Exploring Ecuador's Coast and Galapagos Islands

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: E:L >LMKN<MNK:L JN> E:L <HGMB>G>G I>KH GH LHG B@N:E>L R => >LM: F:G>K: L> IN>=>
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): ;HKKHLB=:= L> K>?B>K> : JN> E: K>:EB=:= >L ;HKKHL: R <HGMK:=B<MHKB: : E: O>S "LMH
LB@GB?B<:JN>LB;B>GIN>=>>LM:K<E:KH>E<HGCNGMHLBLM>F:NAHE^G:EJN>I>KM>G><>NG
AHE^G>LBFIHLB;E>=>?BGBK<E:K:F>GM>EHLE[FBM>L=>=B<AH<HGCNGMH>L=><BKJN>YLMHL
LHG ;HKKHLHL !> >LM: F:G>K: NG FBLFH AHE^G IN>=> I>KM>G><>K : E: O>S : =HL
<HGCNGMHL EHL JN> M:F;BYG LHG AHEHG>L EH JN> KHFI> <HG E: OBLB^G =B<HM^FB<: =>E
NGBO>KLH<:K:<M>K[LMB<:=>E:G<B:IHLBMBOBLM: ):L<HL:LIN>=>GL>K;E:G<:LRHG>@K:L
I>KH M:F;BYG IN>=>G L>K => NG: @:F: BG?BGBM: => @KBL>L ): BKHG[: => E: ;HKKHLB=:=
según Munné (2004, página 27), radica en que “…Paradójicamente, la boKKHLB=:=
LB@GB?B<:JN>NG?>G^F>GHMB>G>LNLE[FBM>L=B?NFBG:=HLI>KHGHJN><:K>S<:=>?H<HL
(nitidez) ni aun de límites. La contradicción borrosa hace más compleja la realidad”.
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>LMHL INGMHL =>M>KFBG:G >E <:FBGH JN> LB@N> NG LBLM>F: -HK >C>FIEH >E INGMH =>
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>LM:=H H I:L: :E >LM:=H @:L>HLH "LM:L ;B?NK<:<BHG>L F:K<:G EH JN> -KB@H@BG> EE:F:
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0>@`G NKMBL:I6AAHF>HLM:LBLLB@GB?B<:: “
ambiente fisiológico interno o de un equilibrio interno relativamente estable en un organismo”.

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naturaleza romántica. Toledo (2008: 7) define a la naturaleza (sistema ecológico) como: “…JC6
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7>TI>8DHNEDH::JC6=>HIDG>6
E6GI>8JA6GFJ:ADH=68:9>;:G:CI:H9:ADHDIGDH”. El mismo Toledo (2008: 7), dice que esos ensamblajes
LHGNGB=:=>LMHM:EB=:=>LREHLEE:F:><HLBLM>F:L
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. En contraste, Erik Swyngedouw (2011: 46) sostiene que “(D =6N H:<JG>969 6A<JC6 :C A6
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FH=>KGB=:= =>;B=H : E: BGGHO:<B^G M><GHE^@B<: :E F:G>CH MY<GB<H GM[?B<H R : E: >?BG<B:
%:C>K &K^GB<:F>GM> >LMHL >L?N>KSHL BGLMBMN<BHG:E>L >LMWG LHLM>GB=HL >G NG :GWEBLBL
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><HE^@B<:>LOBLM:<HFHNG:I:K:=HC:=>E:FH=>KGB=:=<HFHNG:<HGL><N>G<B:=>E=>L:KKHEEH
):LIHE[MB<:LR>E:I:K:M:C>BGLMBMN<BHG:EL>=BKB@B>KHG:E:K>@NE:<B^G=>EHL<HG?EB<MHL><HE^@B<HL
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=> IKH<>=BFB>GMHL "G >LM> GN>OH =BL<NKLH E: <KBLBL ><HE^@B<: =>C: => L>K NG: I:K:=HC: => E:
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Hajer (1995: 34 en el libro en línea) define a la modernización ecológica como “…:A9>H8JGHDFJ:
G:8DCD8: :A 86GP8I:G :HIGJ8IJG6A 9: A6 EGD7A:BPI>86 6B7>:CI6A E:GD FJ: H>C :B76G<D 6HJB: FJ: A6H
>CHI>IJ8>DC:H EDARI>86H HD8>6A:H N :8DCTB>86H :M>HI:CI:H EJ:9:C >CI:GC6A>O6G :A 8J>969D 9:A B:9>D
6B7>:CI:”. En el contexto de la moderniz:<B^G ><HE^@B<: E: LHEN<B^G : E: <KBLBL :F;B>GM:E GH
K>JNB>K> => NG <:F;BH LH<B:E IKH?NG=H LBGH LHE:F>GM> => NG :CNLM> => E:L IKW<MB<:L
BGLMBMN<BHG:E>L ;WLB<:L #BL<A>K R %:C>K !> >LM: F:G>K: >LM> =BL<NKLH =>C: ?N>K: : E:L
<HGMK:=B<<BHG>LR:EHL<HG?EB<MHLLH<B:E>L ):FH=>KGBS:<B^G><HE^@B<:>LNG:IKH;E>F:MBS:<B^G
M><GH<KWMB<: R FH=>KGBLM: => E: <KBLBL ><HE^@B<: JN> >LMW <HGO>G<B=: => JN> EHL <HG?EB<MHL
><HE^@B<HL IN>=>G L>K LHEN<BHG:=HL LBFIE>F>GM> <HG NG: GN>O: HK@:GBS:<B^G MY<GB<H
BGLMBMN<BHG:EI>KHJN>BK^GB<:F>GM>GH:LNF>EHLIKH;E>F:LLBLMYFB<HLJN><:NL:G=B<A:<KBLBL
R =B<AHL <HG?EB<MHL %:C>K )HL >L?N>KSHL BGLMBMN<BHG:E>L K>LNEM:GM>L =>E =BL<NKLH => E:
FH=>KGBS:<B^G><HE^@B<:L>LHLMB>G>G>GNG:GWEBLBLI:K<B:E=>E:L?N>KS:LLH<B:E>LR><HG^FB<:L
JN>A:GIKH=N<B=HE:<KBLBL><HE^@B<:#BL<A>KR%:C>K
!-,1203!!'<,"#.-*:2'!1!-+-.08!2'!"#!0#!'<,"#.0- *#+1
HFH R: A: LB=H =BL<NMB=H EHL =BL<NKLHL LH<B:E>L <HGMB>G>G E: ?HKF: >G E: JN> NG: LH=:=
IKH;E>F:MBS::E@HE:FH=>KGB=:=A:IKH;E>F:MBS:=H:E:G:MNK:E>S:R:E:LH=:=<HFH>GM>L
L>I:K:=HL > BG=>I>G=B>GM>L > BG<ENLH A: EE>@:=H : <HG<>IMN:EBS:K NG: G:MNK:E>S: :;LMK:<M:
I>K?><M:>B=[EB<::E:JN>$:G=RA:EE:F:=HG:MNK:E>S:F>MKHIHEBM:G: 0BG>F;:K@H>LMHEE>@::
M>G>KM:F;BYGIKH?NG=:LBFIEB<:<BHG>LIHE[MB<:LRIKW<MB<:L
):<K>:<B^G=>IHE[MB<:LIN>=>L>K>GM>G=B=:<HFHNG:IKW<MB<:=><K>:<B^G=>IKH;E>F:L>L
=><BK => IKH;E>F:MBS:<B^G E: <K>:<B^G => IHE[MB<:L BFIEB<: >E IKH<>L:FB>GMH => B=>:L
I>K<>I<BHG>L R :E>@:MHL ?K:@F>GM:=HL R <HGMK:=B<MHKBHL => M:E F:G>K: JN> EHL IKH;E>F:L
K>LNEM:GM>L L>:G F:G>C:;E>L IHK E:L BGLMBMN<BHG>L >QBLM>GM>L >G >L> <HGM>QMH GH LHE:F>GM> E:L
IHE[MB<:L LHG =>?BGB=:L I:K: >G?K>GM:K IKH;E>F:L LBGH JN> M:F;BYG EHL IKH;E>F:L LHG
>LMKN<MNK:=HL R =>?BGB=HL I:K: IH=>K <K>:K IHE[MB<:L %:C>K )HL IKH;E>F:L IHK M:GMH
LHG<HGLMKN<<BHG>LLH<B:E>LRLHG=B?>K>GM>L=>EHK>:EE:LIHE[MB<:LIHKHMKHE:=HGHLHGNG:
K>LIN>LM::EHK>:EK>LNEM:G=>NG:K>:EB=:=JN>A:LB=HIHE[MB<:F>GM>=>?BGB=:>LMKN<MNK:=:R
=>EBFBM:=:>G?HKF:=>IKH;E>F:

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=> EHL G=>L ><N:MHKB:GHL *:<:L (HPBB ,+&" 0BG >F;:K@H :E A:;>K
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>G >E ?NG=:F>GMH FBLFH => E: IHE[MB<: I`;EB<: "LMH BFIEB<: NG K>MH BFIK>LBHG:GM> I:K: E:
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): GHLM:E@B: <:K:<M>K[LMB<: =>E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H L> LHLMB>G> >G E: <K>>G<B: => JN> >G >E
I:L:=HMH=H?N>F>CHK !B<A:GHLM:E@B:L>K>?B>K>LH;K>MH=H:E:B=>:=>NG::KFHG[:><HE^@B<:
>G>EI:L:=HE:LI>KLHG:L>K:GFWLL:EN=:;E>L<HF[:G:EBF>GMHLEH<:E>LRHK@WGB<HLROBO[:G=>
NG:?HKF:LNLM>GM:;E> !>>LM:F:G>K:>EIKH;E>F:?NG=:F>GM:EI:K:>LM>=BL<NKLH>LJN>E:
ANF:GB=:= A:<> <HFIE>M:F>GM> EH HIN>LMH ):L LHEN<BHG>L JN> IE:GM>: LHG :M:<:K E:
BG<HGLG<B: R E: B@GHK:G<B: JN> <:NL:G >LM:L :<MBMN=>L R L>@NBK KB@NKHL:F>GM> E:L
K><HF>G=:<BHG>L => EHL:L GM[?B<HL:L R MY<GB<HL:L "L >OB=>GM> I:K: >E =BL<NKLH
M><GH<KWMB<H E:L LHEN<BHG>L >LMWG >G E: G<B: R E: M><GHEH@[: !> >LM: F:G>K: EHL MY<GB<HL R
MY<GB<:L => E:L BGLMBMN<BHG>L NK;:G:L <N>G<:G:L MB>G>G E: H;EB@:<B^G => >=N<:K : E: @>GM>
>LI><B:EF>GM>:E:=>E<:FIH
"E =BL<NKLH =>L:KKHEEBLM: >L <E:K:F>GM> =B?>K>GM>L => EHL HMKHL MK>L LB>G=H :=>FWL >E =BL<NKLH
JN>FWL<E:LB?B<:<BHG>L.<HGMB>G>L><<BHG>L R =:=:E:=BO>KLB=:==>:<MHK>L
>GMK>OBLM:=HL GH >L :KKB>L@:=H LNIHG>K JN> L>KW M:F;BYG >E =BL<NKLH FWL <HF`G >G E:
BGLMBMN<BHG:EB=:= <N>G<:G: "LM> =BL<NKLH L> LHLMB>G> >G E: <K>>G<B: => JN> E: LH=:= GH
G><>LBM: => E: G:MNK:E>S: R <HGL><N>GM>F>GM> GH =>I>G=> => >EE: "LMH >L <HGLBLM>GM> <HG LN
I>K<>I<B^G => JN> EHL L>K>L ANF:GHL LHFHL E: >LI> JN> FWL =>K><AH MB>G> : >QBLMBK LN
G>@:<B^G => <N:EJNB>K BFIHKM:G<B: => E: ;BH=BO>KLB=:= R LN K><A:SH : E: <HGL>KO:<B^G => E:
FBLF: "LBGM>K>L:GM>L>]:E:KJN>>LM>=BL<NKLHM:F;BYGGB>@:E:BFIHKM:G<B:=><N:EJNB>KMBIH
=>I:KMB<BI:<B^G<BN=:=:G:
#BG:EF>GM> >E =BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<H >L<:K:<M>KBS:=H IHK LNHIMBFBLFH K>> ?BKF>F>GM>JN> >L

IHLB;E>NG?NMNKHLNLM>GM:;E>RNG:F>CHK<:EB=:==>OB=:MH=H>LMH:MK:OYL=>EMK:;:CH=NKHR
E:I:KMB<BI:<B^G<BN=:=:G: "LBGM>K>L:GM>GHM:KJN>>LM>=BL<NKLHGH<K>>JN>E:ANF:GB=:=L>:
NG::F>G:S:I:K:E:G:MNK:E>S:=>A><AH<HGLB=>K:JN>>LIHLB;E>NG:<H>QBLM>G<B::KF^GB<:
R M:F;BYG JN> E: I:KMB<BI:<B^G >L ?NG=:F>GM:E I:K: <HGL>@NBKEH "LM> =BL<NKLH >LM:K[: FWL
IK>L>GM> >G E: :<:=>FB: <N>G<:G: >LI><[?B<:F>GM> >G E: K>E:<BHG:=: <HG E:L G<B:L

:F;B>GM:E>LRFNRIKH;:;E>F>GM>>GE:L,K@:GBS:<BHG>L+H$N;>KG:F>GM:E>L:NGJN>:EGH
A:;>KMK:;:C:=H<HGGBG@NG:>LMHÈMBFHL>:NG:LBFIE>>LI><NE:<B^G;:L:=:>GE:>QI>KB>G<B:
#0!#.!'<,"#*,230*#7
): <HG<>I<B^G => G:MNK:E>S: MB>G> =B?>K>G<B:L IKH?NG=:L I>KH LNMBE>L >GMK> EHL =B?>K>GM>L
=BL<NKLHL HFH R: ?N> L>]:E:=H EHL <N:MKH =BL<NKLHL >GMB>G=>G : E: G:MNK:E>S: R : E:
ANF:GB=:= <HFH >GMB=:=>L =B?>K>GM>L <HFH =B?>K>GM>L <:M>@HK[:L =>E L>K )HL =BL<NKLHL
conservacionista y tecnocrático perciben a la naturaleza como “…JCH>HI:B6 NEDGADI6CIDID9DH
HJH:A:B:CIDH:HIPC>CI:GG:A68>DC69DH 8696H:GK>KD8JBEA:JC6;JC8>TC EDGADFJ:HJ8DCH:GK68>TC:H
BJN >BEDGI6CI: 6JCFJ: CD 8DCDO86BDH HJH ;JC8>DC:H N CD CDH <JHI:C 8>:GI6H :HE:8>:H”. Es muy
BFIHKM:GM>L>]:E:KJN>>LM>:E>@:MH>L?N>KM>F>GM>K><A:S:=HIHK>E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:
"E:E>@:MHFWL=BLMBGMBOHR<:K:<M>K[LMB<H=>E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:>L<HA>K>GM><HG>EK><A:SH:
la idea de la naturaleza como un sistema, y sostiene que “A H:G =JB6CD N6 CD 9:E:C9: 9: A6
C6IJG6A:O6NCDC:8:H>I69::AA6”.
I>L:K => E: I>K<>I<B^G => NG: =B<HMHF[: >GMK> LH=:= R G:MNK:E>S: EHL =BL<NKLHL
<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:M><GH<KWMB<HRLBLMYFB<H<HGLB=>K:GJN>E:ANF:GB=:==>I>G=>RG><>LBM:=>
E: G:MNK:E>S: -HK HMKH E:=H EHL MK>L =BL<NKLHL LHLMB>G>G JN> >LM:L =HL >GMB=:=>L >LMWG >G
<HG?EB<MH ): ?HKF: >G JN> <:K:<M>KBS:G =B<AH <HG?EB<MH LBG >F;:K@H >L =B?>K>GM> >E =BL<NKLH
<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:>GMB>G=>:E:ANF:GB=:=<HFHNG::F>G:S:I:K:E:G:MNK:E>S:FB>GMK:LJN>
>E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H=>?BG>>EHKB@>G=>EIKH;E>F:>GE:B@GHK:G<B:RE:BG<HGLG<B:=>E:
LH=:=>E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<H>G<:F;BH>GMB>G=>:>LM><HG?EB<MH<HFHNG=>M>KBHKHLHLM>GB=H
R <HGLM:GM> => E:L K>E:<BHG>L LH<BHG:MNK:E>L JN> L> A:<> FN<AH FWL >OB=>GM> >G E: SHG:L
NK;:G:L
I>L:K=>LNOBLB^G:I:K>GM>F>GM>AHE[LMB<:>E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<HL><:K:<M>KBS:IHKI>K<B;BK
NG:IKH?NG=:L>I:K:<B^G>GMK>E:LH=:=RE:G:MNK:E>S:K>?HKS:=:IHKLN>GM>G=BFB>GMH=>E:
idea de naturaleza: “(6IJG6A:O6 HDC ADH :A:B:CIDH FJ: =6C :KDAJ8>DC69D EDG HJ 8J:CI6 EDG ;J:GO6H
:8DAT<>86HN<:DAT<>86H H>C>CI:GK:C8>TC9:AH:G=JB6CD”.
):G:MNK:E>S:A:LB=HIKH;E>F:MBS:=:>GE:LBGLMBMN<BHG>L=> N>G<:<HFHNG:>GMB=:=>QM>KG:
: E: LH=:= JN> :=>FWL >LMW >G <HG?EB<MH <HG >EE: -HK HMKH E:=H E: K>E:<B^G LH=:=
G:MNK:E>S:L><HGLMBMNR><HFHNG:I:K:=HC:E:ANF:GB=:==>I>G=>=>E:G:MNK:E>S:I>KH:E
FBLFHMB>FIHE::F>G:S:

#0!#.!'<,"#*2#00'2-0'-
)HL=BL<NKLHL<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:M><GH<KWMB<HR=>L:KKHEEBLM:<HG<B;>G:EM>KKBMHKBH<HFHNGWK>:
?[LB<:FB>GMK:LJN>E>=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<HEH>GMB>G=><HFHNG:<HGLMKN<<B^GLH<B:E
"E =BL<NKLH <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: >GMB>G=> :E M>KKBMHKBH <HFH NG WK>: >LI><[?B<: JN> <HGMB>G> NG:
=>M>KFBG:=: =BO>KLB=:= => I:BL:C>L "L BFIHKM:GM> GHM:K JN> >LM> =BL<NKLH K>L:EM: NG:
BGM>K:<<B^G <NEMNK:E >GMK> E: IH;E:<B^G KNK:E R >E M>KKBMHKBH E: IH;E:<B^G KNK:E MB>G> NG
L>GMBFB>GMH=>I>KM>G>G<B:LH;K>>EM>KKBMHKBHRLN=>?BGB<B^G=>YLM>>LBF:@BG:KB::=>FWL=>
?[LB<:
"GEHL=BL<NKLHLLH;K>>EM>KKBMHKBHL>=:NG:<HG?EN>G<B:FNRBGM>K>L:GM>>GE:LI>K<>I<BHG>L
=>E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H R =>E =BL<NKLH =>L:KKHEEBLM: >E M>KKBMHKBH >L LHE:F>GM> NG: >GMB=:=
?[LB<:JN>LHLMB>G>RF:GMB>G>:E:LLH=:=>LANF:G:L
"E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<H>G<:F;BHMB>G>NG:OBLB^GFN<AHFWL<HFIE>C:=>EM>KKBMHKBHNG:OBLB^G

JN>:=>FWLEH=>?BG>REH<:K:<M>KBS: "LM>=BL<NKLH>GMB>G=>:EM>KKBMHKBH<HFHNG:<HGLMKN<<B^G
LH<B:E I>KH :=>FWL E> =: E:L <:K:<M>K[LMB<:L => NG LBLM>F: :;B>KMH IN>L EH IKH;E>F:MBS:
BG<ENR>G=H>E>F>GMHL?[LB<HL<NEMNK:E>LLH<B:E>L><HG^FB<HLRIHE[MB<HLRK>E:<BHGWG=HEH<HG
otros territorios: “A I:GG>IDG>D :H JC6 8DCHIGJ88>TC HD8>6A FJ: :H BJ8=D BPH FJ: JC :HE68>D ;RH>8D
8DCI>:C:68I>K>969:HHD8>6A:H 8JAIJG6A:H :8DCTB>86H H:8DBJC>868DCDIGDHI:GG>IDG>DH N:HIPG:<>9DEDG
JC6;DGB69:<D7>:GCDNJCI:?>9DHD8>6AI>:C:ARB>I:H;RH>8DHN69B>C>HIG6I>KDH”.
#0!#.!'<,"#*.'1(#
):LI>K<>I<B^G=>EI:BL:C>>L>QMK>F:=:F>GM>=B?>K>GM>>GMK>EHL<N:MKH=BL<NKLHLFB>GMK:LJN>
EHL=BL<NKLHL<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:RM><GH<KWMB<HEH<HG<B;>G<HFHNG:>GMB=:=?[LB<:EHL=BL<NKLHL
=>L:KKHEEBLM:RLBLMYFB<HEH>GMB>G=>G<HFHNG<HG<>IMHLH<B:EF>GM>IKH=N<B=H
"E=BL<NKLH<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:I>K<B;>:EI:BL:C><HFH:E@H>LMWMB<H>LNG:>LI>=>?HMH@K:?[:
=>NG:I:KM>=>EM>KKBMHKBH "E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H>G<:F;BHEH>GMB>G=><HFHNG:>GMB=:=
=BGWFB<:R:=>FWLBG<ENR>:E:O:KB:;E>ANF:G:IN>LLHLMB>G>JN>EHLI:BL:C>LLHG=BGWFB<HL
R<HGMB>G>GM:GMH>E>F>GMHLG:MNK:E>L<HFHANF:GHL
"E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:<HG<B;>:EI:BL:C><HFHNGIKH=N<MHLBF;ÊB<HJN>:;:K<::E:O>SE:
OBLB^G => E: IH;E:<B^G LH;K> LN M>KKBMHKBH R LH;K> LN ?NMNKH I>L:K => >LM: :I:K>GM> OBLB^G
BGM>@K:=HK:>E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:K><A:S:?N>KM>F>GM>MH=HLEHL:E>@:MHLJN>>GMB>G=>G:E:L
LH=:=>LANF:G:L<HFHI:KM>=>EI:BL:C>

Finalmente, el discurso sistémico es consistente con su visión del territorio: “A E6>H6?: :H JC
EGD9J8ID9:AB6C:?D9:AI:GG>IDG>D 9DC9::AH:G=JB6CDEJ:9:>C;AJ>G N:HE:G8>7>9D9:;DGB6H9>;:G:CI:H”.

#0!#.!'<,"#* '-"'4#01'""
):GH<B^G=>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:=>LM:EO>SE:B=>:JN>FWLO:KB:;BEB=:=MB>G>>GMK>EHL=BL<NKLHL
)HL =BL<NKLHL <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: R LBLMYFB<H E: <HG<B;>G =>L=> NG: E^@B<: :<:=YFB<: -:K: EHL
dos, la biodiversidad es “…to96A6K6G>68>TCFJ::M>HI:6C>K:A:8DH>HI:B6H :HE:8>:H <:C:H :>C8AJHD6
C>K:A8JAIJG6A” "E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<H<HG<K>M:FWL>LM:=>?BGB<B^GLHLM>GB>G=HJN>>LM:F;BYGE:
KBJN>S:><HLBLMYFB<:=>>LI>LR@>GYMB<:=>NG:K>@B^G )HL=HL=BL<NKLHLIHL>>GNG:OBLB^G
NMBEBM:KB:=>E:<HGL>KO:<B^GLBG>F;:K@H>E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<HK>L:EM:JN>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:=>L
?NG=:F>GM:EI:K:E:<:EB=:==>OB=:RE:LNI>KOBO>G<B:=>E:ANF:GB=:= "LM>ÈMBFH=BL<NKLH
LHLMB>G>M:F;BYGJN>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:==>;>L>K<HGL>KO:=:LB@NB>G=HNG:OBLB^GBGM>K<NEMNK:ER
<HFNGBM:KB: -HK HMKH E:=H >L BGM>K>L:GM> GHM:K JN> >E =BL<NKLH <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: :MKB;NR> E:
=>LMKN<<B^G=>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:=:E:;`LJN>=:=>=BG>KH?W<BE
"G<HGMK:LM>E:I>K<>I<B^G=>E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H>L<HGMK:=B<MHKB: -:K:YLM>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:=

>L NG K><NKLH >LMK:MY@B<H I:K: E: ANF:GB=:= IN>L @:K:GMBS: LN LNI>KOBO>G<B: R L:MBL?:<> LNL
G><>LB=:=>L E FBLFH MB>FIH <HGLB=>K: JN> E: <HGL>KO:<B^G R IK>L>KO:<B^G => E:
;BH=BO>KLB=:= >L L:@K:=: GH E: ;BH=BO>KLB=:= >G LB FBLF: !> >LM: F:G>K: E: GH<B^G =>
;BH=BO>KLB=:= =>E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H >L NG: <HF;BG:<B^G => O:EHK>L YMB<HL R NMBEBM:KBHL ):
<HGMK:=B<<B^GL>F:GB?B>LM:<N:G=HLHLMB>G>JN>LHE:F>GM>L>=>;><HGL>KO:KE:;BH=BO>KLB=:=
=> E:L WK>:L BFIHKM:GM>L R LNL >E>F>GMHL >LMK:MY@B<HL I:K: E: ANF:GB=:= "E K>LMH => WK>:L
=>;>G L>K NL:=:L K:<BHG:EF>GM> -HK HMKH E:=H :E B@N:E JN> <HG E: G:MNK:E>S: >LM> =BL<NKLH
LHLMB>G> JN> E: ;BH=BO>KLB=:= A: LB=H =>LMKNB=: R L> O> :F>G:S:=: IHK E: BG<HGLG<B: R E:
B@GHK:G<B:=>E:ANF:GB=:=
"E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:>G<:F;BHLBFIE>F>GM>B@GHK::E:;BH=BO>KLB=:= ULM:>QBLM>I>KHGH

MB>G> GBG@NG: K>E:<B^G GB BFIHKM:G<B: I:K: E: ANF:GB=:= IHK EH JN> LN <HGL>KO:<B^G >L
BKK>E>O:GM> "L?NG=:F>GM:EL>]:E:K JN> >LM> =BL<NKLH K><A:S:?N>KM>F>GM> MH=HLEHL :E>@:MHL
K>E:<BHG:=HL<HGE:<HGL>KO:<B^G=>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:=RLNBFIHKM:G<B:I:K:E:ANF:GB=:=
"LMHL=BL<NKLHLRLN<HG<>I<B^G=>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:==>C:G?EHM:G=H:E@NG:LIK>@NGM:LJN>LHG

?NG=:F>GM:E>L I:K: >E I:K:=B@F: =>E 0NF:D(:PL:RfJNBYGMB>G> >E IH=>K I:K: =>?BGBKJNY
@>G>L >LI>L R ><HLBLM>F:L LHG BFIHKM:GM>L f-:K: JNBYG =>;> L>K BFIHKM:GM> E:
;BH=BO>KLB=:= f.NBYG =>?BG> JNY >E>F>GMHL => E: ;BH=BO>KLB=:= LHG BFIHKM:GM>L I:K: E:

ANF:GB=:=f-:K:JNBYG=>;>GL>KBFIHKM:GM>L>LHL>E>F>GMHLf.NBYG=>?BG>>ELB@GB?B<:=H=>
NLHK:<BHG:E
#0!#.!'<,"#*-30 ,-61310#*!'-,#1!-,*-030*6*-,230*

):LI>K<>I<BHG>LLH;K>EHNK;:GHK>O>E:GE:IKH;E>F:MBS:<B^G=>E:LK>E:<BHG>LNK;:GHKNK:E>L
R E:L <HG>QBHG>L >GMK> E: LH=:= R E: G:MNK:E>S: "LMHL <HG<>IMHL LHG =B?>K>GM>L >GMK> EHL
<N:MKH=BL<NKLHL:I>L:K=><N:EJNB>KINGMH=><HBG<B=>G<B:JN>IN>=:A:;>K>GMK>>EEHL
"E =BL<NKLH <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: >GMB>G=> : EH NK;:GH <HFH NG >LI:<BH <HGMBGNH R <HGLMKNB=H
<:K:<M>KBS:=H IHK NG: =>GLB=:= IH;E:<BHG:E :EM: "G >LMHL >LI:<BHL E: @>GM> OBO> MK:;:C: L>
HK@:GBS:L:MBL?:<>LNLG><>LB=:=>LR=>F:G=:L>KOB<BHL NGJN>LBFBE:KE:<HG<>I<B^G=>EHL
=BL<NKLHLM><GH<KWMB<HR=>L:KKHEEBLM:IHL>>NG:LNMBE=B?>K>G<B: -:K:YLMHLE:LWK>:LNK;:G:LL>
<:K:<M>KBS:GIHKE:<HG<>GMK:<B^G=>@>GM>I>KHGHIHKE:>QBLM>G<B:=>BG?K:>LMKN<MNK:
"E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:A:<>NG:=BLMBG<B^G:=B<BHG:EE:LWK>:LNK;:G:LL><:K:<M>KBS:GIHKE:
IE:GB?B<:<B^G >G >LMHL >LI:<BHL MH=H >LMW <HGMKHE:=H R IE:GB?B<:=H "LM> =BL<NKLH <HG<B;> : EH
NK;:GH<HFHNG:>GMB=:=:BLE:=:R:NM^GHF:LBGGBG@`GMBIH=><HG>QB^GGB<HGEHKNK:EGB
<HG E: G:MNK:E>S: K><A:S: >G?WMB<:F>GM> MH=HL EHL :E>@:MHL JN> >LM:;E><>G <N:EJNB>K MBIH =>
K>E:<B^G H <HG>QB^G NK;:GHnatural. Contradictoriamente, sostiene que “AD JG76CD :MEADI6 6 A6
C6IJG6A:O6 CDH:CJIG:HDA6B:CI:9:A6C6IJG6A:O669N68:CI: H>CD9:A6HC6IJG6A:O6H9:DIGDHI:GG>IDG>DH”
"E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<HFB>GMK:LM:GMHBGMegra a lo urbano en el paisaje: “&DJG76CD:HJC6JC>969

9:A E6>H6?: 9DB>C696 EDG 68I>K>969:H =JB6C6H : >C;G6:HIGJ8IJG6 :H JC6 B6IG>O FJ: 9:E:C9: 9: A6
C6IJG6A:O6 E:GDI>:C::C:G<R66GI>;>8>6A&DJG76CD>CK69:JC:HE68>DC6IJG6A”. Es interesante notar JN>
BGMKH=N<>E:B=>:=>:C:G<R6:MDHDBPI>86:EA:;E:K=>>G>K@[::KMB?B<B:E 0BG>F;:K@HF:K<:NG:
distinción entre la naturaleza y lo urbano, que está implícita en el siguiente alegato: “C AD
JG76CD=6NED8DH:HE68>DH9DC9:H::C8J:CIG:C6IJG6A:O6”.
"LMH<HGMK:LM:<HGE:I>K<>I<B^G=>EHL=BL<NKLHL<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:R=>L:KKHEEBLM:I:K:YLMHLEH
NK;:GHL><:K:<M>KBS:IHKL>K>E=HFBGBH=>EHANF:GHRIHKE::NL>G<B:=>;BH=BO>KLB=:= "L
BFIHKM:GM> L>]:E:K JN> >LM: OBLB^G >L K><A:S:=: ?N>KM>F>GM> IHK EHL =BL<NKLHL M><GH<KWMB<H R
LBLMYFB<H
I>L:K => =BO>K@BK >G LNL OBLBHG>L => E: ;BH=BO>KLB=:= R LN K>E:<B^G <HG EH NK;:GH EHL
=BL<NKLHL <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: R LBLMYFB<H <HBG<B=>G >G JN> >E :F;B>GM> IKHO>> => L>KOB<BHL : EH
NK;:GH 0>]:E:G :=>FWL NG: I:K:=HC: E: IH;E:<B^G NK;:G: >QB@> L>KOB<BHL => <:EB=:= R LBG

embargo, no está dispuesta a: “…6HJB>GADH8DHIDH9:A68DCH:GK68>TCN:AB6CI:C>B>:CID9:A6B7>:CI:
FJ:ADHEGDK::”. De esta manera, estos discursos perciben que existe un lazo metabólico entre la
G:MNK:E>S:REHNK;:GHLBG>F;:K@HLHLMB>G>GJN>E:IH;E:<B^GNK;:G:>LBG<HGLGM>=>YE "E
=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<HEH>QIEB<:F>=B:GM>NGIKH<>LH=>:<NEMNK:<B^GNK;:G:
):L <HG<>I<BHG>L => E:L K>E:<BHG>L >GMK> EH NK;:GH R EH KNK:E M:F;BYG LHG =B?>K>GM>L )HL
=BL<NKLHL <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: M><GH<KWMB<H R =>L:KKHEEBLM: I>K<B;>G NG: BGM>GL: M>GLB^G >GMK> EH
NK;:GH R EH KNK:E "E =BL<NKLH <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: LHLMB>G> JN> EH KNK:E R LN <NEMNK: A: LB=H
F:K@BG:=H R >Q<ENB=H => E: <NEMNK: R => EHL >LI:<BHL NK;:GHL "E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H >G
<:F;BHIHL>>NG:OBLB^GF>M:;ÊB<:JN>=>?BG>>E<HG?EB<MHR:E:O>SEHL>GE:S:?N>KM>F>GM>
EHKNK:EGHK><B;>G:=:=>EHNK;:GH:I>L:K=>L>KJNB>GEHGNMK> -HKHMKHE:=H>E=BL<NKLH
=>L:KKHEEBLM:>G?K>GM:>EM>F:<HGFN<AHF>GHLBGM>GLB=:=R=>?HKF:FWLLBFIE>EHNK;:GH
MB>G>:<<>LH:E=>L:KKHEEHREHKNK:EGH
):I>K<>I<B^GLH;K>E:LK>E:<BHG>LNK;:GHG:MNK:E>L=>E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H:=B<BHG:EF>GM>

>L <HFIE>C: > BG=>?BGB=: "LM> =BL<NKLH GH :<>IM: GB K><A:S: NG: K>E:<B^G NK;:GHG:MNK:E LBG
>F;:K@H K><A:S: ?N>KM>F>GM> JN> >LM: K>E:<B^G L> LHLM>G@: >G E: >QIEHM:<B^G NK;:G: => E:
G:MNK:E>S: R M:F;BYG JN> E: IH;E:<B^G NK;:G: L>: BG<HGLGM> => E: BFIHKM:G<B: => E:
<HGL>KO:<B^G
): B=>: => E: C6IJG6A:O6 B:IGDEDA>I6C6 L><<B^G >L <E:O> I:K: >GM>G=>K EHL =BL<NKLHL
<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: M><GH<KWMB<H R LBLMYFB<H "LMHL =BL<NKLHL FN>LMK:G NG: >LI> => GHLM:E@B:
LH;K>E:G:MNK:E>S: ULM:>LNG>LI:<BHI:K:>EH<BHRE:<HGM>FIE:<B^G>L>EEN@:K>G>EJN>E:
IH;E:<B^GNK;:G:;NL<:NG:<HG>QB^G>LIBKBMN:E<HGE:G:MNK:E>S: "E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:O:
más allá: “&6 <:CI: JG76C6 6EG:8>6BPHA6 C6IJG6A:O6 FJ:A6<:CI:GJG6A NA6 9>H;GJI6BPH 8J6C9DA6
K>H>I6”. Se debe señalar que el dBL<NKLHLBLMYFB<HK><A:S:=>F:G>K:M:C:GM>>LM>:E>@:MH
#0!#.!'<,"#*-030*61310#*!'-,#1!-,*-30 ,-6*-,230*

"E=BL<NKLH<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:MB>G>NG<HG<>IMH=B?NLH=>EHKNK:E 0BG>F;:K@H>LBFIHKM:GM>
L>]:E:KJN><HGLB=>K:BKK>E>O:GM>LM:GMH:EHL:E>@:MHLJN>=>?BG>GEHKNK:E?[LB<:F>GM><HFH:
EHLJN>EH>GE:S:G<HGE:G:MNK:E>S:REHNK;:GH !>A><AH>LM>=BL<NKLHA:<>NG:=BLMBG<B^G
>IBLM>FHE^@B<: => EH KNK:E FB>GMK:L JN> EH KNK:E L> LHLMB>G> >G >E <HGH<BFB>GMH :G<>LMK:E EH
NK;:GHL>LHLMB>G>>GE:G<B:RE:M><GHEH@[: "LM:I>K<>I<B^GMB>G>NG:=H;E><HGL><N>G<B:EH
KNK:EGHMB>G>:<<>LH:E:G<B:REHNK;:GHGHMB>G>:<<>LH:E<HGH<BFB>GMH:G<>LMK:E

"E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H IHK HMKH E:=H >GMB>G=> : EH KNK:E =>L=> EH NK;:GH IN>L EH <HG<B;>
<HFH >E WK>: => MK:GLB<B^G >GMK> E: G:MNK:E>S: R EH NK;:GH "G >L> <HGM>QMH EH KNK:E MB>G> E:
=H;E>?NG<B^G=>GNMKBK:EHNK;:GHR=>IKHM>@>K:E:G:MNK:E>S:=>E::F>G:S:NK;:G:
"E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:LBFIE>F>GM>>GMB>G=>:EHKNK:E<HFHNG:=>EBFBM:<B^G:=FBGBLMK:MBO:
Es fundamental señalar que una de las ideas centrales de este discurso es el alegato: “ADGJG6ANAD
JG76CD CD I>:C:C G:A68>TC”. Consecuentemente, el discurso desarrollista rechaza enfáticamente
JN>EHNK;:GHREHKNK:EL>:GLBLM>F:LFNMN:F>GM>=>I>G=B>GM>L
): <:K:<M>KBS:<B^G => EHKNK:E >L =B?>K>GM> >G >E =BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<H )H =>?BG>=> :<N>K=H :E:
relación que tiene la gente con la naturaleza: “&6<:CI:GJG6AI>:C:JCKRC8JADBJ8=DBPH6GBTC>8D
8DCA6C6IJG6A:O6 HDCE6GI:9::AA6 I6CID6C>K:A:HE>G>IJ6A 8DBD9:C:8:H>9699:G:8JGHDH NEDG:HDA6
8DCH:GK6C” Este alegato, por otro lado, muestra cómo el discurso sistémico ha romantizado a lo
KNK:E
"E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H>G<:F;BHLHLMB>G>JN>E:K>E:<B^G>GMK>E:@>GM>KNK:ERE:G:MNK:E>S:

GH>L:KF^GB<:RJN>E:=>LMKN<<B^G=>E:G:MNK:E>S:L>=>;>:LNB@GHK:G<B:>QIK>L:=:<HFH
falta de capacitación: “&6<:CI:GJG6A9:7:H:G86E68>I696EDGADHIQ8C>8DH E6G6B6C:?6G7>:CHJI:GG:CD
E6G6 8JBEA>G ADH EA6C:H 9: DG9:C6B>:CID I:GG>IDG>6A N E6G6 8J>96G A6 C6IJG6A:O6”. Este alegato es
<HGLBLM>GM><HGE:G:KK:MBO:=>>LM>=BL<NKLHI>KHO:FWL:EEWE>@BMBFBS:E:BGM>KO>G<B^G=>EH
NK;:GH>GEHKNK:E &K^GB<:F>GM>>LM>:E>@:MHIKHOBGH=>NG:EB=>K>L:<HFNGBM:KB:KNK:E=>NG:
SHG:;:LM:GM>:BLE:=:EHJN>=>FN>LMK:<NWGIKH?NG=:F>GM>A:GI>G>MK:=H>LM:LI>K<>I<BHG>L
NK;:G:L>GE:F>GM>KNK:E
"E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H LHLMB>G> BFIE[<BM:F>GM> JN> EH KNK:E =>;> >LM:K ;:CH E: MNM>E: => EH
NK;:GHR:JN>E:IH;E:<B^GKNK:E>LE:K>LIHGL:;E>=>LNIKHIB:LBMN:<B^GR>EE:LHE:GHIN>=>
emanciparse: “&6<:CI:GJG6A=6:HI69DB6G<>C6969:A9:H6GGDAADEDGFJ:CD=6I:C>9DA686E68>9699:
6GI>8JA6GA6H>9:6HFJ:G:HJ:AK6CHJHEGDE>DHEGD7A:B6H:>C8>9>G:CA6HEDARI>86HEU7A>86H”.
EB@N:EJN>>E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H>E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:K>LIHGL:;BEBS::E:IH;E:<B^GKNK:E
=>LNIKHIB:LBMN:<B^G "LM>=BL<NKLHLHLMB>G>JN>E:IH;E:<B^GKNK:EGHA::<<>=B=H:E=>L:KKHEEH
IHKJN>L>A::NMH:BLE:=HRA:LB=HBG<:I:S=>K>LHEO>KLNLIKHIBHLIKH;E>F:L "LM:I>K<>I<B^G
>LNMBEBS:=:IHK>E=BL<NKLH=>L:KKHEEBLM:I:K:E>@BMBF:KJN>EHNK;:GHBGM>KO>G@:>GEHKNK:E 0BG
>F;:K@H >LM> =BL<NKLH O: BG<ENLH FWL :EEW R: JN> >GMB>G=> : E: IH;E:<B^G KNK:E <HFH NG:
:F>G:Sa para la población urbana, debido a su ignorancia depredadora de la naturaleza: “&6
9:HIGJ88>TC9:A6C6IJG6A:O69:6CI:H EDGA6;6AI69:86E68>I68>TC9:A6<:CI:GJG6A :HA6FJ:6=DG6EGD9J8:

A6 :H86H:O 9: G:8JGHDH 8DBD :A 6<J6”, irónicamente sostien> :E FBLFH MB>FIH JN> IKHM>@>K E:
naturaleza es una obligación de la población rural: “&6 ODC6H C6IJG6A:H 9DC9: H: <:C:G6C ADH
H:GK>8>DH 6EGDK:8=69DH :C A6H ODC6H JG76C6H HDC 8J>9696H N B6CI:C>96H EDG A6 <:CI: GJG6A N :H HJ
D7A><68>TC =68:GAD”. La interO>G<B^G NK;:G: L> =:K[: : MK:OYL => E: IE:GB?B<:<B^G M>KKBMHKB:E
EE:F:=HL EH<:EF>GM> IE:G>L => =>L:KKHEEH <HGLB=>K: G><>L:KB: =B<A: BGM>KO>G<B^G =>;B=H :
JN>>EM>KKBMHKBHKNK:E>L<:^MB<H=>LHK@:GBS:=HRGHMB>G>GBG@`GMBIH=>IE:GB?B<:<B^GRIHK
M:GMH >LH :F>G:S: : EH NK;:GH "E =BL<NKLH =>L:KKHEEBLM: IHK HMKH E:=H LHLMB>G> JN> E:
IE:GB?B<:<B^G M>KKBMHKB:E KNK:E L>KW NG: ?N>GM> BFIHKM:GM> => <HG?EB<MHL IHKJN> EE>O:K K>@E:L R
HK@:GBS:<B^GG><>L:KB:F>GM>EBFBM:K[:E:LEB;>KM:=>L=>E:IH;E:<B^GKNK:E
"G<HGMK:LM>EHL=BL<NKLHL<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:RLBLMYFB<H=BO>K@>GK:=B<:EF>GM>=>>LM:LB=>:L

pues, por ejemplo, rechazan de manera muy fuerte el alegato: “CADGJG6AID9D:H9:HDG9:C69D 6=R
A6H8DH6HH:=68:CH>CEA6C>;>868>TC :H6:HA686JH6HJHEGD7A:B6HADHEA6C:H9:9:H6GGDAADHDAJ8>DC6GPC
:HID”.
): I>K<>I<B^G => JN> EH NK;:GH =>;> >C>K<>K NG MNM>E:C> => EH KNK:E GH >L GN>O: R
:I:K>GM>F>GM>>LMWFNR:?B:GS:=:>GE:BGLMBMN<BHG:EB=:=<N>G<:G:RFNRIKH;:;E>F>GM>>G
E:L<NEMNK:L<N>G<:G:R><N:MHKB:G:>L<E:K:F>GM><HGL><N>GM><HGE:HK@:GBS:<B^GABLM^KB<:=>
E:LH=:=R=>EIH=>K=BL<NMB=:IHKE;WGL><<B^G
$&%# $&#$ $ %)% $&($*
)HL=BL<NKLHLGHLHG>L<H@B=HLEB;K>F>GM>IHKE:I>KLHG:L=>:<N>K=H:LNL<K>>G<B:LMH=HEH
<HGMK:KBHLHGEHL=BL<NKLHLEHLJN>FHE=>:GE:L:<MBMN=>LRE:LF>GM>L=>E:@>GM>%:C>K
HGL><N>GM>F>GM>E:MK:=N<<B^G=>E 0NF:D(:PL:R>GIHE[MB<:LRIKW<MB<:LK>JNB>K>=>NG:
MK:GL?HKF:<B^G<NEMNK:EIKH?NG=: "EI:K:=B@F:=>E 0NF:D(:PL:R=>;>L>KIKH=N<B=HRK>
IKH=N<B=HIKH;E>F:MBS:=HANF:GBS:=HRLBLM>F:MBS:=H=>F:G>K:BGM>K<NEMNK:E
):BG<ENLB^G=>E0NF:D(:PL:R>GE: HGLMBMN<B^G=>E"<N:=HKBFIEB<:NG:GN>O:O[:
IHE[MB<: I:K: IKH;E>F:MBS:K >E =>L:KKHEEH >E IKH@K>LH E: IKH=N<<B^G >E MK:;:CH E: <:EB=:= =>
OB=: E:L K>E:<BHG>L ANF:G:L E:L K>E:<BHG>L > BGM>K:<<BHG>L LH<BH><HE^@B<:L E: MB>KK: >E
M>KKBMHKBH E: ;BH=BO>KLB=:= R E: G:MNK:E>S: >GMK> FN<A:L HMK:L <HL:L HGL><N>GM>F>GM> >E
>LM:=H ><N:MHKB:GH >G LNL <BG<H GBO>E>L => @H;B>KGH <>GMK:E K>@BHG:E IKHOBG<B:E <:GMHG:E H
FNGB<BI:E R I:KKHJNB:E K>JNB>K> NG: IKH?NG=: MK:GL?HKF:<B^G I:K: IH=>K >G?K>GM:K
BGLMBMN<BHG:EF>GM>>LMHLCJ:KDHIKH;E>F:L

)HL <N:MKH =BL<NKLHL B=>GMB?B<:=HL >GMK> E:L BGLMBMN<BHG>L K>E:<BHG:=:L <HG E: IE:GB?B<:<B^G
M>KKBMHKB:E >G N>G<: LHG BGLNFHL BFIHKM:GM>L I:K: >GM>G=>K <^FH >LM:L BGLMBMN<BHG>L
IKH=N<>GIKH;E>F:MBS:GANF:GBS:G LBLM>F:MBS:G RIHEBMBS:G:E:G:MNK:E>S: >E M>KKBMHKBH>E
I:BL:C>E:;BH=BO>KLB=:=EHNK;:GHEHKNK:ER:LNLK>E:<BHG>L "LMHL=BL<NKLHLK>IK>L>GM:GEHL
<BFB>GMHL LH;K> EHL JN> L> LHLMB>G>G E:L IHE[MB<:L M>KKBMHKB:E>L :F;B>GM:E>L => IE:GB?B<:<B^G
NK;:GHKNK:ERE:HK@:GBS:<B^GBGLMBMN<BHG:E>LI><[?B<:JN>YLM:LK>JNB>K>G
)HL<N:MKH=BL<NKLHL=>;>GL>K<HGMK:LM:=HL<HG>E0NF:D(:PL:R=>M:EF:G>K:JN>L>IN>=:
>O:EN:KLB>LM>I:K:=B@F:A:LB=HMK:=N<B=H>GIHE[MB<:L
"G MH=HL EHL =BL<NKLHL L> >G<N>GMK: NG: <E:K: =B<HMHF[: LH=:=G:MNK:E>S: ): GH<B^G
;BHE^@B<:=>EF>M:;HEBLFH>LMWEB@>K:F>GM>IK>L>GM>LÊH>G>E=BL<NKLHLBLMYFB<H "LMHMB>G>=HL
<HGL><N>G<B:L>OB=>GM>LIHKNGE:=H>E><H<>GMKBLFH=>E:<HGLMBMN<B^GGH>LMWIK>L>GM>>GE:
IKH;E>F:MBS:<B^G =>E:G:MNK:E>S: R=>E M>KKBMHKBHJN>F:G>C:GE:LBGLMBMN<BHG>L => N>G<:R
IHKHMKHJN>BG=B?>K>GM>F>GM>=>E:LI:KMB<NE:KB=:=>L=>E:L=B?>K>GM>LIHE[MB<:LM>KKBMHKB:E>L=>
:<N>K=H : E: OBLB^G => %:C>K YLM:L L> G><>L:KB:F>GM> L> LHLM>G=KWG >G E: =B<HMHF[:
LH=:=G:MNK:E>S: R >G E: G:MNK:E>S: F>MKHIHEBM:G: B@GHK:G=H <N:EJNB>K <HGLB=>K:<B^G
F>M:;ÊB<:L><<B^G
"E0NF:D(:PL:RLNI>K:E:L=B<HMHF[:LLH=:=G:MNK:E>S:RNK;:GHKNK:E:L[<HFHE:LB=>:L

=>E:G:MNK:E>S:F>MKHIHEBM:G: "E>GM>G=BFB>GMH=>EHG:MNK:E>EM>KKBMHKBHEHNK;:GHEHKNK:ER
LNL K>E:<BHG>L >LMW [GMBF:F>GM> EB@:=H <HG E: I>K<>I<B^G => E: C6IJG6A:O6 )HL =BL<NKLHL
B=>GMB?B<:=HL <E:K:F>GM> A:G LNK@B=H =>L=> E: B=>: => E: C6IJG6A:O6 B:IGDEDA>I6C6 NGJN> EHL
=BL<NKLHL <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: M><GH<KWMB<H R LBLMYFB<H BGMNR:G E>O>F>GM> <HG>QBHG>L >GMK> EHL
F>M:;HEBLFHLNK;:GHKNK:ER><HE^@B<HLH;K>MH=H>E=BL<NKLH ->HIQB>8DGHL>IN>=>:?BKF:K
JN> >LMYG >G NG IKH<>LH => K>LB@GB?B<:<B^G =>E NGBO>KLH )>?? : 1H=H EH <HGMK:KBH L>
>OB=>G<B:<E:K:F>GM>NGIKH<>LH=>NK;:GBS:<B^G=>EHL=BL<NKLHL=>EHKNK:E=>EM>KKBMHKBHR=>
E:G:MNK:E>S:RL><HGLHEB=:E:B=>:=>E:G:MNK:E>S:<HFHNG:?N>GM>=><KBLBL "LM:?HKF:=>
><H@N;>KF>GM:EB=:=L><<B^G L>BGLMBMN<BHG:EBS::MK:OYL=>ADHIQ8C>8DHR=>EHLEA6C:H9:
9:H6GGDAAD IK>L>GM>L >G :;LHENM:F>GM> MH=HL EHL =BL<NKLHL !> A><AH >LM:L =B<HMHF[:L R E:
G:MNK:E>S: F>MKHIHEBM:G: A:G LB=H NMBEBS:=:L I:K: IKHM>@>K <NEI:K R =HFBG:K M:GMH : E:
C6IJG6A:O6<HFH:E:IH;E:<B^GKNK:EIN>LLHG:E:O>S?N>GM>L=><KBLBL(:\D:RLNC>MHL
=>MNM>E:C>E;WG

)HL=BL<NKLHL=>E:BD9:GC>O68>TC:8DAT<>86%:C>KR=>E::8D:;>8>:C8>6*:KM[G>SEB>K
L>>G<N>GMK:GIK>L>GM>L>GEHL<N:MKH=BL<NKLHL -HKHMKHE:=HEHL=BL<NKLHL<HGL>KO:<BHGBLM:R
M><GH<KWMB<H LHG =HL K:F:L =B?>K>GM>L JN> K>IK>L>GM:G <E:K:F>GM> : E: OBLB^G => E:
FH=>KGBS:<B^G ><HE^@B<: L><<B^G <HG >E>F>GMHL => NG: OBLB^G HKMH=HQ: => E: <KBLBL
ecológica. Estos discursos perciben un fuerte conflicto entre la humanidad y la naturaleza: “:A
H:G =JB6CD :H JC6 6B:C6O6 E6G6 A6 C6IJG6A:O6”, pues la naturaleza es un obstáculo para el
=>L:KKHEEH "E 0NF:D (:PL:R >G <:F;BH I>K<B;> : E: I>KLHG: <HFH I:KM> => NG LBLM>F:
LNI>KBHKJN>>LE:?:FBEB:RYLM::LNO>S<HFHI:KM>=>E:<HFNGB=:=RYLM:<HFHI:KM>=>E:
-:<A:*:F: +HIN>=>A:;>K0NF:D(:PL:RLBGHA:R:KFHG[:>GMK>>LMHLLBLM>F:L
"E =BL<NKLH <HGL>KO:<BHGBLM: L>I:K: : EHL >LI:<BHL => G:MNK:E>S: R => ;BH=BO>KLB=:= => EHL
>LI:<BHL=>=>L:KKHEEH 0NHK@:GBS:<B^G=>EM>KKBMHKBHRIHKM:GMHLNLIHE[MB<:L=><HGL>KO:<B^G
>LM:KWG=>M>KFBG:=:LIHK>LM:B=>: ):<HLFHOBLB^G=>E0NF:D(:PL:R>G<:F;BHBGM>@K::E:L
:<MBOB=:=>L ANF:G:L <HG E: MB>KK: R >E >LI:<BH E: IK>L>KO:<B^G R K>IKH=N<<B^G => E:
;BH=BO>KLB=:=GH>LNG:<HGL><N>G<B:=>E:LBGB<B:MBO:L=><HGL>KO:<B^GLBGHNG:<HGL><N>G<B:
=>E ;N>G OBOBK "LMH L> O>K[: K>?E>C:=H <E:K:F>GM> >G E: HK@:GBS:<B^G M>KKBMHKB:E => N>G<:
L><<B^G
):G<B:RE:BGGHO:<B^GLHGM>F:L<E:O>I:K:>E=BL<NKLHM><GH<KWMB<H "LM:LOBLBHG>LIN>=>G

L>K <HG?NG=B=:L <HG >E <HG<>IMH =>E .>C@JN L><<B^G =>E 0NF:D (:PL:R LBG >F;:K@H
>QBLM> NG: IKH?NG=: =B?>K>G<B: -:K: >E =BL<NKLH M><GH<KWMB<H E: BGGHO:<B^G L> =:
>Q<ENLBO:F>GM> =>GMKH => EHL <[K<NEHL GM[?B<HL R MY<GB<HL R LNL K>LNEM:=HL =>;>G L>K
MK:GLFBMB=HL:E:LH=:=R:E:@>GM>CDGB6A=>F:G>K:O>KMB<:ERNGB=BK><<BHG:EIN>LE:@>GM>
GH>LMWIK>I:K:=:I:K:<K>:KIKHIHG>KBGGHO:KR=><B=BK "LM:<HG<>I<B^G>G<HGL><N>G<B:E>
=:FN<AHIH=>K:E:G<B:R:E:MY<GB<:RE>=:>EMNM>E:C>LH;K>E:LH=:= "LMHL>K>?E>C:
<E:K:F>GM>>GE:BGLMBMN<BHG:EB=:=I:K:E:@>LMB^G=>EM>KKBMHKBHE:<HGL>KO:<B^GRE:@>LMB^G=>E
:@N:IHK>C>FIEH "G<HGMK:LM>>E1BGDNR>LNGIKH<>LH<HGMBGNHJN>L>IKH=N<>RK>IKH=N<>
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A:;A: *:=KB= A:;A: R 3:E>G<B: A:;A: ,;L>KO:MHKBH => E: 0HLM>GB;BEB=:= >G
"LI:]:
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>LM: LNIHLB<B^G <:E<NE:K JNY IH;E:<B^G IH=K[:G LHLM>G>K EHL OHE`F>G>L :<MN:E>L => :@N:
IHM:;BEBS:=::L[<HFHEHLOHE`F>G>L=>E<HGLNFHMHM:E=>E<HGLNFHK>LB=>G<B:ER=>E:@N:GH
<HGM:;BEBS:=: !>>LM:F:G>K:LBL>:G:EBS:>E<HGLNFH=>EÈMBFH:]HI:K:>EJN>L>MB>G>=:MHL
F>=B=HLRGH>LMBF:=HL>L=><BK>E:]HEHLK>LNEM:=HLLHGFNRBGM>K>L:GM>L
"EOHENF>GMHM:E=>:@N:IHM:;BEBS:=:IH=K[:LHLM>G>K:NG:IH;E:<B^G>JNBO:E>GM>:
O><>LE:IH;E:<B^GNK;:G::<MN:E
"E <HGLNFH MHM:E => :@N: IHM:;E> => E: <BN=:= => N>G<: IH=K[: LHLM>G>K : NG:
IH;E:<B^G>JNBO:E>GM>:O><>LE:IH;E:<B^GNK;:G::<MN:E
"E<HGLNFHK>LB=>G<B:E=>:@N:IHM:;E>IH=K[:LHLM>G>K:NG:IH;E:<B^G>JNBO:E>GM>:
O><>LE:IH;E:<B^GNK;:G::<MN:E
"EOHENF>G=>:@N:GH<HGM:;BEBS:=:IH=K[:LHLM>G>K:NG:IH;E:<B^G>JNBO:E>GM>:E:
FBM:==>E:IH;E:<B^GNK;:G::<MN:E
"LM> >C>K<B<BH >L FNR K>O>E:=HK IN>L BG=B<: JN> K>=NG=H >E <HGLNFH IHK A:;BM:GM> R LBG
:?><M:K LNL =>K><AHL <BN=:=:GHL >L =><BK @:K:GMBS:G=H EI= L> IH=K[: :;:LM><>K => :@N:
IHM:;E>:MH=:E:IH;E:<B^G=> N>G<:M:GMHNK;:G:<HFHKNK:E>BG<ENLHK>=N<BKE:IK>LB^G
LH;K> LNL K[HL 0B L> :LNF>JN> E:L M:L:L =><K><BFB>GMH IH;E:<BHG:E :<MN:E>L L> F:GMB>G>G >E
<HGLNFHK>LB=>G<B:E:<MN:EIH=K[:LHLM>G>K:E:IH;E:<B^GNK;:G:=>E:]H

0B;B>GE:@>LMB^G=>E:@N:>GE:<BN=:==> N>G<:MB>G>BG=BL<NMB;E>LEH@KHL>GE:@:K:GM[:=>
EHL =>K><AHL <BN=:=:GHL M:GMH : GBO>E NK;:GH <HFH KNK:E >QBLM> NG <HGLB=>K:;E>
LH;K><HGLNFH=>E:@N:IHM:;E> "EIKBG<BI:E NLHI:K:>E:@N:IHM:;E>>L>E=>EHLAH@:K>LEH
JN>=>;>F:GM>G>KL>LBG>F;:K@HLN<HGLNFH>L>Q<>LBO:F>GM>:EMHIHKEHJN>LHGNK@>GM>
IHE[MB<:LJN>I>KFBM:GK>=N<BKEH:GBO>E>L:<>IM:;E>LLBG:?><M:KEHL=>K><AHL<BN=:=:GHL ):L
IHE[MB<:L => K>=N<<B^G =>E <HGLNFH => EHL L>KOB<BHL IKBO:=HL R EHL L>KOB<BHL FNGB<BI:E>L :L[
<HFH=>EHLL><MHK>L<HF>K<B:ER=>E:<HGLMKN<<B^GA:GLB=H<E:K:F>GM>>?><MBO:LEHJN>>LNG
EH@KHBG=BL<NMB;E> "LM:LFBLF:LIHE[MB<:LL>=>;>G:IEB<:K:EHLL>KOB<BHLI`;EB<HLG:<BHG:E>LR
IKHOBG<B:E>L IN>L >LMHL L><MHK>L A:G :NF>GM:=H LN <HGLNFH NGJN> >E L><MHK BG=NLMKB:E
:I:K>GM>F>GM>IHL>:NG<HGLNFH;:CH>GMYKFBGHL:;LHENMHLLN<HGLNFHL>A:BG<K>F>GM:=H
GHMHKB:F>GM> )HL=:MHL=>"1-LBG>F;:K@HGHK>?E>C:G>E<HGLNFHBG=NLMKB:EK>:EIN>LMH
JN> >LM> L><MHK MHF: :@N: =BK><M:F>GM> => EHL K[HL <HFH EH A:G F:GB?>LM:=H MY<GB<HL =>
"1- -HKHMKHE:=H>EMK:;:CHK>:EBS:=H>GR:BG=B<^NG::EM:BG>?BG<B:>G>EL><MHK
BG=NLMKB:EEHJN>L>KW:G:EBS:=HGN>O:F>GM>R=>?HKF:FWLIKH?NG=:>GE:LB@NB>GM>L><<B^G
0BG>F;:K@H>L?NG=:F>GM:EL>]:E:KJN>E:LNLMBMN<B^G=>BFIHKM:<BHG>LRE:BG=NLMKB:EBS:<B^G
=>EI:[LLHGIHE[MB<:L<>GMK:E>LI:K:>E@H;B>KGH=>E"<N:=HK0"+-)!"0IHKEHJN>>E
NLH=>E:@N:IHKI:KM>=>EL><MHKBG=NLMKB:E=>;>L>K>LMN=B:=HI:K:IK>O>GBK<HG?EB<MHLLH<BH
><HE^@B<HL
*+#2 -*'1+-"#*%3#,#*!,2<,3#,!*.*'!!'<,"#*#,$-/3#3
): :IEB<:<B^G :E >LMN=BH =>E F>M:;HEBLFH =>E :@N: =>E >G?HJN> =>E GWEBLBL *NEMB>L<:E:K =>E
*>M:;HEBLFH 0H<B:E R "<HE^@B<H *N0&0"* K>IK>L>GM: K>MHL BGM>K>L:GM>L IN>L <HFH L>
=BL<NMB^ >G E: L><<B^G >E :@N: >L : E: O>S NG ?HG=H R NG ?ENCH L><<B^G KBLMBG:
*:=KB=3BHE>M: :;>EEHR*:KBH$B:FIB>MKHA:GK>LN>EMH>LM>IKH;E>F:>E:@N:<HFH
?HG=H >L :G:EBS:=: <HG E: JN> A:G EE:F:=H OBLB^G >QM>KG: IN>L >LMW FWL :EEW =>E <HGMKHE
ANF:GH >L =><BK >LOBLM: =>GMKH =>E LBLM>F:><HE^@B<H :GBO>E F:<KH "E:@N:<HFH?ENCH >G
<:F;BH>L>LMN=B:=:<HGNG:OBLB^GBGM>KG:IN>LL>:G:EBS:GEHLIKH<>LHLJN>L>=:G=>GMKH=>
NG:LH=:=>L=><BKEHJN>NG:LH=:=A:<>*:=KB=R$B:FIB>MKH

0>@`G E: =BK><<B^G => IE:GB?B<:<B^G => "1- E: <H;>KMNK: => :@N: IHM:;E> : GBO>E KNK:E LNI>K:K[: >E LBG
>F;:K@H:EL>KLBLM>F:L:NMH@>LMBHG:=HLIHKE:IH;E:<B^GKNK:E"1-GHFB=>>E<HGLNFH=>E:IH;E:<B^GKNK:E
La investigación se realizó para la tesina titulada “,KB@>GRNLH=>E:@N:>GE:<BN=:==> N>G<:"<N:=HK”

):K>H>TC:MI:GC6L>K>IK>L>GM:>GEHLGBO>E>L:R: "EGBO>E>
L>K>?B>K>:E<B<EH=>E:@N:>G
LN @EH;:EB=:= FB>GMK:L JN> >E GBO>E >
L> K>?B>K> :E 6<J6 6OJA >E :@N: LNI>K?B<B:E R EHL
:<N[?>KHLR:E6<J6K:G9:>E:@N::EF:<>G:=:>G>ELN>EHJN>GH>LMW=BLIHGB;E>I:K:>ENLH
ANF:GHI>KHL[I:K:E:LIE:GM:L "G>LM><:LHI:KMB<NE:KGHLH<NI:K>FHLLHE:F>GM>=>EGBO>E
:R>LI><[?B<:F>GM>=>E6<J66OJALNI>K?B<B:E "G>E<HGM>QMH=>E:OBLB^G>QM>KG:>L?NG=:F>GM:E
E: <:M>@HK[: L>FWGMB<: => E: ,:86G<6 8DH>HIQB>869: <J6 "4/ IHK LNL LB@E:L >G BG@EYL ):
"4/ BGOHEN<K: M:GMH : EHL IKH<>LHL =>E <B<EH =>E :@N: : <HFH : E:L >GMK:=:L => :@N: >G
?HKF:=>6<J66OJA: ):<:M>@HK[:L>FWGMB<:JN>>GE:S:>ELBLM>F:><HE^@B<H<HG>ELBLM>F:
LH<B:E>LE:EGDE>68>TC-D8>6A9:A<J604IHKLNLLB@E:L>GBG@EYL ):04L>K>?B>K>M:GMH:
E:<:GMB=:=MHM:E=>:@N:>QMK:[=:I:K:>ENLHANF:GH<HFH:EHL<:F;BHLJN>LN?K>LN<:EB=:=
:E L>K F>M:;HEBS:=: IHK E: LH=:= >L =><BK >L NG: <:M>@HK[: M:GMH <N:GMBM:MBO: <HFH
<N:EBM:MBO: *:=KB= R $B:FIB>MKH "LM> MK:;:CH L> >G?H<^ LHE:F>GM> >G E: I:KM>
<N:GMBM:MBO:
><JG6HFJ:B69:AE6IGTCB:I67TA>8D9:A6<J6 8DB7>C6C9DA6DG<6C>O68>TC:CC>K:A:H?:GPGFJ>8DH9:AE6IGTC

B:I67TA>8D9:A6HD8>:969C–>8DC:AE6IGTCB:I67TA>8D9:A:8DH>HI:B6::>
1 1 1 9 9 9

3@-@>-0-;:=7-
>:/510-0
3@-
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27@19?1> :3-=1>
:9>@8:
3=5/@7?@=-
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3@-9: &1=A5/5:>
3@-017>@17:
05>;:95.71
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#N>GM>1K:=N<B=HR:=:IM:=H=>*:=KB=R$B:FIB>MKH

"E>GE:<>>GMK>>ELBLM>F:><HE^@B<HR>ELBLM>F:LH<B:E>L>EGBO>EC ):<:M>@HK[:L>FWGMB<:I:K:
:G:EBS:K >LM> GBO>E >L >E /HD GJID 9: <J6 $42 IHK LNL LB@E:L >G BG@EYL R L> K>?B>K> :E
OHENF>GMHM:E=>:@N::IKHIB:=:IHKE:LH=:=IHKEHJN>BG<ENR>:E:@N:GH<HGM:;BEBS:=:R
:E:LIYK=B=:L*:=KB=R$B:FIB>MKH
):K>H>TC>CI:GC6L>K>IK>L>GM:IHKEHLGBO>E>LC
C
C
A:LM:GB>G>E<:LH=>>LM>>LMN=BH
A>FHLEE>@:=H:EGBO>EC
"QBLM>G=B?>K>GM>L<:M>@HK[:LL>FWGMB<:LBFIHKM:GM>LI:K:>E:GWEBLBL
=> E: K>H>TC >CI:GC6 >G >LM> MK:;:CH L> NMBEBS:G =HL => >EE:L ): IKBF>K: LHG E:L *QG9>96H
J6CI>I6I>K6H .) IHK LNL LB@E:L >G BG@EYL R L> K>?B>K> : E:L IYK=B=:L JN> L> =:G =NK:GM> >E
IKH<>LH=>=BLMKB;N<B^GR:E:@N:GH<HGM:;BEBS:=: *B>GMK:LJN>E:L>@NG=:>L>E/HD(:ID9:
<J6+42IHKLNLLB@E:L>GBG@EYLRL>K>?B>K>:E:@N:JN>>?><MBO:F>GM>EE>@::LN=>LMBGH
?BG:E E: JN> : LN O>S >L <:M>@HKBS:=: => :<N>K=H : LNL =B?>K>GM>L NLHL "G >LM: <:M>@HK[: LHG
FNR `MBE>L E:L =>?BGB<BHG>L => ->=KH KKHCH => 6<J6 K>96 R => 6<J6:8DCDBR6 =>L<KBM:L >G E:
L><<B^G ,MK:L <:M>@HK[:L L>FWGMB<:L JN> GH ?N>KHG :IEB<:=:L >G >LM> <:LH LHG E:L
>BEDGI68>DC:HN:MEDGI68>DC:H9:6<J6K>GIJ6A>E:@N:BGOHEN<K:=:>GE:IKH=N<<B^G=>NGIKH=N<MH
H;B>G*:=KB=R$B:FIB>MKH
)::IEB<:<B^G=>E*N0&0"*:E>LMN=BH=>EF>M:;HEBLFH=>E:@N:=>E<:GM^G N>G<:K>JNBKB^

=>E NLH => =BLMBGM:L ?N>GM>L => BG?HKF:<B^G E: <HF;BG:<B^G => EHL =:MHL => IHM:;BEBS:<B^G R
<HGLNFH => :@N: => :@N: IHM:;E> =>E :]H "1- <HG E:L <HG<>LBHG>L => :@N: => E:
<N>G<:=>EK[H N>G<:0"+$2EHL<:N=:E>L=>EK[H N>G<:"1->E >GLH"<HG^FB<H
&+" >E >GLH => -H;E:<B^G R 3BOB>G=: &+" R E: "G<N>LM: => 0NI>K?B R
-KH=N<<B^G@KHI><N:KB: HGMBGN:=>"0- K>:EBS:=::GN:EF>GM>IHK>E&+"
):@K:FWMB<:NL:=:I:K:E::IEB<:<B^G=>E*N0&0"*>LMW?HKF:=:IHK<BG<HGBO>E>L#B@NK:

"EGBO>E:L>K>?B>K>:E:@N:LNI>K?B<B:E=BLIHGB;E>I:K:E::IKHIB:<B^GANF:G:
"EGBO>ECL>K>?B>K>:E<:GM^G N>G<:
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L>K>?B>K>:EL><MHK=>EMK:;:CHK>FNG>K:=HR:EHLAH@:K>L -:K:<:M>@HKBS:K
>E MK:;:CH K>FNG>K:=H L> NMBEBS^ E: <E:LB?B<:<B^G &&2 IHK L>K E: FBLF: JN> NL^ >E
>GLH"<HG^FB<H
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L>K>?B>K>:EWK>:NK;:G:R:EWK>:KNK:E
"E GBO>E C
L> K>?B>K> EHL =B?>K>GM>L L><MHK>L =>E MK:;:CH K>FNG>K:=H M:GMH : GBO>E
NK;:GH BG=NLMKB: F:GN?:<MNK>K: <HF>K<BH L>KOB<BHL IKBO:=HL L>KOB<BHL I`;EB<HL R

^K@:GHL => @H;B>KGH R <HGLMKN<<B^G <HFH : GBO>E KNK:E :@KB<NEMNK: @:G:=>K[:
LBEOB<NEMNK:RI>L<::L[<HFH:E::@KB<NEMNK:=>LN;LBLM>G<B:I:K:EHLAH@:K>L

><JG6HFJ:B69:AE6IGTCB:I67TA>8D9:A6<J6 BDHIG6C9DA6DG<6C>O68>TC:CC>K:A:H?:GPGFJ>8DH9:AE6IGTCB:I67TA>8D9:J:C86C–> :>C8AJN:C9D:ACUB:GD9:=DG6H9:
68I>K>969=JB6C6FJ:8DCHJB:C6<J6:C8696JCD9:9>8=DHC>K:A:H
1 9 9 9 9

4:=->
3@-@>-0-;:=7- 4:=->
:9>@8:1917
>:/510-0 %@=-7

4:=-> 4:=->
:3-=1 %@=-7
3=5/@7?@=-9:
4:=->

(=.-9
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&1=A5/5:>
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=18@91=-0:
:9>?=@//5I9
3@->@;1=25/5-7

(! 4:=->
3@-9:
3=5/@7?@=-3-9-01=G->57A5/@7?@=-C
05>;:95.71 %@=-7
)5>5J91B?1=9- )5>5J959?1=9-

#N>GM>&+" >GLH=>-H;E:<B^GR3BOB>G=:

"E :@N: =BLIHGB;E> I:K: L>K NL:=: >L =><BK I:K: LN EGDE>68>TC -D8>6A 04 GBO>E : >L >E
<:N=:E:GN:E=>EK[H N>G<: #N><:E<NE:=::I:KMBK=>E:F>=B:G:=>EHL<:N=:E>L=B:KBHL>LM>
K[HI:K:EHLI>K[H=HLR:E<:N=:EK>LNEM:GM>L>E>:]:=B^>EOHENF>G:GN:E
=>:@N:IHM:;BEBS:=:IHK"1- #BG:EF>GM>L>E>K>LM^>E<HKK>LIHG=B>GM>:E<:N=:E
:F;B>GM:E "E<WE<NEHL>K>:EBS^=>>LM:F:G>K:R:JN>E:>LM:<B^G=>F>=B<B^G=>EHL<:N=:E>L
=>E K[H N>G<: L> >G<N>GMK: :GM>L =>E =>L?H@N> => E: -E:GM: => 1K:M:FB>GMH => @N:L
/>LB=N:E>L => 2<N;:F;: -1/ IHK EH JN> >E :IHKM> => >LM: IE:GM: JN>=: >Q<ENB=H >G E:
F>=B<B^G => <:N=:E>L 0>@`G E: !BK><<B^G => -E:GB?B<:<B^G => "1- >E LBLM>F: =>
:E<:GM:KBEE:=H=> N>G<:K><H@><>K<:=>E=>E:L:@N:LK>LB=N:E>LNK;:G:LE:LFBLF:LJN>
LHG MK:M:=:L >G E: -1/ >LM> OHENF>G => :@N: <HKK>LIHG=>K[: :E OHENF>G => :@N:
IHM:;BEBS:=:FWL>E:@N:EENOB:K><H@B=:IHK>E:E<:GM:KBEE:=H !>>LM:F:G>K:L><HFI>GL:K[:
>EIKH;E>F:@>G>K:=HIHKE:N;B<:<B^G=>E:>LM:<B^G=>F>=B<B^G=><:N=:E>L
"E K>LM:GM> => :@N:LL>KOB=:L L> =>IHLBM:G LBG MK:M:FB>GMH ;B>G L>: >G EHL K[HL I>JN>]HL
KB:<AN>EHLRJN>;K:=:LJN>L>>G<N>GMK:G>GE:LLN;<N>G<:L=>EHLK[HL1HF>;:F;:6:GNG<:R
*:<AWG@:K: R 1:KJNB H ;B>G L>: =BK><M:F>GM> >G >LMHL K[HL !B<A:L :@N:L L>KOB=:L LHG
K>LNEM:=H => >QMK:<<BHG>L => :@N: I:K: <HGLNFH =HFYLMB<H :C>G:L : "1- MHF:=:L
@>G>K:EF>GM>=>EFBLFH<N>KIH=>:@N:>G>EJN>=>L?H@:G "L:L[JN>:ENL:KEHL<:N=:E>L=>E
K[H N>G<:I:K:<:E<NE:K>EGBO>E:L>BG<ENR>GM:F;BYG:>LM:L:@N:LK>LB=N:E>L
"E/HDGJID9:<J6$42=>E<:GM^G N>G<:>L>EK>LNEM:=H=>E:LNF:=>E:L<HG<>LBHG>L

I:K:MH=HLEHLNLHL=:=:LIHKE:0><K>M:K[:+:<BHG:E=>E@N:0"+$2R=>EOHENF>GMHM:E
=>:@N:IHM:;BEBS:=:IHK"1-
"E/HD(:ID9:<J6+42L><:E<NE^:MK>LGB>O>L=B?>K>GM>L "EGBO>EC

L>I:K::EHLNLHL=>
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:E :@N: =>LMBG:=: I:K: NLHL BG=NLMKB:E>L <HF>K<B:E>L :@KHI><N:KBHL L>KOB<BHL I`;EB<HL
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NLH=>EHLAH@:K>L>G<:F;BHL>K>?B>K>?NG=:F>GM:EF>GM>:EHLNLHL<:M:EH@:=HL<HFH:@N:
IHM:;E>R<HFH<HGLNFH=HFYLMB<H
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L>I:K:>GNK;:GHLRKNK:E>LM:GMH:EMK:;:CHK>FNG>K:=H<HFH:EHLAH@:K>L "ENLH
=> EHL AH@:K>L NK;:GHL >L K>LNEM:=H => :@K>@:K >E <HGLNFH K>LB=>G<B:E => "1- <HG E:L
<HG<>LBHG>L NK;:G:LI:K: NLH=HFYLMB<H => 0"+$2 "E <HGLNFH KNK:E => EHLAH@:K>L>G

<:F;BH L> K>?B>K> : E:L <HG<>LBHG>L => 0"+$2 KNK:E>L =>LMBG:=:L :E :@N: IHM:;E> :E
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F>M:;ÊB<:=>E::@KB<NEMNK:NL:G=HNG:>LMBF:<B^G=>E:IH;E:<B^GJN>K>:EBS::@KB<NEMNK:=>
LN;LBLM>G<B: "LM:IH;E:<B^GL>>LMBF^>G?NG<B^G=>EHLK>LNEM:=HL=>E:"G<N>LM:=>0NI>K?B
R -KH=N<<B^G @KHI><N:KB: HGMBGN: => "0- <HFH NG => E: IH;E:<B^G
KNK:E
-:K: <:E<NE:K>E +42 =>EMK:;:CH K>FNG>K:=H NK;:GHGBO>E C

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problematización que hemos manejado y construido: “&6H C:8:H>969:HB:I67TA>86H 9:6<J69:A6
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;DGB69:6EGDE>68>TCJG76C69:ADHB:I67DA>HBDHGJG6AN:8DAT<>8D”. Sin embargo, la realidad contada
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Exploring Ecuador's Coast and Galapagos Islands

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