Mindanao Medical Foundation College

P. Villanueva St., Agdao, Davao City

Tel. No.: (082) 221-6225

OPTOMETRY DEPARTMENT

First Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS

Name: Kwenzie Arbin N. Fortaleza Date: October 18, 2021 Score:

ACTIVITY LEARNING SHEET # 4

RETINAL FUNCTION & ADAPTATION
Specific Learning Objectives: At the end of the learning activity, a student can:
1. CREATE an AMSLER GRID chart
2. Perform the procedures using the amsler grid chart to ages 55 & above
3. Discuss the process involved in Photopic & Scotopic vision.
4. Create Simulators for refractive condition and ocular diseases
5. Validate the differences of retinal adaptation among various refractive conditions and ocular diseases
through simulation
6. Synthesize the finding
7. Create a reflective activity
Learning Content:
Introduction: Discuss the significance of using amsler grid chart. Discuss scotopic & photopic vision as an
adaptation mechanism among various ages. What are the implications if there are changes in the retinal
functions & adaptation. (10 pts)

The importance of using the amsler grid chart is that it allows eye doctors to know whether a patient has
vision problems due to the damage in the macula or the optic nerve. This damage may be cause by multiple
reasons such as macular degeneration or other eye diseases.
Scotopic vision uses only rods to see, meaning that objects are visible but only appear in black and white. This
vision can also be called as our Night Vision because it is more sensitive to light since it uses rods, whereas
Photopic vision uses cones and provide color. They are limited in terms of light sensitivity; however, it gives us
the ability to perceive color because it utilizes cones.
If there are changes in the retinal functions and adaptation, it could mean that there is an underlying disease
that the retina is having or damages which could lead to even further problems. This should be treated as soon
as possible once this have been noticed by the patient or the eye doctor
Learning Activity Procedures: WRITE LEGIBLY. NO ERASURES ( 3
A. Using a separate clean paper, DRAW an amsler grid chart, following important features such as the
size & shape of the box. (20 pts)

B. Perform the amsler grid chart test to an elderly patient: (15 pts)
Name of Patient: Josita Fortaleza Age: 74
Presenting Symptoms:

Patient Response Observation & Remark

Right Eye (OD) All four corners can be seen Right eye is normal, no
All parallel lines, no distortion or macular damage found
waving of lines

Left Eye (OS) All four corners can be seen Left eye is normal, no
All parallel lines, no distortion or macular damage found
waving of lines
C. Determine the TIME (sec) to cause retinal adaptation in various ages with refractive condition,
without refractive condition and ocular disease. You can modify the procedure by adding a task such
as identifying details of colored targets & letters in the snellen chart. (20 pts)

Normal to light-light Normal to dark - Dark to light-

Refractive to Normal(photopic- dark to normal light to dark
Status noontime) (mesopic) (scotopic-
night time)

Instantly Less than a second Less than a

Emmetropia second

Myopia 1 second 5 seconds 3 seconds -3

hyperopia 5 seconds 7 seconds 5 seconds +5

With ocular Choose two (2) diseases (Diabetic Retinopathy, Cataract, Glaucoma, Macular
disease Degeneration) Describe the disease according to signs & symptoms and location of visual
field loss. Simulate the disease.

Glaucoma 2 seconds 5 seconds 3 seconds Glaucoma is the result

of damage to the optic
nerve; blind spots
develop in your visual
field. It causes eye pain,
blurred vision and halos
around lights

The location of the

visual field loss is in the
peripheral vision

Cataract 2 second 6 seconds 4 seconds Cataract causes cloudy,

foggy or blurry vision
and glare, especially
when you drive at night
with oncoming
headlights

The location of the

visual field loss is in the
lens

D. Interpret the result of the amsler grid chart test. Give your clinical impression. Correlate to assessment of
macular degeneration. Discuss the significance of the test in diagnosing macular degeneration. (10 pts)

The result from the amsler grid test showed that the patient has no existing macular degeneration or any
disease that is affecting its retina. According to the patient, there were no distortions formed on the lines, it all
appeared parallel and there were no missing grids. When relating it to macula degeneration, there is no fluid in
the retina that could cause distortions which could lead the conclusion of age-related macular degeneration
(AMD). The amsler grid test allows the eye doctors to determine if the patient has existing macular damage
E. Interpret the result of the scotopic & photopic vision test. Give your clinical impression for each refractive
condition and ocular disease (30 pts)

Based on my test on myself, my retina adapts faster on normal-light, light to normal and dark to light
environment, this means that my eyes are highly sensitive to bright light.

Glaucoma can lead to blindness without treating, therefore, once you feel something in your eye or see things
differently, consult your eye doctor immediately. Since the intraocular pressure can damage your optic nerves,
once the damage has been done, it cannot be fixed anymore

Cataract can cause disturbance not only in one’s vision, but also in his/her day-to-day activities since this causes
the patient to have cloudy, blurry vision which is normally clear. Fortunately, for those having cataracts, this can
be surgically removed through an outpatient procedure that will, in the end, restore the clear vision of the
patient

F. Using the internet, List down & describe five (5) ocular conditions resulting from damages in the
photoreceptors. (15 pts)

 Macular degeneration — also called age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD) — is a vision change
that can gradually create blurry vision over time. AMD affects the macula, the small central area of the retina
that maintains our sharpest vision. The health of the macula determines our ability to read, recognize faces,
drive, watch television, use a digital device, and perform any other detailed visual task
 Retinal detachment - describes an emergency situation in which a thin layer of tissue (the retina) at the back of
the eye pulls away from its normal position. It separates the retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that
provides oxygen and nourishment. The longer retinal detachment goes untreated, the greater your risk of
permanent vision loss in the affected eye
 Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) - a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the
retina — which is the light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. Common symptoms include difficulty
seeing at night and a loss of side (peripheral) vision
 Cone-rod dystrophy - a group of related eye disorders that causes vision loss, which becomes more severe over
time. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In
people with cone-rod dystrophy, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate
 Photokeratitis - painful, temporary eye condition caused by exposure to ultraviolet rays. It's sometimes
compared to a sunburn, expect it affects the corneas of your eyes. Snow blindness happens when UV rays are
reflected off snow and ice. Usually, your symptoms last only a few hours to a couple days
 G. Include photos while doing the procedures (5 pts)

GLAUCOMA
CATARACT

REFLECTION

What did you learn? What were the main ideas?

I learned that retinal adaption can be tested in many ways. Also, even at home
you can perform the amsler grid test with minimal requirements and without hassle, you only need to draw or print the chart and perform the test.
Although it may be that simple, still, you should consult your eye doctor for more accurate test in determining the condition of your eyes. The main
ideas were identifying the condition of your retina, whether it was damaged or normal and how it adapts to certain conditions

What did you understand best? How does this relate to what you already learned in class?
The part that I understood best was how important it is to maintain the condition of our eyes, especially our retina, because even the smallest
amount of damage could lead to an even higher amount of negative effects in our eyes and how simple tests could help us with our initial diagnosis.
While some of these I already knew, some of it also made me discover new things about the retina, especially about the amsler grid test

What questions do you still have about what you learned?

How can we decrease the time of adaptation in our retina?

Is amsler grid test 100% accurate?

Describe the learning process or environment. Briefly summarize key concepts, terms or ideas. Describe how you felt about the activity this week.
This laboratory activity was really a learning experience. It taught me so much and improved my knowledge on what I already know. Though it was
kind of hard at first, but after slowly trying to understand the activity, it became somewhat clear on what it is all about and how important the activity
is.