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 Eye

Lecture 1

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 “Success consists of going
from failure to failure
without loss of enthusiasm.”
Eye
Eye

Sense of Vision

➢ Sight or vision is extremely important to human survival.

➢ More than half the sensory receptors in human body are located in eyes.
➢ Large part of the cerebral cortex is devoted to processing visual information.
Eye

Anatomy of Eyeball

➢ Adult eyeball measures about 2.5 cm in diameter.

➢ Of its total surface area, only the anterior one-sixth is exposed; the remainder
is recessed and protected by the orbit, into which it fits.
➢ Anatomically, the wall of the eyeball consists of three layers:
○ Fibrous tunic
○ Vascular tunic
○ Neural tunic (Retina).
Anatomy of Eyeball
 Eye

Coats of Eye

Complete Coat Incomplete Coat

Outermost Fibrous Coat / Middle Vascular Coat/ Innermost Nervous

Tunica Fibrosa / Corneoscleral Tunica Vasculosa / Coat / Tunica Nervosa /
Coat Uvea/ Uveal Tract Retina

Cornea Sclera Choroid Ciliary Body Iris

Eye
Eye
Eye

Outermost Fibrous Coat / Tunica Fibrosa

/ Corneoscleral Coat
Eye

Fibrous Tunic

➢ It is the superficial layer of the eyeball and consists of the anterior cornea and
posterior sclera.

Sclera

Cornea
Fibrous Tunic

Sclera

➢ It is the “white” of the eye.

➢ It appears slightly bluish in newborn babies because it is translucent, so
melanin of choroid reflects from sclera.
➢ It has dense connective tissue made up of collagen fibers and fibroblasts.
➢ It covers the entire eyeball except the cornea.
Fibrous Tunic

Functions of Sclera

➢ It gives shape to the eyeball.

➢ It makes eyeball more rigid.
➢ It protects inner parts of eyeball.
➢ It is resistant to mild acids & alkalies.
➢ It serves as a site of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles.
Fibrous Tunic

Extraocular Muscles

➢ Tendons of extraocular muscles are attached to sclera.

➢ There are 4 Rectus Muscles and 2 Oblique muscles.
➢ Most of the muscles are supplied by oculomotor nerve.
➢ Cranial Nerves no. III, IV, VI are for eye ball movement.
Extraocular Muscles

Muscles Cranial Nerve Movement

Superior Rectus ➡️ Oculomotor ➡️ Up

Inferior Rectus ➡️ Oculomotor ➡️ Down

Medial/Internal Rectus ➡️ Oculomotor ➡️ Towards nose

Lateral/External Rectus ➡️ Abuducent ➡️ Away from nose

Superior Oblique ➡️ Trochlear ➡️ Down & in

Inferior Oblique ➡️ Oculomotor ➡️ Up & out

Fibrous Tunic

Cornea

➢ It is an extension of sclera, it bulges forwards (diameter is 11 mm).

➢ Cornea is perfectly transparent, avascular layer.
➢ It allows free entry of light.
➢ It is curved and helps to focus light onto retina.
➢ Cornea provides maximum refraction to light.
Fibrous Tunic

Cornea

➢ It gets nutrition from aqueous humour.

➢ Cornea has rich nerve supply.
➢ It is very sensitive to touch & pain.
➢ Tears continuously flow over cornea and keep it moist.
Fibrous Tunic

Cornea

➢ During eye transplantation i.e., keratoplasty cornea is transplanted.

➢ Corneal transplants are oldest in medical history & most successful.
➢ Because cornea is avascular so there is no problem of immunological rejection
by recipient.
Fibrous Tunic

Histology of Cornea

➢ Outer surface consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

➢ Middle coat consists of collagen fibers and fibroblasts.
➢ Inner surface is simple squamous epithelium.
➢ Bowman’s membrane is a part of cornea.
Fibrous Tunic

Histology of Cornea

➢ Central part of the cornea receives oxygen from the outside air.
➢ Contact lenses that are worn for long periods of time must be permeable to
permit oxygen to pass through them.
Fibrous Tunic

Canal of Schlemm

➢ At the junction of the sclera and cornea is an opening known as the scleral
venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm).
➢ A fluid called aqueous humor drains into this sinus.
Eye

Vascular Tunic

➢ It is the middle layer of the eyeball.

➢ It is composed of three parts:
○ Choroid.
○ Ciliary body
○ Iris.
Vascular Tunic

Choroid

➢ It is the posterior portion of the vascular tunic.

➢ It lines most of the internal surface of the sclera.
➢ Its blood vessels provide nutrients to the posterior surface of the retina.
Vascular Tunic

Choroid

➢ It also contains melanocytes that produce melanin pigment.

➢ Melanin causes this layer to appear dark brown in color.
➢ Melanin absorbs stray light rays and converts eyeball into a dark chamber.
➢ It prevent reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball.
➢ As a result, the image cast on the retina by the cornea and lens remains sharp
and clear.
Vascular Tunic

Choroid

➢ Albinos lack melanin in all parts of the body, including the eye.
➢ They often need to wear sunglasses, even indoors, because even moderately
bright light is perceived as bright glare due to light scattering.
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