CHAPTER:-1 Fundamental of Electric Circuits

Questions
1. Define following:

1) Electricity 2) Electric Potential 3) Potential Difference 4) Electric

Current 5) Resistance 6) Conductance 7) Resistivity 8) E.M.F. 9) Electrical
Energy 10) Electrical Power 11) Pulsating DC 12) Direct Current 13) Alternating
Current 14) Cycle 15) Time Period 16) Frequency 17) Amplitude/maximum
value/crest value/ peak value 18) Phase 19) Angular velocity 20) Phase
Difference 21) Average Value 22) R.M.S. Value 23) Form Factor 24) Wave form:
The graphical representation of the alternating quantity is called as waveform. 25)
Peak Factor/crest factor/amplitude factor 26) Power Factor 2

1)Electricity:- Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the

presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge.

2)Electic Potential:- The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a
reference point to a specific point against an electric field.

Formula of electric potential = V=k*q/r

V= electric potential
k= Coloumb consttant
q= Charge
r= Distance of separation

3)Potential difference:- The difference in potential between two points that

represents the work involved or the energy released in the transfer of a unit
quantity of electricity from one point to the other.

Formula of Potential difference = V= I*R

V= Voltage
I= Current
R= Resistence

4)Electric Current:- An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as

electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space.

Unit of electric current is Amphere(A)

5)Resistance:- Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an

electrical circuit.

Unit of resistence is Ohm(O)

6)Conductance:- Conductance is an expression of the ease with which electric

current flows through materials like metals and nonmetals.

7)Resistivity:- Electrical resistivity is a fundamental property of a material that

measures how strongly it resists electric current.

8)E.M.F:- The electric potential produced by either electrochemical cell or by

changing the magnetic field.

Formula of E.M.F= E = W/Q

E=Electromotive force
W=Work done
Q=Charge
9)Electrical energy:- Electrical energy is the energy derived from electric
potential energy or kinetic energy of the charged particles.

10)Electrical power:- Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which
electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.

Unit of the electrical power is Watt

11)Pulsating DC:- Pulsed DC (PDC) or pulsating direct current is a periodic current

which changes in value but never changes direction.

12)Direct Current (D.C):- Direct current is one-directional flow of electric

charge.

13)Alternating Current (A.C):- Alternating current is an electric current which

periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time in
contrast to direct current which flows only in one direction.

14)Cycle:- One complete wave of alternating current or voltage.

15)Time Period:- A time period (denoted by 'T'' ) is the time taken for one
complete cycle of vibration to pass a given point.

16)Frequency:- Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit

of time.

17)Amplitude/maximum value/crest value/peak value:- The amplitude of a periodic

variable is a measure of its change in a single period.

Formula of Amplitude = x= A*Sin(w[t - K]) + b

x= oscillating variable
A= amplitude
w= angular frequency
t= time
K= arbitrary constant representing time offset
b= arbitrary constant representing displacement offset

18)Phase:- A particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of

changes phases of the moon.

19)Angular velocity:- Angular velocity or rotational velocity, also known as

angular frequency vector, is a vector measure of rotation rate, that refers to how
fast an object rotates or revolves relative to another point

Formula of angular velocity:- w= theta / t

20)Phase difference:- Phase difference is the difference in phase angle between two
sinusoids or phasors. In a three-phase system, the phase difference between
conductors is one-third of a cycle.

21)Average value:- The average of all the instantaneous values of an alternating

voltage and currents over one complete cycle is called Average Value.

22)R.M.S Value:- That steady current which, when flows through a resistor of known
resistance for a given period of time than as a result the same quantity of heat is
produced by the alternating current when flows through the same resistor for the
same period of time is called R.M.S or effective value of the alternating current.
 Formula of the R.M.S Value=square root of two ( 1/v2 ).

23)Form Factor:- The ratio between the volume of a tree and that of a geometric
solid (as a cylinder) having the same diameter and height.

24)Wave form:-The graphical representation of the alternating quantity is called as

waveform.

25)Peak Factor/crest factor/amplitude factor:- Peak Factor is defined as the ratio

of maximum value to the R.M.S value of an alternating quantity.

26)Power Factor:- The power factor of an AC power system is defined as the ratio of
the real power absorbed by the load to the apparent power flowing in the circuit,
and is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of -1 to 1