions and i
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ions f
or cur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment
2.
2.3 Di
scuss psy
chol
ogi
calf
oundat
ions and i
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ions f
or cur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment
2.
2.4 Di
scuss soci
ologi
cal f
oundat
ions and i
ts i
mpl
i
cat
ions f
or cur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment
2.
2.5 Di
scuss pr
ofessi
onal f
oundat
ions and i
ts i
mpl
i
cat
ions on cur
ri
cul
um
dev
bel
opment
2.
2.6 Di
scuss t
echnol
ogi
calf
oundat
ions and i
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ions f
or cur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment

2.
2.1E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.1Hi
stor
ical
Foundat
ions

Number
ing, paci
ng and 2.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Hi
stor
ical
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
oexpl
ain
t
he hi
stor
ical f
oundat
ions of cur
ri
cul
um and i
ts
i
nfl
uenceoncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadE-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.1Hi
stor
ical
Foundat
ionsand
a.Exami
net
hehi
stor
ical
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um.
b.Expl
aini
tsi
nfl
uencet
ocur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

Spar
k

Whatishi
storyandwhyisi
tnecessar
y
t
ost
udyt
hehi
stor
yofagivenphenomena?
I
ndi
vi
dual
task a.Usingbul
letpoi
nts,
exami net
hev ari
oushi
stor
ical
eventst
hathaveinf
luencedcurr
icul
um
devel
opmentinKeny a/
yourcountry

b.Whatmajorchangesinthecurr
icul
um canbe
at
tri
but
edtothesehistor
ical
events?

20
 I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a.Post f
our maj
or hi
stor
ical ev
ent
s t
hat hav
e
i
nfl
uencedcur
ri
cul
um i
nKeny
a/y
ourcount
ry
b.Postf
ourcur
ri
cul
um changesasar
esul
ttot
he
hi
stor
ical
event
sli
stedi
n(a)abov
e
c. Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 2.
2.1
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Phi
l
osophi
cal
foundat
ions

2.
2.2E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.2Phi
l
osophi
cal
Foundat
ions

Number
ing, paci
ng and 2.
2.2
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Phi
l
osophi
cal
Foundat
ions
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
oDi
scuss
t
hephi
l
osophi
calf
oundat
ionsandi
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
or
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadE-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.2Phi
l
osophi
cal
Foundat
ionsand
di
scusst
hev
ari
ousphi
l
osophi
cal
school
sthathav
e
i
nfor
medcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
:

a.Per
enni
ali
sm
b.Essent
ial
i
sm
c.Pr
ogr
essi
vi
sm
d.I
deal
i
sm
e.Real
i
sm
f
.pr
agmat
ism

21
 Spar
k

Whatisyourper
sonal
phi
l
osophy
?
Howhasi
tinf
lencedyourl
if
e
I
ndi
vi
dual
task a)Usi
ngbull
etpoint
s,out
li
nethemaininf
luencesof
anyt
hreephi
losophi
calschool
sonthecurri
culum

b)St
atet
hreet
heor
iesofsubj
ectmat
ter

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a.Post t
hree phi
l
osophi
cal school
s t
hat hav
e
i
nfl
uencedourcur
rentschool
cur
ri
cul
um
b.Postt
hreeway
sinwhi
chphi
l
osophi
calf
oundat
ion
i
nfl
uencet
hesel
ect
ionofcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
?
c. Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 2.
2.2
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Psy
chol
ogi
cal
foundat
ions

2.
2.3E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.3Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

Number
ing, paci
ng and 2.
2.3
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Foundat
ions
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
psy
chol
ogi
calf
oundat
ions and i
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ions f
or
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

22
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask
ReadE-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.3Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Foundat
ionsof
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

a.Expl
aint
hemeani
ngofpsy
chol
ogi
cal
foundat
ions
b.Exami
nev
ari
ouspsy
chol
ogi
calt
heor
ies(
behav
ior
al,
cogni
ti
veandhumani
sti
c)andt
hei
rimpl
i
cat
ionsf
or
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
Spar
k

Ihear,andIforget
Isee,andIremember
Ido,andIunder st
and
(Chi
neseprov erb)

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.bri
efl
ydescr
ibebehav
ior
al,
cogni
ti
veand
humanist
ict
heori
es

b.descri
bewaysthroughwhi
chbehavi
oral
,cogni
ti
ve
andhumanist
ictheori
esi
nfl
uencet
heschool
curr
icul
um

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns a.Posty
ourdescr
ipt
ionofbehav
ior
al,cogni
ti
veand
humani
sti
ctheor
ies
b.Postatl
eastt
wo i
mpl
i
cat
ions ofeach oft
he
t
heor
iest
othecur
ri
cul
um
c. Pr
ovi
deposi
ti
veandconst
ruct
ivef
eedbackont
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iewsand i
deas.Do t
hison t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 2.
2.3
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions 5 Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
6 St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
7 Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
8 Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour

23
 Next Soci
ologi
cal
Foundat
ions

2.
2.4E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.4Soci
ologi
cal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um

Number
ing, paci
ng and 2.
2.4
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Soci
ologi
cal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
soci
alf
oundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um andi
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ionst
o
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadE-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.4Soci
ologi
cal
foundat
ionsof
cur
ri
cul
um

Di
scusssoci
alf
oundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um

a.Expl
aint
hesoci
ologi
calper
spect
ivest
hati
nfl
uence
t
hef
unct
ionsandper
for
manceofi
nst
it
uti
ons
b.Exami
ne how soci
alf
oundat
ions i
nfl
uence t
he
cur
ri
cul
um
Wat
chv
ideoonsoci
ologi
cal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um
Spar
k

Ifwewantst udent
stobeabl etomeeti mport
ant
humani ssuesadequatel
y,thensuchissues
themselvesmustf or
mt hestuffofthe
curr
icul
um (Mwal i
muJul i
usNy erer
e.

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a)Describefunct
ional
ism,
confli
ctandsy
mbol
i
c
i
nteracti
onism per
spect
ives.

b)Discusscur
ri
cul
um desi
gni
nthecont
extofsoci
al
foundati
ons

c) Discussthemainsoci
alizi
ngagent
stot
hel
ear
ner
thatinf
luencet
hecurr
iculum

24
 I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Posty
our

a.Descript
ionoffuncti
onal
ism,conf
li
ctandsy
mbol
i
c
i
nteracti
onism per
specti
ves.

b.Discusscur
ri
cul
um desi
gni
nthecont
extofsoci
al
foundati
ons

c. Discussthemainsoci
alizi
ngagent
stot
hel
ear
ner
thatinf
luencet
hecurr
iculum

e) Pr
ovi
de posi
ti
ve and const
ruct
ivef
eedback on t
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iews and i
deas.Do t
his on t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 2.
2.4
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Pr
ofessi
onal
Foundat
ions

2.
2.5E-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.5Pr
ofessi
onal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um

Number
ing, paci
ng and 2.
2.5
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Pr
ofessi
onal
Foundat
ions
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
pr
ofessi
onal f
oundat
ions and i
ts i
mpl
i
cat
ions t
o
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

25
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadE-
ti
vi
ty2.
2.5Pr
ofessi
onal
foundat
ionsof
cur
ri
cul
um and

a.Di
scusspr
ofessi
onal
foundat
ionsofcur
ri
cul
um
b.Expl
ain t
he char
act
eri
sti
cs of a pr
ofessi
onal
t
eacher
c. Di
scusst
her
oleofat
eacherasaconsul
tant
d.Di
scusswhyt
eachi
ngi
sapr
ofessi
on
Spar
k

I
STEACHI
NGAPROFESSI
ON?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Descr
ibequal
i
tiesofapr
ofessi
onal
teacher

b.Gi
vecharact
eri
sti
cst
hatpr
ooft
hatt
eachi
ngi
sa
pr
ofessi
on

c. Rol
eofat
eacherasaconsul
tant

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Descr
ipt
ionofqual
i
tiesofapr
ofessi
onal
teacher

b.char
acteri
sti
cst
hatpr
ooft
hatt
eachi
ngi
sa
prof
ession

c. Roleofateacherasaconsult
antfunct
ionali
sm,
confl
i
ctandsy mboli
cint
eract
ioni
sm perspect
ives.

d.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 2.
2.5

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.

26
 c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty

Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next AssessmentQuest
ions

2.
2.6 AssessmentQuest
ions

1. Wit
huseofarelevantexampl
eshowhowhi
stor
ical
foundat
ionsi
nfl
uence
cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

2. Whichoft
hephil
osophi
calschool
shasheavil
yinf
luencet
heCompet
ency
basedcur
ri
cul
um?Givereason(s)f
oryouranswer

3. Gi
vet
wor easonswhygoodknowl
edgeofpsy
chol
ogi
cal
foundat
ionsi
s
i
mpor
tanttoat eacher

4. St
atet
wor
easonsf
orhav
ingcor
esubj
ect
sinacur
ri
cul
um

5. Descr
ibet
woar
gument
sfort
eachi
ngasapr
ofessi
on

Answer
s

1. Howhi
stor
ical
foundat
ionsi
nfl
uencecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

 Studyi
ngt hev ar
ioushist
ori
caleventscani
nfor
m decisionson
select
ionofcont ent,
teachi
ngmet hodsandassessmentmet hods.A
goodexampl eistheCBCwhi chhasbeenheavinginf
ormedbypast
educationalcommi ssi
ons,sessi
onalpaper
sandcur r
iculum
commi ttees

2. Progr
essivi
sm andpragmatism.Morer
elev
antcurri
cul
um,morefocuson
l
earner
si nt
erestsandneedsinter
msofchoiceofsubj
ect
s,pedagogyand
schoolgovernance

3. Sel
ecti
onofsuit
ablelear
ningexperi
ences,
organi
zat
ionofcur
ri
cul
um
cont
ent/l
ear
ningexperi
ences,choi
ceofassessmentmethods

4. Theyaddressfundament
al concer
nsinthesoci
etyforexamplenat
ional
unit
y,
heal
th,envi
ronmentet
c.providebasi
cknowledgethati
scrit
ical
formodern
dayli
vi
ngf orexampl
e,l
it
eracy,numeracyet
c

5. Teacher
shav
especi
ali
zedt
rai
ning,
teacher
shav
eapr
ofessi
onal
conductof

27
 conductet
c

Ref
erences

Armstrong,D.G.,
Henson,
K.T.
,&Sav
age,
T.V.( .Teachi
2009) ngt
oday
:Ani
ntr
oduct
ion
toeducati
on.Prenti
ceHal
l.

Bi
shop,
G.( .Cur
1985) ri
cul
um Dev
elopment
:AText
bookf
orSt
udent
s,London:

McMi l
lanPubl
ishers.
Bur
ke,
J.(
Ed.
).(
2005).Competencybasededucat
ionandt
rai
ning.Rout
ledge.
KenyaI nsti
tute of Cur
ricul
um Dev el
opment ,(2017) Basi
c Educati
on Curr
icul
um
Fr
amewor k.
Olouch,G.P.( .Essent
1982) i
alofCur
ri
culum Devel
opment,Nair
obi
:Eli
muPubl i
shers
Ltd.
Quist,
D.(2000).Pri
maryteachingmethods.Macmill
anTeachingHandbooks.

Shi
undu,
J.S.andOmulando,S.J.(1992).Curri
cul
um:Theor
yandPr
act
icei
nKeny
a
Nai
robi
:Oxfor
dUni versi
tyPress.
Tal
awar,M.
,&Kumar,T.P.( .Phi
2010) l
osophical&soci
ologi
calf
oundat
ionsofeducat
ion.Pr
oQuest
EbookCent
ral
htt
ps:
//ezpr
oxy .
ku.
ac.
ke:2158

Vashi
st,
R.P.( .Cur
2003) ri
cul
um Resear
ch.Commonweal
thPubl
i
sher
s.

3 LESSONTHREE:
CURRI
CULM DESI
GN

3.
1Int
roduct
ion

Inthislessonwepr esentmeani
ngofcurri
cul
um design,
modelsofcur
ri
cul
um
design,cri
ter
iaforselect
ionofl
ear
ningexper
iences,
patter
nsofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn
andKI CDcur r
icul
um designs

3.
2LessonLear
ningout
comes

Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

3.
2.1Expl
aint
het
erm cur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

3.
2.2Di
scussmodel
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

3.
2.3Di
scusst
hecr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ionofcont
ent
/l
ear
ningexper
iences

3.
2.4Di
scusst
hepr
inci
plesf
oror
gani
zi
ngcont
entandl
ear
ningexper
ience

3.
2.5Di
scusspat
ter
nsofCur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

28
3.
2.6Expl
aint
hecomponent
sKI
CDdesi
gnsi
ncur
ri
cul
um

3.
2.1E-
ti
vi
ty3.
2.1TheconceptCur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

Number
ing, paci
ng and 3.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e ConceptCur
ri
cul
um desi
gn
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
oexpl
ain
t
heconceptcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask a.ReadnotesonE-tiv
ity3.
2.1TheconceptCurri
culum
desi
gnprov
ided the meani
ng of the concept
cur
ri
cul
um design

b.Wat
cht
hev
ideocl
i
pont
heconceptCur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

Spar
k

“Theeff
ecti
venessofalleducat
ionrefor
m eventual
l
y
comesdownt oagoodt eacherinaclassroom.A
goodteachercanli
ter
all
ymakeal ifel
ong
dif
fer
ence”(
Presi
dentBush, U.
S.A,March2,2002)

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

d.Def
inecur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

e. St
atef
ourel
ement
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.def
ini
ti
onofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

b.f
ourel
ement
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

c.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackont heteam
l
earners‘
vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthediscussi
onforum
3.2.
1

29
 E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Model
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

3.
2.2 E-
ti
vi
ty3.
2.2Model
sofCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn

Number
ing, paci
ng and 3.
2.2
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Model
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
t
heTy
ler(
1949)
,Taba(
1962)model
sofcur
ri
cul
um
desi
gnandbackwar
ddesi
gnmodel
s
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask esonE-
a.Readnot ti
vi
ty3.
3.2 Model
s of
Cur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn

b.ReadBackwar
ddesi
gnbyChi
l
dre,
SandsandPope

b.wat
ch v i
deo cl
i
ps on model
s of cur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment

i
.Model
sofCur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

i
i
.Backwar
dCur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

Spar
k

BACKWARDDESI
GN
MODEL

30
 I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Descr
ibest
epsi
ntheTy
lermodel
ofcur
ri
cul
um
devel
opment

b.Descr
ibet
hest
epsi
nTabamodel
ofcur
ri
cul
um
devel
opment

c.Backwar
ddesi
gnmodel

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.st
epsi
ntheTy
lermodel
ofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

b.st
epsi
nTabamodel
ofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

c.st
epsi
nbackwar
dcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

c.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackont heteam
l
earners‘
vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthediscussi
onforum
3.2.
2

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Cr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ionofCur
ri
cul
um cont
ent

3.
2.3E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.3Cr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ingl
ear
ningexper
iences

Number
ing, paci
ng and 3.
2.3
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Cr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ionofl
ear
ningexper
iences
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
t
hecr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ionofcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
/l
ear
ning
exper
iences

31
 Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadE-Tivi
ty3.
2.3Cr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ingl
ear
ning
exper
iences

Wat
chv i
deoonPr i
nci
plesandcr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ionof
l
ear
ningexper
iences

Spar
k
Whatisdiff
erencebet
weencont
entandl
ear
ning
exper
iences?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Expl
aintencr
it
eri
aforsel
ect
ionofcont
ent
/l
ear
ning
experi
ences

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Posttencri
ter
iaf
ort
hesel
ect
ionofcont
ent
/l
ear
ning
exper
iences

f
) Pr
ovi
de posi
ti
ve and const
ruct
ivef
eedback on t
he
t
eam l
ear
ner
s‘v
iews and i
deas.Do t
his on t
he
di
scussi
onf
orum 3.
2.3
E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Pr
inci
ples f
or or
gani
zi
ng cur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
/l
ear
ning
exper
iences

3.
2.4E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.4Pr
inci
plesf
orOr
gani
zi
ngCur
ri
cul
um Cont
ent

Number
ing, paci
ng and 3.
2.4
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Model
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

32
 Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
t
he pr
inci
ples f
or or
gani
zi
ng cur
ri
cul
um
cont
ent
/l
ear
ningexper
iences
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask esonE-
a.Readnot Tiv
ity3.
2.4Pr
inci
plesf
orOr
gani
zi
ng
Cur
ri
cul
um Cont
ent

Spar
k

Howmuchf reedom shoul

danindi
vidual
teacher
haveindeter
mi ni
nghowt heyappr
oachlearni
ngand
teachi
ngintheircl
assroom?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.di
scussthepri
nci
plesforor
gani
zi
ngcur
ri
cul
um
cont
ent/l
earni
ngexperi
ences

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.pri
ncipl
esforor
gani
zi
ngcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
/l
ear
ning
experi
ences

b.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
3.2.
4

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Pat
ter
nsofCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn

3.
2.5E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.5Pat
ter
nsofCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn

33
Number
ing, paci
ng and 3.
2.5
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Pat
ter
nsofCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gn
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
t
hpr
inci
plesf
oror
gani
zi
ngcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
/l
ear
ning
exper
iences
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask esonE-
Readnot Tiv
ity3.
2.5Pat
ter
nsofCur
ri
cul
um
gn.
Desi

Wat
cht
hev
ideoonPat
ter
nsofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

Spar
k

Whatar
epatter
nsof
cur
ri
cul
um desi
gn?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,di
scuss

a.subj
ectcent
reddesi
gns

b.Lear
nercent
reddesi
gns

c.Pr
obl
em cent
reddesi
gns

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post
,

a. t
hreechar
act
eri
sti
csofsubj
ectcent
reddesi
gns

b. t
hreeadv
ant
agesofl
ear
nercent
reddesi
gns

c. thr
eechall
engest
hatmakepr
obl
em cent
reddesi
gns
unpopul
ar

d.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
3.2.
5

34
 E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions i
. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
j
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
k. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
l
. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Compet
encyBasedCur
ri
cul
um desi
gns

3.
2.6E-
Tiv
ity3.
2.6KI
CDCur
ri
cul
um Desi
gns

Number
ing, paci
ng and 3.
2.6
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e KI
CDcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scuss
t
he pr
inci
ples f
or or
gani
zi
ng cur
ri
cul
um
cont
ent
/l
ear
ningexper
iences
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask a.Wat
chv
ideoonCompet
encyBasedEducat
ion

b.Fol
lowthel
inkonKICDpopularsl
i
deson
CompetencyBasedCurr
icul
um onwhyweneed
ref
ormsinoureducat
ion

c.Fol
l
owl
i
nkonAsampl
eKI
CDcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

Spar
k

CURRI
CULUM REFORMS
I
NKENYA

35
 I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Di
scusswhati
sCompet
encyBasedCur
ri
cul
um

b.di
scusswhyCBCr
efor
msi
nKeny
a

c.Di
scusst
hekeycomponent
sofaCBCcur
ri
cul
um
desi
gn

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.meani
ngofCompet
encyBasedCur
ri
cul
um

b.r
easonsf
ori
ntr
oduct
ionofCBCr
efor
msi
nKeny
a

c.keycomponent
sofaCBCcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

b.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
3.2.
6

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions m. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
n. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
o. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
p. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Assessmentquest
ions

3.
2.6 AssessmentQuest
ions

1. St
atef
ourel
ement
sofcur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

2. Gi
vetwodi
ffer
encesbet
weenTy
ler(
1949)andTaba(
1962)model
sof
cur
ri
cul
um desi
gn

3. Descr
ibefourcr
it
eri
afort
hesel
ect
ionofcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent
/l
ear
ning
exper
iences

4. St
atef
ourpr
inci
plesf
oror
gani
zat
ionofcur
ri
cul
um cont
ent

5. Descr
ibet
woadv
ant
agesofl
ear
nercent
reddesi
gns

36
 6. Gi
vet
hreecomponent
sofKI
CDcur
ri
cul
um desi
gns

Answer
s

1. Obj
ect
ives,
cont
ent
.Or
gani
zat
ionandev
aluat
ion

2. a)Ty
lermodel
hasf
ourst
epswher
easTabahassev
enst
eps

3. b)Tylermodeldoesnotmakecontentexpl
ici
twhereasTabamodel
clear
ly
identi
fi
esselect
ionandor
gani
zationofcontent

4. a)Conf
ormi
tywi
thobj
ect
ives

b)
Val
i
dit
y

c)Si
gni
fi
cance

d)Lear
ner
-abi
l
ity
:

5. a)Mostsyst
emati
candef
fecti
veor
gani
zat
ionf
oracquai
nti
ngy
out
hwi
tht
he
essent
ial
sofcur
ri
cul
um her
it
age

b)Subj
ectsconsti
tut
ealogicalandeffect
ivemet
hodoforgani
zi
ngand
i
nter
preti
nglear
ning-
student
sl ear
nmosteconomical
l
yandef f
ici
ent
ly

6. Essencestat
ement
,speci
fi
clear
ningout
comes,
suggest
edl
ear
ningexper
iences,
key i
nqui
ryquest
ion

Ref
erences

Lalor
,A.D.M.(2016).Ensuri
nghigh-qual
it
ycur
ri
culum :Howtodesi
gn,rev
ise,oradoptcur
ri
cul
um
al
ignedtostudentsuccess.ProQuestEbookCent
ralht
tps:/
/ezpr
oxy
.ku.
ac.ke:
2158

Luke,
A.,Woods,A.
,&Weir,
K.(Eds.
).(
2012).Cur
ricul
um,syl
labusdesi
gnandequi
ty:Apr
imerand
model.Pr
oQuestEbookCentr
alht
tps:
//ez
proxy.
ku.ac.
ke:
2158

Seel
,N.M.,&Dij
kst
ra,
S.( Eds.
).(
2004).Cur
ri
culum,pl
ans,andprocessesi
ninst
ruct
ionaldesi
gn:
I
nter
nati
onalper
spect
ives.ProQuestEbookCentr
alht
tps:
//ezpr
oxy.ku.
ac.
ke:
2158

Shi
undu,
J.S.andOmul ando,S.J.(1992).Cur r
icul
um:TheoryandPract
icei
nKeny
a
Nair
obi:Oxfor
dUni versi
tyPress.
Tyl
er,
R.W.(1949).BasicPri
ncipl
esof fcurr
icul
um andi
nst
ructi
on,Chi
cago:The

Uni
ver
sit
yofChi
cagoPr
ess.

37
4.
0LESSONFOUR:
CURRI
CULM DEVELOPMENTPROCESS

4.
1Int
roduct
ion

I
nt hi
sl essonweexpl ai
nthet er
m curr
icul
um dev el
opmentandcur r
iculum
developmentpr ocess,t
hendiscussthestagesi nthecurr
iculum development
process.Theroleoft heKenyaInsti
tut
eofCur ri
culum Development( KICD)wi
l
lthen
beout l
ined.Approachedtocur r
icul
um devel
opmentwi llt
henbedi scussedand
fi
nall
yt herol
eofv ari
ousAgenci esandInsti
tut
ionsinvol
vedi ncurr
iculum
developmentwi ll
beexplained.

4.
2LessonLear
ningout
comes

Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

4.
2.1 Di
scusst
hest
agesi
ncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess
38
4.
2.2 Out
li
netherol
eoft heKenyaInsti
tut
eofCurr
icul
um Dev
elopmenti
ncur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopment(
incl
udingi
tsstr
uctureandf
uncti
ons)

4.
2.3 Expl
aint
her
oleofv
ari
ousagenci
esandi
nst
it
uti
onsi
ncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
pr
ocess.

4.
2.1 E-
Tiv
ity4.
2.1 Meani
ng ofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentand st
agesofcur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopmentpr
ocess

Number
ing, paci
ng and 4.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e St
agesi
ncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scusst
he
meani
ngoft
het
erm cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentanddescr
ibe
t
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask a.Read not
es on t nkE-
he l
i Tiv
ity4.
2.1 Meani
ng of
cur
riculum dev
elopmentand st
ages ofcur
ri
cul
um
developmentpr
ocess
b.Wat
chv
ideoonCur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess

Spar
k

CURRI
CULUM DEVELOPMENTI
SAPROCESS .
DI
SCUSS

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.def
inet
het
erm cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

b.expl
ainwhycur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmenti
sapr
ocess

c.descr
ibet
hest
agesofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.meani
ngofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

b.whycur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmenti
sapr
ocess

39
 c.st
agesofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess

d.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
4.2.
1

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions q. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
r
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
s. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
t
. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next

4.
2.2 E-
Tiv
ity 4.
2.2t
he st
ruct
ure and f
unct
ions ofKeny
aInst
it
ute ofCur
ri
cul
um
devel
opment

Number
ing, paci
ng and 4.
2.2
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e E-
Tivi
ty4.
2.2t
hestruct
ureandf unct
ionsofKeny
a
I
nsti
tut
eofCur
ri
cul
um devel
opment
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odescr
ibet
he
st
ruct
ureofKI
CDanddi
scusst
hef
unct
ionsoft
heI
nst
it
ute
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readnotesonthel
inkthest
ructur
eandfunct
ionsof
KenyaI
nsti
tut
eofCurr
icul
um dev
elopment

Spar
k

Explai
nthestr
uctur
eand
functi
onsofKICD?

40
 I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Expl
aint
hest
ruct
ureofKI
CD

b.St
atet
hef
unct
ionsofcour
seandsubj
ectpanel
s

c.Gi
vet
hekeyf
unct
ionsoft
hei
nst
it
ute

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.t
hest
ruct
ureofKI
CD

b.t
hef
unct
ionsofcour
seandsubj
ectpanel
s

c.keyfunct
ionsoft
hei
nst
it
utemeani
ngofcur
ri
cul
um
devel
opment

d.Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
4.2.
2

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Agenci
es and i
nst
it
uti
ons i
nvol
ved i
n Cur
ri
cul
um
Dev
elopmentandI
mpl
ement
ati
on

4.
2.3E-
Tiv
ity4.2.
3Agenci
esandi
nst
it
uti
onsi
nvol
vedi
nCur
ri
cul
um Dev
elopmentand
I
mplementati
on

Number
ing, paci
ng and 4.
2.3
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e 4.
2.3 E-Ti
vi
ty 4.
2.3r
ole ofv
ari
ous agenci
es and
i
nsti
tut
ions i n cur
ricul
um devel
opment and
i
mplementati
on

41
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scusst
he
r
ole ofv
ari
ous agenci
es and i
nst
it
uti
ons i
n cur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopmentandi
mpl
ement
ati
on
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readnot
esonthelinkAgenci
esandinst
it
uti
ons
i
nvol
vedinCurr
icul
um Devel
opmentand
I
mplementat
ion

Spar
k

Whichrel
igi
ous
or
ganizat
ionsar
einv
olv
ed
i
ncurri
culum

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Explai
nfourrol
esofthedi
rect
orat
eofqual
i
ty
assuranceandstandar
ds

b.Stat
ethethreef
uncti
onsoft
heKeny
aNat
ional
Examinat
ionsCounci
l

b.Descr
ibet
hreer
olesoft
hecur
ri
cul
um suppor
tof
fi
cer
s

c.Di
scusstherol
eofNCCK, KenyaConferenceof
Cathol
i
cBishops,
e,SeventhDayAdv entistandt
he
Counci
lofImamsi ncurr
iculum dev
elopment

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.fourrol
esoft
hedir
ect
orateofquali
tyassur
anceand
standar
dsb.t
hefunct
ionsofcourseandsubject
panels

b.thr
eefunct
ionsoft
heKeny
aNat
ional
Exami
nat
ions
Counci
l

c.t
hreer
olesoft
hecur
ri
cul
um suppor
tof
fi
cer
s

d.theroleofNCCK,Keny
aConfer
enceofCat
holi
c
Bishops,e,
Sevent
hDayAdvent
istandt
heCounci
lof

42
 I
mamsi
ncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

e.Prov i
depositi
veandconstruct
ivefeedbackontheteam
l
ear ners‘v
iewsandideas.Dothisont hedi
scussi
on
forum 4.2.3

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next AssessmentQuest
ions

4.
2.4 AssessmentQuest ions
1.Descr ibethreerol
esoft heDQAS
2.St atethreefuncti
onsoft heKNEC
3.Gi vethreerolesofCSO
4.Expl ai
nt heroleofrel
igi
ousinst
it
uti
onsi
ncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

Answer
s

1. Rol
esoft
heDQAS

2. Funct
ionsoft
heKNEC
 Setandmai ntai
nexami nati
onsstandar
ds
 Conductpubl i
cacademi c,techni
calandot hernati
onalexaminat
ionswi
thi
n
Kenyaatbasicandtert
iaryl
evels
 Awar dcert
if
icatesordi
plomast ocandidat
esi nsuchexaminat
ions

3. Rol
esofCSO
 Par tici
pat i
ngintheor gani zati
onandmanagementofco- curri
cul
um activi
ties.
 I dentif
ying thet r
aining needsoft eacher sand headsofi nsti
tut
ionsand
advicet heCommi ssionaccor dingl
y.
 Pr oviding suppor t ser vices to t eachers and adv i
ce on cur ri
culum
i
mpl ement at
ion,
super visionandev aluati
on.
4. Rol
eofr eli
gi ousinst
it
utionsi ncur r
icul
um dev elopment
 Theyar emember soft hecour sepanel sf orbot hpr i
mar yandsecondar y
educat i
on
 Theyar emember sofsubj ectpanelsf ortheirr espect
ivefait
hrelat
edsubj ects
 Theypr ov i
decrit
icali nfor mati
ondur i
ng sit uationanalysi
st hatguidet he
formulat i
onofcur ri
culum obj ecti
ves/l
earningout comes

43
  Theyplaycrit
icalr
oledur
ingcur
ri
cul
um implementat
ionthr
oughprovi
sionof
i
nfrastr
uctur
e( somesponsorschool
s),t
akepar tintheimplement
ationof
someoft heaspectsoft hecur
ri
cul
um,f orexamplepastor
alprogramme
i
nstructi
on(PPI)

Ref
erences

Lalor
,A.D.M.(2016).Ensuri
nghigh-qual
it
ycur
ri
culum :Howtodesi
gn,rev
ise,oradoptcur
ri
cul
um
al
ignedtostudentsuccess.ProQuestEbookCent
ralht
tps:/
/ezpr
oxy
.ku.
ac.ke:
2158

Luke,
A.,Woods,A.
,&Weir,
K.(Eds.
).(
2012).Cur
ricul
um,syl
labusdesi
gnandequi
ty:Apr
imerand
model.Pr
oQuestEbookCentr
alht
tps:
//ez
proxy.
ku.ac.
ke:
2158

Seel
,N.M.,&Dij
kst
ra,
S.( Eds.
).(
2004).Cur
ri
culum,pl
ans,andprocessesi
ninst
ruct
ionaldesi
gn:
I
nter
nati
onalper
spect
ives.ProQuestEbookCentr
alht
tps:
//ezpr
oxy.ku.
ac.
ke:
2158

Shi
undu,
J.S.andOmul ando,S.J.(1992).Cur r
icul
um:TheoryandPract
icei
nKeny
a
Nair
obi:Oxfor
dUni versi
tyPress.
Tyl
er,
R.W.(1949).BasicPri
ncipl
esof fcurr
icul
um andi
nst
ructi
on,Chi
cago:The
Uni
versi
tyofChicagoPr ess.

44
5.
0LESSONFI
VE:
CURRI
CULM I
MPLEMENTATI
ON

5.
1Int
roduct
ion

Inthi
slessonwedef inet
het erm curr
iculum i
mpl ementati
onandt hendiscussthe
str
ategiesf
orcurri
culum i
mpl ementation.Weshal lthenoutl
i
nether oleofvar
ious
agenciesofcur
ricul
um implement ati
on.Wet henexami neteachereducationi
n
Kenyaandf i
nal
lydiscussthechal l
engest ocurr
iculum impl
ementation.

5.
2Lear
ningout
comes

Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

5.
2.1 di
scusst
hest
rat
egi
esf
orcur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

5.
2.2 out
li
net
her
oleofv
ari
ousagenci
esofcur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

5.
2.3 exami
net
eachereducat
ioni
nKeny
a

5.
2.4 di
scusst
hechal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

5.
2.1E-
Tiv
ity5.2.
1Def
ini
ti
onofcur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
onandst
rat
egi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um
i
mplementati
on

Number
ing, paci
ng and 5.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Defi
niti
on of cur
ri
cul
um implement
ati
on and
st
rategi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odef
inet
he
t
erm cur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on and di
scuss t
he
st
rat
egi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Read not
es on t
he l
i
nk Defi
nit
ion ofcur
ri
cul
um
i
mplementat
ion and st
rat
egies to curri
cul
um
i
mplementat
ion

45
 Spar
k

Whati
simpl
ement
ati
on?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Def
inecur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

b.Discusst
hefi
vest
rat
egi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um
implement
ati
on
I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Meani
ngofcur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

b.Fi
vest
rat
egi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

c.Prov i
depositi
veandconstruct
ivefeedbackontheteam
l
ear ners‘v
iewsandideas.Dothisont hedi
scussi
on
forum 5.2.1

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions i
. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
j
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
k. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
l
. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Rol
eofv
ari
ousagenci
esi
ncur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

5.
2.2E-
Tiv
ity5.
2.2Rol
eofVar
iousAgenci
esi
nCur
ri
cul
um I
mpl
ement
ati
on

Number
ing, paci
ng and 5.
2.2
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Rol
e of v ar
ious agenci
es i
n cur
ri
cul
um
i
mplement
ati
on

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stoenabl
eyout
odi
scusst
he
r
oleofv
ari
ousagenci
esi
ncur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

46
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readvari
ousr
efer
encemat
eri
alsandmakenot
eson
ther
oleof

a.KI
CD,
KNECandTSC

b.MOEf
iel
dof
fi
cer
s/DQAS/
CSO

c.KNUT/
KUPPET/
tradeuni
ons

d.KSSHA/
KPSHA/
prof
essi
onal
bodi
es

e.Par
ent
sandKPSOA

f
. Publ
i
sher
s

Youcanuset hefol
l
owingli
nkt
or eadonsomeof
someoft heAgenci
esandinst
it
utionsi
nvol
vedi
n
Curr
icul
um Implement
ati
on

Rol
eofVar
iousAgenci
esi
nCurr
icul
um
I
mplement
ati
on(TSCandDQAS)

Spar
k

Not
eacherNocurr
icul
um
i
mpl
ementati
on!

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Rol
eofTSCi
ncur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

b.St
aterol
eofv ar
iouspr
ofessi
onal
bodi
esi
ncur
ri
cul
um
i
mplementat
ion

c.St
atether
oleofvar
ioust
radeuni
onsi
ncur
ri
cul
um
i
mplementat
ion

d.Stat
et herol
epar entsandowner sofpr
ivateschool
sin
curr
iculum i
mplement ati
on
I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post
e.Ther ol
eofpublishersincurr
icul
um development
a.RoleofTSCi ncur r
icul
um implementat
ion

47
 b.r
oleofv
ari
ousprof
essi
onal
bodi
esi
ncur
ri
cul
um
i
mplement
ati
on

c.rol
eofvar
ioustradeuni
onsi
ncur
ri
cul
um
i
mplement
ation

d.rol
eparent
sandownersofpr
ivat
eschool
sin
cur
ricul
um i
mpl
ementati
on

e.r
oleofpubl
i
sher
sincur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment

f
.Prov i
depositi
veandconstruct
ivefeedbackontheteam
l
earners‘v
iewsandideas.Dothisont hedi
scussi
on
f
orum 5.2.2

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next TeacherEducat
ioni
nKeny
a

5.
2.3E-
Tiv
ity5.
2.3TEACHEREDUCATI
ONI
NKENYA

Number
ing, paci
ng and 5.
2.3
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e TeacherEducat
ioni
nKeny
a

Pur
pose The pur
pose of t
his e-
ti
vi
tyi
sto exami
ne t
eacher
educat
ioni
nKeny
a
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask a.Readt hef ol
lowingdocumentpages43- 54on
Pre-
servi
ceTeacherEducat i
onandpages55-
66forinservi
cet eachereducat
ion
TeacherProfessionaldev el
opment:AnInter
nat
ional
Reviewoflit
erature
Readaboutbenef
it
sofTEACHEREDUCATI ONIN
KENYAandCompet encyBasedTeacherEducat
ionon
thi
sli
nk.

48
Spar
k

Not
eacherNocurr
icul
um
i
mpl
ementati
on!

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.def
inepr
eser
viceandt
eachereducat
ion

b.descr
ibeModel
sofpr
e-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

c.Thecont
ent
sofpr
eser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

d.Chall
engesandl
i
mit
ati
onsofpr
eser
vicet
eacher
educati
on

e.Def
inei
n-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

f.Describetypesofi n-
serv
iceteachereducat
ion
I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post
g.Discussthecont entsofin-
servi
ceteachereducat
ion
a.Meaningofi n-serv
iceandpreservi
ceandt eacher
h.Statetheli
mi t
ationofin-
servi
ceteachereducati
on
education
i
. Gi
vebenef
it
sofin-
serv
icet
eachereducati
on
b.Model
sofpre-
serv
icet
eachereducat
ion
j
. DiscussCompetencyBasedTeacherEducat
ion
c.content
sofpreserv
icet
eachereducat
ion

d.Chall
engesandl
i
mit
ati
onsofpr
eser
vicet
eacher
educati
on

e.t
ypesofi
n-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

f
.cont
ent
sofi
n-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

g.Statetheli
mitat
ionofi
n-ser
viceandpr
e-ser
vice
teachereducati
on

h.Benef
it
sofi
n-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

i
.Di
scusscompet
encybasedt
eacherEducat
ion

49
 j
.Prov i
depositi
veandconstruct
ivefeedbackontheteam
l
earners‘v
iewsandideas.Dothisont hedi
scussi
on
f
orum 5.2.3

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next TeacherEducat
ioni
nKeny
a

E-
Tiv
ity5.
2.4Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um I
mpl
ement
ati
on

Number
ing, paci
ng and 5.
2.4
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Chal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um I
mpl
ement
ati
on

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodi
scusschal
l
engest
o
cur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readl
i
nkon
Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um I
mpl
ement
ati
on
Vi
deocl
i
ponchal
l
engesf
aci
ngi
mpl
ement
ati
onof
CBC

50
 Spar
k

Canwesuccessful
ly
i
mplementacurri
cul
um
wit
houtanychal
l
enge?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Di
scusschal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Chal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

b.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 5.
2.4

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next AssessmentQuest
ions

5.
2.5AssessmentQuest
ions

1.St
atet
hreest
rat
egi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

2.Di
ff
erent
iat
epr
eser
viceandi
n-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

3.Gi
vet
hreer
olesofTSCi
ncur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

4.St
atet
hreechal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

51
Answer
s

1.St
rat
egi
est
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

 Keepi
ngt
hepubl
i
cinf
ormed

 Pr
epar
ingt
eachi
ngt
hroughbot
hin-
ser
viceandpr
eser
vicet
rai
ning

 Educat
ingt
eachereducat
orsandf
iel
dof
fi
cer
s

2.Pr
eser
viceandi
n-ser
vicet
eachereducat
ion

 Preservi
ceteachereducat
iontakesplacebef oreteacher
sareengagedin
teachi
ngandmai nl
yincol
leges(i
nit
ialteachertrai
ning)whereasi
n-ser
vice
teachereducati
onrefer
stot r
aini
ngteachersr ecei
vewhileatwork

3.Rol
esofTSCi
ncur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

 Regi
stert
eacher
s

 Depl
oyt
eacher
s

 Conductt
eacher
sinser
vici
ng

 Di
sci
pli
net
eacher
s

 Payt
eacher
s

4.Chal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
mpl
ement
ati
on

 Lackofadequat
efi
nanci
alandmat
eri
alr
esour
ces

 I
nadequat
e/poori
nfr
ast
ruct
ure

 I
nadequat
e/poort
rai
ningoft
eacher
s

Ref
erences

Orodho,J.A.,
Wawer u,P.N.,
Ndichu,M.,
&Nthi
nguri
,R.(2013)
.BasiceducationinKeny
a:
Focusonstr
ategiesappl
iedtocopewi
thschool-
basedchal
lengesinhibit
ing
ef
fecti
v e impl
ement at
ionofcurr
i um.I
cul nter
nat
ionalJour
nalofEducationand
Research,1(
11), 1- 20.

Shi
undu,
J.S.andOmul
ando,
S.J.( .Cur
1992) ri
cul
um:Theor
yandPr
act
icei
nKeny
a

52
 Nairobi
:OxfordUniversit
yPr ess.
Vil
l
egas-
Reimers,E.(
2003).Teacherpr of
essionaldevel
opment:ani
nter
nat
ionalr
evi
ew
ofthel
it
erat
ure.Pari
s:I
nternat
ionalInsti
tuteforEducat
ional
Planni
ng.

6 LESSONSI
X:CURRI
CULM EVALUATI
ON

6.
1Int
roduct
ion

Inthisl essonwedef i
net het er
mscur ri
culum ev al
uation,assessmentofl earni
ng,
assessmentasl earni
ng,assessmentf orl earni
ng,cr i
teri
on-r
eferenced assessment,
norm- r
eferenced assessmentand assessmentr ubri
c.Wet hen discusst her ol
eof
Format i
veev al
uation(assessmentforlearni
ng, assessmentasl earning)andsummat ive
evaluati
on( assessmentofl earni
ng)
.Wet henexpl ai
nt hepr i
nciplesofi nstr
ucti
onal
evaluati
on. Thent heev al
uationacti
vit
iesateachst ageofcur riculum devel
opment
processar eexami ned.

6.
2LessonLear
ningout
comes

Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

6.
2.1 defi
net het
ermscurri
culum ev
aluati
on,assessmentoflearni
ng,assessmentas
l
earning,assessmentforlearning,cri
ter
ion-r
efer
enced assessment, norm-
ref
erencedassessmentandassessmentrubri
c

6.
2.2 di
scusstherol
eofFor
mat i
veeval
uati
on( assessmentforlear
ning,assessment
asl
earni
ng)andsummat
iveeval
uat
ion(assessmentoflearni
ng)

6.
2.3 Expl
aint
hepr
inci
plesofi
nst
ruct
ional
eval
uat
ion

6.
2.4 Examine t
he ev
aluat
ion act
ivi
ti
es ateach st
age ofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
process

6.
2.1E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.1Def
ini
ti
onofKeyconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ion

Number
ing, paci
ng and 6.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Def
ini
ti
onofkeyconcept
sincur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ion

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodef
inekeyconcept
sin
cur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ion

53
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Read on Def
ini
ti
on ofKeyconcept
sin cur
ri
cul
um
eval
uati
on

cr
it
eri
onr
efer
encedandnor
mref
erencedassessment

Spar
k

Whatisthemain
dif
fer
encebetween
for
mativeandsummat
ive

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,
def
ine

a.cur
ri
cul
um ev
aluat
ion,

b.assessmentofl
ear
ning,

c. assessmentasl
ear
ning,

d.assessmentf
orl
ear
ning,

e. cr
it
eri
on-
ref
erencedassessment
,
I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Pos
ft
.me
na
on
ri
ngo
m-r
eff
erencedassessmentand
a
g.c
.aur
r
ssi
c
eu
sl
sumn
meev
ta
ul
rbu
ra
i
ct
ion,

b.assessmentofl
ear
ning,

c. assessmentasl
ear
ning,

d.assessmentf
orl
ear
ning,

e. cr
it
eri
on-
ref
erencedassessment
,

f
. nor
m-r
efer
encedassessmentand

g.assessmentr
ubr
ic

h.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 6.
2.1

54
 E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next r
ole ofFor
mat
ive ev
aluat
ion (
assessmentf
orl
ear
ning,
assessment as l
ear
ning) and summat
ive ev
aluat
ion
(
assessmentofl
ear
ning)

6.
2.2E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.2Rol
eofFor
mat
iveEv
aluat
ion(
Assessmentf
orLear
ning,
Assessment
asLear
ning)andSummat
iveEv
aluat
ion(
AssessmentofLear
ning)

Number
ing, paci
ng and 6.
2.2
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Rol
eoff
ormat
iveandsummat
iveev
aluat
ion

Pur
pose The pur
pose oft
his e-
ti
vi
tyi
sto di
scuss t
he r
ole of
f
ormat
iveandsummat
iveev
aluat
ion

Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask ReadonUsingAssessmentandEv
aluat
ionSt
rat
egi
es
toSuppor
tStudent
s

Spar
k

Whatisther
oleof
assessment
?

55
 I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,
expl
aint
her
oleof

a.Assessmentf
orl
ear
ning

b.Assessmentasl
ear
ning

c. Assessmentofl
ear
ning
I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Postr
oleof

a.Assessmentf
orl
ear
ning

b.Assessmentasl
ear
ning

c. Assessmentofl
ear
ning

d.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 6.
2.2

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Pr
inci
plesofI
nst
ruct
ional
Eval
uat
ion

6.
2.3E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.3Pr
inci
plesofI
nst
ruct
ional
Eval
uat
ion

Number
ing, paci
ng and 6.
2.3
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Pr
inci
plesofI
nst
ruct
ional
Eval
uat
ion

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodi
scusst
hepr
inci
plesof
i
nst
ruct
ional
eval
uat
ion

56
 Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask
Read t
he f
oll
owi
ng l
i
nk on t
he Pr
inci
ples of
I
nst
ruct
ional
Eval
uat
ion

Spar
k

Whatar
epr i
nci
plesof
i
nst
ruct
ionalev
aluat
ion?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usingbulletpoi
nts,
discusst
hepr
inci
plesofi
nst
ruct
ional
evaluat
iont

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Pr
inci
plesofi
nst
ruct
ional
eval
uat
ion

b.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 6.
2.3

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions e. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
f
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
g. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
h. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Ev
aluat
ion ateach st
age of cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
pr
ocess

6.
2.4E-
Tiv
ity6.
2.4Ev
aluat
ionact
ivi
ti
esateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
pr
ocess

57
Number
ing, paci
ng and 6.
2.4
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e Eval
uati
onacti
vi
ti
esateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopmentpr
ocess
Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodi
scusst
heev
aluat
ion
act
ivi
ti
esateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
pr
ocess

Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
nkont
heEv
aluat
ionact
ivi
ti
esat
ev
eryst
ageofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentpr
ocess

Spar
k

Whyshoul dwecarryout
evaluat
ionateachstage
ofthedevelopment?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usingbull
etpoi
nts,
discusst
heev al
uat
ionacti
vit
iesat
eachstageofthecurr
icul
um dev
elopmentprocess

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Eval
uati
onact
ivi
ti
esateachst
ageofcur
ri
cul
um
devel
opmentpr
ocess

b.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 6.
2.4

Lesson E-
moder
ator i
. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
i
nter
vent
ions cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
j
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.

58
 k. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
l
. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty

Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Assessmentquest
ions

6.
2.5 AssessmentQuest
ions

1.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms

 assessmentofl
ear
ning,
 assessmentasl
ear
ning,

2.whati
sther
oleofassessmentf
orl
ear
ning
3.st
atef
ourpr
inci
plesofi
nst
ruct
ional
eval
uat
ion
4.Whyi
sitnecessar
ytounder
takeev
aluat
ionateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopmentpr
ocess?

Answer
s

1.(
a)assessmentofl
ear
ning,

 Thi
sref
erst
oassessmentatt
heendoft
hei
nst
ruct
ional
process.
 For
mer
lyr
efer
redt
oassummat
iveassessment
.
 Leadst
ocer
ti
fi
cat
ion

(
b)Assessment
forl
ear
ning,

 Assessmentdur
ingl
ear
ningt
hati
smeantt
ohel
pteacher
sident
if
yar
eas
ofweaknessandaddr
esst
hem t
oinf
orml
ear
ning\
 For
mer
lyr
efer
redt
oasf
ormat
iveassessment

5.whati
sther
oleofassessmentasl
ear
ning

59
  t
opr
omot
elear
ning
 i
susedt
oser
vet
hedual
rol
eofassessmentandt
eachi
ng

6.st
atef
ourpr
inci
plesofi
nst
ruct
ional
eval
uat
ion

 ev
aluat
ionhast
obecont
inuousatal
ll
evel
s
 ev
aluat
ionhast
obecompr
ehensi
ve
 ev
aluat
ionhast
obeconsi
stentwi
thobj
ect
ives
 ev
aluat
ionhast
oobser
vet
hepr
inci
plesofv
ali
dit
yandr
eli
abi
l
ity

7.Whyi
sitnecessar
ytounder
takeev
aluat
ionateachst
ageoft
hecur
ri
cul
um
dev
elopmentpr
ocess?

 Cur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmenti
sapr
ocessandi
tssuccessdependont
hehow
wel
leachst
agei
scar
ri
edout
 Ev
aluat
ion i
s necessar
yto ensur
e weaknesses orshor
tcomi
ng ar
e
addr
essed bef
ore pr
oceedi
ng t
othe nextst
age oft
he dev
elopment
pr
ocess

Ref
erences

Dani
elson,C.(
2007).Enhanci
ngprof
essi
onalpr
act
ice:Af
ramewor
kfort
eachi
ng.Pr
oQuestEbook
Cent
ralhtt
ps:/
/ezpr
oxy.ku.
ac.
ke:
2158

Moss,
C.M. ,
&Brookhart
,S.M.( .Adv
2019) ancingf
ormati
veassessmentinev
erycl
assr
oom :A
gui
defori
nstr
uct
ionall
eader
s.ProQuestEbookCentr
alht
tps:
//ezpr
oxy
.ku.
ac.
ke:
2158

World,Bank, .Cur
etal ri
cula,Examinations,andAssessmentinSecondaryEducat
ioni
n
Sub-SaharanAfri
ca,WorldBankPubl icati
ons,2007.ProQuestEbookCentr
al,
htt
ps://
ezproxy.
ku.ac.
ke:2158/li
b/kenyatta-
ebooks/detai
l
.act
ion?
docI
D=459870.

60
7.
0LESSONSEVEN:
CURRI
CULM I
NNOVATI
ONS

7.
1Int
roduct
ion

Int
hislessonwedef i
netheterm curr
icul
um innovati
on,andthendiscussi
nnovat
ion
models.Thecrit
eri
aforcurri
cul
um innovati
onwi l
lthenbeexplained.Keyr
ecent
Cur
ricul
um Innovat
ionsi
nKeny awi l
lbeexami nedandfinal
lychall
engesto
cur
ri
culum innovat
ionwil
lthenbediscussed.

7.
2Lear
ningout
comes

Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

7.
2.1 Expl
ainWhycur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
on/
change?

7.
2.2 Di
scussi
nnov
ati
onmodel
s

7.
2.3 Expl
aint
hecr
it
eri
aforcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
on

7.
2.4 Exami
nekeyr
ecentCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a

7.
2.5 Di
scusschal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on

7.
2.1 E-
Tiv
ity7.
2.1WhyCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons/
Change

Number
ing, paci
ng and 7.
2.1
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e WhyCur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
on/
change

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodi
scusswhycur
ri
cul
um
i
nnov
ati
on/
changei
snecessar
y

61
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask a)Readthemeaningoft het
ermsinnovati
on/change
andlevel
sofinnov
ati
onsonthefol
lowingli
nk
E-Ti
vit
y7.2.
1WhyCurricul
um I
nnov
ations/
Change

b)Watchthefoll
owi
ngv i
deoonWhyChange?21st
Cent
uryl
ear
ningandCur
ri
culum I
nnov
ati
ons

c)
Watcht
hef ol
l
owingv
ideoonI
nnov
ati
oni
n
cl
assr
oom t
eaching

Spar
k

Whatisthedi
ff
erence
bet
weenchangeand
i
nnovati
on?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a)Expl
ainthemeaningofcur
ri
cul
um changeand
Curr
icul
um i
nnovati
on

b)Descr
ibel
evel
sofcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

c) Whati
nnov
ati
onsar
ether
eint
heCBCcur
ri
cul
um

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Posd
t)Whatar et
hekeypri
ncipl
esofst
udentcent
red
learni
ng?
a)meaningofcur
ri
cul
um changeandCurr
icul
um
i
nnovat
ion

bl
evel
sofcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

c)i
nnov
ati
onsar
ether
eint
heCBCcur
ri
cul
um

d)keypr
inci
plesofst
udentcent
redl
ear
ning

e)Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
7.
2.1

62
 E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions m. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
n. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
o. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
p. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Cur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
onmodel
s

7.
2.2E-
Tiv
ity7.
2.2Model
sofCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons

Number
ing, paci
ng and 7.
2.2
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e
Model
sofCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons

Pur
pose The pur
pose oft
his e-
ti
vi
tyi
st scuss Mode
o di l
s of
Cur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readont
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
nk

Model
sofCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
ons

Spar
k

Whydocur
ri
culum
i
nnov
ati
onsfai
l
?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a.Expl
aintheResear
chDevel
opmentanddi
ff
usi
on
model/st
rat
egyforcur
ri
cul
um change

b.Expl
aint
heSoci
alI
nter
act
ionModel
(SI
)

c. Expl
aint
hePr
obl
em Sol
vi
ngModel
(PS)

63
 I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a).descri
pti
onofResearchDev el
opmentanddif
fusi
on
model /
strat
egyf
orcurri
culum changei
ncludi
ng
advantagesanddisadv
antages

b)descr
ipt
ionoft
heSoci
alI
nter
act
ionModel
(SI
)i
ncl
udi
ng
advant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
ages

c).
descript
ionoft
hePr obl
em Sol
vi
ngModel
(PS)
incl
udi
ng
advantagesanddisadv
antages

d)Prov
ideposi
ti
veandconstr
ucti
vef
eedbackontheteam
l
earner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothi
sonthedi
scussi
onforum
7.
2.2

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions q. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
r
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
s. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
t
. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakeonehour
Next Cr
it
eri
aforCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on

7.
2.3.
E-Ti
vi
ty7.
2.3Cr
it
eri
aforCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on

Number
ing, paci
ng and 7.
2.3
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e
Cr
it
eri
aforCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodi
scusst
hecr
it
eri
afor
j
udgi
ngt
hev
alueofani
nnov
ati
on
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readont
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
nk

Cr
it
eri
aforCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
on

64
 Spar
k

Howdowejudgethe
val
ueofani
nnov
ation?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

descr
ibef
ivecr
it
eri
aforj
udgi
ngt
hev
alueofani
nnov
ati
on

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Fi
vecr
it
eri
aforj
udgi
ngv
alueofani
nnov
ati
on

b.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 7.
2.3

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions u. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
v
. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
w. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
x. Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

7.
2.4E-
ti
vi
ty7.
2.4Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

Number
ing, paci
ng and 7.
2.4
sequenci
ng
Ti
tl
e
Chal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

Pur
pose Thepur
poseoft
hise-
ti
vi
tyi
stodi
scusst
hechal
l
engest
o
cur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

65
 Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Readont
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
nk

Chal
l
engest
oCur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
ons

Spar
k

Whatar
ethemai n
chal
l
engestothe
i
mplementat
ionofCBC?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

descr
ibef
ivechal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
on

I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post

a.Fi
vechal
l
engest
ocur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
on

b.Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 7.
2.4

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions y
. Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
sand
cont
extofdi
scussi
on.
z. St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ning and gener
ati
on ofnew
i
deas.
aa. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
ab.Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next RecentCur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a

7.
2.5E-
Tiv
ity7.
2.5Recentcur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a

Number
ing, paci
ng and 7.
2.5
sequenci
ng

66
Ti
tl
e
RecentCur
ri
cul
um I
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a

Pur
pose The pur
pose oft
his e-
ti
vi
tyi
sto di
scuss t
he r
ecent
Cur
ri
cul
um i
nnov
ati
onsi
nKeny
a
Br
iefsummar
yofov
eral
ltask Wat
cht
hef
oll
owi
ngVi
deocl
i
pon

a)
TheCompet
encyBasedCur
ri
cul
um (
CBC)

b)
In-
dept
hAnal
ysi
sofCBC

c)
8-4-
4Educat
ionSy
stem

Spar
k

Whichisthemostr
ecent
cur
ricul
um i
nnov
ati
onin
Kenya?

I
ndi
vi
dual
task Usi
ngbul
l
etpoi
nts,

a)Di
scusst
hekeyat
tr
ibut
esofCBC

b)St
atet
headv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofCBC

c) Di
scusst
hekeyat
tr
ibut
esoft
he8-
4-4educat
ion
sy
stem

d)Stat
etheadvant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesof8-
4-4
I
nter
act
ionbegi
ns Post educat
ionsy
stem

a.t
e) h
Ce
o ke
mpayr
a
ett
r
hi
b
eut
8e
-
4s
-ofn
4aCBCBCcur
dC ri
cul
um r
efor
ms

b.t
headv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofCBC

c. t
hekeyat
tri
but
esoft
he8-
4-4educat
ionsy
stem

67
 d.theadvant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesof8-
4-4
educat
ionsyst
em

e. Compari
sonoft
he8-
4-4andCBCcur
ri
cul
um
ref
orms

f
. Providepositi
veandconst
ructi
vefeedbackonthe
team learner
s‘vi
ewsandideas.Dothisonthe
discussionforum 7.
2.5

E-
moder
atori
nter
vent
ions a.Ensur
ethatl
ear
ner
sar
efocusedont
hecont
ent
s
andcont
extofdi
scussi
on.
b.St
imul
atef
urt
herl
ear
ningandgener
ati
onofnew
i
deas.
c. Pr
ovi
def
eedbackont
hel
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess.
d.Cl
oset
hee-
ti
vi
ty
Schedul
eandt
ime Thi
staskshoul
dtakehal
fhour
Next AssessmentQuest
ions

7.
2.6AssessmentQuest
ions

1.St
atet
hreechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heCBC

2.St
atet
hreechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
he8-
4-4educat
ionsy
stem

3.St
atet
hreechal
l
engest
hatar
ecommonf
ort
he8-
4-4andt
heCBC

4.St
atet
hreedi
ff
erencesbet
ween8-
4-4andCBC

Answer
s

2. Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heCBC

 Gui
dedbyBasicEducati
onFrameworkthathast
hreepi
l
lar
snamel
y;v
alues,
t
heoret
ical
approachesandgui
dingpr
inci
ples

I
tisl
ear
ner
-cent
red

 Focusesonacqui
sit
ionofcompet
enci
esbyl
ear
ner
s(not“
what
”but“
how”

3. Char
act
eri
sti
csof8-
4-4

68
 Itwasi
nit
ial
lyabroadcur
ri
cul
um thatai
medataddr
essi
ngt
heneedsof
fthe
count
ryattheti
meofitsi
ncept
ionin1985

Itai
medatpromoti
ngteachi
ngpr
act
ical
subj
ect
sbutchangedwi
tht
imet
o
addresst
heprobl
em oft
oomuchoverl
oadi
ng

 Examinati
onwasthemainmodeofassessmentwhichfi
nal
lyaff
ectedthe
curr
icul
um impl
ement
ati
onwit
hnon-examinabl
esubject
sbeingneglect
ed.

4. Chal
l
engescommont
obot
hCBCand8-
4-4

 Li
mit
edst
akehol
deri
nvol
vementi
nthedev
elopmentoft
hecur
ri
cul
um

I
nadequat
efundi
ng/
poor

 Poor
/i
nadequat
eini
ti
alpr
epar
ati
onoft
eacher
s

 Hur
ri
edi
mpl
ement
ati
on

 Resi
stancef
rom t
het
eacher
s

5. Di
ff
erencesbet
ween8-
4-4andCBC

8-
4-4cur
ri
cul
um Compet
ency
-basedCur
ri
cul
um

1.Moreemphasi
sonknowl
edge 1.Moreemphasi
son
acqui
si
ti
on compet
enci
es

2.Alotofemphasi
son 2.Balancebet
weenl
ear
ningand
examinat
ions assessment

3.Hadnofr
ameworkt
ogui
dei
ts 3.Hasagui
dingfr
amewor
k
i
mplement
ati
on (
Basi
cEducati
onFr
amewor
k)

4.Encouragedteachercent
red 4.Emphasi
zesuseofl
ear
ner
approaches cent
redmethods

Ref
erences

69
Lalor
,A.D.M.(2016).Ensuri
nghigh-qual
it
ycur
ri
culum :Howtodesi
gn,rev
ise,oradoptcur
ri
cul
um
al
ignedtostudentsuccess.ProQuestEbookCent
ralht
tps:/
/ezpr
oxy
.ku.
ac.ke:
2158

Ol
uoch,
G.P.( .Essent
1982) ial
sofcur
ri
cul
um dev
elopment
.El
i
muBookshop.

Seel
,N.M.,&Dij
kst
ra,
S.( Eds.
).(
2004).Cur
ri
culum,pl
ans,andprocessesi
ninst
ruct
ionaldesi
gn:
I
nter
nati
onalper
spect
ives.ProQuestEbookCentr
alht
tps:
//ezpr
oxy.ku.
ac.
ke:
2158

World,Bank, .Cur
etal ri
cula,Examinations,andAssessmentinSecondaryEducat
ioni
n
Sub-SaharanAfri
ca,WorldBankPubl icati
ons,2007.ProQuestEbookCentr
al,
htt
ps://
ezproxy.
ku.ac.
ke:2158/li
b/kenyatta-
ebooks/detai
l
.act
ion?
docI
D=459870.

70