1. https://www.electricaltechnology.

org/2020/09/design-solar-photovoltaic-powered-dc-water-
pump.html
2. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/10/pv-types-of-solar-panel-best-pv-panel.html
3. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/10/components-solar-panel-system-
installation.html
4. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2020/07/solar-panel-batteries-series-24v.html
5. https://www.tsijournals.com/articles/designing-and-developing-solar-energy-operated-water-
pump-for-small-scale-irrigation-13421.html
6. https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR671/welcome.html
7. DC motors are better. Fundamentally, Solar panel system are a purely DC based system. And
trying to make it convert to AC by an inverter is an added conversion that introduces inefficiency
into the system. And for a battery powered system, you would want the efficiency to be at max.
Thus wastage at minimum.
8. Types of stand-alone solar powered water pumps contain positive displacement and rotating
pumps. Types of solar water pumps also include submersible and surface water pumps,
depending on the placement of pumps. The main aspect related to solar water efficiency
depends on three variables such as flow, input power, and pressure of the pump.
9. A solar water pump suggest were can be used A solar water pump is used for
extracting water from ponds, rivers, borewells or other sources of water which are
then used to meet the water requirements for irrigation, community water supply,
livestock and other purposes.

There are several different types of solar-powered pumps depending on how they have
been classified. But primarily there are four types of solar water pumps--submersible pumps
and surface pumps, direct current (DC) pumps and alternate current (AC) pumps.

Submersible pumps: As the name suggests, a submersible pump is located deep below the
ground level and remains submerged under water. The suction head of the submersible
pump is beyond a depth of 10 metres. The installation of these pumps is done by digging a
borewell, which leads to an increase in its installation and maintenance cost.

Surface pumps: The surface pumps remains out of water and in the open. They are installed
where the water table is within a depth of 10 metres. As they need to be on the surface,
these pumps are easier to install and maintain. They are, however, not apt for deep water
table.

DC pump: This pump runs on a motor which operates on direct current, therefore no battery
or inverter is needed in this type of pump.

AC pump: The motor of this pump operates on alternating current, which means the direct
current produced by the solar panels gets converted to AC using the inverter. The
conversion from DC to AC leads to loss of power from generation and consumption.
The selection is based on the groundwater level and the water source. In the case of a
borewell with a water table deeper than 10-15 metres, a submersible pump is used. If it is an
open well, pond, etc, then using a surface pump is better. Also, the surface pump is installed
when the water level is less than 10 metres.

Based on the classification, the following types of motor pump sets are available:

 Surface mounted motor pump set

 Submersible motor pump set
 Floating motor pump set
 Any other type of motor pump set after approval from test centres of the Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy.
 Although DC pumps have an advantage over AC pumps in terms of higher
efficiency and no requirement of an inverter for operation, the cost of DC pumps is
higher. Also, the repair and maintenance of DC pumps are difficult in rural and
remote areas due to lack of service centres in these areas.