Motivation

1. _____ is the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of
effort toward attaining a goal.
o Perception
o Cooperation
o Motivation
o Affect
2. Which is NOT a dimension in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
o Ego
o Physiological
o Safety
o Esteem

3. _____ theory is an extension of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

o Two-factor
o Theory Y
o Theory X
o ERG

4. Which of the following comments was made by a Theory X manager?

o Employees dislike work.

o Employees will exercise discretion.
o The average person will seek responsibility.
o Employees can view work as natural as rest or play.\

5. Which of the following is a motivational factor, according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

o quality of supervisions
o recognition
o pay
o relations with others

6. According to _____ theory, allocating extrinsic rewards for behaviour that had been
previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation.
o management by objectives
o goal-setting
o self-efficacy
o cognitive evaluation

7. According to Edwin Locke, _____ goals produce the greatest degree of achievement.

o ambiguous and difficult

 o specific and difficult
o specific and easy
o ambiguous and easy
8. _____ programs emphasize participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable, and
measurable.

o Self-efficacy
o Management by objectives
o Reinforcement
o Organizational

9. _____ is also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory.

o Self-efficacy
o Reinforcement
o Goal-setting
o Cognitive evaluation

10. The _____ effect is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy where believing something to be true
can make it true.

o Archimedes
o Galatia
o Icarus
o Pygmalion

11. _____ theory argues that behaviour is a function of its consequences.

o Equity
o Reinforcement
o Goal-setting
o Expectancy

12. _____ theory makes the assumption that people will compare their job inputs and outcomes
with those of others and then respond to eliminate perceived inequities.
o Equity
o Reinforcement
o Goal-setting
o Expectancy
13. When an employee compares their inputs and outcomes with another employee within
their organization, they are making a(n) _____ comparison.
o self-outside
o self-inside
o other-inside
 o other-outside

14. _____ justice is the perceived degree to which an individual is treated with dignity, concern,
and respect.
o Procedural
o Equity
o Interactional
o Distributive

15. According to expectancy theory, which of the following factors lead to good performance?

o The individual must have the requisite ability to perform.

o The performance appraisal system must be perceived as fair.
o The rewards must be desirable to the employee.
o All of the above
1. Processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort
toward attaining a goal are collectively known as _____.
o redirection
o motivation
o cognitive effort
o expectancy
2. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _____ needs include security and protection from physical
and emotional harm.
o esteem
o physiological
o safety
o self-actualization
3. Physiological and safety needs are _____ needs.
o higher-order
o lower-order
o lateral
o equity
4. ERG theory is associated with _____.
o Abraham Maslow
o Frederick Herzberg
o Clayton Alderfer
o Douglas McGregor
5. According to ERG theory, _____.
o an unsatisfied need ceases to motivate.
o a person may work on three needs at the same time.
o frustration over a lower-level need will cause an individual to focus on higher-level
needs.
 o individuals will focus on their lowest level of unsatisfied need.

6. Which of the following statements was most likely to have been made by a Theory X
manager?
o "My employees work really hard - they seem to motivate themselves."
o "Most people are hard workers."
o "I spend most of my day closely supervising employees. When I'm not around, I
suspect that they do as little as possible."
o "The key to high productivity is giving employees the opportunity to make
decisions."
7. Which of the following assumptions are characteristic of McGregor's Theory Y?
o Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play.
o People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the
objectives.
o The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility.
o All of the above
8. According to Herzberg, which of the factors below is NOT considered an intrinsic motivator?
o Advancement
o Recognition
o Responsibility
o Pay
9. In Herzberg's model, conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision pay, and
company policies are known as _____ factors.
o motivation
o recognition
o hygiene
o intrinsic
10. Promotional opportunities would be a(n) _____ factor in Herzberg's model.
o hygiene
o motivational
o extrinsic
o equity
11. _____ suggests that introduction of extrinsic rewards reduces the enjoyment of the task.
o Contingency theory
o Goal setting theory
o Cognitive evaluation theory
o Expectancy theory
12. Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?
o salary
o bonus
o interesting work
o promotion
13. _____ considers the degree to which peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with
their interests and core values.

o Self-concordance
o Goal setting theory
o Self-efficacy
o Equity theory
14. Goal-setting theory suggests all of the following EXCEPT:

o Specific goals lead to higher performance.

o Difficult goals increase performance.
o Feedback leads to higher performance.
o Ambiguous goals increase performance.
15. _____ operationalizes goal-setting theory.
o Equity theory
o Self-efficacy
o Management by objectives
o Expectancy theory
16. _____ refers to an individual's beliefs that he or she is capable of performing a task.
o Self-efficacy
o Self-concordance
o Reinforcement
o Equity
17. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for increasing self-efficacy?
o vicarious modeling
o extinction
o enactive mastery
o verbal persuasion
18. _____ refers to increasing self-efficacy by seeing someone else performing a task.
o Enactive mastery
o Arousal
o Verbal persuasion
o Vicarious modeling
19. The _____ effect occurs when high performance expectations are communicated to
employees.
o Pygmalion
o Zeus
o Trojan
o Galatea
20. _____ theory ignores the inner state of the individual and concentrates solely on what
happens to a person when he or she takes some action.
 o Equity
o Expectancy
o Reinforcement
o Self-efficacy

21. Jane has recently discovered that a co-worker is making �1,000 more per month, in spite of
the fact that both Jane and her co-worker have similar credentials and levels of effort. In
light of this discovery, Jane is dissatisfied. Jane's dissatisfaction can be explained by _____
theory.
o Equity
o Expectancy
o Reinforcement
o Self-efficacy
22. When an employee compares his current position with experiences in a different or former
position he/she has just made a _____ comparison.
o self-outside
o other-inside
o other-outside
o self-inside
23. Which of the following statements concerning inequitable pay is NOT true?
o Given payment by quantity of production, under rewarded employees will produce a
large number of low-quality units in comparison with equitably paid employees.
o Given payment by time, under rewarded employees will produce less or poorer
quality of output.
o Given payment by quantity of production, over rewarded employees will produce
fewer, but higher-quality, units than will equitably paid employees.
o Given payment by time, under rewarded employees will produce more than will
equitably paid employees.
24. _____ Justice refers to the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards
among individuals.
o Interactional
o Distributive
o Equity
o Procedural
25. Expectancy theory was proposed by _____.
o Douglas McGregor
o Victor Vroom
o Frederick Herzberg
26. Bill is concerned that he will be unable to meet his sales quota for January. Bill is concerned
with the _____ relationship.
o performance-reward
 o personal goals-effort
o effort-performance
o reward-personal goals
27. Juan's employer rewards high performers with additional paid time off. Faced with a large
mortgage, Juan would prefer overtime pay. Juan is not motivated to work hard because of
the _____ relationship.
o reward-personal goals
o personal goals-effort
o effort-performance
o performance-reward
28. Which of the following countries is NOT identified as scoring high on nurturing
characteristics?
o Denmark
o Sweden
o Norway
o the United States
29. An entitlement attitude implies that _____.
o Employees expect outcomes to be greater than inputs.
o Employees expect inputs to be greater than outcomes.
o Employees expect inputs and outcomes to be the same.
o Employees expect outcomes without inputs.
o
1. Which of the following is NOT a key element in motivation?
o Environment
o Intensity
o Direction
o Persistence
2. _____ is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming in Maslow's hierarchy of
needs.
o Social
o Self-actualization
o Physiological
o Esteem
3. Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?
o physiological, safety, and social needs
o safety, social, and esteem needs
o esteem and self-actualization needs
o social, esteem, and self-actualization needs
4. A Theory X manager would assume employees would _____.
o like work
o seek responsibility
o need to be controlled
o exercise self direction
5. Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as _____ cause dissatisfaction.
o advancement
o working conditions
o achievement
o recognition
6. Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer all of the following EXCEPT _____.
o job situations with personal responsibility
o a high degree of risk
o overcoming obstacles
o feedback
7. According to the goal-setting theory of motivation, goals should be _____.
o extremely difficult
o easy
o difficult but attainable
o similar to goals for other organizations
8. Managers can increase an employee's _____ through enactive mastery, vicarious modelling,
verbal persuasion, and arousal.
o equity
o expectancy
o self-efficacy
o reinforcement
9. _____ exists when an individual perceives that the ratio of their inputs to outcomes is
dissimilar to the ration of relevant others.
o Reinforcement
o Cognitive dissonance
o Equity tension
o Turnover
10. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs
and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is the ____ relationship.
o Rewards-personal goals
o Performance-reward
o Effort-performance
o Rewards-effort
11. Motivation is a personality trait.
o True
o False
12. According to Maslow, a need that is essentially satisfied no longer motivates.
o True
o False
13. Theory X assumptions hold a basically negative view of human beings.
o True
o False
14. According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction".
o True
 o False
15. Hygiene factors usually lead to job satisfaction when present in a job.
o True
o False
16. The achievement need can be stimulated through training.
o True
o False
17. According to goal-setting theory, a generalized goal will produce a higher level of output
than a specific goal.
o True
o False
18. Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar
reactions to correct the inequities.
o True
o False
19. Organizational justice is an overall perception of what is fair in the workplace.
o True
o False
20. In expectancy theory, the strength of a person's motivation to perform depends in part on
how strongly he believes he can achieve what he attempts.
o True
o False
21. Explain Herzberg's two-Factor theory.
22. Describe McClelland's theory of needs.