WDM Section 04 Force Mains R3

WASTEWATER DESIGN MANUAL
Section 04 – Sewage Pump Stations

and Force (Pressure) Mains
Document No: AM-ENG-WDM-04
Issue Date: 29/09/2016
Revision: 03
The content of this document material is a property of Haya Water. No part of this document in whole or in part,
may be reproduced in any form, by photocopy, microfilm, scanning or any other means, or incorporated into any
information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of Haya water Management.
Document No: AM-ENG-WDM-04 Issue Date: 29/09/2016
Classification: Revision: 03
Contents of HAYA Water Technical Standards:
Sr. No Document Title Revision No Revision date
1 HAYA Water Design Manual 03 31/12/2015
2 HAYA Water Standard Specifications 03 31/12/2015

Civil
Mechanical
Electrical
ICA
3 HAYA Water Standard Details 03 29/09/2016
Document Prepared by Document Reviewed by
HAYA Water
M/s Halcrow on Behalf of Haya Water Asset Management / Projects / O&M
Page 2 of 32 Standard Specifications

Controlled version of this document is available in CMS. Any printed copies are uncontrolled
i Document Authorisation
This document is authorized for issue.
Document Approval Authority

General Manager Asset Management
Suleiman Al Qasmi
ii Revision History
The following is a brief summary of the most recent revisions to this document. Details of all revisions prior
to these are held on file by the issuing department.
Revisio
Date Scope / Remarks
n No.
0 13/04/2006 Document approved and issued
01 01/06/2008 To incorporate Tender Board and Veolia comments
02 31/12/2010 To incorporate latest changes as per current International standards.
03 29/09/2016 Updated as part of the Haya Water Technical Standards Upgrading project

TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Document Authorisation .................................................................................................. 3
ii Revision History................................................................................................................ 3
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Scope ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Objective ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Distribution/Target Audience ................................................................................. 5
1.5. Definitions............................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 6
2. Sewage Pump Stations and Force (Pressure) Mains................................................ 8
2.1. Pump Stations ........................................................................................................ 8
2.1.1. General .................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2. Location and Layout of Pumping Stations ........................................................... 8
2.1.3. Site Investigation.................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4. Influent Structure ..................................................................................................10
2.1.5. Substructure Configuration .................................................................................. 11
2.1.6. Selection of Pump Equipment .............................................................................. 11
2.1.7. Wet Well/Dry Well Stations ...................................................................................12
2.2. Force (Pressure) Mains .........................................................................................25
2.2.1. General ...................................................................................................................25
2.2.2. Velocities................................................................................................................25
2.2.3. Force Main Profiles ...............................................................................................25
2.2.4. Chambers...............................................................................................................25
2.2.5. Surge Protection ...................................................................................................26
2.2.6. Force Mains Termination ......................................................................................27
2.2.7. Force Mains Hydraulic Design .............................................................................27

1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
i. The purpose of this document is to communicate the technical requirements and preferences of
Haya Water for sewage pump stations and force (pressure) mains.
1.2. Scope
i. The scope of this Manual is to provide technical guidance to Designers regarding key system
elements. This Manual shall be applicable to all Haya Water projects, and shall be read in
conjunction with the relevant standard Specification and all other documents of any Contract
requirements or Particular Specification, or both. Any clause in this Manual which relates to Works
or materials not required by any particular Contract shall be deemed not to apply.
ii. The contents of this document shall be read in conjunction with all Haya Water Technical
Specifications. Compliance with the contents of Haya Water Technical Specifications shall be an
integral requirement of this document.
1.3. Objective
i. The objective of this Manual is to ensure that all designs are carried out to a uniform high standard,
in line with Haya Water’s intentions and best international practices. Incorporating the requirements
and criteria of this Manual will ease Haya Water’s technical review and approval process in the
implementation of projects.
ii. The Manual is intended for use by Designers who are knowledgeable and experienced in the
design of wastewater collection, transfer, and treatment processes. Designers need to be fully
familiar with the contents of this Manual.
iii. Requirements and criteria included in this Manual are not purported to cover all design conditions.
This Manual is a guide and not meant to preclude the use of experienced engineering judgment for
specific design situations. Designers shall address all necessary aspects for their particular project
in consultation with the Engineer, and any proposed deviations from this Manual must be discussed
and agreed with the Engineer prior to commencement of the Works.
1.4. Distribution/Target Audience

i. This document is issued for use by concerned Haya Water Asset Management and Operations
employees, Designers, Owner Representatives/Engineers, Consultants and Contractors.
1.5. Definitions
i. Client/Owner: Oman Wastewater Services Company (Haya Water) for whom the Works are to be
undertaken
ii. Owner’s Representative/Engineer: The firm or company named in the Contract as appointed by
the Client to supervise and administer the Contract
iii. Consultant: The firm or company selected by the Client to prepare the Particular Specification (the
Contract documents) for a given project

iv. Contractor: The company or organisation responsible for the provision of the Works and who have
entered into a Contract with the Client
v. Designer: Any person carrying out design activities for or on behalf of any of the parties mentioned
previously. A person involved in any changes to existing or proposed Works shall be deemed to be
a Designer
vi. Site: The land allocated for the Works
vii. Project Documents: All documents associated with and applicable to the Contract
viii. Particular Specification: The Specification associated with the Contract and prepared at the time
of the project by the Engineer specifically for that application
ix. Technical definitions related to this Specification are to be found within the appropriate technical
clauses in the document.
1.6. Abbreviations
D Diameter
GRP Glass-Reinforced Plastic
ICA Instrumentation, Control, and Automation
k Friction Loss Coefficient
MHEW Ministry of Housing, Electricity, and Water
NRV Non-Return Valve
O&M Operations and Maintenance
S Submergence
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
v Viscosity
Other abbreviations related to this Specification can be found within the appropriate technical
clauses in the document.
i. Units of Measurement
° Degree
°C Degree Celsius
deg Degree
kN Kilonewton
ks Friction Coefficient
kVA Kilovolt-Ampere
l/s Litre Per Second
m Metre

m/min Metre per Minute
m2 Square Metre
m3 Cubic Metre
m3/min Cubic Metre Per Minute
mm Millimetre
m/s Metre Per Second

m2/s Square Metre Per Second
m/s2 Metre Per Second Squared
r/d Radius/Diameter
rpm Revolutions per Minute

2. Sewage Pump Stations and Force (Pressure) Mains
2.1. Pump Stations

2.1.1. General
i. The following is a general outline of criteria for a typical wastewater pumping station design.
ii. For each pumping station, a functional analysis shall be carried out to determine the minimum and
maximum flows as well as the other operating parameters, such as specific requirements for noise
or vibration levels, accessibility, and standardisation of equipment.
iii. In the context of Haya Water’s catchment areas, many of which are in the process of development,
special attention shall be given to adaptation to flow variation over time. In some areas currently
under development, the current maximum flow is only a fraction of what is expected in a few years,
and the station’s design shall be able to cope with these changes whilst ensuring efficient operation
(for example, in dry well type), provide spaces for additional pumps to be installed later, install
pumps which can be adapted to higher flows later without changing the motor).
iv. All wastewater pumping station designs shall be made in accordance with international standards
namely (hydraulic Institute and AWWA design codes) and shall be thoroughly reviewed and
accepted by the Client prior to Tendering. Haya standard drawings for wastewater pumping stations
shall be considered.
v. Wastewater pumping stations are expensive to construct, maintain and, operate. Effort shall be
taken to minimise the number of pumping stations required and to thoroughly consider other options
to avoid pumping stations. Any pumping station considered shall be first accepted in principle by
the Client. If a pumping station is unavoidable, then an installation which satisfies environmental,
health, and safety aspects and avoids unnecessary complexity of operations and maintenance in
the most cost-effective manner shall be designed.
vi. Commercially available standard pumps shall be chosen, and they shall be capable of impeller
adjustment to modify output.
2.1.2. Location and Layout of Pumping Stations

i. The location and layout of the pumping station shall include an assessment of the following basic
design considerations.
ii. The pumping station shall be designed to handle flows of the entire area to be serviced for present
and future developments. The station wet well shall be sized with consideration of the possible
future developments. Also, the top water level in the wet well to be designed shall be based on the
invert of the lowest gravity pipeline entry to the wet well with sufficient margin.
iii. The possible downstream impacts of the pump station shall be taken into consideration when
designing the pump station.
iv. The following parameters shall be considered whilst evaluating the location of pumping station:
a) Environmental:
 The parameters, such as the soil conditions, excavation stability, and type of barrel
material (pre-fabricated or constructed onsite), which affect the length of time the
excavation could be open.
 Aesthetics, such as noise, vibration, odour, and appearances, which may impact nearby
residents.

 Construction dewatering requirements, including foundation stability of neighbouring

structures and cost of construction.
 Structural aspects of sewage pumping stations and electrical and mechanical equipment
shall be protected from physical damage of the 1 in 50 year flood. Sewage pumping
stations shall remain fully operational and accessible during a 1 in 50 year flood.
Pumping station uplift (anti-flotation) design shall be based on the 1 in 50 year flood level
with no wastewater in the station.
 Soil subsurface investigations shall be undertaken to reveal site conditions prior to
acceptance. A minimum level of investigation shall be a test hole augured or excavated
by backhoe.
 Emergency overflow conditions, frequencies, and consequences. The manner in which
the overflow will be discharged to minimise impact on the environment and public health
shall be addressed. Consider consequences on the sewer system if overflows are not
provided. All matters related to pumping station overflows shall be discussed and agreed
with the Client prior to incorporation into a design.
b) Location of Services/Infrastructure:
 Access for construction and its effects on the costs. The pumping station shall be readily
accessible by maintenance vehicles.
 Potential for vandalism, theft, and injury and the necessary security requirements, such
as fencing or the need for a more visible location.
 Proximity of sewers, water mains, and power supplies as they are related to the cost of
developing alternative sites.
 Power supply voltage, phase, and impact on power utility. These considerations shall
determine such aspects as whether power failure delay time or reduced voltage starting,
or both, are required.
 Minimising energy requirements by keeping required pumping lift to a minimum and by
selecting the pumps based on their optimal operating conditions.
 Use of standby power or alternative provisions (such as pump-out tank truck) during
power outages. Availability and response times of back-up equipment for pumping station
shall be determined.
 Convenience features, reliability, and complexities with respect to operations and
maintenance (O&M) activities.
 Safety features such as reducing the need to enter the station, improving access, and
maintenance activities.
v. Lifecycle costs (capital and O&M) in deciding on design features. Additional capital expenditures
may be offset by lower O&M costs over the life of the station or may be required to reduce O&M
complexities to an acceptable level.
2.1.3. Site Investigation
i. A site investigation shall be carried out to establish the following:
a) Topographical features
b) Subsoil conditions and physical properties of the soil to a depth of at least 1.5 times the depth
to station foundation
c) Safe allowable bearing capacity of formation

d) Nature of groundwater and its normal level

e) Historical and predicted maximum flood level
2.1.4. Influent Structure
i. Influent structure shall meet the following design requirements.
a) To facilitate the control of entrance velocities, the isolation of the pump station and the
maintenance of uniform flow patterns, the maximum number of influent pipes entering the wet
well shall be limited to a maximum of two.
b) Inlet manholes shall be used for the junction of pipes, flows patterns, and velocity control as
well as to provide a sump for a portable pump for emergency bypassing of the pump station.
The manhole shall be located a distance from the station to ensure that its foundation is not
affected by the pump station excavation and provide sufficient room for valve and flexible
couplings.
c) Wet well influent pipes velocities shall not exceed 1.5 m/s for gravity mains and 1.8 m/s for
pressure mains to reduce tendency for a vortex to minimise movement of float switches and
other similar components.
d) The minimum influent pipe velocity shall be 0.6 m/s (0.5 m/s in the case of networks ramified
under pressure with Grinder pumps).
e) Conditions that would introduce air into the pumps and the omission of gases shall be avoided
(for example, drop distance over 1 m and entrance configuration). Drop connection chambers
and direct inflow away from the pump base, shall be utilised.
f) Uniform flow patterns to each pump shall be maintained to prevent vortex formations and solids
build up.
g) As modern submersible type pumps can handle almost all the possible debris in sanitary
sewers, it is advisable to avoid incorporating a debris basket to the inlet entrance to the wet
well. Also, debris baskets shall be avoided, considering the possible adverse effects to health
and environment when handling and disposal of solids. However, centrifugal pumps are
susceptible to clogging by rags, trash, and other debris normally found in wastewater. To
protect this type of pumps from clogging, mechanically operated equipment may be installed
to screen or cut up these materials prior to pumping
h) On the smaller types 1 and 2 stations (see Clause 2.1.7.11 for a description of Pump Station
types), a resilient seat, cast iron gate valve with an extended spindle installed in a suitable
valve chamber between the pumping station and first manhole shall be provided for station
isolation purposes. On the type 3 stations, an isolation penstock shall be provided in the wet
well.
i) Two flexible couplings on all pipes entering and leaving station shall be provided to allow for
differential settlement between the pump station and pipes. Locate one coupling 300 mm and
the other 1,500 mm from the station.
j) Sewage systems shall have a high level emergency overflow from the pipe or manhole
upstream of the pumping station inlet valve to prevent accidental flooding of the system due to
closure of pump station inlet valve. This overflow shall discharge into the pumping station or to
the pumping station overflow location.
k) Pumping stations shall be equipped with high level equipment failure alarms.

2.1.5. Substructure Configuration

i. Structural form of the sub-structure is dependent on the factors like size of the pumping station,
pump type, type of installation, and land availability, and other factors, but a circular shape shall be
privileged to avoid deposits.
ii. In all cases, the ground floor slab level shall be no less than 500 mm above the anticipated
maximum flood level.
iii. The wet well shall be designed to minimise retention time.
iv. Benching shall be provided to ensure still areas cannot develop which can lead to deposition and
accumulation of solids.
v. Baffle and benching design shall be based on the manufacturer’s recommendations.
vi. To ensure the pump sump, benching, and baffling are designed correct, computational modelling
shall be considered for all pump stations ≥300 l/s and compulsory for pumping stations ≥500 l/s
unless physical modelling is carried out. Physical modelling shall be considered for all pump
stations ≥1,000 l/s and compulsory for pumping stations ≥1,500 l/s.
vii. Pump start/stop levels shall be spaced to suit a pumping regime which produces the best
compromise between stop/starts and continuous flow.
viii. For an installation with several identical duty pumps, the start and stop levels of all the pumps differ
by a constant value determined by the characteristics of the control system. The difference in levels
shall be large enough to eliminate accidental pump starts and is normally in the range of 200 to
300 mm.
ix. Influent pipework shall enter at the base of the pump sump, wherever possible.
2.1.6. Selection of Pump Equipment

i. Commercially standard available pumps shall be chosen and shall be capable of impeller
adjustment to modify output, so the pump flow rate can be adjusted if required in the future. The
largest available impeller for each pump shall not be fitted, ensuring the pump flow rate can be
increased if necessary. Trimming of impellers shall not be accepted only after engineer approval.
i. The pump type, size, and numbers shall be optimised and appropriately selected to achieve the
specified maximum and minimum pumping rates and therefore accommodate the variations in rate
of discharge from the station. Pump Motor overheat and over-run must be avoided. Number of
pumps shall be determined based on best configuration in terms of motor size, sequence of
operation, ease of maintenance and space requirement.
ii. Pumping stations serving only a small area shall have a minimum of two identical units
(Duty/Standby), either one capable of handling the design flow.
iii. In large stations, the number of duty pump and standby units chosen shall be appropriate to the
strategic importance of the station. The possible consequences of pump failure at a time of peak
incoming flow or with one pump set undergoing maintenance at such a time shall be considered.
iv. The pump manufacturer shall be standardised for each project, and pumps shall be standardised
wherever possible, to facilitate repairs and reduce the cost of providing spares.
v. The likelihood of any given sewage pump clogging up cannot be predicted accurately. A past
history of non-clog performance with the particular impeller proposed shall therefore be sought
before proposing the use of either of the following:
a) Variable speed pumping.

b) Multi-vane closed impellers.

vi. Sufficient pumps shall be provided to allow the design peak flow value to be achieved with any one
of the installed pumps out of service/operation.
2.1.6.1. Determination of Flow Rates
i. In pump selection, the following flow rates shall be considered:
a) The design peak flow.
b) The initial and design average flow.
c) The initial minimum flow.
d) The pumps shall be capable of handling the design peak flow.
e) The initial and design average flow rates shall be considered for efficient operation of the
equipment, whereas the initial minimum flow rate shall be considered in sizing the force main
so that deposition at low velocity is avoided.
f) Initial minimum flows to be pumped shall be approximated by using the multipliers in Table 1.
Table 1: Minimum Pumped Flows
Average Flow
50 500 2500 5000
(l/sec)
Minimum Flow
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.5
Factor
2.1.6.2. Determination of Flow Properties

For each specific catchment area, special precautions regarding sewage properties might be
required (temperature, pH, presence of sand or other abrasive material). The design study shall
determine if any special condition applies.
2.1.7. Wet Well/Dry Well Stations

Wet well/dry well stations shall generally be designed in accordance with the requirements outlined
previously for the submersible stations with the addition of the following:
2.1.7.1. General
i. With a two (duplex) type pump station, each pump shall be capable of meeting the worst flow
conditions (maximum influent flow, high water level (HWL) at the discharge point, low water level
(LWL) in the wet well, and worst k value with the other pump in standby mode). For stations with
more than two pumps, the pumping rate shall be adjusted accordingly. For all stations, operation
shall be based on running all available duty/assist pumps (further to a determined programme) to
minimise maintenance cost. Number of pumps shall be determined based on hourly flow profile.
ii. Under automatic control, pumps shall operate alternately to ensure equal running hours, even wear
on all pumps and then provide a longer cycle time. Alternative control philosophies shall be
considered and shall be submitted to the Client for approval.
iii. The pumps and controls of pumping stations, especially stations pumping directly to a treatment
works or operated as part of the treatment works itself, shall be selected to permit pumping sewage

at the approximate rate of discharge into the pump station; therefore to be suitable to match the
incoming flow.
iv. Pumps shall have non-clog channels or high hardness recessed impellers that generally shall pass
a minimum 76 mm spherical solids (65 mm if a basket screen is provided), though this figure may
have to be revised on smaller pumps. In all cases, Designers shall confirm the solids passing
capacity for specific flow/head combinations with manufacturers based on flow condition.
v. Because of the likely presence of sand, all parts in contact with wastewater shall be abrasion-proof
through appropriate coatings after selecting the highest available hard material.
vi. Spacing of the pumps shall be provided in accordance with the manufacturer's requirements.
vii. Grinder pumps require additional maintenance and attention and, therefore, are not a preferred
option. Grinder pumps, however, shall be considered where the design peak flows will not exceed
4.5 l/s in consultation with the Client. Selecting such pump shall be mutually agreed with client.
viii. A suitable check valve with an external counterbalance lever and a resilient seated gate or eccentric
plug isolation valve shall be provided for each pump. The gate valve or plug valve and the swing
check valve shall be located in the horizontal position. Gate valves or plug valves shall have stem
extensions (with support brackets) to valve boxes mounted flush with the top of the station, such
that operation of the valves without entering the station is ensured.
ix. Except for small grinder pumping stations, other all the pumping station structures shall be
reinforced concrete pre-cast sections with approved quality internal lining to prevent corrosion. For
small grinder stations, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), fibreglass, or glass-reinforced plastic
(GRP) barrels may be considered subject to the approval of the Client.
x. The type and integrity of the system shall be acceptable to the reviewing authorities. Acceptable
systems are as follows:
a) A minimum 50 mm self-draining standpipe supply within 10 m of the station, including provision
of a minimum of 20 m of 50 mm fire hose with plastic type nozzle. Valve and fittings to connect
standpipe shall be provided. The standpipe outlet shall not be in danger or being flooded with
contaminated water. Treated effluent can be considered as the supply source.
b) Cross-connection protection shall be provided through use of a reduced pressure principle
backflow prevention device. The device shall be isolated by a gate valve meeting Public
Authority of Electricity and Water – Oman (PAEW) Specification. The device shall be designed
and installed in strict accordance with the requirements of PAEW.
c) Consideration shall be made for testing and repair of the backflow prevention device at least
once per year by a trained person. Details on this item (such as name and address of the
certified tester and provision of a second unit for use during removal and repair of the first unit)
shall be included in the O&M Manual and Plan.
d) A sign shall be provided on the inside of the pump station hatch as follows: "WARNING –
POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARD TO COMMUNITY - DO NOT PLACE WASHDOWN HOSE IN
WET WELL".
xi. A system for washing down the pump station shall be available to facilitate proper maintenance.
Designers shall confirm that the method selected is technically and operationally sound. The
relevant technical and operational aspects shall be detailed in the Pre-Design Report and
summarised in the O&M Manual and Plan.
2.1.7.2. Maintenance
A connection between the check valve and isolated valve for standby pumping, complete with blank
flange and gasket, shall be provided to allow pumping to the force mains with an auxiliary engine
driven pump as a backup in the event of power or mechanical failures (or both) of pumps or controls

(or both. This riser pipe also allows insertion of a "pig" to clean the force main if required. A 90
elbow shall be installed to align the riser blank flange horizontally to facilitate the hose connection.
a) Secure storage facilities for all spare and ancillary equipment shall be provided and specified
in the O&M Manual and Plan.
2.1.7.3. Health and Safety
i. Supports for level control system, pump lifting chain, and power cable shall be accessible by
reaching from ground level and without entering the wet well.
ii. Adequately sized and located access frames with hatch covers (minimum 600 x 600 mm) for access
and for removal of pumps shall be provided. The access covers shall be aluminium or GRP for their
corrosion resistance and lightness characteristics. Access covers shall have padlock hasps, with a
box enclosure to prevent vandalising of lock, and a suitable Client-approved brass padlock.
iii. Support for a lifting device attached to or located adjacent to the station structure shall be provided.
The lifting device shall be as follows:
a) Removable lifting davit (hot-dip galvanised) with a horizontal arm capable of swinging 360 in
a horizontal plane.
b) Chain hoist.
c) Platform socket or wall mounted socket (hot-dip galvanised).
d) Load chain.
iv. The lifting chain for the pumps shall be compatible with the chain hoist. The hoist shall be
permanently fixed (welded) to the davit to prevent loss.
2.1.7.4. Sump
i. All pump stations shall include baffling and smooth benching, to be configured in accordance with
the pump manufacturer's instructions.
a) Where it is necessary to pump sewage prior to grit and sand removal, the design of the wet
well, pump station, and installation of the pump shall receive special consideration to avoid
operational problems from the accumulation of grit and sand. In the same time, a flush valve
may be fitted to the volute of the pump to open at each pumping cycle and remain open
condition for 20 seconds to give enough turbulence to sludge deposited as well as floating
solids to be re-suspended before being pump out.
ii. The maximum number of starts per hour shall be as recommended by the motor manufacturer.
Typically, it shall be as follows:
a) Motors less than <15 kW can start every 4 to 10 minutes, (i.e, > 15 cycle per hour).
b) Motors 15kW up to 75 kW shall not be started more than once every 15 minutes.
c) Motors from 75 to 250 kW shall not be started more than once every 20 minutes.
d) Manufacturer’s literature shall be consulted for cycle times less than those described
previously. All motors shall be guaranteed to operate at the selected start/stop cycle.
iii. Cycle times shall be considered as individual motor cycle times and account for multiple pump
operation and alternating start operations (a wet well volume sized for a 7.5 minute cycle time would
provide an actual 15 minute cycle time for individual pumps in a two pump installation with
automatic alternator).
iv. Minimum cycle time will occur when pump "on" time and "off" time are equal, and wet well volumes
can be determined from the follow equation:

𝑡𝑞
𝑉 =
4
where:
V = Effective wet well volume in m 3
T = Time in minutes
q = Incremental pump capacity as m 3/min
v. Volume measurement shall be calculated between the control settings. A minimum control range
of 1 m shall be used for most large wet wells. The minimum wet well level shall be above the sloped
bottom section. Individual suction line shall be provided for each pump. The minimum pumping
station diameter shall generally be 2,000 mm to provide adequate room for installation and
maintenance of required equipment and to provide sufficient storage to limit pump cycling. In
specific cases, small systems serving only a few houses, the station diameter may be reduced to
1,500 mm in diameter with prior approval of the Client.
vi. In deep stations (over 6 m), an intermediate guide bar support and a power cable strain relief
connector shall be provided.
vii. For all pumping stations where high wet well detention time is anticipated with an associated risk
of high odour levels, odour control facilities shall be provided.
2.1.7.5. Suction Submergence

i. The pump manufacturer’s guidelines shall be followed regarding the submergence of the suction.
ii. If there are no guidelines from the manufacturer regarding suction submergence; a minimum
submergence depth to the flared end opening shall be as provided in Table 2.
a) Bell mouthed or flared end suction fittings shall be utilised and set to be D/2 above the sump
bottom, where D is the flared end open diameter.
Table 2: Suction Submergence
Velocity at Required
Diameter Submergence
D (m/s) S (m)
0.6 0.3
1 0.6
1.2 0.79
1.5 1.04
1.8 1.37
2.1 1.74
2.4 2.16

2.1.7.6. Submersible Pumps and Stations

i. A submersible pump station consists of a wet well, a minimum of two submersible pumps, valve
chamber, piping train, pump controls, and power supply. Submersible pump stations shall meet the
following design requirements:
a) For submersible pumps, special attention shall be given to sealing and water tightness of all
hydraulic connections, pipes, and ready-made units.
b) The pump shall be equipped with a seal leak probe and motor heat sensor only if required by
the manufacturer/supplier of the pumps. There shall be a control panel mounted alarm light
indication for the probes and sensors.
c) A pump discharge connection shall be long radius elbow with guide bars made of 316 stainless
steel guide rail for quick removal of the pump shall be provided. The guide bars shall be
installed as a pair running from the discharge connection to an upper guide bracket attached
to an access frame on top of the station. The pumps shall have a lifting chain that is compatible
with the chain hoist.
d) Support for a lifting device attached to or located adjacent to the station structure shall be
provided. The lifting device shall be as follows:
 Removable lifting davit with horizontal arm capable of swinging 360 in a horizontal plane
 Chain hoist
 Platform socket or wall mounted socket
 Load chain
e) When used in a dry well application, appropriate cooling shall be applied to the pump, in
accordance with Technical Standard Specification – Mechanical Section 03 – Pumps,
Compressors, Blowers, and Cutters.
2.1.7.6.1 Electrical Equipment

i. The kiosk shall be installed on a concrete pad such that the components are kept away from
pumping station access hatches and away from the pump lifting device. A pedestal mounted kiosk
over the pump station can be considered on a site-specific basis and, if proposed, its use shall be
substantiated on a technical O&M basis by Designers and accepted by the reviewing authorities.
ii. A receptacle and transfer switch suitable for connecting standby power shall be provided to
facilitate quick plug-in of a mobile generator. The Consultant shall ensure there is a matching plug
and suitable generator available. The required generator kW (kVA) power output needed to operate
the pump shall be specified on a warning plate and mounted adjacent to the station, to help ensure
that an adequate power generator is brought to the site in an emergency.
iii. An explosion-proof light shall be provided to light the wet well.
iv. For information on pump starters and variable frequency drives, see the Technical Standard
Specification - Electrical.
v. Electrical equipment located in the wet well shall be suitable for use under corrosive conditions and
in potentially explosive atmospheres.
vi. A fused disconnecting switch located above ground shall be provided for all pumping stations.
When such equipment is exposed to weather, it shall meet the requirements of weather equipment.

vii. The Technical Standard Specification - Electrical shall be referenced with regards to all electrical
issues.
2.1.7.7. Instrumentation, Control, and Automation Equipment (ICA)

i. The low water level cut-out (pump shut-off) shall take into consideration the minimum submergence
depth recommended by pump manufacturer that would prevent vortexing and provide motor
cooling. The minimum pumping volume shall be measured above this low water level.
ii. Controls for pumps and alarm systems shall be placed in one compact unit in the kiosk to provide
the best arrangement for organising and protecting the electrical system. The control panel, meter
box, service switch, pump controls, alarms, ventilations fan, disconnection switch, power metering,
standby plug, and other electrical components shall be mounted in suitable kiosk to provide a
secure location.
iii. The detailed design study of the pumping station takes into account the Client’s requirements
regarding automation, regulation, and telemetry.
iv. Based on the available instrumentation (see Table 9) and the functional requirements, the following
different operation modes are to be defined for the different levels:
a) Field devices level.
b) Local control panel level (manual mode or automatic mode).
c) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) supervisory system level (automatic control
mode or remote control mode).
v. The Technical Standard Specification – Instrumentation, Control, and Automation shall be
referenced with regards to all instrumentation, control, and automation (ICA) issues.
2.1.7.8. Overflow Prevention

2.1.7.8.1 General
i. A method shall be submitted for approval to prevent or minimise overflows. The methods described
as follows shall be evaluated on an individual basis.
ii. The choice of method shall be based on least cost and least operational complexity which would
provide an acceptable degree of reliability and protection of the environment and public health. The
degree of duplications and standby systems in the pumping stations and the degree of control of
the overflow shall depend on the sensitivity of the area of overflow.
iii. Only extreme events shall result in an overflow.
3.1.7.8.2 Methods of Overflow Prevention

i. Back-up power: Provide power supplies from two independent sources on the electricity grid or
provide either mobile or static engine-driven generation equipment (refer to the Technical Standard
Specification – Electrical).
ii. Storage capacity: Include storage capacity in the trunk sewers and storage basins. Such facilities
shall be designed to drain back into the wet well or collection system.
iii. Emergency storage: An alternative to an emergency overflow is the provision of emergency
storage.

iv. Emergency pumping: Provide a permanent or portable engine driven pump capable of pumping
from the wet well to collection system.
2.1.7.9. Emergency Overflows

i. It needs to be recognised that unplanned, multiple breakdowns or natural disasters can occur. It is
then preferred to have a controlled location for an emergency overflow, where the overflow can be
dealt with, such that dwelling basements are not flooded, and pumping station equipment is not
damaged, rather than have sewage flow out to an uncontrolled location.
ii. All pumping stations shall have an emergency overflow to prevent flooding of pumping station
equipment or dwellings connected to the system. Overflows may be on upstream sewers,
depending upon the hydraulic profile. Overflows are to be approved by the Ministry of Environment
and Climate Affairs.
iii. Overflows shall not be provided at upstream manholes as these can lead to a spill inadvertently
occurring during closure of the pumping station inlet penstock for maintenance reasons.
iv. The wet-well overflow shall be fitted with a dip tube or baffle board with easy access from above
for cleaning.
v. Storage shall be provided above the start level for the last duty pump.
2.1.7.10. Environment Aspects

i. Pumping stations are conspicuous by their function, and every effort shall be made to disguise
them and reduce to a minimum their environmental impact.
ii. Architectural and layout design and materials shall be chosen for access roads, boundary walls,
building superstructures, and landscaping to ensure that the general appearance of the
aboveground structures blends in naturally with the neighbouring arrangements.
iii. Consideration of odour control measures is of primary importance to ensure that such nuisance
does not arise.
2.1.7.11. General Requirements Tables

i. The factors to be considered for the design and general requirements for pumping station types 1,
2, and 3 are given in Tables 3 through 9.
ii. Three pumping station types, related to design flow, have been identified:
a) Type 1: Design flow up to 100 l/s.
b) Type 2: Design flow greater than 100 l/s up to 300 l/s.
c) Type 3: Design flow greater than 300 l/s.

Table 3: Design Parameters
General Requirement Pumping Station Pumping Station Pumping Station

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
3
Minimum number of duty 1 2
pumps
1
Minimum number of 1 1
standby pumps
Number of pumps depends on flow regime favoured
Control philosophy Pumps to duty rotate after each start/stop cycle
Service rating 15 years design life
Type of impeller Generally made of ductile iron, and shall be of enclosed, semi-open, non-
clogging, dynamically-balanced, single vane design.
In cases where excessive quantities of grit/sand may be expected, the
use of other materials shall be considered.
Where grinder pumps are used, the impellers for the grinder pumps shall
be 316 stainless steel.
Solids handling capacity 76 mm minimum without upstream basket and 65 mm with upstream
basket, but must be reviewed to suit availability
Velocity through
pipework at:
2.5 m/s
Maximum flow
0.6 m/s standard, 0.5 m/s with grinder pump
Minimum flow
Maximum velocity
2.5 m/s
through valves
Maximum pump motor

1,450 rpm
speed (> 5 l/s)
Max speed for small

2,800 rpm
pumps up to 5 l/s

Table 4: Wet Well Arrangement
General Pumping Station Pumping Station Pumping Station

Requirement Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Penstock, motorised or
Inlet control Sluice valve on inlet line
manual
To be used only where required when possibility of large size material is

anticipated
Screens
Motorised automatic
Removable screens maybe fitted type to be reviewed
with the Client
Macerators Submersible type and used when needed as an alternative to screens
Shall be fitted on all pump stations (in accordance with manufacturer’s

Inlet baffle
recommendations)
Shaped to suit pump suctions and to prevent deposition of solids (in

Benching
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations)
Temporary access Landings and hand railing depending on the

Access
used depth of the wet well
Activated carbon or chemical scrubbing units depending on anticipated

Deodorisers
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration or bio-filter odour control system
Internal finish of wet

GRP, UPVC or HDPE lining
well
Provided in stations as a fixed installation

Portable davit or fixed
Lifting equipment overhead crane. Access to wet well shall be by
frame
mobile units.

Table 5: Dry Well/Valve Chamber Arrangement

Number of 2 duty, 1 standby 2 duty, 1 standby

pumps and 1 duty, 1 standby
arrangement At least 1 m clear access around pumps
Station
Protective coatings internally and externally
pipework
Suction line
Isolation valves required.
control
Isolation valves and non-return valves (NRVs) required.

Delivery line Throttling valves not recommended.
control
Size and frequency of use of valve shall dictate whether valve should
be motorised or manual.
Station bypass Provision to be considered for each installation.
Sump pump
A separate sump pump is provided in the dry well for drainage.
provision
Access Step irons/ladder Step irons/ladder Staircase
Internal
concrete Protective liner or coating
finishes
Fixed permanent. Motorised lifting equipment

Lifting maybe required depending on depth of sump,
Portable davit
equipment weight, health and safety risks, and other relevant
factors.

Table 6: Superstructure

Wet well with no Reinforced concrete (RC) cover slab with protective coating to
superstructure underside openings with covers and sealing plates sized and located
to suit access needs
Wet well with On large stations,

Not applicable Not applicable construction of control
superstructure
room integral with
pump well
Table 7: External Works

Minimum area of
50-100 m2 200-400 m2 ≥900 m2
land required
Delineation of
Preferably wall with pedestrian and vehicular access for O&M
boundary
Vent locations To be located away from the control room
Markers Underground services are to be appropriately signed.
Signage Required
Required (switchable).
Exterior lighting
Light pollution outside the boundary to be minimised.
Internal lighting Required for control room and other similar areas (switchable)
At least 6 m wide turning circle with hard standing for vehicles,
Access
preferably with loading bay
Landscaping Client’s instructions to be obtained
Fibre optics or
radio
Fibre optics for outstation telemetry, and hand
(in accordance set water supply for mess room and possible
with Technical irrigation
Services Standard
(in accordance with Technical Standard
Specification –
Specification – Instrumentation, Control, and
Instrumentation,
Automation)
Control, and
Automation)
No facilities Toilet facilities required plus mess room fully
Watchman facilities
required equipped on larger stations

Table 8: Ancillaries

Requirement
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Small power Full internal and external site lighting. All stairways and landings provided
and lighting with emergency direct current (DC) lighting.
provisions
Fire protection Not applicable Fire detection, alarm, Fire detection, alarm,
and detection and optional firefighting and fire-fighting system
(detectors, system
alarms, portable
hose reel
system,
electrical, and
protection)
Earthing system All pumping stations shall rely on earth roads. Recommendation is to
use neutral as a protective multiple earthing (PME) system. All to subject
approval of the power supply company.
Standby Always provide a Always provide a Permanent generator

generator socket for portable socket for portable required.
generators. generators, but on
larger stations, fixed
generators shall be
considered.
Welfare facilities To be provided, type to be agreed upon with the Client.
Power supply Not applicable Possible space requirement

company –
Transformer
requirements
Vehicular Always required to access sump

access or for
sump clean
sand debris
Ventilation Portable only Provide minimum air change capacity as follows:

equipment for
personnel and  20 per hour during maintenance
auxiliary cooling  12 per hour at normal operation
Air conditioning Air conditioning of control panel rooms only

Surge protection Always evaluated and provided if necessary

and auxiliary
equipment
Note:
a) Where provision for a mobile generator is included, sufficient external space shall be provided
to adequately accommodate the generator, its associated cabling, and any re-fuelling needs,
without compromising any other requirement for vehicular access and parking.
Table 9: Instrumentation

Wet well water
Ultrasonic level detection for sump level monitoring and pump control
level sensor
Wet well
hydrogen
Required (can be fitted as part of odour control)
sulphide (H2S)
level sensor
SCADA Provide data transmission through Omantel lines compatible with existing
equipment system.
Running/stopped Running/stopped
Hours run
Hours run Isolated/power on
Pumping
monitoring Healthy/tripped
Isolated/power on
Larger motor units shall be fitted with temperature
Healthy/tripped monitors for alarm and protection circuits.
Flow monitoring Electromagnetic flow meters to provide integrated flow.
Valve status If motorised valves, then valve status indication

None
indication provided.

2.2. Force (Pressure) Mains

2.2.1. General
i. Force main diameters are dependent on the pump discharge rating, the allowable velocity range,
and the friction loss due to the length of pressure main and its associated fittings. Alternatively,
diameters shall be considered which produce a range of velocities between the minimum and
maximum acceptable velocities, and which adhere to acceptable pumping ranges indicated on
manufacturer's pump characteristic curves.
ii. A cost comparison shall be performed to determine which pressure main size will result in the
optimum whole life cost of the pressure main and associated pumping costs.
iii. Provision shall be included to access pipe every 500 m, whether through removable section in
valve chamber or air valves or separate access chamber with removable pipe section.
2.2.2. Velocities
i. At design minimum flow (that is, maximum static head), a velocity of at least 0.75 m/s shall be
maintained for raw sewage, as this velocity is usually considered sufficient for self-cleaning.
However, in the case of intermittent flow, required minimum velocity shall be 1.0 m/s.
ii. For vertical force mains, a velocity of at least 1.2 m/s shall be maintained for raw sewage to ensure
sufficient self-cleaning.
iii. The maximum allowable velocity (worst case scenario) in the pipe shall be not greater than 2.5 m/s.
iv. A force main shall be a minimum 75 mm inside diameter for non-clog pumps and minimum 50 mm
inside diameter for grinder pumps.
v. Pipe diameters shall be carefully selected to minimise friction losses and capital costs, whilst still
maintaining the solids in suspension.
2.2.3. Force Main Profiles
i. The force mains shall be laid at predetermined gradients, with a minimum gradient of 1:500 rising
and 1:300 falling.
ii. Ideally, force mains shall rise continuously to the discharge point and be short enough to produce
a retention period no longer than half an hour. In practice, this is very rarely achieved, and suitable
air release and washout valves shall be provided at the high and low points, respectively.
iii. Pumping mains shall be designed to run full and to remain full at all times.
2.2.4. Chambers
i. The designs of the chambers are shown in the standard detail drawings.
ii. Pipeline fitting requirements are shown detailed as follows.
2.2.4.1. Air Relief Valves
i. The principal requirement of the air valve is to maintain the hydraulic capacity of the pipe by
expelling air and other gases, which would otherwise be trapped in the main and promote rapid
corrosion. A combination Air release/air vacuum valve shall be used to avoid column separation.
ii. Air valves are required at high points in the force main, and the approaching gradient shall not be
flatter than 1:500, with the gradient from the valve not flatter than 1:300.
iii. Air relief valves shall be provided at significant changes in gradient.
iv. The number of air valves shall be kept to a minimum.

v. The valve arrangement shall generally be designed to prevent air entering the main, except in
extreme vacuum condition where a combined air-release/air-vacuum valve shall be used.
vi. Air relief valves shall be sited with easy access.
vii. Air relief valves shall be suitable for sewage applications.
2.2.4.2. Washout Valve
i. Washout valves shall be provided at low points in the pumping mains and shall be sited adjacent
to roads to allow tanker access.
ii. Washout valves shall also be provided at any key points thought necessary to assist with main
emptying and cleaning.
iii. The distance between the washouts shall be chosen so that the time required to empty the relevant
section of main is no longer than 2 to 3 hours.
iv. Refer to standard civil drawings for more information.
2.2.4.3. Isolation Valve
i. In-line valves shall be considered in the pumping mains at intervals of about 500 m, but not
exceeding 800 m, depending on the length between air and washout valve.
ii. Isolation valve shall be used at connection points between primary and secondary mains and
connection points between secondary and distribution mains.
iii. For valves larger than 450 mm diameter, additional bypass valves or gearing shall be considered,
depending on line pressure, to allow manual operation.
iv. At high line pressure, providing bypass valve balances the pressure upstream and downstream of
the valve gate, thereby making it possible to operate the valve manually.
v. Is preferable that eccentric plug valves rather than gate valves are used as isolation valves where
possible; however, a lifecycle cost analysis comparison shall be carried out, as eccentric plug
valves can become inherently expensive above certain sizes.
2.2.4.4. Throttling Valves
i. Throttling valves are not recommended and can only be specified on approval from the Client.
ii. Valves that are utilised as throttling valves shall be metal seated.
iii. All valves specified for use in throttling shall be suitable for throttling operation with minimum
vibration.
2.2.4.5. Flow Meters
i. Flow meters shall be installed where appropriate and their location, size, and type shall be
determined in consultation with the Client.
ii. The provision of access chambers shall be considered on all major pumping mains. The
requirement shall be agreed upon with the Client.
2.2.5. Surge Protection
i. The effects of surge or transients, caused by sudden changes in flow and velocity in force mains
which can occur as a result of pump start-up, pump shut-down, power failure, or rapid closing of a
valve, shall be minimised in their hydraulic design. Any residual surge affects which cannot be
designed out, shall be controlled in the system by measures that may include, but are not limited
to the following:
a) Slow or soft start/stop pumps.

b) Slow operating valves.

c) Fly wheels.
d) Bypass valves.
e) Air valves and vents.
f) Pressure relief valves.
g) Surge vessels.
ii. The potential for surge affects in all pipelines shall be studied and calculations provided to justify
their decisions.
iii. Where there is concern over surge, or at the request of the Engineer, Designers shall carry out a
detailed surge analysis. If the software analysis is required, the surge software shall be approved
by the Client before use.
iv. Where large or complex mains and pumps stations are being designed, the Engineer may request
a surge analysis to be carried out by a Client-approved surge specialist.
2.2.6. Force Mains Termination
i. Force mains shall enter the gravity sewer system at a manhole and at a point not more than 300
mm above the flow line of the receiving manhole.
ii. Where turbulent conditions are caused by a pumping main discharging into a sewer system, the
sulphide gases shall be prevented from entering the pipes by incorporating a water seal in the
receiving manhole. The trapped gases shall be force-vented to the atmosphere through an
appropriate odour control device.
iii. Heavy-duty protective linings shall be necessary to all exposed surfaces under such corrosive
conditions, or manholes shall be constructed by corrosion resistance materials.
iv. The force main termination shall be designed to maintain a fully primed main.
v. Where possible, the termination of the main shall be achieved using a vertical bell-mouth.
2.2.7. Force Mains Hydraulic Design
2.2.7.1. General
i. Pipeline networks shall be designed using the Colebrook White formula, as shown in Equation 1.
Whilst the basic formula is shown in this Manual, it is expected that designers shall carry out the
calculations using recognised propriety software.
Equation 1. Colebrook White Formula for Pressurised Pipes
𝑘𝑠 2.51𝑣
𝑉 = −2√(2𝑔𝐷𝑖) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
3.71𝐷 𝐷√(2𝑔𝐷𝑖)
where:
V = Full bore velocity (m/s) 𝑖 = Hydraulic gradient (m/m)
𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) 𝑘𝑠 = Roughness coefficient (m)
D = diameter (m) 𝑣 = Kinematic viscosity of water (m2/s)

ii. The calculation of the hydraulic gradient is shown in Equation 2.

Equation 2. Hydraulic Gradient
𝐻
𝑖=
𝐿
where:
i = Hydraulic gradient (m/m) L = Pipe length (m)
H = Friction head loss (m)
iii. The calculation of friction head loss using the Darcy-Weisbach formula is shown in Equation 3. The
Darcy’s coefficient (f) shall be derived from tables or software.
Equation 3. Head Loss (Darcy-Weisbach)
fLV 2
H=
D2g
where:
H = Friction head loss (m) g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
f = Darcy’s coefficient (dimensionless) D = diameter (m)
iv. Values for kinematic viscosity are shown in Table 10. For basic design purposes, the conservative
value of 15°C shall be used.
Table 10: Kinematic Viscosity
Temperature Viscosity (𝐯)

(°C) (m2/s x 10-6)
15 1.141
25 0.897
35 0.727
v. Friction factors for design purposes are shown in Table 11. All pipelines shall be designed using
the same factor to ensure consistency.
Table 11: Pipeline Mains Friction Factor
Colebrook White
Velocity
(ks)
Up to 1.1 m/s 0.3 mm
Between 1.1 and 1.8 m/s 0.15 mm

2.2.7.2. Minor Losses

i. Minor losses in pipelines shall be calculated in using Equation 4. Typical head loss coefficients (k)
are shown in Table 12. For other fittings, standard texts shall be consulted for relevant k values.
Equation 4. Minor Losses
𝑘𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔
where:
hL = Head loss (m) V = Velocity (m/s)
k = Head loss coefficient (dimensionless) g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Table 12: Minor Losses
Fitting k Fitting k
Gate valve – fully open 0.12 Bend closed (r/d = 1) – 22.5° 0.15
Gate valve – 25% closed 1.00 Bend closed (r/d = 1) – 45.0° 0.30
Gate valve – 50% closed 6.00 Bend closed (r/d = 1) – 90.0° 0.75
Gate valve – 75% closed 24.00
0.77 Bend long (r/d = 2–7) – 0.10

Butterfly valve – fully open
22.5°
2.86 Bend long (r/d = 2–7) – 0.20
Butterfly valve – 90% closed
45.0°
9.60 Bend long (r/d = 2–7) – 0.40

Butterfly valve – 80% closed
90.0°
Butterfly valve – 70% closed 28.0
Plug valve – fully open 0.77 Exit – sudden 1.00
Plug valve – 25% closed 0.86 Exit – bell 0.20

Plug valve – 50% closed 0.95 Other taper 0.10
Plug valve – 75% closed 1.45
NRV – swing 2.50 Tee – flow in line 0.35
NRV – ball 65.00 Tee – sharp 1.20
NRV – horizontal lift 10.00 Tee – sweep 0.80

2.2.7.3. Pipework Layout

i. Force mains shall be laid within the public right of way without disturbing the paved areas wherever
possible. Sharp bends in force mains shall be avoided as much as possible.
ii. There shall be at least 3.0 m horizontal separation between water mains and sanitary sewer force
mains.
iii. Sewage force mains shall cross under the water mains and shall be laid to provide a minimum
vertical distance of 450 mm between the outside of the force main and the outside of the water
main.
iv. At a crossing, one full length of water pipe shall be located so both joints will be as far from the
force main as possible. Special structural support for the water main and the force main may be
required.
v. To permit access and to enable other parties to exercise their rights of connection, sewers for
adoption shall be situated within highways or public open spaces. Sewers that are located in private
areas may also be offered for adoption (manholes shall be accessible 24 hours per day).
vi. Subject to appropriate vehicular access, such areas may include rear parking, courtyard areas, and
front gardens (for 10 or less properties) where at least 3 m between buildings and sewer can be
achieved.
vii. When in a highway, the outside of the mains shall be in the vehicle carriageway (not footpath) and
be at least 1 m from the kerb line. The outside of manholes shall be at least 0.5 m from the kerb
line.
viii. Force mains shall be laid in straight lines. Where bends are used, they shall be pre-formed and
securely anchored with thrust blocks, if required. The minimum distance between structures and
force mains shall be agreed upon between the Client and the Contractor.
ix. The route of a cross-country rising main shall be marked at every field boundary and, where
practicable, at every change of direction by approved concrete marker posts. The words “PUMPED
SEWER” and the depth to the top of the pipe in metres shall be marked.
x. For rising mains, non-degradable marker tape shall be laid 300 mm above the top of the pipe. For
a non-metal main, the marker tape shall incorporate a trace wire brought to the surface at a marker
post every 1,000 m (approximately) and connected to terminals on the marker post. At the pumping
station, the tape shall enter through a sealed duct, 300 mm below the finished paved area, and
shall be terminated with 1 m of wire coiled inside the valve chamber. At the discharge end of the
rising main, the tape shall be terminated as directed by the Client.
xi. Where pipeline marker tapes are specified, they shall be laid between 100 and 300 mm above the
pipe. Where a tracer system is specified, it shall be continuous and adequately secured to valves
and fittings.
2.2.7.4. Thrust Restraint
3.2.7.4.1 Thrust Blocks
i. Thrust blocks shall be installed at every unrestrained bend and junction on pressure pipelines and
where otherwise shown as instructed by the Engineer. Rocker pipes shall be installed on either
side of thrust blocks to alleviate the risk of pipe damage through differential settlement.
ii. Thrust blocks shall be designed to withstand the greater of 1.5 times working pressure, 1.25
maximum surge pressure, or 8 bar. The design load for a blank end thrust block is shown in
Equation 5 and for bends in Equation 6.
iii. Thrust block design Factors of Safety (FOS).

Equation 5. Thrust Loads on Blank Ends

𝐹 = 100𝐴𝑃
where:
F = Thrust (kN) P = pressure (bar)
A = Cross sectional area of pipe (m2 )
Equation 6. Thrust Loads on Bends

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹 = 100𝐴𝑃( )
2
where:
F = Thrust (kN) P = pressure (bar)
A = Cross sectional area of pipe (m2 ) θ = deviation angle of bend (deg)
Table 13: Thrust Block Designs Factors of Safety
Factor Factor of Safety
Friction 1.5
Sliding 2.0
Overturning 2.0
Bearing capacity 2.0
iv. All thrust block calculations and designs are to be submitted to the Engineer for approval. It is the
Designer’s responsibility to ensure that all thrust blocks are properly designed, taking into account
soil conditions, groundwater levels, and other factors that may influence the design or performance
of the blocks. This shall include consideration of the risks subsequent excavations around the
blocks.
v. It is recommended that Designers consult the Construction Industry Research and Information
Association CIRIA Report 128 – Guide to the Design of Thrust Blocks for Buried Pressure Pipelines
for detailed guidance on thrust block design. Typical thrust block configurations are shown in the
standard detailed drawings for guidance purposes only.
3.2.7.4.2 Mechanically Anchored Joints
i. Anchoring of joints by mechanical means or joint lamination in the case of GRP is considered
acceptable up to diameter nominal (DN) 1,600 mm pipelines. Due consideration shall be given to
differential settlement and possible axial expansion and contraction of the pipe when mechanically
anchored joints are specified. All pipe restraint calculations and designs are to be submitted to the
Engineer for approval.
ii. Where there are twin pipelines, each pipeline shall be designed to be mechanically restrained
independently of the other.
a) Literature such as the Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe, 2660, Ductile Iron Pipe
Research Association (DIPRA), and other such publications may provide useful guidance to
Designers.
iii. Other features:

a) Minimum cover:
 Without protection: 1.3 m (depth to crown of pipe)
 With protection: 0.5 m (depth to crown of pipe)
 At Wadi crossing: 1.5 m (depth to crown of pipe)
b) Pipe bedding:
 Refer to standard drawings
c) Wadi crossings:
 Refer to standard drawings
d) Pipe protection:
 Use of concrete encasement where required
e) Twin mains:
 To accommodate short-term/long-term requirements of pumping arrangements.
Duplication shall be limited to critical lengths if restraints are applied. Also, used where
pump characteristics do not lend themselves to combined working thorough a single
main.
 Space between shall ensure no interactions.


WDM Section 04 Force Mains R3

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WASTEWATER DESIGN MANUAL

Section 04 – Sewage Pump Stations

Document No: AM-ENG-WDM-04

Issue Date: 29/09/2016

Contents of HAYA Water Technical Standards:

Sr. No Document Title Revision No Revision date

1 HAYA Water Design Manual 03 31/12/2015

2 HAYA Water Standard Specifications 03 31/12/2015

3 HAYA Water Standard Details 03 29/09/2016

Document Prepared by Document Reviewed by

Page 2 of 32 Standard Specifications

Document Approval Authority

Page 3 of 32 Standard Specifications

Page 4 of 32 Standard Specifications

1.4. Distribution/Target Audience

Page 5 of 32 Standard Specifications

GRP Glass-Reinforced Plastic

ICA Instrumentation, Control, and Automation

k Friction Loss Coefficient

MHEW Ministry of Housing, Electricity, and Water

NRV Non-Return Valve

O&M Operations and Maintenance

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

l/s Litre Per Second

Page 6 of 32 Standard Specifications

m/min Metre per Minute

m/s Metre Per Second

m/s2 Metre Per Second Squared

Page 7 of 32 Standard Specifications

2. Sewage Pump Stations and Force (Pressure) Mains

2.1. Pump Stations

2.1.2. Location and Layout of Pumping Stations

Page 8 of 32 Standard Specifications

 Construction dewatering requirements, including foundation stability of neighbouring

Page 9 of 32 Standard Specifications

d) Nature of groundwater and its normal level

Page 10 of 32 Standard Specifications

2.1.5. Substructure Configuration

2.1.6. Selection of Pump Equipment

Page 11 of 32 Standard Specifications

b) Multi-vane closed impellers.

2.1.6.2. Determination of Flow Properties

2.1.7. Wet Well/Dry Well Stations

Page 12 of 32 Standard Specifications

Page 13 of 32 Standard Specifications

Page 14 of 32 Standard Specifications

2.1.7.5. Suction Submergence

Table 2: Suction Submergence

Page 15 of 32 Standard Specifications

2.1.7.6. Submersible Pumps and Stations

2.1.7.6.1 Electrical Equipment

Page 16 of 32 Standard Specifications

2.1.7.7. Instrumentation, Control, and Automation Equipment (ICA)

2.1.7.8. Overflow Prevention

3.1.7.8.2 Methods of Overflow Prevention

Page 17 of 32 Standard Specifications

2.1.7.9. Emergency Overflows

2.1.7.10. Environment Aspects

2.1.7.11. General Requirements Tables

Page 18 of 32 Standard Specifications

Table 3: Design Parameters

General Requirement Pumping Station Pumping Station Pumping Station

Number of pumps depends on flow regime favoured