Theories, Models and

Frameworks

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Information System in Health
Care Industry
•Informatics?
•Is the science of information, the practice of
information processing, and the engineering of
information system.
•Studies the structure, algorithms, behavior, and
interactions of natural and artificial systems that
store, process, access and communicate
information
•Also develops its own conceptual and theoretical
foundations and utilizes foundations developed in
other fields
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Information System in Health
Care Industry
•Informatics?
•Collective term referring to a system of data
records and activities that processes and
translate the data into information in an
automated process.
•Processing of data involves the use of computer
systems and specialized software that
manipulates the information – processing
activities of the organization.
•Computer – based information systems are in
the field of IT.
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Information System in Health
Care Industry
•Informatics?
•Thus, the discipline of nursing informatics is
related to the processing of data of patients
records into information which are supported by
information systems.
•Various types of information systems:
•Decision support system for patient care
•Patient data profiling
•Knowledge discovery and management
•Transaction records processing system
•Hospital information system
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Information System in Health
Care Industry
•Various types of information systems:
•Pharmacy health system
•Clinical information system
•Electronic health records
•Critical care system
•Patient care management
•Hospital facility management
•Ambulatory and laboratory information system
•Nursing information system

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Information System in Health
Care Industry
•Implementation?
•Will depend on the management
•Issues on security and integrity of data

•Advantage of introduction of HIS in the

Philippines?

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Preservation of Health Care Quality
through Nursing Informatics
•DOH: are trying to educate and inform the public
about health care quality. Unfortunately, not all
Filipinos appreciate and realize the benefit of health
care quality
•Thus, it is a combined challenge for the nurse and
the health care giver to do the job.
•Purpose: offer expert advice and suggest
noteworthy approaches to solve medical problems,
illnesses, sickness, ailment, disorder and
complaints.
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Preservation of Health Care Quality
through Nursing Informatics
•Solution: typically involves a multitude of strategies,
including regulatory reforms, financial incentives,
independent oversight, and patient education
•Regulatory reforms are already conceptualized
when the 14th Congress of the RP, on its second
session, introduces the implementation of Health
Information Technology (HIT), through the effort of
the Senate.
•Art. 8, Sec. 11 of the 1987 Constitution provides
the state.
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Preservation of Health Care
Quality through Nursing
Informatics
•Art. 8, Sec. 11 of 1987: “the state shall adopt an
integrated and comprehensive approach to health
development which shall endeavor to make essential
goods, health and other social services available to
all the people.

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Paradigm Shift
•Information: Influences people to change their activities such
as the proper way of eating balanced foods.
•Also creates pressure for the hospital management to
change the scheme of pricing the hospital services and
implement new strategies which focus more on the health
care service rather than the business.

•Basic steps to properly implement the nursing information

system in the hospital:
•Stage I:
1. Commencing the project
2. Collecting and analyzing the data
3. Translate data into information (with statistical
processes)
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Paradigm Shift
•Basic steps to properly implement the nursing information
system in the hospital:
•Stage II:

1. Dissemination of information
2. Support from the client
3. Project evaluation

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Components of Nursing Informatics

•DATA: simply exists and has no significance beyond its

existence
•Can exist in any form, usable or not
•Does not have meaning of itself
•In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out
by holding data.
•Information, often in the form of facts or figures
obtained from experiments or surveys, used as a basis
for making calculations or drawing conclusions
•Information, for example, numbers, text, images, and
sounds, in a form that is suitable for storage in or
processing by a computer

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Components of Nursing Informatics
•INFORMATION: a data that has given a meaning by way of
relational connection
•Meaning can be useful, but does not have to be
•In computer parlance, a relational database makes
information from the data stored within it.
•Definite knowledge acquired or supplied about something
or somebody
•The collected facts and data about a particular subject
•A telephone service that supplies telephone numbers to
the public on request
•The communication of facts and knowledge
•Computer data that has been organized and presented in
a systematic fashion to clarify the underlying meaning
•A formal accusation of a crime brought by a prosecutor,
as opposed to an indictment brought by a grand jury
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Components of Nursing Informatics
•KNOWLEDGE: appropriate collection of information, such
that its intended to be useful
•Deterministic process
•When someone “memorizes” information, then they have
amassed knowledge.
•Has useful meaning but it does not provide for, in and of
itself, integration such as would infer further knowledge
•General awareness or possession of information, facts,
ideas, truths or principles
•Clear awareness or explicit information, for example, of a
situation or fact
•All the information, facts, truths, and principles learned
throughout time.
•Familiarity or understanding gained through experience or
study
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Components of Nursing Informatics
•UNDERSTANDING: an interpolative and probabilistic
process
•Cognitive and analytical
•Process by which it can take knowledge and synthesize
new knowledge from the previously held knowledge
•The difference between understanding and knowledge is
the difference between learning and memorizing
•People with understanding can undertake useful actions
because they can synthesize new knowledge, or in some
cases, at least new information, from what is previously
known
•Can build upon currently held information, knowledge and
understanding itself
•In computer, all system possess understanding in the
sense that they are able to synthesize new knowledge
from previously stored information and knowledge.
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Hierarchy of Knowledge,
Information and Data

KNOWLEDGE
Rules
Relationship
Ideas

INFORMATION
Formatted
Filtered
Manipulated

DATA
Facts
Images
Sounds

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Converting Data into Information
PATIENTS DATA AND
MEDICAL RECORDS
Systolic and Diastolic
Readings
Body Temperature
BMI, Bone Mass Density
Drug Dosage Requirement
Cost of hospitalization,
laboratory records, patient
mapping
Nurses schedules, health
care management
Accident records
POSSIBLE METHODS OF CONVERTING DATA
INTO INFORMATION
Plot charts, create tables and identify trends
Find average, typical readings and variances
Present complex data as a chart or graph
Monitor changes over time and forecast future
values
Compare figures, identify similarities and prepare
trending
Asses whether a result is significant or occurred by
chance
Assess whether one thing is related to another

•Then how will you convert information to knowledge?

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Characteristics of Data Quality
•Frequently described in terms of data relevancy,
completeness, accuracy, precision, accessibility and
timeliness
•Referred to data integrity
Data Relevancy
•Meaningful to the performance of the process or application
for which they are collected
•PRIMARY: name, age, sex
•SECONDARY: occupation, health habits, environment
•IRRELEVANT: hobbies, favorite color, organization

N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Legality of Data Collection
•Data items should be easily obtainable or legal to collect
such as weight, height, temperature, systolic and diastolic
reading
•Data can be converted or translated to information and
eventually to knowledge or can be coupled to other
disciplined to concretize the knowledge
•Weight and height of the patient can be translated into BSA
and it can be used to integrate to other information to obtain a
knowledge such as the required drug dosage requirement
Drug Comprehensiveness
•All the data items required should be included
•Data collection scheme should anticipate future data needs;
such as flexibility of data is essential.
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S
 Drug Appropriateness
•Data attributes and their values should be defined at the
correct level of details
Data Timeliness
•Data gathering has to done on real time so that immediate
preparedness will be applied to unaffected areas or
community and proper response from the health care
provider are provided instantaneously
Data Consistencies and Data Uniqueness
•There should be no overlapping entities, the values should
be the same and consistent within the hospital and clinic
department and outside the hospital.
•Should also be consistent to the other health institutions,
regulatory and policy makers, schools and universities, health
agency
N U R S I N G I N F O R M AT I C S