ERGOlVIETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MAXIMAL .

ANAEROBIC PO\'JER IN MAN

,@ Wally Kaczkowski

_,.

A Thesis
Submitted to the·Faculty of Graduate Studies
.. in Partial FUlfilment of the Requirements for the
Degree of' Master of' Arts (Exercise Physiology)

... '.

McGill University
Department of Physical Education
Montreal, Quebec
August, 1980
ERGOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MAXIMAL ANAEROBIC POWER IN MAN
 TABIE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
I :illTRODUCTION 1
Statement of the Problem . . . . • •. • • • • 2
Hypotheses . • • • . • .. . 2
. . • . 3
Rationale of the Study
Delimitations . . . . • . . . . . .. 5
Abbreviations • • . • • • • . .. 5
II RE\li.mv OF 'IHE LI'rERATURE 7

. . . . .. . . . . ~
Anaerobic Pm'Ver • . . • • • • • • • . •
MUscle ~ber Distribution . • • • •
Aerobic Power . . . ~- _. ~ . . . .. . . 14
Blood lactate Concentration . . : ·' · 15
'IWe1ve Minute Run • • • • • . • • 19
Sprint ~ (50 meter run) . 19
III METHOffi AND PROCEDURES .•
'y
... ... . .. .. 20
.·. Muscle Sampling • • • • : • • • 20
·'' Embedding and Cutting • . . • • • 21
Staining Procedures · · • • • • • 21
Anaerobic Power Measurement •• 22
V02 Max Test • • 23
_,.
·Blood Lactates ... •• 24
J Field Tests • • 25
50 r~ter Sprint 25
...
• it •

12 Minute Run ·• . 25
Statistical Methods · 25
RESULTS • • • . . • ... '
27
Enumeration of the Variables 27
·..Synopsis of Results • • • • · . 27
·:Reliability of the Anaerobic Test • • 31
Maximal Anaerobic Power Outputs versus rlfaximal Aerobic ·
,. Power and Blood lactate Concentration • • • • • . . • • 31
,.Maximal Anaerobic Power Outputs versus Fast Twitch
MUscle Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . · · 35
Maximal Anaerobic Power Outputs versus Slow Twitch
Ivhlscle Fibers · · · ·· ·· · _· · . · · · · · · · · · · · '35
Maximal Anaerobic Power Outputs versus Field Tests • 35
Validation within the Tests • • . . . . • • • • ~ • • 38

(i)
 (CO~IT•D)

CHAP'IER PAGE

V DISCUSSION 39
Reliability of the Anaerobic Test . . . . . • . • . • . 39
tlJaximal Anaerobic Power Outputs venmB Naximal Pm·rer
and Blood Lactate Concentrations • . . . . • . • Ita
Maximal Anaerobic Power Outputs versus Fast Twitch
rl!uscle Fibers . • •. • . • • . . • . . . • . • . . Ill
1\'.taximal A"1aerobic Power Outputs vern'JS Slow IJ\1tich
Muscle Fibers . . . . . • • . . ,. , 43
Maxirral Anaerobic Pov1er Outputs ve:c~;1 Jrield Tests 43
Synopsis of the lJ!aximal Anaerobic lt4

VI SilliJMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 45

Summary . . . . . . . 115
Conclusions • • • • lt6

BIBLIOGRAPHY 47
APPENDIX A Determinations of:
Fiber T,vping

c Blood Lactate Concentration

rtJaXimal Aerobic Power . . . • . 56
APPENDIX B Table li - Morphological., Physic;;l e:1nd Physiological
Characteristics of the Subject:~ . • . • . 62
APPENDIX C Table 5 - IVJaximal Aerobic Power· GP. for the
Test-Retest of the E:A.J)erimenta:i. flrovp . 64
APPENDIX D Table 6 - l''k?tabolic Responses cf 3·)bjects to
Maximal Aerobic Work • . • , . . . ·. . . . . • . 66
APPENDIX E Table 7 - fllletabolic Response ·of Subjects to
Submaximal Hork (600 kpm/rnin) . . . . . . • 68
APPENDIX F Table 8 - Performance Outputs of D:t.stance Run
in 12 llfinutes and 50 r;reter Spr~1nt . • · 70

(ii)
 LIST 0F FIGUR.ES

FIGURE PAGE

l M:tximal Anaerobic Power Output~i fo:c the Test-Retest

of the Experimental Group . . " • . • . . . 32
2 Maximal Anaerobic Power Versus I'<'fax:irral Aerobic
Po~>Ver • • • • • • • • • • • . . t'· .,. • • • .. • 33
3 Maxirral Anaerobic Pmver Versus B1o'x1 lactate
Concentrations • . • • . . , , , • • ~ . • 33
4 Max:irnal Anaerobic Power Versu::; of Fast
TWitch Muscle Fibers 34
5 M:tximal Anaerobic Power Versus Sectional
Areas of Fast 'IWitch Muscle .. eo • • •. • • • • 34
6 Maximal Anaerobic Power Versus of Slow
TWitch Muscle Fibers ·• • • 36
7 Maximal Anaerobic Pmver Versus Cross--Sectional
Areas of Slow TWitch Muscle Ji'ibers • . • . 36
. '
8 Maximal Anaerobic Power Versus Distance Run in
12 Minutes • . • . . . . . . . . • . 37
9. Maximal Anaerobic Power Versus~ :cor a 50 Meter
Sprint Run • • • • • 37

·.

(iii)
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 Mean Range and Standard Deviation of the Morphological

and the Physiological Characteristics of the
Experimental Group • , • . • • < •• ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • .28

2 Significance of T-Test of Maximal Anaerobic Power

Outputs • ~ • : . \ .... ~ • ~ .... ·~ ..... ~ .......... , . . • . • • • -29

3 Summary of Pearson Product Correlations and

Sign~ficance • • • • • • • • • .30

,.-.

_,.

._

·.

· (iv)
 )
ABSTRACT
0
Nine male university students under-went a series of tests to
dete:rmine the reliability and validity of a 30 second 11all-out 11 bicycle
ergometer test in which pedalling velocity vias continuously recorded.

Two separate testing sessions were used to examine the reliability of

this ergometric test measuring maximal anaerobic pm'ler. In order for

validation of the test> the distribution and cross-sectional areas of

fast and slow twitch muscle fibers as well as maximal blood lactate con-

centrations > maxirnal aerobic pm'ler, distances run in 12 minutes and

performance t:irnes of a 50· meter sprint run were compared to maximal

anaerobic power outputs.

A high reliability coefficient or . 97 was demonstrated between

the test:-retest or this 30 second maximal anaerobic poNer test. In

'C addition, sigpificant relationships were found between the fiber

distribution of FT fibers, maximal blood lactate concentrations and

the distance run in 12 minutos llfith the power outputs of the anaerobic

test. Consequently, this 30 second ergometric test with continual

monitored pedalling velocity was concluded to be a reliable and valid

'.
indication of maximal anaerobic pow~r 111· man.

Graduate Studies and Research . Wally Kaczkowski

Faculty of Education M.A.
McGill University August 1980
:M:mtreal > Quebec

(v)
\0 RESill'IE

Neuf etudiants males de niveau universitaire furent soumis a

un exercice exhaustif (all···out) de 30 seconds afin de determiner la

fiabilite et la validite d 1 ml te~>l~ sur bicyclette ergometrique ou

la frequence de pedologe eta.i t enregistree. Deux seances de mesure

furent employees pour deternrh.1er la f'iabilite du test. la surface

et la distribution des fibres r<:tpide~; (F. T.), la concentration maxirra.le

en lactate sanguin, 1' enduranee aerobie, la distance couru.e en 12 minutes

et la performance obtenue g lt' nne distance de 50 metres furent compares

.a.la puissance anaerobie inaxl_rnale afjn de valider le test.

Un coefficient de correlation de r = 0.97 fut observe entre les .

sessions de utest-retest 11 • D'un autre cote, une relation significative

futetablie entre la distribution des fibres rapides (F. T.) > la concentration

max:l.rrale en lactate sanguin ;, d5stsnce parcourue en 12 minutes et la

puissance anaerobie developpi?e :tors test. Corrnne conclusion> ce
te:::;r·. anaerobie de 30 se cone.: .. '; '· · :1 r2quence de pedaloge est enregistree
rut ,i uge en instrument de ·et valide pour determiner la
·.
pu:i.ssance anaerobie ma.x:imaJ ;: ::-~: ;;6 1 1 horrn:ne.

Division des Etudes Graduees Wally Kaczkowski

Raculte d'Education M.A.
Universite McGill Aotit 1980
MOntreal> Quebec
(v.t)
 I r1ould sincerely like to thanlc my advisor Dr. Vassilius Klissouras
.
for his endless contribution tm11-ards the research and preparation of this

thesis. Tnrough his endless knowledge> friendly manner and dedication

I have been truly motivated to strive towards the 11Essence of Human

Y,nmrledge. 11

Further I \"l"ould like to thank Dr. A. \v. Taylor for the use of

his laboratory facilities, academic knowledge and uncanny ethnical

humour.

Furthermore, special thanks to my nine subjects for their time,

patience and efforts.

Finally, my love a.r:~d gratitude to my parents and my fiancee

l~ie for their encouragement and belief in me.

(vii)

P·
 CHAPI'ER I

INTRODUCTION

The functional adaptability of rran to exercise is primarily

dependa'1t upon the ability of the tissues to supply energy for muscular

contraction. The source of this energy requirement is met through the

aerobic and anaerobic systems.

In the intact human organism the energy requirement for the

aerobic component is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates and

fats and it is thus dependant upon m.Jlgen. The energy requirement of

the anaerobic component on the other hand, relies on the splitting of

high energy phosphate compounds, namely adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

and creatine phosphate ( CP) and the breakdown of glycogen to lactate

in the glycolytic pathway.

Aerobic ·po'iier; the ability of' the human tissues to produce energy

in the pr-esence of oxygen, has been the subject of many investigations

(e.g. Saltin et al., 1968, Shephard et al., 1968, Gollnick et al., 1972,

and Hync'lh.am et al., 1959). Maxim:ll anaerobic power on the oth~r hand,
has received little attention in spite of .the fact that efforts of high
intensity and short duration are greatly dependant upon it.

Hence, since few tests are available to assess the maximal

anaerobic power in man, it seems feasible that the development of an

ergorretric test enabling one to estimate the anaerobic power of an

individual vlithout directly measuring the blood lactate concentration,

 2

• · mu.scle fiber distribution, and phosphate concentrations, vmuld have both

theoretical and practical importance: Tneoretical, because it would
establish relations between biological variables and practical, because

it could be used as a measurement for evaluation of one's physical fitness

':lith respect to the maxima.l anaerobic pov-rer.

STATElVJENT OF THE PROBLEM

'Ihe purpose of this study was to extend previous research in this

area and to establish a simple ergometric test to evaluate maxiwal anaerobic

pmver in man. For this purpose the mechanical braked bicycle ergometer

vras selected since this apparatus has been widely used for the assessment

of maximal aerobic pmver in man. In addition, it would be feasible to

have the same apparatus for the assessment of both the maximal aerobic
.·
and anaerobic power.
More specifically the pu.rpose of this study was to establish the

reliability and validity of such an ergometric test. In order to

validate the test, the maximal anaerobic power output on the bicycle
ergometer was correlated with: a) the morphological characteristics
. . . . . .

or human muscle fibers b) certain physiological and c) pll_ysical perform-

a_nce assessments.

HYPOTriESES

It "tvas expected that there would be:

l. A significant linear and positive relationship bet1i'1een maximal

anaerobic power output and the distribution of FT fibers.

 3

2. A significant linear aYJ.d positive relationship bet1·:een ma.xirral

anaerobic power output and the cross-sectional areas of FT muscle
fibers.
3. A significant linear and positive relationship between maxlinal
anaerobic pmver output and maximal blood lactate concentration.
~. Conversely there exists a significant linear but negative relation-

ship .between rraxirral anaerobic pm:er and maximal aerobic power output.

5. A significant linear but negative relationship betvreen maximal

anaerobic power output and performance time of a 50 meter sprint

run.
6. A significant linear but negative relationshi.p between maximal
anaerobic power output and the distance covered during a 12 minute

run.

RATIONAlE OF THE STOIJY'

In this study a significant relationship was hypothesized betv,reen

maximal anaerobic povJer and:
I. Muscle fiber distribution and cross-sectional areas
·A predominance of fast ·twitch fibers .has been observed in the

leg muscles of athletes whose activities demand high muscle strength

and power such as vleight lifters and sprinters (Edstrom aDd Nystrom,

1969, Rusko, 1976, and Cost ill et al. , 1976) . Conversely, a predominance

of slm·r tl.vi tch fibers has been illustrated in athletes who specialize

in endurance events (Costill et al., 1976,·and Gollnick et al.,l972).

Subsequently Foster et al. , 1976, and more recently Bergh et al., 1978,
 have demonstrated a positive relationsr.ip betr,-:een the pereentage of
sl01·1 fibers and individual vo2 rnax values.
Several researchers have agreed that fast twitch muscle fibers
have larger cross-sectional areas (Gollnick et al., 1972, and Costill
et al., 1976) and contain more glycolytic enzymes (Essen et al., 1975,
rraylor, et al., 1974' and 'Ihorstensson et al.' 1975, 1977) than sl01;1
t;.'li tch fibers. In addition, hypertrophy of muscle fiber areas .has been

demonstrated to result from both aerobic (ST Fibers) (Gollnick et al.,

1973) and anaerobic (Fr Fibers) (Tnorstensson et al., 1976c) training
progra'11S.
Therefore it would seem that despite the arduous procedures used
in the determination of muscle fiber size and distribution, the determin-

c ation of suCh information would provide an invaluable asset for the

examination of cellular composition affecting maximal anaerobic power
on the bicycle·ergprreter.
II. Blood lactate concentration
vJhen the muscles exercise under hypoxic conditions, glycogen is
broken down to produce the required energy. As a result of this anaerobic
glycolytic reaction_, lactate is produced. 'Iherefore the rooasureiT.ent. of
this lactic acid concentration in the blood enables one to determine
the contribution of the anaerobic metabolism to the total energy. production.
III. Field tests
Several investigators have illustrated a strong positive relation

between the distances ru.n during a 12 minute span and maximal aerobic
power (Wyndham et al., 1971, and Cooper, 1968). Tnerefore one would
 5

expect to observe a negative relationship bet1veen distances run and

maximal anaerobic power. Conversely, however, a positive relationship

should be seen between poor perforrrance times for a 50 meter sprint

run and maximal anaerobic power since both these efforts depend on high

energy compounds as their energy source (Saltin_, 1977, and Margaria,

1968).

DELIMITATIONS

1. 'Ihe nurriber of subjects in this stucv was limited to 9 between the

ages of 19 and 22 years.

2. All subjects were physical education students.
3. A bicycle ergometer was used.to determine maximum aerobic capacity .
. .'j

DEFINITION

Maximal
J'
Anaerobic Power - The peak muscular mechanical power output

produced during supramaximal effort on the bicycl~ ergometer •

.• ' '
' .. -.

ABREVIATIONS •,

A'rP Adenosine Triphosphate

..
.cP Creative. phosphate

MAP }faximal. anaerobic. power

FT Fast twitch muscle fibers

ST .Slotv·;·twitch muscle fibers

LA Lactic acid.
+
H Hydro'gen iron

DPN (NAD) Diphosphopyridine nucleotide

..
 6

(0 Maximum oxygen consumption (liters/min)

R Respiratory exchange ratio

-1
HR Heart rate (beats-min )
0
STPD 0 C, 760 mnHg, dry

VE Expiratory gas volume/minute

Fractional concentration of expired oxygen

Fractional concentration of expired carbon dioxide

 CHAPTER 11

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

ANAEROBIC POWER

lo!aximal anaerobic power, commonly referred to as muscular power,

has been previously defined as the ability of an individual to release

maximum force in the shortest period of time (Sargent~ 1962~ and

}!argaria et al., 1964). Diverse research has indicated that the maximal

power generated in very short exercise is directly related to the splitting

rate of the phosphagens and is fairly constant for the first 4 or 5

seconds. (Margaria et al., 1964, 1966, 1971).

In early initial human research estimating gross muscular power,

the vert~cal and standing broad jumps were used to estimate an individual's

ability to release energy explosively (Sargent, 1962). However, research

_,.
in the past decade has indicated,that there is a poor·correlation between

the two variables (Fleishman, 1964) and that they are measures of human

impulsion rather than human . Power (Barlow, 1970, and Adamson and

'Whitney, .1971}.
3 ~

'Several other testing protocol&, however, have been used over

the last decade to measure maximal anaerobic power. These include the

tedious laboratory test of oxygen debt collection following exhaustive

treadmill work (Knuttgen,

. .
1962,
. and Wasse~an
~
et al., 1965)~ maximal

running velocity up a normal staircase {Margaria, 1966, Margaria, et al.,

1967, a~d Kalamen et al., 1968) ~nd maximal pedalling frequency (Borg,

1962, Cummings, 1972, Ayalon et al,, 1974, Szogy et al., 1974, and Bar-Or
and Inbar, 1978).
 8

Within the past half decade, however, Bar-Or and Inbar (1978)

have consumated an extensive project examining the characteristics

of a 30 second "all-out" bicycle ergometer test in relation to its

measurement of maximal anaerobic power. The calculation of this

mechanical power output was derived from the number of pedal revolutions

monitored every 5 seconds against a resistance relative to each subject's

body weight (i.e. 75 g/kg) • Moreover while studying the possible effects

of a 15 minute intermittent warm-up (30 sec treadmill run~ 30 sec pause)

for this 30 second all-out effort, Inbar and Bar-Or (1975) have observed

that the total revolutions, total power output and peak heart rates were

all significantly increased.

Hence it is therefore evident that a warm up is essential in

order to obtain maximal anaerobic power output in the Bar-Or test.

}IDSCLE FIBER DISTRIBUTION

In early observati.ons by R:mvier (1873) diffe:rrmees in the force

velocity properties of rabbit skeletal n.uscles of differing gross

morphology were observed. Links between the contractJLc' properties

of a muscle and its metabolic and morphological characteristics,. in

terms of the distribution of distinct muscle fiber types~ were sub-

sequently extablished (Burke et al., 1973, and Close, 1972). Initial

research involving histochemical analyses of whole muscle with fast

 9

or slm·.r contr:action times together with later studies of single motor

units led several researchers to the conclusion that motor units can

be classified into two main types, fast tr.dtch (FT, TYPE 11) and slow

twitch (ST, TYPE 1) and also that the maximal tetanic tension is higher

for Fr motor Qnits than for ST units (Close, 1972). These findings

have been supported in later research by Burke and Edgerton (1975) who

reported that ST motor units were predominantly recruited during contrac-

tions of low tension outputs and that the Fr motor units on the other

hand, appeared to be recruited only ·when high tension and/or velocity

were required.

Classification of human muscle fibers by histochemical staining

was first suggested by Padykula and Herman (1955) with the use of a

stain for myofibrillar ATPase after an alkaline preincubation. This

method separates muscle fibers into two defined groups. · riJ:ethodological

variation in the proposed preincubatlon period has resulted in variations

of fiber types. Edgerton et al. CLS75) and Prince et al. (1976) have

found different types of fibers, which they accept as being clearly

separated into three groups. They conceive these ·types to be a slow

twitch fiber> which produces small tension at a slow rate and is

extremely resistant to fatigue, and t~'lo fast twitch units vlhich produce

the largest tetanic tensions, but differ in that one is comparably

resistant to fatigue \vhile the other fatigues rapidly. Both types of

Fr fibers, holvever, possess a high glycolytic potential in contrast

to ST fibers, ·which have a low glycolytic and high oxidative capacity.

 10

{ .
·~ In an ~arlier study of histocbe:nical types and sizes of f'ibers

in nomal human muscles, Edstrom and Nystrom (1969) noted that "subtyping
is not ali'lays distinct, and fibers are fow1d ·which are not easily

classified. 11 In Edstrom' s muscle speci111ens only two Ir.ain types of

fiber were distinguished.

Hi th biocherrical analyses of muscle hon:ogenates possessing a

. .
wide range of fiber compositions, it has been possible to derronstrate

several enzymes involved in the energy yieldJng processes of the

different fiber types (Gollnick et al., 19'(4 > and Essen et al., 1975).
Several studies have demonstrated that ll'B11Y of the enzymes involved in

the immed1ate NY? turn-over in connection \v1th muscle contraction have

activities that var-:1 \vith muscle fiber composition. Thus~ muscle ·samples

\ATith a high proportion of FT fibers show a higher activity of myosin

2
ATPase (Taylor et al., 1974, and Essen et al., 1975), r1g + stimulated

ATPase and myokinase (rifJK) (Thorstensson et al., 1975, and 1977),

creative, .X:>phokinase (CPK) (TnorstenssoL
11 ::t; al., 1977), phospho-
fructokinase (PF1<) (Essen et al., 1975) and CA 2+ myosin A~Tase (Essen
et al., 19'75). Conversely, muscle samples vrith. a high proportion of

ST fibers> show a high activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). In

the case of enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (WH) aDd myokinase,

muscle fJher type related differences have aJso been observed in isozyme

distribution (Karlson et al., 1974, and Thorstensson et al., 1976).

LDH acti vJty has been found to be higher by a factor of 2-2. 5 in FT

muscle fiber_than in ST muscle.fibers (Thorstensson et al., 1974, and

Sjodin, 1976), and the mean triglyceride concentration has been observed
~
(.
1..
 11

to be almost _3 times higher in ST than in FT fibers (Essen et al., 1975).

Similar findll1gs have been reported in a review article by Keul (1969)>

who noted that ST fibers contain more neutral fats, free fatty acids,

and fat-metabolizing enz--ymes than FT fibers.

In a comparison of fiber composition in treJned human subjects

to untraiPed hu~~ s1illjects, Gollnick et al. (1972) observed that an

endurance athlete ,,;as characterized by a high percentage of ST fibers

in his/her trained muscles, while an untrained subject showed little

variation in his/her fiber composition. These findings were later

supported by.Costill et al. (1976) who studied elite distance runners.

Looking at the fiber composition of these runners Costill noted that

their muscles ·Nere characterized by a high percentage (X = ·rg%) of slow

twitch fibers. He also observed that the cross-sectional area of the
0 ST fibers was 22 percent larger than that of the FT fibers.

In further research examining fiber types of different athletes,

Prince et al. (19'(G) observed a significant trend toward more glycolytic

fibers in power lifters as compared to distance runners. vJhen a comparison

was made ,bet•ireen the:> fast twitch fiber area of v:eight lifters and the
fast twitch fiber axea of untrained subjects, a significant difference

was observed. Tais later finding of Prince is in agreement w:tth

Edstrom and Ekblom (1972) 1.-1ho also found that weight lifters with high

isometric muscular strength had significantly larger fast twitch

fibers than endurance athletes. In anothe:r:· study of fiber distribution

of different track athletes, Costill et al. (1976) obse:t>Ved that sprint

trained men and wornen possessed more glycolytic (FT) fibers than the
g
"-··.I
 12

endu,.""'Cmce athletes. The relative area of a muscle occupied by slow

twitch mu.scle fibers ·Nas also noted to be markedly different for the

endurance and non endurance athletes.

It has been noted by several researchers (GolL!ick et al., 1972,

GolJnick et al.> 1973_, and Edstrom and Ekblom, 1972) that Fr fibers
usually have ·a lac""ger diameter than ST fibers, and therefore occupy a

somewhat larger portion of the muscle than indicated by the percentage.

Tno~h it has been seen that training will not effect the composition

of skeletal muscle fibers (Gollnick et al., 1973, Eriksson et al., 1973,

and Thorstensson et al., 1975), training can change the area of a given

fiber type (GolJnick et al., 1973, and Thorstensson et al., 1976c).

Gollnick et al. (1973) have studied the effects of a five month endurance
training.program on enzyme activity and fiber composition in human

skeletal muscle. Tney have found that slO'vV' twitch fibers are larger

after training than before training thus the relative area the slo'vv
b'litch fibers occupy in the muscle i'/as also higher. Tnorstensson et al.
(1975), on the other hand haye used a systematic anaerobic strength

training program. At the completion of this progi>am an increase in the

FT/ST area ratio was observed.
Skeletal muscle metabolism, as represented by V02 wax, has been
sho~m to be positively correlated with the percentage of ST fiber in

the mu.scle (Forsb~rg et al., 1976, and Foster et al., 1978) . looking

at \veil-trained rtlll.ners of varying ability, Foster has observed that

performance times of 1, 2 and 6 miles are strongly related to vo2 max.

His results indicate that the primary determinant of cross-sectional

differences in running performance is vo2 ma..x.

 13

After. studying t~;.e genetic cc:::}:;)onent of skeletal muscle fiber

composition in man, Korni et al. (19Tl) concluded tbat there exists a
predominant genetic influence on hillran skeletal muscle fiber composition
and therefore on the potential capacity of the muscles to perform work.
In further histochemical research, Larsson et al. (1977) examined the
characteristics of human skeletal muscle in an age range of 22 to 65
years of age, &'1d reported that although .ST fiber ~as do not change
significantly with age, there is hm1ever a selective decrease in FT
area size. In addition, Iarsson also observed a shift in fiber type

distribution towards a higher percentage in ST fibers and a correspond-

ing decrease in FT fibers with age.
In a comparison of skeletal muscle characteristics between male

and fema~e subjects, Komi et al~ (1978) have reported that males
demonstrate more ST muscle fibers as \·Jell as more pronol'mced contractile
and glycolytic.profiles in their skeletal muscles than females. These
findings confl:tct somewhat ,..,'ith previou..s research by Hedberg and Jansson
(1976) who studied the mean value of total fibers in 70 inales and 45
females 1Hho were all 16 years of age and found. it· to be 52 percent
ST muscle fibers for both sexes. In a siffiilar study using only adult
\'romen Nygaard et al. (1976) also found no difference between the fiber
composition of the females as compared to data for males.
Another di;fference betvieen the sexes is found to be the size
of the fibers. Several investigators have. provided evidence to show

the cross-sectional areas of fibers to be larger in male than in

female muscle (Cos till et al., 1976, Nygaard et al., 1976, Hedberg
and Jansson, 1976).
 14

Perhaps one of the most qu-=stionable points in the needle biopsy

technique is the reproducibility of the results obtained in the specimens.

r·~thodological studies in fiber distribution (Piehl, 197L!) and enzyme

activities (Go1lnick et al., 1974, and 1972) have demonstrated a good

reproducibility (Le. have obtained very similar results while studying

the sa~ muscle sample) in the investigated muscle. It has also been seen

that the size relationship between the two types of muscle fiber is fairly

constant irrespective of a certain amount of variation in biopsy depth

(Edstrom et al., 1972).

AEROBIC P01VER

JV".aximal aerobic power is the highest oxygen uptake an individual

can attain during physical work. The measurement of this maximal oxygen

uptake gives an accurate indication of the maximal rate of energy output

by combustion \<Jithin the body and of the functional capacity of ones

circulatoFJ system (Astrand and Saltin, 1961). A. person 1·1ith a high

vo2 max has the ability to transport and utilize larger quantities of

o2 and therefore can delay the onset of anaerobic. glycolysis, lactic

acid productJon and muscular fatigue.

The volume of oxygen consumed during physical exercise is

dependant upon the \"forkload an::lon the mass of muscles employed. Work

\lfith the legs can bring the metabolism to a higher level than can

exercise performed with the arms (Astrand and Saltin, 1961, and

Hermassen and Saltin, 1969). In a comparative study of treadmill

and bicycle tests, hotlever, several researchers have noted that

 15

bicycle ergOJ?etric work yields V0 rr.a':( values th3.t are 5 to 6 percent

2
lo;·;er (Shepherd et al._, 1968, Hermassen, 1969, and Hermassen and Saltin,

1969).
Maximal oxygen uptake is said to be reached when (l) there is

no further incr~ase in oxygBn uptake despite an increase in workload_,

i.e. V02 levels-off (2) blood lactic concentration reaches 80 to lOO

wg/100 ml Blood and (3) when the respiratory quotient has risen to 1.1
or above (Astrand, 1970, 1977).

·A v1ide range of improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (i.e. 10-

40 percent increase) has been reported during the last decade due to

the effects of various training programs (Ekblom et al., 1968, Ekblom_,

1969, and Saltin et al., 1968).

BLOOD LACTA'IE CONCENTRATION

Occasionally during severe or intense exercise, oxygen becomes

either unavailable or insufficient so that the cellular oxidation of

glucose cannot take place. Yet even under these conditions a srrall

amDlliit of energy can still be released to the cel~s by glycolysis,

for the chemical reactions in the glycolytic breakdolfln of glucose to.

pyruvic acid do not require oxygen.

The two end products of the glycolytic reactions are pyruvic

acid and two hydrogen atoms which are combined with DPN to form DPNH

and H+. The build up of either or both of these would stop the

glycolytic processes and prevent further formation of ATP. \-fnen their

quantities begin to be excessive these two end products react vdth

 16

each other to form lactic acid in accordance \'lith the following

equation.

Pyruvic Acid+ NADH + H+ Lactic Lactic + NAD+

Dehydrogenase Acid
------~
<.------
Thus u..11der anaerobic conditions, the major proportion of the
pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid which diffuses readily out

of the cells into the extracellular fluids. Therefore lactic acid

represents a type of sit~J<hole into ·which the glycolytic end products

can disappear thus allov1ing glycolysis to proceed for longer than vmuld

be possible if the pyruvic acid and hydrogen were not removed. In view

of these facts, numerous researchers employ elevated blood lactate

concentrations as an indicator of anaerobic metabolism in the working

;\

muscle (Karlsson, 1971, Di Prampero et al., 1973, Christensen et al~,

1960, and Astrand et al., 1970).

In the comparison of blood muscle lactate concentrations)

distinct differences have been reported. Diaiw..nt et al., (1968) have

shovm that, when vie,•Jed imrr.ediately following maximal exercise of

approxim3tely three minutes duration, lactate concentrations in the

muscle are much higher (24. 5 mr•1) tha...'1 in the blood (12. 5 mM). Tnis ·

finding has been supported by Karlsson (1971) who compared the two

immediately after exhaustive exercise on a per liter of water basis

and obserrved the muscle lactate concentrations to be approximately

tvlice as great as the blood lactate concentrations. Ho\'lever, \·Then a

short period of time vras allowed to elapse bet't'ITeen cessation of \vork

 17

and measurement of blood and muscle concentrations the two values \·Iere
approximately the same (Dia~nt et al., 1968).

Post exercise blood lactate concentration is determined by the

intensity and duration of the exercise, the type of work and muscle

mass activated, and by the fitness level of the individual (Gollnick

and Hermansen, 1973). Several investigators have noted that no marked

increase in blood lactate concentration is seen until workloads exceed

50 to 60% of yo2 ma.x (\·Jyndham et al., 1962, Hermansen and Sal tin, 1969,

Astrand et al., 196!~, Rowell et al., 1965> and Karlsson, 1971).

A nwnber of studies have shown that lactate concentration starts

well before the _r:hosphagen stores are fully utilized. Karlsson (1971)

and others (Bergstrom et al., 1971, Hermassen, 1971, Karlsson, 1971,

Saiki et al., 1967, and Penny, 1975) have all provided evidence that
0 illustrates lactate accumulation to be greatest during the first

minutes of exercise due to the dela;yed response of physiological

adjustments. T'nese findir:tgs based '-~t! obser'",rations of subma.xirnal work

loads, illustrates that there is little lactate production once a steady

level of oxygen consumption is reached. 'Ihese results, ho.vever, have

been questioned by several researchers. · Costill (1970) and others
(Nagle et al., 1970, and Costill and Fox, 1969) have all observed a
continual production of lactate in work requiring 65-90% vo2 max even
'tvhen a reasonably_ steady state of o2 consumption is attained. In an

exa~nation of different lactate concentrations obtained after brief : ..

~

eY.haustive l'lork1oads from one to 10 minutes, Kar1sson (1971) has

observed that the highest values are recorded fol1o~Aring a seven

 18

( minute test. Similar results have been reported by Astrand and

'Q Saltin (1961) tvho recorded maximal blood lactates (160-175 mg% for

male subjects and 120-135 mg% for female subjects) using exhaustive
intensities that terminated the test between two to eight minutes.
In an additional project, Astrand and Saltin (1961) have shown the

highest blood lactate levels to be following work of high intensity

and short duration.
Stenberg (1966) and others (Astrand et al., 1968, Stenberg et al.,
1967, and Asmussen and Nielsen, 1946) have demonstrated that the blood
lactate concentration is higher during exercise with small muscle groups
(e.g. arm exercise) than during exercise at the same level of intensity
'\'Tith large muscle groups (e.g. ieg exercise). It has furthermore been
.....
shown by Hermansen and Saltin · (1969) that the blood lactate concentration
is higher during bicycle exercise than it is following submax:imal tread-
JI)ill exercise at the same metabolic-rate.
A decline in plood lactate' levels has been noted by several
researchers when the duration ofstea(t• state exercise exceeds 10
minutes (Costill and Fox, 1969, and Saiki et al., 1967). IJ.his decline
is attr~buted to the repayment of lacta~~d o2 debt. It has also been
noted that blood lactate concentration can be made to fall at a faster
rate, ir resting conditions are replaced by moderate exercise (60-70
percent of an individual's vo2 max) during the recovery period (Davies
et al., 1970, Gisolfi et al., 1966, Jorfeldt, 1970, and Rowell et al.,
1966).
 19

T,·JELVE :MINU'ill RUN

In the last decade several :investigators have studi.ed the

relationship bett.,reen the distance ivalked or run :in a 12 minute period

8Jld direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake. By dint of the direct

treadrnill ~thod, Cooper (1968) and \'iyndham et al. (1971) have reported

correlation coefficients of . 84 and . 9ll, respectively.

A run of 12 minutes duration was selected by Cooper by reason that

a one mile run does not represent a significant challenge to a subject's

aerobic capacity and that a run of at least 1.5 miles or a duration of

at least 12 minutes is necessary to accurately estimate (by field testing

rr.ethods) maximal oxygen conslli'Tlption. \·Jhile further :investigat:ing a 12

minute run, Wyndham et al. (1971) corrmented upon the need for good

motivation in the subjects and proposed that a check should be used.

SPRINT RUNNJNG. (50 l'feter Run)

It can be generally estimated that the average time for a 40 m

run vdll be less than seven .seconds for a norma..l healthy .subject. Research

has shown that high energy phosphate compounds are able to supply energy
for up to seven seconds (Vargaria et al., 1963, lg64, 1968).
In a project :investigating the relationship of a 30 second supra-

maxirr.al pedalling test with the performance times of 40 and 300 meter

runs, Bar-Or et al. (1978) reported correlations of .80 and .81,

respectively. Bar-Or therefore concluded that anaerobic power could

be accurately reflected by a 40 meter run. Similar conclusions have

been reported by other researchers (IVargaria, 1968, and Saltin, 1977)

who generally agree that the energy derived for a~y race under lOO meters

in length is basically from the an4erobic processes.

 CHAP'IER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Nine male physical education students from McGill University

served as subjects. Several of these trained in such varied activities

as weightlifting (n=4), volleyball (n=2) and basketball (n=2). Their

ages ranged from 19 to 22 ·years of age while body weights varied from

63.5 to 99 kgs. Each subject underwent a series of four tests of which

only ma.xima.l anaerobic power \vas re tested. A muscle sample was taken

from the vastus lateralis muscle of each subject prior to the testing

sessions.

MUSClE SAMPLING

In provision for muscle s~ling, a section of. the skin overlying

the vastus lateralis ot the right leg \'Jas shaved and made aseptic. Tne

area \vas then anaesthetized with a local injection of :x:ylocaine. Once

assured t~t
.
t~ area \'Jas frozen, a sma.ll incision into the skin and
.
f'ascia of the muscle viaS made by a #11 ~Calpel. Any blood loss viaS

imnedi~~ely desiccated by gauze. Thr~~gh this incision, the biopsy

needle was inserted and a srrall sample (10-40 mg) of muscle was extracted.

The specimens were then trimmed of fat and connective tissue and

immediately froze~ in isopentane maintained at -65°C by a liquid freon

. . '
gas. 'lhe specimens were then wrapped, labelled and refridgerated at

-75°C until analyzed. The sampling depth was not controlled since it
has been seen that the distribution of FT and ST fibers appear to be
 21

(11'\..
·~ horrogeneous throughout the depth of the muscle (Edgerton et al., 1975).

The vastus lateralis muscle was chosen for h·iO r-easons, firstly because

it has been shown that this muscle mas$ is related to the performed

bicycle workload (Grimbly et al., 1967) and secondly because the muscle

is located at a site convenient for muscle biopsy sampling (Tnorstensson,

1976).

EMBEDDING AND CUTI'ING

MUscle specimens were separately ~mbedded on a circular mounting

chuck with cryoform. The chuck lvas immediately imnersed in isopentane

at -65° C until completely frozen (10-15 sec) and placed on the cutting
platfonn of the cyrostat. Verification of transverse alignment was

then made by a sample cut. Four serial cross-sections of 10 microns

thickness·. were then cut from each sample and mounted on cover glasses

fgr staining.

STAINING PROCEDURES

The cover glasses wit~ the serial ·sections were placed in labelled
staining jars and stained with · ·prepared staining solutions (Appendix A:.

p:57).'Ihe myofribrillar ATPase stain <;1s developed by Padykula and Herman

(1955) and modified by Guth and Samaha ·~ (1969) was used to determine
muscle fiber distribution. These reactions carried out at a PH of 9.4

. were preceeded by an alkaline incubation of PH 10.3. Once stained, the

sections were mounted .on microscope

.
slides .with Pennount. Upon

analysis, two distinct fiber types were distinguished, one staining

dark and the other light. These were. then referred to as FT and ST
 22

muscle fiber types, respectively. 'fr:e nu:::'ber of fibers for each type
were then co~~ted from a photomicro~~ph of the stained cross-section

and the relative distribution of FT and ST was then determined provided

that at least 115 fibers were counted. If, hoh'ever, 45 fibers 1:1ere not

counted the sample \'ras then disregarded.

Fiber areas were determined from the cross-sections stained for

NADH-Dehydrogenase as developed by Novikoff et al. (1971). This histo-

chemical procedure was used to avoid fiber shrinkage resulting from

dehydration. Once dF.f, the sections 1vere momted on microscope slides

using ivanned glycerol jelly. Mean Fr aD.d ST fiber areas \·;ere then

calculated from the negative of the photomicrograph using a Zeiss TGZ3

particle counter.

ANAEROBIC POliJER MF.ASURElVIENT

In order. to assess maximal anaerobic power, each subject performed

on a modified mechanically braked bicycle ergometer (Monark type) during

two different testing sessions. Reoistance v.ras set to 75 g per kg of

body weight since this has been reported to be th~ optimal load to obtain
maximal muscular output (Bar....:or, 1978). · .

Each subject pedalled against the resistance at rr.aximal speed for

30 seconds during which the velocity of pedalling was continuously mon-

i tared. For this purpose an electrical motor was mounted on the front

wheel of the ergometer and its electrical output v~as continuously recorded

on a Gilson pen recorder. 'Ihe adva"ltage of this set up is that one can

obtain the instantaneous velocity and calculate at any time interval~

the maximal muscular pOi'fer output.

 23

At the corrm:md 11 SW1RT11 each subject pedalled as fast as he

possibly could. In order to overcome the initial resistance of the

i·Jheel, resistance Has set at a level lower and vras then increased to

the pre-determtned level during the first two seconds of the exercise.

Subjects were continuously verbally rr:otivated throughout their exercise

sp~n.

Prior to the actual test, each subject unde~vent a 10 minute

intermittent warm-up period; i.e. 30 seconds -..·Jork, 30 seconds rest,

usLng a resistance of 40 g per kg body weight and 50 revolutions per

minute. This v;ras immediately followed by a 5 minute rest bout.

A graded, discontinuous bicycle ergometer test was administered

.·
to determine each subject's maximal aerobic power. This test protocol

1.·1as a modification of the testing procedure developed by Astrand and

Rodahl (1970 and 1977).

All subjects \'!ere tested on a Monark type mechanically-braked

bicycle ergometer in which initial tvorkloads 1.vere· set at 300 kpm/min.

Throughout the test, subjects were encouraged to pedal steadily and in
synchrony with a metronome (providing both an auditory and visual

stimulus) set a frequency rate of 50 revolutions per minute. Each of

their workloads w.ere of 5 minute duration followed by a 3-4 minute

rest bout. These viorkloads (approxirrately 6) \vere augmented at

increments of 300 kpm/min, to the point of volitional exhaustion.

 24

(
An open circuit method was used to ascertain oxygen uptake. 'Ihe
{ 11\
..'·.
'w measurement of oxygen uptake \vas taken during the last minute of each
\'Iorkload. 'lhis inspired air vias measlL.Y'ed directly from a Parkinson-

cowan gasometer. Gas collection also· taken during the last minute of

each workload, was collected in a meterological balloon and the fractional

concentrations of 0
2
and oo2 in the expired air were then determined by

Beckmen OM 11 and I.B 2 gas ana1yzers respectively, both of which were

previously calibrated with known gas concentrations (i.e. 6.03 and 14.8
00
2
o2 , respectively).

Heart rate was determined during the final 15 seconds or each

workload assessed from the thoracic leads of a Parke-Davis electro-

cardiograph.

. The barometric pressure and room temperature were noted for each
testing session and values were then converted to STPD. From this
cQnversion
,., maximum aerobic power was calculated from the inspired

ventilation and fractiortal concentrations o.f o2 and co2 in the expired

air (Appendix A, p. 61).

BL(X)D LACTNIES
'·
Blood lactate levels were measured from samples taken from the
medial ,antecubital vein four to five minutes after the cessation of
maxima.l exhaustive exercise. The blood samples were then refrigerated
imnediately and analyzed at a later tine using the Calbiochem Rapid

Lactate Reagents Method

.
for. lactate determinations.
'

..
 25

Absorbance measures were performed on a Baush-Lomb PR 20

Spectrophotometer at 340 nm. The blood sample and prepared reagent were

then analyzed using the prescribed format (see Appendix A).

FIELD TESTS
All subjects underwent a personal 15 minute warm-up prior to each

field test. Each subject was required to perform two short sprint runs
of 50 meters and 400 meters of continuous running (taxing atleast 60% of ~.·

their vo2 max) as ·part of their warm-up. All testing was done on a 400

meter outdoor track.

50 METER SPRINT
Three 50 meter sprint runs were performed by each subject from
.·.
a stance of his choice. . The fastest time for the three sprints was

noted and recorded to the nearest lOth of a second.

12 MINUTE RUN

Subjects were divided into two :;-::-oups 'to help provide more running

space on the track and to help create a motivational atmosphere by the use
of an audience. Immediately following their 12 minute span, the travelled
distances (in km) and heart rates, determi~ed by means of the pulsation
method by,_ a trained assistant, were noted.

STATISTICAL 1ffiTHODS

An SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program

containing a Pearson-Product Correlation and ~tudent-t-test (2 tailed)

was used to determine the means, standard deviation, standard error,

t-value, correlation coefficients and their confidence level.

 26

0 'Ihe P_earson-Product Correlation was used to determine the relation-

ship a~ong all variables. Tne student-t~test, however, tested the difference

bet'.·reen the test-retest values of maxilT'al anaerobic power .

•
 /

CHAP'illR 'N

RESULTS

EtfLJIVJERI\TION OF THE VARIABlES

Tables 1 to 3,figures 1 to 9 and Appendix B display the results

of the study. Tabulation of raw data is presented in Appendix B.

Table 1 collates the mean and range values of .the morphological and

physiological characteristics of the subjects i'rhile Table 2 and 3

su~arize the results from the paired t-test and Pearson-Product

Correlations. Figures l to 9 are graphical representations of the

data contained LD Appendix B, displaying the relationships beVdeen

the test-retest of maximal anaerobic power outputs (Figure 1) and

relationships of w.a.ximal aerobic po ...r<e:;:o (Figu:re 2), fiber distribution

· and cross-sectional area (Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7), blood lactate

concentrations (Figure 3), distance covt"'red during a 12 minute run

(Figure 8) and time for a 50 meter sprint run (Figure 9) -...Ii th the

maximal anaerobic power outputs.

SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Morphological and physiological values differed slightly amidst

the subjects (Table 1). High vo2 max (47-63 ml/lcg/min) and blood

lactate (82-121 percent) values indicated the fairly trained state

of the subjects. A student's t-test yielded a strong correlation

coefficient and a significant t-value a~dst the test-retest values

 t:.-0

(
(_c TABLE 1

MEAN, S'I:ANDARD DEVIATION A!-ll> Rfu.'iGE OF THE HORPHOLOGICAL Ah'D

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPERI~lliNTAL GROUP

STANDARD
VARIABLE MEAN RANGE
DEVIATION

Age (years) 20.5 + 1.2 19-22

Weight (kg) 77.9 ± 23.9 63.5-99
Maximal Anaerobic
Power (kgm/sec) 93.6 ± 5.3 82-123
Maximal Aerobic
Power (ml/kg-min) 47.0-62.8
54.6 -+ 5.7
Blood Lactate
Concentration (mg%) 101.7 14.8 82-121
..; I -+
Percent Fast Tlvitch
'( Muscle Fibers 56.1 + 7.86 44-60
'Q Area Fast Twitch
Muscle Fibers (nm) 8770.2 ±1928.6 6305-12034
.~Distance
12 min Run (km) 2.8 + .31 2.39-3.30
.
Time 50 meter
Sprint (sec) 5.9 ± .20 5.6-6.1
Percent Slow Twitch
Muscle Fibers 43.8 + 7.86 32-51
-
Area Slow Twitch
· Muscle·_ Fibers (run) 7910.7 ±2640.2 4888-12530
 29

;'
( !
TABLE 2
\~
SIGNIFICANCE OF .T-TEST OF MAXllJIP.L
ANAEROBIC POvJER OlYrPDTS

STATISTICS TEST 1 'IEST2 DIFFERENCE

MEAN·

M:=an (kgm/ sec) 93.33 93.77 0.44

Standard Deviation 16.00 15.99

Standard Error 5.33 5-33

Correlation 0.97

2 Tail Probability 0.001

·'.
. ~ " '
r
eo T-value -0.58

.r'
 ·~
e e··
TABIE 3
SUM!V'.ARY OF PEARSON PRODUCT COR.>=IELATIONS A.t'JD SIGNIFICANCE

MAXIIV!.AL MAXIMAL· BLOOD PERCENT AREA PERCENT AREA DISTA.t1>.JCE TINE

ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LACTA'IE FAST TtiTTCH FAST SLOV.J SLOW (12 MIN RUN) (SPF.INT)
POitJER POWER CONCTh"TRATION FIBERS 'IWITCH 'IWITCH ~NITCH
FIBERS FlBERS FIBERS
MAXIJ.Vf.AL -0.497 0.593 0.592 -0.287 -0.592 -0.098 -0.620 -0.422
A.!IJAEROBIC S=0.046 S=0.047 S=0.047 S=0.037
PO\'i'ER
M.L\XIJ.Vf.AL -0.290 -0.397 -0.228 0.397 -0.200 0.738 0.624
AEROBIC S=0.012 S=0.036
PO\!JER
BLOOD 0.938 0.023 -0.938 0.043 -0.502 -0.715
LAC'l,A'IE s=0.001 S=0.001 S"'0.01G
CONCENTRATION
PERCE..l\l'r -0.087 1.0 -0.1331 -0.692 -0.678
PAST nliTCH S=0.001 8=0.019 S=0.022
FIBERS
AREA FAST 0.0873 0.737 -0.0699 -0.206
'IWITCH FIBERS S=0.012
PERCENT 0.133 0.692 0.678
SLOW Tiv'ITCH 8=0.019 8=0.022
FillERS
AREA SI.IJW -0.065 0.003
'IWITCH FillERS
DISTPNCE 0.390
(12 MIN RUN)
TilVIE
(SPRINT)
DF=8
.05 level= .591 w
0
 31

of max:imal anaerobic power (Table 2). Tne Pearson-Product correlation

eviTiced significant correlations (P <. 0. 05) beb;een maximal anaerobic

pov.rer and blood lactate concentrations, percent of fast and slov.; twitch

muscle fibers and the distance run in 12 minutes. In addition, significant

correlations \vere found between :w.ax:imal aerobic power and both field

tests. Blood lactate ~<ras also found to be significant with the percentage

of :fast and slm..r twitch muscle fibers and the performance times ·of the

50 meter sprint run whereas the percentage of fast twitch fibers was

significantly correlated with both field tests (Table 3). Furthermore,

the cross-sectional areas of fast twitch fibers was significantly

correlated with the areas of the slow ~vitch fibers.

RELIABILITY OF THE ANAEROBIC rrEST

A high positive correlation (r=0.97) vias demonstrated between

the initial teqting and retesting of maximal anaerobic power (Table 2,

Figure 1) . 'Ihis value \•las found to be significant at the . 001 level o:f

confidence using a tv1o-tailed student t-test.

MAXIfW.. ANAEROBIC PO\'IER OUTPUTS VERSUS }V!AXIMAL .AEROBIC P011JER AND BlOOD
LA.CTA'IE CONCENTRATION

Figure 2 depicts a low correlation (r=-0.49) between MAP outputs

and maxliral aerobic power. Curt range values (ln .0 - 61.1) were evident
for maximal aerobic power outputs while those of blood lactate concen-

trations ranged fairly extensively (82 - 121). Subsequently, a significant

(P.( 0.05) positive co~lation (r=0.59) was illustrated bet\veen blood

lactates and MAP outputs (Figure 3).

 32
I
\
C)

120

115

110
.,-...
.p
tf.)
([) 105
f:-t,-...
0
.I-)([)
tf.)tf.)
lOO
81b
H~
~'-" 95
0
P4
90

r = 0.97
85 Tcrit = 0.578
Teal = 0.58
80
.. Sign= 0.001

~0 85 90 95 lOO 105 110 115 120

Power (2nd Test)

(kg]!l/ sec)

FIGURE l. Maximal Anaerobic Power Outputs for the Test-Retest of the

Experimental Group.
 33

~
0 H
~
63
61
.I<
;,'!:.
0
r = -0.4965
p..
,...... 59 Tcit·= 0.57
Not sign·at 0.05 level
~·g 57
2w 55 '1-
~~ y...
rl'El 53
g;t.._.,
51 ~
.~
~ 49
J{
1!7
80 85 90 95 lOO 105 110 115
MAP
(kgm/sec)
FIGURE 2. Maximal Anaerobic Pm1er Versus Maximal Aerobic Power.

g 125
0 or!
.p
~
120
.p
g '115
0 110
g
0~ 105
.S:t"
al
lOO
.p
0 95 r = 0.5929
~ Tcrit = 0.578
90 Sign = .• 046
'0
0
~ 85
tQ
80
80 85 90 95 lOO 105 110 115 120
MAP
(kgm/sec)
· FIGURE 3. Maxi:tl'E.l Anaerobic Power Versus Blood La.ctate Concentrations.
C) f5 70
.p
..-! 65
~~ (!)
.P..O
60
[/} ~
&! 55
4--1~ 50
0 C)
Ul
45 X r = 0.5919
~~
(!) Tcrit = 0.57
C)
H
40 Sign = .047
(!)
p.., 35
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
MAP
{kgm/sec} ,
FIGlJREi: 4. r.mirrJal Anaerobic Power Versus Percent of Fast Twitch Muscle
Fibers

12200
4--1 ,...., 11600 y..
0~ 11000
eO'-"
f{(IJ 10400 r = -0.2896
<.-JC) Tcrit = o;57
.-itt:l 9800 Not Sign. at 0.05 level
ctl:£
§ c.;

.c: 9200 _v

~----------~Y.~~---
·r-1
.PO
O.P
<!J•r-1
8600
V(~.
8000
Ul
W.P '1-
Orf1 7400 '/..
b~ ){
6800
6200 ){

80 85 90 95 10.0 105 110 115 120

MAP
(kgrn/sec)

FIGURE 5. :Maximal Anaerobic Pmqer Versus Cross-Sectional Areas of Fast

Twitch rliuscle Fibers
 35

eo MAXIMAL ANAEROBIC POWER OUTPUTS VE:-qsus FfiST T~·JITCH MUSCLE FIBERS

A significant (P< .05) positive correlation (r-=.59) was

demonstrated between rw outputs and the percentage of fast twitch
fibers (Figure 4). However a lmv correlation (r=. 29) was evident

between the cruss-sectional areas of the fast twitch fibers (Figure 5)

and MAP outputs. Although a moderate range of fiber distribution 1.zas

evident, cruss-sectional areas varied extensively (Table 1).

MA.XlliJAL ANAEROBIC PO\VER OUTPUTS VERSUS SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE FIBERS

As was demonstrated with fast twitch percentages, a significant

(P <. 05) but negative correlation (r=-. 59) was illustrated between the

·'·
percentages of slmv twitch fibers and MAP outputs (Figure 6). A low

correlation coefficient (r-=0.09) was similarly evident for the cruss-

(C)
sectional area values (Figure 7). Considerable variation (4,888-12,530)

existed only within cross-sectional area values (Table 1).

MAXIMAL ANAEROBIC POWER OUTPUTS VERSUS FIELD rrESTS

The distances run during a 12 minute span were found to be

significpntly
. (P (.05) but negatively correlated
. (r=-.62) with MAP
outputs (Figure 8). A poor negative correlation (r=-. 42) though was

exemplified between the performance tiffies for a 50 meter sprint run and

. MAP outputs (Figure 9). A wide range of values were observed for

distances run (2. 39-3. 30 km)) however, performance times for a sprint

run (5.6-6. 3 sec) were fairly similar (Table 1).

 36

0 .c
0
.p
58 X
•rl 54
~~ }{
Q,) 50
5~ r = ~0.5919
r-if:t:,
trl
46 Tcrit = o;578
(1)
!\..i r-i
0 0
42 Sign = .047
[f.)

~~ 38
()) ~
0
~
34
(1) )(
P.l 30 X

0 85 90 95 lOO 105 110 115 120

MAP
(kg;n/sec)
FIGURE 6. Max:ilnal Anaerobic Power Versus Percent of Slow Twitch JViUscle
Fibers ·

12800
12200
11600 y..
5
r-i ......... 11000 r == -0.0984
U)~ Tcrit = 0.57
G--t....__;o
0
10400 Not Sign. at 0.05 level
Ul
ro ~ 9800
~~Iii 9200
r-i
8600 X
~~
00
"}.
•rl g3 7800
t~
())
Ul.C
7200 )<
10
Ul.P
tr.l•c-1 6600 X
~~ 6000
5l100
4800 "
80 85 90 95 lOO 105 110 115 120
MAP
(l{g]TI/sec)
FIGTJRE 7. lJiaxiiPal Anaerobic Power Versus Cross-Sectional Areas of
Slow 'I\vi tch Muscle Fibers
 37

{
cc 3.30
3.20.
3.10 r = -0.6202
Tcrit = 0.578
3.00 Sign = 0.37
~

!l
"'-"
2.90
(I}
0 2.80 y..
§
..p
r.tl 2.70
B 'f..
2.60 X
'j..
2.50
2.40
2.30
80 . 85 90. 95 lOO 105 110 115 120
. ~·
MAP
(K@n/sec)
FIGURE 8. Maximal Anaerobic Power Versus Distance Run in 12 Minutes .

.,•
6.3
6.2 r = -0.4216
Tcrit = 0.57
6.1 Not Sign. at 0.05 level
.,-...
0
(I}
r.tl
. 6.0
...........
).9
!t
E-t
,5. 8
5-7
5.6
8o 90 95 lOO 105 110 115 120
MAP
(Kg]n/sec)
FIGURE 9. :Mrximal Anaerobic Pm.,rer Versus Time for 50 Meter Sprint Run.
 38

(
{·0·
' .
VALIDATION WJ;THIN THE TESTS
As foreseen, maximal aerobic power contrived significant and

positive correlations ( r = • 74 and •62; P<.. 05 ) between both field tests

(distances and performance times, respectively) (Table 3).

Blood lactate concentration were significantly correlated with
the percentages of fast and slow twitch muscle fibers and performance

times of a 50 meter sprint run. A positive correlation coefficient of

r ::> • 94 ( P<. 001) was demonstrated between blood lactates and the percent
of fast twitch fiber of fast twitch fibers whereas the distribution of

slow twitch fibers and performance times of the 50 meter sprint runs
exceeded negative correlations coefficients (r·= -.94 and r -.71),

respectfully (Table 3) with blood lactate concentrations.

:o The distribution of both fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers

demonstrated significant (P(.05) correlation coefficients between both

fie~d tests (Table 3). Negative relationships (r = .69 and r = .68)

were observed between the distribution of fast twitch fibers with both

distance and performance time values, respectively. Positive relation-

ships (r :_;: .69 and r = .68) on the other hand, were illustrated between
slow twitch fiber distribution with distance and performance time values,
respectively.
A positive significant relationship (r = .74, P(.05) was also
observed between the cross-sectional areas of fast and slow twitch
muscle fibers (Table 3).
 CHAPIER V

DISCUSSIQ\l

RELIABILITY Of' THE .ANAEROBIC TEST

Tne Student t-test (2 tailed) performed on the data for the test-
retest values of maximal anaerobic power outputs deiD:Jnstrated a
significant T value at the .001 confidence level. The values obtained
from both these tests were \vithin the ran~ of anae:::'Obic pmver outputs
as previously reported {Bar-Or, 1975, and Inbar, 1978., Inbar et al. , 197 4,
Inbar and Bar-Or, 1975, and Inbar et al., 1976) using identical testing

c procedures.
Tne test-retest reliability coefficient 11Jas found. to be . 97, a
somewhat higher·value than that reported by Bar-Or (r = .90 - .93).
Tnis inpart may be due to the modification of the pedal revolution
m:::mitoring system used in this study, in which pedalling velocity uas
continuously recorded throughout the 30 second exercise bout in lieu
of each five second interval as proposed by Bar-Or (1975) and others
(Inbar et al. , 1974, Inbar and Bar-Or, 1975, Inbar et al., 1976, and
Bar-Or).
Hence in view of this study's significant T-values and in
relation to previous research one ea~ conclude that this 30 second
all-out bicycle ergonometer test will reliably measure maximal anaerobic
power in man. In addition it seems evident that by use of this study's

?
 40

modification for pedal revolution mo::1itoring, rr.ax:ilnal anaerobic pOi·rer

outputs will be more precise and reliable.

J'i1!l."XII<TAL ANAEROBIC PO\\TER OurPUTS VERSUS f<lA.XIM.A.L AEROBIC POHER AND BlOOD
l.t.I\CTA'IE OOt\!CENTRATIONS

Maximal oxygen consumption values were all well within the range

of V02 max values reported by numerous .researche:::--s (Astrand and Saltin,

1961,. Astrand and Rodahl,. 1970, 1977,. Christensen et al., 1960, Fox and
l\'lathm.;s, 1974, and Shepherd et al. , 1968). Nevertheless, a small ra.Jge

of values entailed a ·weak negative relationship (r = -.49) bet\'reen the

maximal anaerobic and aerobic. power outputs. !J.his coefficient was,

however, comparativeJ.y lower (r = -.67) than that previously reported

by Bar-Or.

Since a significant relationship was illustrated in this study

betvreen maximal aerobic power aDd both field tests (i.e.' r = • 73, . 62
distances and performance times, respectively), which i'Iere in accord

with previous literature (Cooper, 1968, vlyndham et al., 1971, Astrand

and Rodahl,. 1970 and 1977) one could assume that this vleak correlation

demonstrated bet~r1een naximal anaerobic and aerobic power outputs may

in part have been hindered by the results of subject J .I.p. who had
both high anaerobic and aerobic pm'ier outputs, both of iAJhich being
hig.her than the group mean (Table 4).

Blood lactate concentrations lvere somewhat lower (82-123 mg%)

than those previously reported (100-210 mg%) for trained male subjects

using an identical testing protocol (Bar-Or). Nevertheless, a significant

positive relationship (r = .59) (P<. .05) l'ias demnstrated between blood

lactates and V~ outputs.

 Although little data has illustr~ted the relationship between
blood lactate concentrations and f'!'IAP outputs, several investigators
(Astrand aYJ.d Saltin, 1961, Astrand a.'1d Rodahl, 1970 and l9T{) have
illustrated that waximal blood lactate concentrations are in the
range of 80 - lOO mg% and that a hi&h level of lactate accumulation
denotes the use of anaerobic glycolysis·as an energy source.
In addition, a strong relationship '\'JaS demonstrated in this
study beVdeen blood lactate concentrations and the distribution of
fast twitch mu.scle fibers (r = .94), \vhlch vrere \vell in accord v.rith
reports by Tnorstensson, 1976, and Sjodin, 1976. Furthennore, blood
lactates were observed to be sig;nificantly related (r = -. 71) to the
perforrnance times of' a 50 meter sprint run. Consequently one may
conclude that this anaerobic test will reflect the use of the glycolytic
end product, lactic acid.

VJAXTitiAL A."'JAEROBIC PO't.JER OUTPU'IS VERSUS FAST T\\liTCH MUSClE FIBERS

As hypothesized a significant po~itive correlation (r = .59,

P <. 05) vJas demonstrated betvleen MAP outputs and the fiber distribution
of' the f'ast tv-ri.tch fibers. These results are in accord i·Jith those of'
Bar-Or which exemplify correlation coefficients of .60 - • 75 us:Lng an

identical testin~ protocol. Further attestation of these results have

been provided by Ruski, 1976, and others (Edstrom and Nystrom, 1969,
and Costill et al~, 1976) lvho have found a predominance of fast t11Jitch
fibers in individuals who performed better in anaerobic type activities.
 42

Hence due to the significant relationship illustrated between l.Jl.'\P

outputs and di.stribution of fast tl'Iitch fibers one could ascertain that

this anaerobic test \vas somewhat dependant upon the anaerobic muscle fiber

type and that the power outputs set forth by this test could also relate

some indication as to fiber distribution within a sample of subjects.

A diminutive correlation (r = .28) on the other hand, was observed

between the cross-sectional areas of the fast twitch fibers and ~4P

outputs. This result is some\vhat conflicting to affiliated literature

in 11-Ihich several investigators (Prince et aL, 1976, and Edstrom and

Ekblom, 1972) have delineated that the cross-sectional area sizes of
fast twitch fibers are larger in athletes who specialize in anaerobic

events \vhich is inpart due to the large concentration of glycolytic

enzymes found in fast t\'Iitch fibers (Essen et al., 1975, Gollnick et

al., 1974, rraylor et al., 1974, ~horstensson et al., 1975 and 1977).
Variation in this study's results r.ay be due to the classification

system for muscle fibers. Recent ·rese;_:,_rch has shmm that fast tvlitch

fibers can be subdivided into two types namely a high glycolytic (FG)

and an oxidation glycolytic type (FOG) (Edgerton~ 1976, Prince et al.,

1976, and Edgerton et al., 1975). Tnis third type of muscle fiber
(FOG) has a high oxidative capacity and is fairly resistant to fatigue

(Prince et al., 1976, and Edgerton et al., 1976). Hence through this
. study's fiber classificational system all· FOG fibers may have been

labelled fast twitch fibers \'lhich did not truely contain the high

glycolytic (anaerobic) capacity of fast tvlitch fibers.

 lJ3

fvtl\Xlr:Ll\.L ANAEROBIC POTtJER OUTPU.rS VKRSUS SrJJ',-J IJ'\IHTCH i•TUSCIE FIBERS

A significant but negative relationship (r = -.59, P < .05) Nas

elucidated betNeen the distribution of slow tv.ritch fibers and I·lf.~P

outputs. Tnese results ensue previous research which exemplifies

strong relationships between tests of aerobic pO\>Jer and sloN twitch

fiber distribution (Costill et al., 1976, Gollnick et al., 1972 a~d

C~llnick et al., 1973). Consequently this significant but negative

relationship further illustrates the dependancy of this 30 second

bicycle ergometer test on the anaerobic energy mechanisms.

l\'11DCIT·1AL Al\fAEROBIC POitJER OUTPUTS VERSUS FIELD TESTS

Distances run during a 12 minute span 1-1ere found to be signif-

icant but negatively (r = -.62, P <.05) related to NAP outputs.
Elucidation of this result infers that tr.e greater the distance
covered by a subject the lesser his r:o,:::.xiJnal anaerobic power.

Several inquisitions have c:::monstrated that the greater the

distan~e run in a given time span, the hig-,;her \·r-111 be a subject's

maximal oxygen consu~tion (Foster et al., 1976, Cooper, 1968,

Wyndham et al., 1971). Therefore> as was derronstrated by this study's
results, the greater the distance run, the higher was ones
.
vo2 max
and subsequently the lower his maxilT!al anaerobic power. Tnis assertion
was supported by the significant corre·lation (r = • 74, P< .05)

illustrated behieen w.axirnal aerobic pm-;er and distances run (Table 3).

Conversely, hmvever, a poor negative correlation (r = -.42) v;as

demonstrated betv.reen the performance times of a 50 meter sprint and HAP

outputs. Tnis result is some,,.;hat coYJ.flictiP.g to previous research by

Ba.r-Or and Inbar (1978) vihO reported a cor-relation of .84 bet:...-een

performance times of a 40 meter sprint and rr.tAP outputs. llie difference

in this study's results way in part be attributed to the poor range of

performance t:i..rres which were determined merely by the use of stop;vatches.

SYNOPSIS OF THE rii!\XIlflAL ANAEROBIC TEST

As hypothesized> positive significant relationships were found

between maximal anaerobic pmver outputs and the distribution of fast

twitch fibers and concentrations of blood lactates. Similarly, a

negative but significant relationship was demonstrated between l~

outputs and the distances ran during a 12 minute span.

Subsequently, in arrear to this test's high reliabilj.ty · co-

efficient (r = .97) and its significant positive relationship with FT

fiber distribution and blood lactate concentrations, one could conclude

that this 30 second 11 all-out 11 bicycle ergometer test is a val::ld and

reliable test of maxirr.al anaerobic power in man.

0
CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIO!m

Nine male university students underwent a series of tests to

determine the reliability and validity of a 30 second "all-out11 bicycle
ergometer test in which pedalling velocity was continuously recorded.

'1\-Io separate testing sessions '-'iere used to examine the reliability of

this ergometric test measuring maximal anaerobic ·pcrv1er. In order for

validation of the test the distribution and cross-sectional areas of

fast t\vitch muscle fibers as well as maximal blood lactate concent;rations,

maximal aerobic power, distances run during a 12 m.tnute.span and perform-

ance t:lrres of a 50 meter sprint !"'Lt! \·;ere compared to maximal &"laerobic

power outputs.

A reliability coefficient of .97 was demo::1strated for this 30

second ergometric test. In addition, significant positive relationships

were illustrated between the fiber distribution of fast twitch muscle
fibers and maxinal blood lactate concentrations vTith the power outputs
of the anaerobic test. Furthermore, a significant but negative relation-
ship was demonstrated bett'leen the distances run during a 12 minute span

and anaerobic power outputs.

p
 lt6

CONCLUSIONS

Within the delimitations of the study~ the follovdng conclusions

\'lere dravm:
1. A 30 second all-out bicycle ergometric test which continuously
monitors pedalling velocity is a reliable ELDd valid indication of

maximal anaerobic po','ler in m~m.

2. 'Ihere exists a significant positive relationship betv1een maximal

anaerobic pm•ier outputs and the distribution of Fr fibers.

3. 'Ihere exists a significant positive relationship between rr.axilnal

anaerobic power outputs and maximal blood lactate concentrations.

4. There exists a significant negative relationship betw·een maximal

anaerobic power outputs and the distances run during a 12 minute

span ..

5. There does not exist a significant linear and positive relationship

between maximal anaerobic power output and the cross-sectional areas

of FT muscle fibers.
6. There does not exist a ·significant linear and negative relationship
between maximal anaerobic power and ma.ximal aerobic power.
7. There does not exist a significant linear and negative relationship
between maximal anaerobic power and performance time of a 50 meter
sprint.run.
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 53

Larsson, L., Sjodin, B., and Karlsson, J. Histochemical and biochemical

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 55

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 APPENDIX A

c DETERJ.VIINATIONS OF:

FIBER T:t'PLNG

BLOOD L.A.CTA'IE CONCE.NTRATION

M.li.XH'IAL AEROBIC PUllER

 57

(c FIBER TYPING

CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS

l'f!]7osin ATP-ase (Alkalin) ·

1. PRE-INCUBATE SOLUTION (Stock)

2.253 g glycine
2.400 g CaC1
2
. 1. 755 g NaCl .
300.0 ml Distilled water
270.0 ml 0.1 M NaQH (1.08 NaOH/270 ml. distilled water)

Adjust Ph to 10.3
with (0.5 M NaOH)
·''
2. INCUBATION SOLUTION: FRESH
.
0.0170 g Na-ATP
,.,. 10.0 ml Pre-Inc. Solution

Adjust Ph to 9.4
with (0.5 m H-CL)

COLORATION SOLUTION
a) i% CaC12 1.0 g CaCL/100 ml distilled water
. b) ,2% CaC1 2.0 g CoCl/100 ml·di~~illed water
2
c) 1% (NH4) 2 Sol'n 1.0 ml (NH4) sol'n/100 ml distilled water
. d) 80% Xylene . 80.0 ml Xylene/20 ml alcohol lOO%
90% Xylene 90.0 ml Xylene/10 ml alcohol lOO%
lOO% Xylene 100.0 ml Xylene
 58

NADH-DEHYDRJGENASE

1. Incubate the 10 u sections in the incubation - medium for 30 min.

at 37° C - Shake bath

2. Rinse 15 times \·Iith distilled water.

3. Let the sections dry.

4. Mount on slides with heated glycerin jelly.
INCUBATION MEDIUlVI: M.IIDE UP FRESH

NADH-D=hydrogenase

Incubation r~edium

3.2 mg NADH

8. 0 mg . NITRO-BT
J.VDPS 2 ml

D\'J 8 rnl

FOR WDPS-BUFFER TAKE (STOCK)

1. 05 g P'JOPS

50 ml DISrriUED HATER

adjust pH \'Iith NaOH to 7.2

 59

S'l'AINING PROCEDURES

MYOSIN ATP-ase (vli th alkalin pre incubation)

1. Pre-incubate (in pre-inc. sol'n) the 10 u sections for 9 min. at

37° C - Shakebath.
2. Rinse 15 times ·with distilled ivater.

3. Incubate in inc. solution for 30 min. at 370 C - Shakebath.

11. Rinse 15 times \•li th distilled v1ater.

5. Incubate in 1% CaCl sol'n for 3 min .. at room ta11perature.

2
6. Rinse 15 times w"ith oistilled viater.
1. Incubate ~ol'n for 3 min. at room ta11peratu_r-e.
in 2% CoC1
2
8. Rinse 15 times with distilled \•Iater.

c 9. Incubate in 1% (NH4) 2 sol 1 n for 1 min. at room temperature.

10. Rinse 15 times - carefully with d1stilled water.

11. Dehydrate tne sections - 80% alk. - 90% - lOO% - lOO% .:. . xylenes.

Leave t1ssue 2 min. in each sol"L:t: .1.on.

12. Il/lount in either. histoclad or pe:rmount before (use Paragon 11/lounting

~edium) the sections have dr1ed.

 60

lVIEASlJREriiEl'JT OF BIDJD LACTATES:

1. Dissolve 15 ml of distilled Nater into vial B ( co factor) • Cap it

and invert it gently.

2. Transfer the contents of vial B to vial A. Cap it and invert it

gently.

3. Dispense 2. 9 ml of the prepared reagent into a clean.> dry cuvet \'lith

a 1 cm light path.

l.i. vlith v-1ater as a blank, make all measurement at 340 nn.

5. Place the cuvet in a constant temperature waterbath for 3 minutes.
Preincubate the sample for the same length of time in the same bath

at 30° p.
6. \'Jipe the cuvet cLr>y and insert it imnediately into the temperature

controlled cell compartment of the photometer ..

7. Measure the initial absorbance (A ) of the reagent.

0
8. Add 20 ul of sample to the. cuvet. Wllx quickly by gentle inversion ..
Replace the cuvet in the constant temperature waterbath. Simultaneously

start a timer.

9. After 15 minutes read the final absorbance (A ) .

15
10. If the net absorbance change of the sample is greater than 1.15,
repeat the test_using less sample.
. .
ll. Calculation: LalY.g% = (A15 - A ) x 131 x. L!.87.
0
Dilution factor = 4. 87,
when 20 ul of sample are used.

?
 61

JiiA.XIrJIA.L AER03IC
 APPENDIX B

0
 r
0~~,
{~) 0· ...

' TABLE lf :-:: .

MORPHOLOGICAL PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

·· ill' THE suiDEars

SUBJECT WEIGHT MAXIMAL MAXIMAL BLOOD PERCENT AREA PERCENT AREA DISTANCE TIME
. (Kg). ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LACTA'IE FAST Ffl.ST stow SLOW 12 MIN. 50 METER
POWER POWER (mg%) TWITCH -TWITCH TWITCH TWITCH RUN SPRINT
(Kgm/sec) (ml/kgtm:in,). FIBERS (hrn) FIBERS (nin) (Ion) (sec.)

D.T. 66.5 82.0 53.3 107 56 : 9078· 44 12530 2.77 6.0

D.K. 77.0 84.5 54'.2 89 49 7780 51 ·'6827 3.25 5.9
G.'r. 63.5 . 82.5 51.5 . 89 52 12034 48 11478 2.60 6.1
J .I. 68.0 80 ..5 62.8 82 44 9657 56 8101 3.30 6.1
.. 64 ...
J.I.p 8.4.0 106.5 60.1 115 8968 36 6349 2. 87 5.9
L.T. 99.0 123.0 47.2 119 63 11033 37 8937 2.61 5.6
M.H. 92.0 112.0 54.2 121 68 7105 32 6711 2.56 5.8
P.M. 71.0 82.0 61.1 91 51 6305 49 5376 2.96 6.3
V.T. 80.1 89.0 47.0 94 58 6972 42 4888 2.39 5-9
X 77.9 93.6 54.6 101--. 56::,· . 8770 44. ~- 791L · 2.86 6.0
-·--·-····-·-· ····-·-····-····- --· ····----····--

0\
w

..
 APPENDIX C

0 TABLE 5
 --~J :() 0'

TABLE 5

IVIA.XIMAL ANAEROBIC POI'lER OUrPUTS

FOR THE TEST-RETEST OF THE EXPERII~AL GROUP

SUBJECT TEST \~IGHT RESISTANCE MAX. ANAEROBIC POWER PEAK TIME OF PEAK MAXWJ\1 HEART RATE
(Kg) . (Kg) (Kgm/5 sec INTERVAL) VELOCITY PEAK A.t\JAE.liOBIC PO'ATER BEFORE/ AF'IER
(km/hl") (sec)~··' (Kg;n/sec) (beats/m:Ln)

D.T. 1 66.5 5.0 '53 81 76 67 60 53 58 10 81 104/176

2 66.5 5.0 72 83 75 65 58 47. 60 7 83 102/168
D.K. 1 77.0 5.7 82· 84 82 71 65 52 53 9 84 112/180
2 78.5 5.8 81 84 69 60 52 44 .. 85 110/188
53 7
G.T. 1 63.5 4.7 78 74 6'7 60 53 44 62 6 81 94/170
2 63.5 4.7 ; 79 83 '(4 72 58 53 64 7 84 96/172
J .I. 1 68.0 5.1 77 79 72 68 61 .55 58 8 82 108/176
2 ·68.0 5.1 73 79 77 70 64 59 56 10 79 102/178
J.I.p 1 84.0 6.3 . 96 102 86 74 61 53 60 8 105 122/187
2 83.5 6.2 95 108 101 87 71 61 62 8 108 114/192
L.T. 1 99.0 7.2 110 120 108 102 90 76 62 9 124 104/180
2 98.5 7.2 118 120 110 100 86 66 61 7 122 98/182
tll.H. 1 92.0 6.9 109 105 96 86 82 77 58 7 111 117/173
2 92.0 6.9 107 109 101 92 83 71 59 8 113
. P.M. 1 71.0 5.3 80 52 69 69 63 52 56 7 82 93/187
2 69.0 5.2 77 so 73 63 49 48 57 7 82 96/184
V.T. 1 8o.o· 6.0 . 83 90 88 83 73 60 54 8 90 11~/184
2 . 80.5 6.0 83 87 83 73 70 63 53 . 7 88 108/182
-~ - · · · · - · · · · - ····-·····- · · · · - · · · · - · - - ····- ···--····- -··-- ~

-- 0\
\J1
 APPENDIX D

0 TABLE 6

-
 o~\ o~·
"' ...

\ TABLE 6
METABOLIC RESPONSES OF SUBJECTS TO MAXIMAL AEROBIC WORK

SUBJECT WORKLOAD TDE FE0 2 FE C02 STPD liE Vo2 vo2 WEIGHT LA HEART. RA'IE
. (kpm/min) (min) .. (.1/min) (.1/min) ( ml/kg.ln:in) (Kg) . . (mg% )( beats/min)

D.T. 1500 5.0 15.4 4.59 .869 108.2 .3.49 . 53.3. .. 66.5 107 . . 187
D.K. 1800 4.0 17.7 .3.07 •869'. 123.9 . 4.12. .54.2 ..... 76 .89 191
G.T. 1500 5.0 17.6 •' 3.38 .869 97.5 3.25 51.5 63 89 184
J.I. 1800 4.5 17.4 3.48 ...864 . 120.1 4.28 62.8 68 82 .188
'·

J .I.p. 2100 3.0 17.6 3.07 .868 146.6 4.98 60.1 83 115 204
..
L.T. 1800 3.5 17.2 3.66 . 864 122.8 4.58 47.2 97 119 204
M.H. '1800 5.0 17.4 3.45 .869 14l.3 4.98 54.2 . 92 121 180
P.M. 1800 4.0 17~4 3.53 .864 119.5 4.34 61.1 71 91 195
V.T. 1500 5.0 17.7 3.44 .864 118.4 3.79 47.0 80.6 94 194
X 1750. 4.3 17.2 3.51 .866 .. 122.5 4.21 54.6 77.9 101 191

0'\
-1
c

APPENDIX E

0 TABLE 7
,,. ().2\ 0~/\
·'·•

I, TABLE 7::..~~:

METABOLIC RESPONSES OF SUBJECTS TO SUBMAXIMAL WORK ( 600. Kpm/min)

SUBJECT· FE02 FEC02 STPD. WEIGHT VE vo2 vo 2 HEART RATE

. FACTOR (Kg) (1/min) (1/min) (ml/Kg/rnin) beats/min

D.T. 15.4 4.59 .869 ·66.5 21.7 1.42 21.6 112

D.K. 15.9 4.62 .869 76 32.6 1.44 19.0 . 110
G.T.
.. 14.9 5.32 • 869 63 24.8 . 1.29 20.4 115
J.I. 15.1 5.21 .864 68 26.2 1.86 27.3 • 112
..
J.I.p 15.8 4.6·8 ..
..• 868. 83 30.5.-'· 1.59• 19.2 . 104
..
L.T. 17.1 3.72 .864 ·97 65.3 2.18 22.5 123
M.H. 15.9 4.81 .968 92 42.1 1.86 20.2 122
P.M. 14.9 5.09 . 864 71 31.8 1. 71 24.1 120
V.T • 15.6 4.94 .864 80.6 26.8 1.45 18.1 115
. ,_.,

0\
\0
 APPENDIX F

0 T.ABLE 8
 c~- o~~··
0

...
TABLE 8

PERFORMANCE OUTPUTS OF DISTANCE .RUN :rn 12 MINIY.IES AND 50 METER SPRINT

SUBJECT DISTANCE HEART RA'IE TIME

12 MIN RUN (beat~/min) 50 METER SPRINT
(kril) (sec)
D.T. 2.77 180 6.0
D.K. 3.25 186 5.9
G.T. 2.60· 176 6.1
J .I. 3.30 182 6.1
-
J.I.p.' 2.87 190 5.9
L.T. · 2.61 188 5.6
M.H. 2.56 186 5.8
p .M. 2.96 188 5.9
V.T. 2.39 180 5.9
X 2.86 184 6.0

-..:)
I-'