Atoms, Molecules, and yIons

t r
1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory is
▪ Dalton’s Atomic Theory
e m
2. Evolution of Atomic Theory
C h
-
▪ Discovery of electron and Atomic Model
I U
3. Atomic Compositions and Structures
t H
4. Chemical Symbols & Isotopes
a
5. Classification of Elements & the Periodic Table
ng
i
6. Molecules and Ions
h
c
7. Types of Compounds
a
te
8. Chemical Nomenclature
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 Classification of Matter
y t r
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
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ac
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 The “Development” of Theory
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• In early 18 Century, theories were
th
isdeveloped to
explain combustion;
e m
▪ Why do some materials burn,hwhile others don’t?
- C
I
• Qualitative observation:U
▪ When a piecet ofHwood is burned, it turned into ash
a mass that the original wood.”
with much less
g
n to the rest of the wood mass?
▪ What ihappen
c h
e a
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 The Phlogiston Theory?
y t r
• Georg Stahl (1659-1735) proposed is
theory to explain combustion: e
m the phlogiston

C h
1. Combustible materials contain phlogiston;
2. When a substance U
-
burns it loses phlogiston, so
H I
that the mass decreases;
3. Non-combustible
t
a substances do not contain
phlogiston.
ng
i
4.Whenha candle burns in a closed jar, it burns for a
a
while
c before the flame goes out; this is because the
teair in the jar is saturated with phlogiston.
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 Discovery of Scientific Laws
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• is
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) performed many
e m
quantitative experiments to study chemical

C h
reactions, including the combustion process, and
- Conservation of Mass.
discovered the Law of the
I U
• H
Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
t also performed
a
quantitative experiments and discovered the Law of
g
ConstantinComposition.
c h
▪
a
e laws need explanations or a theory)
(These
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 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1805)
rt y
is
1. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
e
Atom - the smallest unit of elementm that retains the
C h
chemical properties of that element.
2. Atoms of a given element - are identical;
3. Atoms of one element I Uare different from those of
other elements; t H
4. Atoms of two or a more different elements combined
n g
i
in small, whole-number ratios to form a compound.
h neither created nor destroyed during a
5. Atomscare
a
chemical reaction; they are only rearranged to
e different substances.
r t
produce
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 Does Dalton’s Atomic Theory explain:
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is
1. The Law of Conservation of Mass:
e m
h
(Mass is neither created nor destroyed.)
C
chemical reaction. U
-
The total mass of substances is conserved during a
I
(Mass after reactionH= mass before reaction)
a t
2. The Law ofgConstant Composition:
i n
c h
The composition of a compound is always the same

e a
regardless of its origin or how it is prepared.
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 Antoine Lavoisier &
ry Mass
the Law of Conservation tof
is
e
Consider the following reaction between
m zinc and sulfur:
• Mass before reaction = 5.00 C
h
g Zn + 5.00 g S = 10.00 g;
• Mass after reaction = 7.45-g ZnS + 2.55 g S = 10.00 g;
I U
Mass is conserved t Hduring reaction:
a g S → 7.45 g of ZnS + 2.55 g of S;
• 5.00 g Zn + 5.00
ng
hi
a c
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 Law of Conservation of Mass
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• Law allows us to calculate the mass is
e m of an element
that combines with a known mass
• For example: suppose that 5.00 C
h of another element.
g of Cu is reacted with 10.00 g
of sulfur and 6.25 g of a product - is obtained.
• Assuming that all of copper I Uwas reacted to become product,
we can determine the H
t amount of sulfur in the product, and
mass of sulfur thatadid not react;
g
n in product would be: 6.25 g – 5.00 g = 1.25 g;
• since 5.00 g Cu was reacted, and the mass of product is 6.25 g, then

h i
mass of sulfur
• mass cof sulfur that did not react would be: 10.00 g – 1.25 g = 8.75 g
e a
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 Explanation of Law of Conservation of Mass
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory explains the is
conservation of mass as follows: e
m law of the

C h
• If matter is composed of atoms and atoms are not
-
destroyed or created during chemical reactions, then
I U
t
reaction should be
H
the total number of atoms before and after the
the same, and the total mass is
conserved. g
a
i n
c h
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 The Law of Constant Composition
rt y
is
• Base on experimental observations: m
h e
1. Sodium chloride is composed
- C of 39.34% Na and
60.66% Cl, by mass.
I U
2. Copper carbonateH is composed of 51.4% Cu, 9.7%
C, and 38.9% a O,t by mass.
ng
3. Sugar is composed of 42.1% C; 6.48% H, and
51.4% h i
O, by mass.
a c
t e
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 Explanation of the Law of Constant Composition
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is
Dalton’s Atomic Theory explains e mthe law of
constant composition as follows: C h
-
• If a given compound contains the same types
I U
H
elements and the number of atoms of each element
the compound is talways the same, then the chemical
in

composition g
a
of this compound should be constant.
i n
c h
e a
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 Dalton’s Law of Multiple Proportion
rt y
is
m
• Dalton noted that two different elements may react
e
h
to produce more than one type of compound;
C
-
• He also noted that the masses of one of the
I U
elements that combine with a fixed mass of the
H
second element in those compounds vary in a
t
a
simple whole number ratio.
ng
• He proposed the Law of Multiple Proportion.
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 The Law of Multiple Proportion
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Example-1:
e m
• Carbon reacts with oxygen to form two compounds: X and Y.
C h
• In compound X, there are 1.33 g of oxygen for every gram of
carbon; -
I U
• In compound Y, there are 2.66 g of oxygen for every gram of
carbon.
t H
a
• For a fixed mass of carbon (in X and Y), the masses of oxygen
ng
in X and Y show a simple whole number ratio of 1:2;
hi
• From this ratio, chemical formulas are derived for X and Y,
ac
which are CO and CO2, respectively.
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 The Law of Multiple Proportion
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Example-2:
e m
• Sulfur reacts with oxygen to form two compounds, A and B,
C h
where compound A contains about 1.00 g of oxygen for every
-
gram of sulfur, and compound B contains 1.50 g of oxygen for
every gram of sulfur.
I U
H
• Thus, for a fixed mass of sulfur in both compounds, the mass
t
a
ratio of oxygen in A and B as 1:1.5 or 2:3.
g
• From this ratio, their formulas are deduced as A = SO2 and B =
n
hi
SO3, which reflects a simple whole number ratio of number of
c
oxygen atoms in A and B.
a
te
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 Exercise-1: Law of Multiple Proportions
rt y
is
• Sulfur reacts with fluorine gas to form three different
compounds, A, B and C, such that for e m
every gram of sulfur in
A, B, and C, there are 1.185 g, 2.370
C h g, and 3.556 g,
respectively, of fluorine. -
a) Show that these data U
proportions. H I illustrate the law of multiple

a t
b) Deduce the simplest formula of A, B and C.
c) If the actual
n g formula for A is SF , what are the formula of
h
B and C?i 2

a c
t e (a) When S is fixed, mass ratio of F in A, B and C is 1:2:3;
• (Answer:

o r (b) A = SF; B = SF ; C = SF ; (c) if A = SF , B = SF and C = SF

2 3 2 4 6

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 Discovery of Atomic Particles
rt y
• 1895 – 1898: J.J. Thomson performed is
e m cathode-ray
tube experiments and discovered
proposed the “plum-pudding C h electrons; he
model” for atoms;
-
• In 1911, Robert Millikan determined the charge of
I U
–19
H
electron to be -1.602 x 10 C;
t
• 1913, Rutherford a proposed the nuclear model based
on the resultsgof “alpha-particles scattering”
i n conducted by Marsden and Geiger;
h
experiments
c
• 1918aRutherford showed the existence of protons;
t
• 1932
e
o r James Chadwick discovered neutrons.
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 Thomson’ Cathode-Ray Tube
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
(a)

hi
J. J. Thomson produced a visible beam in a cathode ray tube.
(b)
(c)

a c
This is an early cathode ray tube, invented in 1897 by Ferdinand Braun.
In the cathode ray, the beam (shown in yellow) comes from the cathode and is accelerated past the anode toward a fluorescent
scale at the end of the tube. Simultaneous deflections by applied electric and magnetic fields permitted Thomson to calculate

t e
the mass-to-charge ratio of the particles composing the cathode ray. (credit a: modification of work by Nobel Foundation; credit
b: modification of work by Eugen Nesper; credit c: modification of work by “Kurzon”/Wikimedia Commons)

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 Characteristics of Cathode Ray
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1. Rays originates from the cathode plate;is
m - it bends in
2. It contains negatively chargedeparticles
electric and magnetic fieldshin the direction that
C
- particles;
indicates negatively charged
3. The charge-to-massIU ratio of cathode ray particles is
constant at -1.76 t H 8
x 10 C/g, regardless of the
materials usedaas a cathode;
g
n cathode ray is a beam of negatively
4. Conclusion:
hi
charged
a c particles now known as electrons.
t e
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 Modern Version of Cathode-ray Tube
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
hi
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te
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 Millikan’s Oil-Drop Experiment
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
h i
a c
• Millikan’s experiment
The tabulated
measured the charge of individual oil drops.
data are examples of a few possible values.
t e
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 Plum-Pudding Model
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
hi
ac
te
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 Thomson’s “Plum-pudding”y Model
t r
• After the discovery of electrons J.J. is
proposed the “Plum-pudding” model e m Thomson
for atoms:
C h
(1) Atom is composed of a-diffused mass of matter (like a
cotton ball) containingI Upositive charges, with electrons
t
loosely embedded on H its surface;
a
g
n that is equal to the magnitude of positive
(2) The number of electrons in an atom must yield a total
negativeicharge
c
charge
hin the atom.
e a
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 Depiction of Plum-Pudding Model
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
hi
(a) Thomson suggested that atoms resembled plum pudding, an English dessert
consisting of moist cake with embedded raisins (“plums”).

a c
(b) Nagaoka proposed that atoms resembled the planet Saturn, with a ring of
electrons surrounding a positive “planet.” (credit a: modification of work by
te
“Man vyi”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by

o r
“NASA”/Wikimedia Commons)

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Alpha Particles Scattering Experiment
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
hi
•
c
Geiger and Rutherford fired α particles at a piece of gold foil and detected where
a
those particles went, as shown in this schematic diagram of their experiment.
te
Most of the particles passed straight through the foil, but a few were deflected

o r
slightly and a very small number were significantly deflected.

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 Results of a-Particles Scattering Experiment
rt y
1. Most a-particles penetrated the m is
gold foil without
deflection;
h e
- C
2. About 1 in every 20,000 a-particles went through
the foil with significant deflection, some even
I U
bounced back;
t H
a
3. Rutherford concluded that atoms contain very tiny,
ng
but very dense positively charged nuclei;
hi
a c
t e
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 Scattering of Alpha-Particles
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
g
• The α particlesin
the much c h positively charged gold nucleus. Because the nucleus is
are deflected only when they collide with or pass close to
heavier,
a
very small compared to the size of an atom, very few α particles are
e Most pass through the relatively large region occupied by
t
deflected.
r
F oelectrons, which are too light to deflect the rapidly moving particles.
 Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
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is
e m
C h
-
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t H
a
ng
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 The Atomic Structure & Composition
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is
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C h
-
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a
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 Rutherford’s Nuclear Atomic
y Model
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is
atomic mass is concentrated e
m
1. The nucleus is very, very small, yet very, very dense;
in the nucleus;
2. Further experiments showedC h that the nucleus is
- neutrons (neutral particle);
composed of protons and
3. Proton or neutron IisUabout 1800 times heavier than
electron; t H
a
g
4. Electrons occupy the vast space around the nucleus;
n atom has an equal number of protons and
i
5. A neutral
h
c
electrons.
a
t e
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 Relative Size of Atomic Nucleus
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
• If an atom could be expanded to the size of a football stadium, the
hi
nucleus would be the size of a single blueberry.

a c
• (credit middle: modification of work by “babyknight”/Wikimedia

te
Commons; credit right: modification of work by Paxson Woelber)

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 Composition of Atom: A Summary
y t r
• An atom is composed of protons,m is
electrons and
h
neutrons; only hydrogen atom doese not have neutron.

- C
• Protons and neutrons are
I U in atomic nucleus, while
electrons occupy the
t H space around nucleus.
• A neutral atom a has equal number of electrons
ng
(outside the nucleus) and protons (in the nucleus).
hi
a c
t e
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 Relative and Absolute Masses
y t r
is
Relative Mass m
Absolute
e
Mass
Proton: 1.007276 amu;
C h –27
1.673 x 10 kg.
-
Neutron: IU
1.008665 amu;
H
1.675 x 10–27 kg.

at
g
Electron: 0.000549 amu; 9.109 x 10–31 kg.
i n
c h
e a
r t
Fo
 Relative and Absolute Charges
y t r
is
Relative Absolute
e m
• Proton = +1
C h
+1.602 x 10–19 C;
-
• Neutron = 0 I U
t H
• Electron = g -1
a -1.602 x 10–19 C;
i n
c h
e a
r t
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 Discovery of Isotopes
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
h i
a
with peaksc
• Analysis of zirconium in a mass spectrometer produces a mass spectrum
showing the different isotopes of Zr.
t e
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 Atoms and Isotopesy
t r
1. J.J. Thomson and Goldstein discoveredis that atoms
e m
of the same element can have different masses; they
h
called them isotopes. (So Dalton was partly wrong.)
C the same number of
2. Isotopes are atoms that -contain
protons but differentUnumber of neutrons;
H
3. Isotopes are identified
I by chemical symbol: X A

t Z

a number = # of (protons + neutrons);

where, A = mass
Z =gatomic number = # of protons;
i n
(A –hZ) = # of neutrons;
a c
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 Isotope Symbols
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
g
nan atom indicates the element via its usual two-letter
h
• The symbol fori
a c
symbol, the mass number as a left superscript, the atomic number as a left

t e
subscript (sometimes omitted), and the charge as a right superscript.

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 Exercise-2: Isotope Symbols
rt y
is
Write the symbols of isotopes thatm
contain the
following: h e
-
(a) 10 protons, 10 neutrons,Cand 10 electrons.
I U
(b) 12 protons, 13 neutrons, and 10 electrons.
t H
(c) 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 15 electrons.
(d) 17 protons,a18 neutrons, and 18 electrons.
g
n 28 neutrons, and 21 electrons.
i
(e) 24 protons,
h
a c
(a)te Ne; (b) Mg ; (c) P; (d) Cl ; (e) Cr
20 25 2+ 31 35 - 52 3+

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 Exercise-3: Isotopes
rt y
• Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, is
e m and
electrons in each isotope with the
C h following symbols.
60
(a) Ni (b) Pu -
239 4+ 79 2-
(c) Se
I U
t H
a
Answers:
(a) 28 protons, n
g
h i 32 neutrons, and 28 electrons;

a c
(b) 94 protons,
(c) 34 protons,
145 neutrons, and 90 electrons;
45 neutrons, and 36 electrons.
t e
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 Molecules and Ionsy
t r
• Molecule: is
e m
h
A neutral particle that contains two or more atoms
C
bound together by covalent bonds.
-
I U
• Ions = electrically H charged particles – formed when
atoms lose or gain
t
a electrons.
ng
1. Cation = positive ion; formed when atom loses electrons
2. Anionh
i
= negative ion; formed when atom gains electrons
a c
t e
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 Formation of Cation
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is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
•
hi
(a) A sodium atom (Na) has equal numbers of protons and electrons (11) and is

a c
uncharged. (b) A sodium cation (Na+) has lost an electron, so it has one more
proton (11) than electrons (10), giving it an overall positive charge, signified by a

t e
superscripted plus sign.

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 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
•
hi
(a) Dimitri Mendeleev is widely credited with creating (b) the first periodic table of

a c
the elements. (credit a: modification of work by Serge Lachinov; credit b:
modification of work by “Den fjättrade ankan”/Wikimedia Commons)

t e
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 rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
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ac
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 rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
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ac
te
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 Periodic Table y
tr is
• The modern Periodic Table ismdivided into 18
columns (groups) and 7 rows h e (periods).
• Groups are numbered -1C – 18 in the IUPAC
configuration, or 1A U– 8A and 1B – 8B in the
ACS configuration. H I
• In each period, t
a elements are arranged left-to-
ng
right in increasing atomic number;
i
• Withincheach group, elements share similar
e a
chemical and physical characteristics.
r t
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 Major Classifications of Elements
t r y
• Main group or representative elements: is
1. Group 1A (1): the alkali metals;
e m
2. Group 2A (2): the alkaline
C h Earth metals;
3. Groups 3A (13), 4A -(14), 5A (15), and 6A (16),
4. Group 7A (17): the I U halogens, and
5. Group 8A (18): t H the noble gases.
• Transition metals:a
g
n3B (3) – 2B (12) ; contains heavy metals.
Groups
h i
a c
• Metalloids (semi-metals):
t eB, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po and At
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Classification of Elements in The Periodic Table
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
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ac
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 Groups with Special Names
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
ng
hi
•
c
The periodic table organizes elements with similar properties into groups.
a
t e
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 Characteristics of Metals
y t r
is
1. Solid, except mercury; have e m
shiny appearance;
2. Good conductors of heat C h
and electricity;
3. Malleable and ductile;-
I U
4. Only react with nonmetals;
t H
5. Metals lose electrons and become cations;
6. Metals cannota react with one another.
g
n of metals are primarily ionic;
i
7. Compounds
h
a c
t e
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 Characteristics of Nonmetals
y t r
is
e m
1. h
Mainly gases; bromine is liquid; few are solids;
C
2. Poor conductors of electricity;
3.
-
Solids are brittle and not lustrous.
4. I U
In reactions with metals, nonmetals gain
t H
electrons and become anions;
a
5. Nonmetals also react with one another or with
ng
metalloids to form molecular compounds.
hi
ac
t e
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 Characteristics of Metalloids
(Semi-metals) st r y
i
e m
C h
1. Very hard; they covalent network solids;
-
2. Physically look like metals, but chemically
I
behave like nonmetals; U
H
3. Metalloids only react with nonmetals to form
t
a
molecular compounds.
ng
hi
a c
te
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 Other Classifications of Elements
y t r
• Lanthanide series:
is
e m
h
Elements after lanthanum (La): Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm,
C
Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu;
-
• Actinide series:H I U
1. Elements after t
a actinium (Ac): Th, Pa, U, Pu, Am,
Cm, Bk,gCf, Es, Fm, Md, No, and Lr;
i n
2. Mostly
c h synthesized in particle accelerators and

e a
all are radioactive;
r t
Fo
 Formula & Naming System
y t r
• Ionic Compounds:
is
e m
1. h
Formula: cation (metal) first, followed by anion;
C
2. -
Naming: name cation first, followed by anion
3. I U
Name of cations: same as name of elements;
4. t H
Name of anions: take first syllable of element’s
a
name and add ide;
ng
i
Examples: oxygen becomes oxide;
h
ac chlorine becomes chloride;
t e sulfur becomes sulfide, etc…
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 Formula & Naming System
y t r
• Molecular Compounds:
is
e m
h
1. Formula: if both elements come from same
C
-
group, element appears lower in the group is
U
written first; if elements come from different
I
H
groups, element with lower Group # is written
t
first. a
g
2. Naming: element on left is named first without
n
hi
modification (like naming cation);
ac
3. The second element is named like anion.
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 Nomenclature y
tr is
• Type-I (Ionic) Compounds: m
he
Cations have fixed charges: Group 1 & Group 2
metals, plus aluminum.
- C
• Type-II (Ionic) Compounds:
I U
H
Cations have variable charges: transition metals,
t
a
plus In, Sn, Tl, Pb, and metals from lanthanide or
g
actinide series.
n
hi
• Molecular Compounds:
ac
Made up only nonmetals or metalloids and
e
r t
nonmetals;
Fo
 Common Ions
rt y
is
e m
C h
-
I U
t H
a
n g
• Some elementsi exhibit a regular pattern of ionic charge when they form
ions. c h
e a
r t
F o
 Type-I Cations
rt y
is
e m
These are cations with a single change (no variation in
the charge magnitude):
C h
•Li = Lithium ion
+
-
•Na = Sodium ion
+
I U
•K = Potassium ionH
+

•Mg = Magnesium
2+
t
a ion
g
n ion
2+
hi
•Ca = Calcium
2+
a c
•Ba = Barium ion
•Al te
3+ = Aluminum ion
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 Type-II Ionic Compounds
rt y
s derived
• Cations with more than one charge;ications
e
from transition metals are mostly m of this type.
• Roman numeral are inserted C h
after the names of the
- on cation. Examples:
metal to indicate the charge
Fe = Iron(II);
2+ I UFeO = Iron(II) oxide
Fe = Iron(III); t
H
3+
a Fe O = Iron(III) oxide
2 3
+
g
Cu = Copper(I);
n Cu S = Copper(I) sulfide
2
2+
hi
Cu = Copper(II); CuS = Copper(II) sulfide
2+
c
Pb a= Lead(II); PbCl = Lead(II) chloride
t e 2

o r 4+
Pb = Lead(IV); PbCl = Lead(IV) chloride
4
F
 Simple Anions
rt y
is
Examples:
e m
• F– = Fluoride
C h
• Cl– = Chloride -
• Br– = Bromide I U
• I– = Iodide t H
• O2– = Oxide a
ng
i
• S2– = Sulfide
h
c
• N3– = Nitride
a
te
• P3– = Phosphide
o r
F
 Polyatomic Ions (1)y
t r
• CO32– = Carbonate ion m
is
• –
HCO3 = Hydrogen carbonate h e (bicarbonate)
C
• C2H3O2 = Acetate ion-
–

• NO2 – = Nitrite I U
t H
• NO3 –
a
= Nitrate
•
g
=n Sulfite
SO3 2–
h i
• SO4 ac = Sulfate
2–

• t
HSO e 4– = Hydrogen sulfate
o r
F
 Polyatomic Ions (2)y
t r
•
is
PO33– = Phosphite
e m
• PO4 3– = Phosphate
C h
• 2– -
HPO4 = Hydrogen phosphate
• –
H2PO4 = Dihydrogen I U phosphate
t H
• C2O4 2–
a
= Oxalate
• 2– g
CrO4 i=n Chromate
• 2–h
Cr2Oa7c = Dichromate
t e
o r
F
 Polyatomic Ions (3)y
t r
• ClO– = Hypochlorite ion m
is
• ClO2 – = Chlorite ion h
e
– - C
• ClO3 = Chlorate ion
• ClO4 – I U
= Perchlorate ion
t H
• BrO –
a
= Hypobromite ion
• – g
BrO2 i=n Bromite ion
• BrOa – h
c = Bromate ion
3
• t
BrO e4– = Perbromate ion
o r
F
 Polyatomic Ions (4)y
t r
• IO–
is
= Hypoiodite
e m
• IO2 – = Iodite
C h
• IO3 – = Iodate -
• IO4 – I
= Periodate
U
t H
• OH –
a
= Hydroxide
• – g
=n Cyanide ion
CN
hi
• NH4ac = Ammonium ion
+

t e
o r
F
 Ionic Compounds Type-I Cations
rt y
• Type-I Ionic Compounds containing issimple anions:
m
NaBr = Sodium bromide;he
CaF = Calcium fluoride;
2 - C
Al O = Aluminum
2 3 I Uoxide;
3 t
2
H
Mg N = Magnesium nitride
KI a iodide
= Potassium
g
BaCl i=nBarium chloride
h 2
LiaOc = Lithium oxide
2
t e
o r
F
 Ionic Compounds containing Polyatomic Ions
rt y
• Type-I Ionic Compounds containing ispolyatomic ions:
e m
CaSO = Calcium sulfate;h
4
- C
Na CO = Sodium carbonate
2 3
NaHCO = Sodium I Uhydrogen carbonate;
KNO t H
3
= Potassium nitrate
3 a
Ca (PO ) g= Calcium phosphate
3
i n 4 2
KH PO
c2h = Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
4
K
e aHPO = Potassium hydrogen phosphate
r t 2 4

F o
 Ionic Compounds containing Type-II Cations
rt y
• Type-II Ionic Compounds containing is polyatomic ions
– same naming system as in previouse m slide:
C h
FeSO = Iron(II) sulfate; (contains Fe )
2+
4
-
Fe (SO ) = Iron(III)
2 4 3
I U sulfate; (contains Fe )
3+

3 2
t H
Co(NO ) = Cobalt(II) nitrate; (contains Co )
2+

Co(NO ) = a Cobalt(III) nitrate; (contains Co )

3+
g
3 3
NiCO in= Nickel(II) carbonate; (contains Ni ) 2+
3
Pb(COc h ) = Lead(IV) carbonate; (contains Pb ) 4+

e a 3 2

r t
F o
 New and Old Naming System for
ry
Type-II Ionic Compounds
t
s
iOld
Formula Stock System m System
CuO Copper(II) oxide he Cupric oxide
- C
Cu2O Copper(I) oxide Cuprous oxide
I U
t
Fe(NO3)2 Iron(II) H
nitrate Ferrous nitrate
a
Fe(NO3)3 gIron(III) nitrate Ferric nitrate
i n
c h
e a
r t
Fo
 Exercise-4: Formulas of Compounds
rt y
is
e m
Write the formulas of the following compounds:
(a) Aluminum nitrate
C h
(b) Barium chromate -
I U
H
(c) Magnesiumt carbonate
a
(d) Iron(III)gchloride
i n
c h
(e) Lead(II) acetate
a
(f) eNickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate
r t
Fo
 Exercise-5: Naming Compounds
rt y
is
Name the following compounds
e m :
(a) Ca(OH)2
C h
(b) Cr(NO3)3 -
I U
(c) FeSO4
t H
(d) NaHCO3 a
g
n4
(e) KH2PO
hi
a
(f) CuCl c 22H2O
t e
o r
F
 Molecular Compounds
y t r
is
• Compounds composed of only m nonmetals or
metalloids and nonmetals.he
C of atoms in the
• Formulas indicate actual -number
molecule.
I U
• Use Prefixes: *mono-,
t H di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-,
a
etc. in naming compounds to indicate number of each
g
atom in thenformulas.
hi
• Nomenclature:
a c the first element is named like a

t e
cation and second element is named like anion.

o r
F
 Molecular Compounds
y t r
is
Examples:
e m
• N2O = Dinitrogen monoxide
C h
• NO = Nitrogen monoxide -
• NO2 = Nitrogen H I U
dioxide
t
a trioxide
• N2O3 = Dinitrogen
ng
• N2O4 = Dinitrogen
hi tetroxide
• N2Oa c
5 = Dinitrogen pentoxide
t e
(prefix mono not used for the first element)
o r
F
 Exercise-6: Naming Compounds
rt y
is
Name the following molecular m compounds:
h e
(a) NF3
- C
(b) PCl5
I U
(c) SiCl4
t H
(d) SF6 a
(e) B2O3 in
g
c h
(f) Pa 4O10
t e
o r
F
 Acid Nomenclaturey
t r
• Acids:
is
e m
h
compounds that produce hydrogen ion (H+)
C
-
• Types of acids I U
t H
1. Binary acids – that do not contain oxygen;
a
g
2. Oxo-acids – contains O-atoms in the formula;
n
hi
a c
te
o r
F
 Naming Binary Acids
rt y
(Acids without oxygen in the formula):is
e m
C h
Hydro + first syllable of anion + ic
-
HF = hydrofluoric
I U acid (weak acid)

t H
HCl = hydrochloric acid (strong acid)
a
HBr = hydrobromic acid (strong acid)
g
HI i=nhydroiodic acid (strong acid)
h
HcS = hydrosulfuric acid (weak acid)
a 2
e HCN = hydrocyanic acid (very weak acid)
r t
Fo
 Naming Oxoacids y
t r
is
Acids with oxygen in the formula:
e m
Examples: h
HNO – nitric acid - C (strong acid)
3

I
HNO – nitrous acid
2 U (weak acid)
2 4 t H
H SO – sulfuric acid (strong acid
a
H SO – sulfurous acid (weak acid)
2 g
3
H PO i–nphosphoric acid (weak acid)
3
h 4
c – phosphorous acid (very weak)
H aPO
3 3
teHC H O – acetic acid (weak acid)
o r 2 3 2

F
 More on Oxoacids
rt y
is
• HClO – hypochlorous acid e m
(very weak acid)
• HClO2 – chlorous acid C h
(weak acid)
• HClO3 – chloric acid
- (moderate strength)
I U
• H
HClO4 – perchloric acid
t
(very strong acid)
• a
HBrO4 – perbromic acid (strong acid)
• ng
HIO4 – periodic acid (strong acid)
hi
ac
te
o r
F
 Exercise-7: Acid Nomenclature
rt y
Name the following oxo-acids: is
e m
(a) H2CO3
(b) H2CrO4 C h
(c) HOBr
-
I U
(d) HBrO2
t H
(e) HBrO3 a
(f) HOI
ng
(g) HIO2 hi
(h) HIO3ac
te
o r
F
 Answers to Exercise-4
y t r
is
(a) Aluminum nitrate = Al(NO3)3
e m
(b) Barium chromate = BaCrO4
C h
-
(c) Magnesium carbonate = MgCO3
I U
t H
(d) Iron(III) chloride = FeCl 3
a = Pb(C H O )
(e) Lead(II) acetate
g 2 3 2 2
n sulfate hexahydrate = NiSO 6H O
hi
(f) Nickel(II) 4 2

a c
t e
o r
F
 Answers to Exercise-5
y t r
is
(a) Ca(OH)2 = Calcium hydroxide
e m
(b) Cr(NO3)3 = Chromium(III) nitrate
C h
(c) FeSO4 = Iron(II) sulfate -
I U
(d) NaHCO3 = Sodium hydrogen carbonate
t H
(e) KH2PO4 = Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
a
(f) CuCl22H2O = Copper(II) chloride dihydrate
ng
hi
ac
te
o r
F
 Answers to Exercise-6
rt y
•
is
(a) NF3 = Nitrogen trifluoridem
• h e
(b) PCl5 = Phosphorus pentachloride
- C
• (c) SiCl4 = Silicon tetrachloride
• (d) SF6 = Sulfur H I U
hexafluoride
• t
a trioxide
(e) B2O3 = Diboron
• (f) P4O10in
g
= Tetraphosphorus decoxide
c h
e a
r t
Fo
 Answers Exercise-7
rt y
is
(a) H2CO3 e
= Carbonic acid
m
(b) H2CrO4
h
= ChromicCacid
(c) HOBr -
= Hypobrobous acid
(d) HBrO2 I U
= Bromous acid
t H
(e) HBrO3
a= Bromic
= acid
(f) HOI
ng Hypoiodous acid
(g) HIO2 hi = Iodous acid
(h) HIO3 ac = Iodic acid
te
o r
F