I.

MUSIC:
Musical Styles and Movements in the 20 th -21st
Century

DIVINE GRACE MONTESSORI In the past musical composers depended on the conscious
AND HIGH SCHOOL – TAYUG and unconscious awareness of the listeners and on the general
TAYUG, PANGASINAN interrelationship of chords and tones. They relied on the
expectations of the listeners that a tonic chord would normally
follow a dominant chord. By the substitution of another chord for
MAPEH the expected chord the musical composer could create a feeling of
MODULE 3 - GRADE 10 drama, suspense, and surprise. 20h century music relied less on
established relationships and expectations. Musical cues guided
the listeners. This was the fascination of 20th century music.
MUSICAL STYLES AND
The range of musical styles was vast from 1900 to 1950.The
MOVEMENTS AND THE music of Debussy, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Bartok, and other
GLOBALIZATION OF ART musical composers contained a very diverse style. There were great
differences in musical styles that it seemed that musical composers
Learning Objectives: used different musical languages. Folk and popular music from all
over the world, the music of Asia and Africa, and other European
countries were the sources of inspirations of musical composers.
 Identify and understand the
The modern period composers were attracted to unconventional
rhythm, sounds, and melodic pattern that deviated from the
traditional and common practice of Western music.
different musical forms and styles
Folk music was analyzed systematically. A leading scholar
in the study of folk music in his native Hungary and other parts in
Eastern Europe was Bela Bartok. Igor Stravinsky was fascinated by
that came about during the 20 th-
the folk music of Russia. Charles Ives used revival hymns, ragtime,
and patriotic songs.
Painters and musical composers were now interested in Asian and
21st century;
African cultures. Claude Debussy was fascinated by the Japanese
sound so he used the Oriental five-tone scale in his piano piece
entitled Pagodes (Pagodas) in 1903.The syncopated rhythms,
 Discuss the globalization of art;
improvisational quality, and the unique tone color of American
jazz also played a great influence on musical composers of the
period. Jazz elements were used by Debussy as early as 1908 in his
suite entitled Children's Corner.
Scholars have unearthed music from remote times during
This is material is a property of the school, the 20h century. Among the music that were rediscovered were
unauthorized distribution and/or those of Perotin and Machaut of the Medieval Period, Joaquin des
dissemination by any means is highly Prez from Renaissance, Purcell and Vivaldi from Baroque Period.
prohibited. Music from the past had been a great source of rhythms, forms,
and tone colors, textures, and other techniques. Elliot Carter used
the harpsichord in his Sonata for Flute, Cello, and Harpsichord in
1952.

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MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART
A light and transparent texture similar to the 18th century orchestra was utilized by the Russian
composer Prokofiev. Themes by the early composers was used by the composers of the period Benjamin Britten
based his Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra from Henry Purcel’s theme
The music of the 19h century composers like Wagner, Brahms, Mahler, Strauss, andv Moussorgsky is
considered as musical point of departure of the early 20h century musical composers.
Musicians were also affected by the political, economic, and social events of the 206. 21 st century. The
largest migrations of musicians and composers occurred during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany. Among the
musicians who migrated to the United States to escape Hitler’s persecution were Arnold Schoenberg, Igor
Stravinsky, and Bela Bartok.
The patrons of 20th-21st modern music were the American colleges and universities. Composers,
scholars, and performers were trained and employed in these colleges and universities.
Musical societies with the aim of hearing new music were organized in the twilight of World War I. The
International Society for Contemporary Music was one of these societies. The 1950’s and the 1960’s were
dominated by orchestral music. The music of Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky were used in the Russian
ballet of Sergei Diaghilev. Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidġe patronized the music of Arnold Schoenberg and
Bela Bartok.

Tone Color
Tone color had become an important element of music than ever before in the 20 th century Webern used eerie,
bell-like sounds at the beginning of his Orchestral Piece Op. 10, No. 3 up to the end that were vital to the form.
It will lose the tone color quality of the composition if it had been played in the piano. In modern music,
uncommon playing technique like the use of noise-like and percussive sounds had become normal. Musical
composers widely used glissando, a rapid slide up and down on the scale ladder. Woodwind and brass players
produced a fluttery sound by rapidly rolling their tongues while they play. Rather than with the bow’s hair,
string players strike the strings with sticks.
20h Century composers wrote musical works for unconventional performing groups in which percussion plays
a vital role. The orchestra’s percussion section was expanded by using varied musical instruments like the
xylophone, celesta, wood blocks, and noisemakers like sirens, typewriters, drums and others. Among the finest
musical works for percussion ensemble are Stravinsky’s The Wedding (1914) for vocal soloist, chorus, 4 pianos,
and percussion; Bartok’s Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta (1936) and Varese’s Ionization. (1931).
Modern orchestral and chamber works have a transparent sound. Individual tone color is clearly
audible. Individual melodic lines were played simultaneously, with each melodic line having different timbres.
There is less emphasis on blended sounds

Harmony
During the 20th century, there was fundamental changes in the treatment of chords. Before 1900, the two
divisions of chords were: dissonant and consonant. A dissonant chord is unstable and its tension demanded
onward motion or resolution to a stable chord, a consonant chord. A consonant chord is stable and serves as a
point of rest or arrival. Traditionally, only a triad (a 3-note chord) could be consonant. But the distinction
between these two chords were abandoned by the early 20th century. Now dissonant is treated like a consonant
and a consonant like a dissonant.

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MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART
General principles in chord construction existed before 1900. Only certain chords were considered
chords while other chords were not considered as chords. The core of traditional harmony was the triad. There
is a major and minor triad. Fresh harmonies were created by 20 th century composers by placing traditional
chords against another. This chord combination is called polychord, two chords heard at the same time.
The use of the chordal structure not based on triads is another development on 20 th century harmony.
One of the commonly used chordal structure is the fourth chord in which tones are fourth apart.
Another harmony innovation is the use of tone cluster, chords made up of tones only half step or whole step
apart. It can be produced on piano by striking a group of adjacent key with the palm of the hand or forearm.
The use of alternatives to the traditional tonal system was also used by 20h century composers in
addition to new chord structures. The system of tonal gravity or key feeling indicated by the key signature has
been weakened by rapid and frequent key shifts or modulation. After 1900, the traditional system was still used
by some composers; some composers discarded it entirely. The traditional tonal system was based on a central
tone, a major or minor scale and triad, and there was a relationship between tonic and the dominant triads.
This system was modified in various ways after 1900.
The 20th-21s century musical composers used scales other than the major and minor scales to create
new sounds. There was a revival of the church modes that was frequently used before 1600.Other composers
borrowed from Oriental scales while others were innovative enough to create their own scale progressions.
The musical composers also used polytonality, another approach to pitch organization which uses two
or more keys at one time. Bitonality is the use of two keys. Bitonality was used by Stravinsky in his Petrushka
when one clarinet plays in major and another in #F major.
The different keys are heard more when there is greater contrast in tone color, register, and rhythm between
the different layers of sound. Atonality, another departure from the traditional key is the absence of tonality or
key. Schoenberg wrote musical pieces based on atonality around 1908, wherein he avoided the traditional
chord progressions and used all 12 tones without regard to the major-minor relationship. Rather than singling
out one pitch as the tonal system does, this system gives equal prominence to each of the 12 chromatic tones.
The 12-tone system was used by Schoenberg and his disciples for about 20 years but during the 1950’s it came
to be used by musical composers all over the world.

Rhythm
New ways to organize rhythm accompanied the new techniques of pitch organization. Increasing emphasis on
irregularity and unpredictability expanded music’s rhythmic vocabulary. Rhythm, one of the most striking
elements of 20th-21st century in music, is used to generate power, drive, and excitement.
Folk music from all over the world, art music from the Middle Ages, and jazz were the sources of new rhythmic
procedures. The imagination of Stravinsky and Copland were fired by the syncopation and complex rhythmic
combinations of jazz. Rapid meter changes characterized 20 th-21st century music. Beats were organized into
regularly recurring groups before the 20th-21st century; the accented beats come to equal time intervals. But at
the advent of the 20th-21st century, beats were grouped irregularly, and the accented beat comes at an unequal
time interval.

Musical Movements in the 20th-21st Century

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 DIVINE MONTESSORI AND HIGH SCHOOL OF TAYUG
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MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART
Many different musical movements coexisted in the 20 th-21st century. The most prominent are
impressionism, expressionism, and neoclassicism.
Impressionism
The term impressionism was first used in poetry and painting. Later, the term was applied in music
where it refers to a type of art which seeks to portray the fascinating sounds of nature-the sounds of waves, the
flowing waters, the chirping of birds, and the rhythmic flow of music and dance. Images and impressions were
evoked by the sounds of music rather than meaning. Impressionistic music was characterized by delicacy,
subtlety, and vagueness achieved by using such devices like whole-tone, pentatonic, and other unusual scales;
extended tertian and non-tertian chords; and parallel harmonic progressions. The muted strings, muted brass,
light woodwinds, and delicate percussion effects are used to achieve a unique timbre.

Claude Debussy adapted impressionism in his musical compositions. He invented it, perfected it,
finished it. His programmatic titles do not suggest literal descriptions but rather subjective moods awakened by
impressionistic concepts. Elements like melody, rhythm, and articulated formal structures that are expected in
music were discarded in favor of shifting harmony made up of chromatic and altered chords.

Expressionism
This movement covers up rational structure relationships. It goes hand in hand with painting in that
both tend to ignore or to cover up rational structural relationships. Arnold Schoenberg started the
expressionism movement in music. The 12-tone row or so called “serial” technique was the solution offered by
Schoenberg in unifying the composers’ lost faith in its tonal roots.
Expressionism, a counter reaction to French impressionistic tendencies, can be considered a return to
and continuation of Wagner’s musical developments leading to the 12-tone school of Arnold Schoenberg.
Expressionism replaced impressionism’s music by vivid boldness that was achieved by using chromatic lines,
dissonant chords, irregular rhythms, thick textures, and massive orchestral timbres.
Neo-Classicism
Some musical composers turned to the musical thought of earlier periods for inspiration in reaction to
both late Romanticism and Impressionism. Diatonic melodies and harmonies, clear texture and orchestration,
and regular rhythms and forms were adopted. There was a renewed emphasis on objectivity and craftsmanship
rather than experimentation.
The triumph of Neo-classic music is the symphony, a perfect fusion of form and content. Igor
Stravinsky wrote musical compositions in neoclassical style using scales, chords, and tone color in a generally
clear and traditional way. He introduced a new approach of rhythmic freedom where he went beyond
syncopation and frequent change in meter. Syncopation is the displacing of regular accent and the result is the
offbeat meter. Multimeter is frequent changes of time signatures within a composition.
Igor Stravinsky implemented the neoclassical style when he used scales, chords,and tone colors in a
traditional and clear way.

Other Musical Styles

Twelve-Tone Music
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MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART
This emerged in the early 1920’s which followed the Schoenbergian principle of 12 notes of the equal
tempered scale which are arranged in particular order forming a series off row that serves as the basis of a
musical composition. The note-row may be used in its original form or inverted retrograde or retrograde
inverted. In each of these forms it may be transposet to any pitch (each note row may thus have possible 48
forms). Any note-row may be repeated but the order must be maintained. Octave transpositions are permitted.
Nationalism
A number of modern musical composers have come back to the folk music of their native countries,creating
music that can either be radical or conservative,depending upon the musical composer’s style.
Futurism
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
This
CC BYis an insignificant stylistic development in music. It is characterized by the use of noise in place of, or in
addition to, musical sounds.

II. ARTS
The Globalization of Art
Modern communication and travel technologies made the world smaller and smaller and binging its
people closer and closer. The Internet, cellphone, cable television, and other technological wonders have
brough people into one big global community.
The arts had been profoundly affected by the globalization of culture. All types of contemporary art have
spread worldwide. The new creative efforts of contemporary artists have fertilized all art forms.
The quest by artists to find new art styles continues. Artists in different countries employ international
modes of expression to interpret the contemporary world in the light of their own cultures and traditions.
George D. Green’s painting, Magician: Woman With Horns, is a starling piece of trompe I’ceil illusionism,
evoking both the collage of Picasso, Renaissance perspective, Romantic landscape, and ancient totems.

James Quick-to-See Smith’s Petroglyph Park uses a linear abstract expressionist style that links the
markings and symbols of her native American heritage with the influences of neo. -expressionist painters.

Petroglyph Park

The installation art Cultural Melting Bath by Gai Guo Qiang was based on traditional Chinese beliefs
about the making of the universe combining four of the five basic elements (earth, water, wood, metal) to
soothe the nerves
This ofUnknown
Photo by urban city-dwellers
Author is licensedwho
underreside in an increasingly multi-cultural world.
CC BY Cultural Melting Bath

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 DIVINE MONTESSORI AND HIGH SCHOOL OF TAYUG
MAPEH
MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Igor Mitoraj, a German-born sculptor brought qualities of Greek art to contemporary sculpture in his art work
Sleeping Head.
Sleeping Head

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-NC-ND
Richard Misrach’s concern for the environment is evident in his photograph Submerged Lamppost, Salton Sea
which captures the silent beauty of a small California town flooded by a misguided irrigation system.

Submerged Lamppost, Salton Sea

III- ACTIVITY
A. Answer the following This
questions.
Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA-NC
1. Where was the new musical style used?

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 DIVINE MONTESSORI AND HIGH SCHOOL OF TAYUG
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MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART

2. Give the significance of technological and scientific advancements in music.

3. Describe the following movements in music:

a. Impressionism
b. Expressionism
c. Neoclassicism

4. Describe the other musical styles:

a. Twelve-Tone Music
b. Nationalism
c. Futurism

B. Fill in the missing letters to form the correct answers.

1. ___ I ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
- clashing musical chords
2. ___ ___ ___ ___ E ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ I ___ -
music which dominated the 1950’s and 1960’s

3. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___
- refers to a type of art which seeks to portray the fascinating sounds of nature

4. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___.
- this movement covers up rational structural relationships

5. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___O ___ ___

- the triumph of neoclassic music which is a perfect fusion of form and content

6. ___ ___ ___ ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
- the displacing of regular accent and the result is the offbeat meter

7. ___ ___ ___ ___ I ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

- frequent changes of time signatures within a composition

8. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ I ___ ___

- this is an insignificant stylistic development in music
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MODULE 3 - GRADE 10
MUSICAL STYLES AND MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART

9. ___ ___ ___ ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
-music created that can either be radical or conservative, depending upon the musical composer’s style

10. ___ ___ ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___ ___0 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
0
-started the expressionism movement in music

11. ___ ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___ A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
- implemented the neoclassical style in his musical compositions using scales, chords, and tone color in
generally clear and traditional way

12. ___ ___A ___ ___ ___ ___ E ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
- adopted impressionism in his musical compositions

13. ___ ___ E ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ E ___ ___ ___ ___ ___I ___
- A musical style in which any note may be represented but the order must be maintained

14. ___ ___ ___ A ___ ___ ___ ___ O ___

- One of the Jewish musicians who migrated to the United States during the Nazi dictatorship in
Germany

15. ___ O ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ I ___ ___ ___
- a technological advancement that brought music in the comfort of the homes

C. Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the globalization of arts.

2.Why do artists in different countries employ international modes of expression?