Overview

 What is SONAR ?
 History of SONAR .
 Why the name SONAR ?
 Types of SONAR.
 Application of SONAR.
What is SONAR ?
 Sonar is a system that uses transmitted
and reflected underwater sound waves
to detect and locate submerged objects
or measure the distances underwater.
 The detection, classification and
localization performance of a sonar
depends on the environment and the
receiving equipment.
History of SONAR.

 Lewis Nixon invented the very first

Sonar type listening device in 1906,
as a way of detecting icebergs.
 Interest in Sonar was increased
during World War I when there was
a need to be able to detect
‘submarines’.
 In 1915, Paul Langévin invented the first
sonar type device for detecting submarines
called an "echo location to detect
submarines" using the piezoelectric
properties of the quartz.
 The first Sonar devices were passive
listening devices - no signals were sent out.
 By 1918, both Britain and the U.S had built
active systems, in active Sonar signals are
both sent out and then received back.
Why the name
SONAR ?
 The word Sonar is an American term first
used in World War II, it is an acronym for
SOund, NAvigation and Ranging.
 The British also call Sonar, ASDICS, which
stands for Anti-Submarine Detection
Investigation Committee.
 The frequencies used in sonar systems
vary from very low to extremely high.
Types of SONAR
 SONAR is classified into two
different categories:
1. Active SONAR
2. Passive SONAR
Active SONAR
 Active sonar uses a sound transmitter
and a receiver for its operations.
 Active sonar creates a pulse of sound,
often called a "ping", and then listens
for reflections of the pulse.
 The pulse may be at constant
frequency or a chirp of changing
frequency.
 In general, long-distance active sonar's use
lower frequencies.
 To measure the distance to an object, one
measures the time from emission of a pulse
to reception.
 Application of Active SONAR:
Transponder: This is an active sonar device
that receives a stimulus and immediately
retransmits the received signal or a
predetermined signal.
 Active sonar may harm marine animals.
Passive SONAR
 Passive sonar's listen without
transmitting.
 They are often employed in military
although a few are used in scientific
applications.
 Passive sonar systems usually
have large sonic databases.
 Passive sonar has a wide variety of
techniques for identifying the source of
a detected sound.
 Intermittent sound sources may also be
detectable to passive sonar.
 Passive sonar has several advantages,
most importantly, it is silent.
 It requires high-tech components
(band-pass filters, receivers), and it is
costly.
Application of
SONAR.
 SONAR Sensor is an application of
SONAR.
 Sonar sensors are often used in
robots for obstacle avoidance,
navigation and map building
 Much of the early work was based
on a device developed by Polaroid
for camera range finding.
 Sonar sensors work by
 emitting a short burst of ultrasonic sound (often
40 kHz)
 sensing reflected signals if there are any.
 computing object distance by using the elapsed
time.
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