RANGANATHAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Viraliyur, coimbatore-641109.

Electrical Drives and Controls - IV SEM

Prepared by
NIRMAL KUMAR , Lect/ EEE

UNIT I
1. What is current?

The flow of free electrons in any conductor is called current. Unit of

current is ampere and it is denoted by the letter (I).

2. What is EMF?

It is the force which causes to flow the electrons in any closed circuit.
The unit of electromotive force is volt.

3. What is volt?

It is the unit of emf and potential difference (p.d.).One volt is defined as

the p.d. across a resistance of one ohm carrying a current of one ampere.

4. Define electric potential.

When a body is charged, work is done for charging it. This work done is
stored in the body in the form of potential energy. The charged body has
the capacity to do work by moving other charges

The ability or capacity of a charged body to do work is called electric

potential.
 Electric potential(v) = Work done/charge=W/Q

5. What is potential difference?

The difference in the potentials of two charged bodies is called potential

difference.

6. What is work?

Work is said to be done on a body. When a force acts on it, the body
moves through some distance. The unit of work is joule or Newton-meter

Work= force*distance N.M.

7. What is Power?

Power is the rate of doing work . In other words, power is the work done
per unit time. Its unit is Newton meter per sec(or)joules/sec.

Power=work done/time N.Metre/sec(or)Joules/sec

8. What is energy?

Energy is the capacity to do work

Energy =power*time

unit joules

9. Write Ohm’s law.

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Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature the current flow through a
conductor is directly propotional to the potential difference between the two
ends of the conductor .

V=IR R is a constant and is called the resistance of the conductor.

10.What is Resistance?

The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current is

called résistance,

it is represented by ‘R’.

The unit of résistance is ohm(Ω)

11. Write kirchoff’s first law: current law or point law.

The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point or junction in an

electric circuit is zero.

It also stated as :the sum of the currents flowing towards any junction in
an electric circuit is equal to the sum of current flowing away from the
junction.

12. Write krichoff’s second law: voltage law or Mesh law.

In any closed circuit or mesh, the algebraic sum of all the electromotive
forces and the voltage drops is equal to zero

Algebraic sum of e.m.f.’s + Algebraic sum of voltage drops=0

13. Define magnetic flux.

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 The region around a permanent magnet or the space around a current
carrying conductor is occupied by the lines of force called the magnetic
field of force or magnetic field.

The magnetic field is represented by imaginary lines of force known as

magnetic flux.

14. Define magnetic flux density (B).

The flux density is the magnetic flux per unit area taken perpendicularly
to the direction of the magnetic flux.

It is usually denoted by the letter B and its unit is tesla (Weber/Sq.

meter).if a flux of ‘ϕ’ weber is passing through an area of ‘A’ Square meter,
then the flux density B is given by B=ϕ/A web/sqm

15. Define magneto motive force(MMF).

The force which establish the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit is called
magneto motive force. It corresponds to electro motive force.(e.m.f.)In an
electric circuit.

F=NI ampere turns

Where N=number of turns in a coil

I=current through a coil

16. What is Reluctance(S).

Reluctance is the property of a material which opposes the

establishment of magnetic flux in it. It is similar to resistance in an electric
circuit.

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 Reluctance=mmf/ϕ.

So the unit of reluctance is AT/Wb.

17. Define magnetic field intensity and write its other names.

The mmf/unit length of the magnetic circuit is termed as ”magnetic field

intensity”. The magnetic field intensity is denoted by the letter H and its unit
is Ampere turns/meter. It is also known as magnetizing force or magnetic
field strength.

H=NI/l

Where H=magnetic field intensity AT/meter.

N=number of turns of the coil.

I=current through the coil ,in Amperes.

And l=length of the magnetic circuit in meters.

18. What is permeability.

A coil having air as the medium sets up a certain flux, when a current
flows through the coil. If now a magnetic material is introduced into the coil
,the flux increases for the same current. Hence it is observed that the
introduction of magnetic material, increases the flux density in a magnetic
circuit. hence for given magnetizing force, the measure of effectiveness of
increasing flux density in a magnetic medium depends on the material and
the property is called permeablility of the material represented by μ. unit is
Henry/metre.

B∝H

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B= μ H

μ=B/H

19. Write the first law of faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

It states that flux linking in a conductor changes, an e.m.f is induced in it.

20. Write the second law of faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction.

It states that the magnitude of induced emf in a conductor is equal to the

rate of change of flux linkages.

Emf (e)=-N*dϕ/dt

21. What is Torque?

Torque is the twisting moment or turning moment of a circulating body. Unit

is Newton-metre.1kg-M=9.81 N-M.

22. What is D.C. generator?

A generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into (direct

current)electrical energy.

23. What are the types of D.C. generators?

I. Separately excited D.C. generator

II Self excited D.C. generator

i shunt generator

ii series generator

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 iii compound generator

depends on the shunt field connection

a. long shunt generator

b. short shunt generator

depends on the field supply

e. cumulative generator

d. differential generator

24. What is D.C. motor?

D.C. motor converts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy

When electrical energy is supplied, the machine rotates and produces

mechanical torque capable of driving other machine in such occasion it is
called motor.

25. What are the types of D.C. motors?

I. Separately excited D.C. motor

II Self excited D.C. motor

i shunt motor

ii series motor

iii compound motor

depends on the shunt field connection

a. long shunt motor

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 b. short shunt motor

depends on the field supply

e. cumulative motor

d. differential motor

26. What is the necessity of starter?

Starter is used to minimize the starting current of motor

27. What are the types of starters used in D.C. motors?

Two point starter (for series motor)

Three point starter (for shunt motor & compound motors)

Four point starter (for shunt motor & compound motors)

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 UNIT II

1. what is A.C. current?

A.C. means alternating current. An alternating current is one which

reverse periodically in direction and whose magnitude undergoes a definite
cycle of changes in definite interval of time.

2. write the A.C. voltage expression.

e=Em sinωt

where, e=instantaneous value of alternating voltage.

Em =Maximum value of alternating voltage.

ω =angular velocity of the coil.

3. write the A.C. current expression.

i=Im sinωt

where, i=instantaneous value of alternating current.

Im =Maximum value of alternating current.

ω =angular velocity of the coil.#

4. What is cycle in A.C.?

one complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating

quantity is called a cycle.

5. What is time period?

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 The time taken to complete one cycle of an alternating quantity is called
its time period. It is represented by T.

6. What is frequency?

The number of cycles made by an alternating quantity per second is

called its frequency.the unit of frequency is Hertz (HZ)

7. What is amplitude?

The maximum +ve or –ve value of an alternating quantity is called

amplitude or peakvalue.

8. What is average value?

The average value can also be obtained by finding the area under the
curve and dividing it by the base.

Average value=Area under the curve/Base length

9. What is R.M.S. value?

When an alternating current flows through a resistance for a certain time,

certain amount of heat is produced. Now assume that a direct current is
passed through the same resistance for the same time such that the same
amount of heat is developed. This value of steady current which has
caused the same heat as that of alternating current is known as Root mean
Square value of Effective value.

Vrms=Vm/√2

Irms=Im/√2

10. what is form factor?

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 The ratio of r.m.s. value to the average value of an alternating quantity
is called form factor.

Form factor=R.M.S. value/Average value

11. what is peak factor?

The ratio of maximum value to the r.m.s. value of an alternating quantity

is called peak factor.

Peak factor=Maximum value/R.M.S. value

12. what is inductance?

When the current in a coil changes an emf is induced in it, which

opposes the change of current in the coil. This property of the coil is called
its self inductance (or) inductance is Henry. The unit of inductance is
Henry.

13. What is mean by inductive reactance?

The opposition offered by an inductor is called inductive reactance. It is

denoted by XL. the unit of inductive reactance is ohms.

XL=2πfL f=frequency in hertz ;L=inductance in henry

14.What is mean by capacitive reactance?

The opposition offered by a capacitance is called capacitive reactance. It

is denoted by XC. the unit of capacitive reactance is ohms.

XC=1/2πfC 2πfL f=frequency in hertz; C=capacitance in farads

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15. What is mean by impedance?

It is the combined opposition of resistance, inductive reactance and

capacitive reactance to the current flow. Its unit is ohm. It is represented by
Z

Z=V/I

16. What is power factor?

It is the cosine of the angle between voltage vector and current vector

p.f. = cos ϕ

ϕ is the angle between voltage and current

also power factor may be defined as the ratio between resistance and
impedance of the circuit p.f.=R/Z=cosϕ

17. What are the inter connections of three phases?

i. Star or Wye connection (Y)

ii. Delta or Mesh connection (Δ)

18. What is transformer?

The device which is used to stepping up or stepping down of voltages is

known as transformer. They can step up or step down alternating voltages
only

19. What are the three essential parts in transformer?

i. primary winding

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ii. secondary winding

iii. laminated iron core

20.write the types of transformer.

i. core type

ii. shell type

21. What are the losses present in the transformers?

The power losses in a transformer are of two types namely

i. core losses(or)iron losses

ii. copper losses

22. What is mean by alternators?

Alternating current generators are usually called alternators.

23. What are the types of alternators presents normally depends on

its rotor construction?

According to the construction of rotor, alternators are classified into two

types

i. Salient pole alternator

ii. Cylinderical type (Non salient pole)alternator

24. What are the types of A.C.motors?

Mainly classified

i. 1ϕ induction motor
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ii. 3ϕ induction motor

iii. Synchronous motor

According to the rotor construction, 3 phase induction motors are classified

into

i. 3ϕ squirrel cage induction motor

ii. 3ϕ slip ring induction motor

According to the construction and method of starting 1ϕ induction motors

are classified into

i. Split phase motor

ii. Capacitor type motor

iii. Shaded pole motor

iv. Universal motor

v. Repulsion type motor

25.What are the types of speed controlling methods used in

A.C.motors?

i. By changing the supply frequency

ii. By changing the supply voltage

iii. By inserting resistance in rotor circuit.

iv. By injecting emf in the rotor circuit.

v. By changing the number of poles of motor.

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vi. By cascading of motors, the speed can be controlled

26. what are the types of starters used in A.C.motors?

i. D.O.L. Starter

ii. Star-Delta starter

iii. Auto transformer starter

iv. Rotor resistance starter

UNIT III

1. What is PMDC?

Permanent Magnet D.C. motor it is same as that of D.C. shunt motor with
the difference that there is a permanent magnet instead of stationary field
winding for producing the required magnetic flux.

2. What is stepper motor?

Stepper motor does not run continuously but rotates in jerks or step in
either direction when electric pulse is given to it;and also it is a digital
output giving mechanical device

3. Write the step angle formula for the stepper motor.

Angular shift a = 360°/Number of stator phases * number of rotor poles

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4. Write the applications of stepper motor.

i. used for table positioning of machine tools

ii. used for tap drive

iii. used for recorders

iv. used for x-y plotters

v. used for numerical control machines

vi. used in electronic typewriters and teleprinters

5. What is BLDC?

Brush Less D.C. motor are kown as BLDC

6. What is PMSM?

Permanent magnet synchronous motor is known as PMSM

7. Write the applications of PMSM.

i.PM motors are commonly used office machines, printers and disc drives,
tape drives

ii.used for manufacturing position equipments such as an industrial robot.

iii.used in numerically controlled milling machines

8. What are the types of industrial drives?

The electric drives are classified into three types. They are

i. individual drive

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ii. group drive

iii. multi motor drive

9. What is mean by individual drive?

In individual drive single electric motor is used to drive one individual

machine.

10. What are the advantages of individual drives?

i. The machines can be installed at any desired position

ii. If there is a fault in one motor other machines will not be affected
since they are working independently
iii. Each operator has complete control of his machine. He can vary its
speed, if necessary and stop while not in use. Thus no load losses
can be eliminated.
iv. Continuity in the production of the industry is achieved.
v. Efficiency of the system is high.

11. What is mean by group drive?

In group drive, a single motor drives a number of machines. The

motor is mechanically connected to a long shaft. It is also called line shaft
drive.

12. What are the advantages of group drive?

i. initial cost is less compared to individual drive.

ii. in group drive system all the operations can be stopped simultaneously

iii. only less space is required as compared to individual drive.

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iv. it requires little maintenance as compared to individual drive.

13. What are the disadvantages of group drive?

i. if the motor fails all the operations will be stopped.

ii. if the most of the machines are idle the main motor will operate on load
with less efficiency.

iii. the noise level at the work site is quite high.

iv. group drive has low power factor.

v. it is not possible to install any machine at a distant palace.

vi.speed control of individual machine is not possible

14. What is mean by multi motor drive?

In multimotor drives separate motors are used for operating different

parts of the same mechanism.E.g., in case of an overhead crane, different
motors are used for hoisting, long travel motion and cross travel motion

15. What are the blocks present in the variable frequency drive?

Powersupplyunit, Rectifier, filters, variable frequency inverters.

16. What is mean by earthing ?

Earthing or grounding means direct connection of all metallic non-current

carrying parts of electrical equipments such as motor body, metallic
covering of cables, earth terminals of socket outlet etc to the general mass
of earth

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 The earth electrode is buried in the ground. A wire coming from the
ground of 2.5 to 3 meters depth from an electrode is called earthing. Its
potential is always zero in practical

17. What is the necessity of earthing?

The purpose of earthing the electrical equipments is to bring it to zero

potential and thereby to avoid the shock to operator

18. What is mean by electric shock?

When live wire touches the body, current completes its path through
body and earth. this action gives electric shock to the human body.

19. Write some precautions against electric shock.

i. all electrical equipments are connected with good quality wires

ii. Before replacing a blown out fuse always put the main switch off

iii. Always keep the earth connection in good condition

20. What is mean by accident?

Accident may be defined as an unplanned and unexpected event.

21. What are the causes of accident?

i. unsafe conditions

ii. unsafe acts

22. What are the factors which causes accidents?

There are some other factors which cause accidents such as

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i. Mechanical factors

ii. Environmental factors

iii. Human factors

23. Write some prevention methods for accident.

i. Sufficient illumination and ventilation should be provided.

ii. Repairing the machines should be done when it is running

iii. All the tools should be kept in proper places.

24. What is mean by energy conservation?

Energy conservation means using energy more efficiently or reducing

wastages of energy.

25. What are the needs of energy conservation?

Energy conservation is needed to reduce the wastage of energy.

i. fuel savings

ii. Lesser maintenance costs.

iii. Lesser pollution

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UNIT IV

1. what is diode?

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A diode is a two terminal electronic component. It acts like a kind of
electrical gate. It only allows electrical current to flow through it in one
direction

2. what is mean by intrinsic semiconductor?

Intrinsic semiconductor is a pure semiconductor without mix any other

material

3. What is mean by doping?

Adding of impurities (one type of material atom mix with other material)to a
particular semiconductor is called doping.

4. What is mean by extrinsic semiconductor?

Semiconductor which after doping is called extrinsic semiconductor

5. what is the cut-in voltage of silicon and germanium diode?

Silicon-0.7v, germanium-0.3v

6. What is mean by rectifier?

Rectifier is an electronic device. It converts an AC signal into DC signal.

7. what are the types of rectifiers?

There are three types of rectifiers namely,

i. Half wave rectifier

ii. Full wave rectifier

iii. Bridge rectifier

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8. What is mean by transformer utility factor?

TUF=DC power delivered to the load/AC power rating of the transformer

secondary

9. what is mean by Ripple factor?

It is defined as the ratio between the R.M.S. value of Ac component and

DC component in the ripple output

γ = √ (Irms/Idc)2-1

10. What is filter?

Filter is a circuit that contains only passive components. It is used to

convert pulsating DC signal into a steady (pure) Dc signal.

11. What are the types of filters?

i. capacitor filter

ii. inductor filter

iii. LC(inductor capacitor)filter

iv. π filter

v. RC filter

12. What is regulator?

The voltage regulator maintains the output voltages as constant

irrespective of the changes in input AC voltages and load.

13. What are the types of voltage regulator?

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i. zener diode regulator

ii. series regulator

iii. IC regulators.

14. What is SMPS?

Switched mode power supplies are called switching power supplies.

They provide regulated output voltage with more efficiency.

15. What is UPS?

The standby power supplies are known as uninterruptable power supply

(ups) systems.

16. What are the types of UPS?

UPS systems are two types; namely

i. OFF-line UPS

ii. Online UPS

17. What is inverter?

DC to AC converters are known as inverters. An inverter is used to change

the DC input voltage to a symmetrical AC output voltage of desired
magnitude and frequency

18. What is LED?

Light Emitting Diode is a specially made forward biased PN junction-diode,

which emits light when current flows through it.

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19. What are the two possible connections in seven segment LED?

There are two possible connections in seven segment displays. They are
common anode type and common cathode type.

20. what is LCD?

Liquid Crystal Display it will not emit light or generate light, but it will alter
the externally available illumination.

21. What are the types of LCD?

There are two types of LCDs. They are

i. Dynamic scattering type,

ii. Field effect type

22. What is mean by logic gates?

Gate is a circuit with one or more inputs and only one output. The output
occurs only for a well defined condition of the inputs.

23. What are the universal gates?

NAND gate and NOR gate are called universal logic gates, because we
can construct any other gates by using either only NAND gates or only
NOR gates.

24. Write De-Morgan’s formula.

i. First law: The complement of sum of the variables is equal to the product
of their complements

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ii. Second law: The complement of product of the variable is equal to the
sum of their complements.

25. Which is the complementary logic gate.

NOT gate is called complementary function logic gate.

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UNIT V

1. What is fuse?

A fuse is a short piece of metal inserted in series with the circuit, which
melts when excessive current flows through it and breaks the circuit

2. What is the necessity of fuse?

The fuse will melt and isolate the circuit from the supply. If the fuse fails to
operate, the wire may becomes hot and hence burns the insulations,
causing of fire

3. What are the units in fuse switches?

i. switch

ii. fuse

iii. contactor

iv. overload relay

4. Define sensor.

A sensor is defined as a device that is sensitive to motion, heat, light,

pressure, electrical, magnetic and other types of energy.

5. What is photo electric sensor?

Photo electric sensor is a device used to detect the distance, absence or

presence of an object by using light transmitter and phot electric receiver.

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6. What are the types of photo electric sensor?

i. Through-beam sensor,

ii. retroflective sensor,

iii. diffuse sensor

7. Which principle is used in the inductive proximity sensor?

In inductive proximity sensor’s eddy current killed oscillator principle is used

for working.

8. Define thermistor.

Thermistor or thermal resistors are THERmally sensitive resISTOR. It

means its resistance changes with temperature. It is also known as RTD.

9. What is push button switch?

Push buttons are mechanically operated ON or OFF type switches. In other

words it is a manually operated control circuit device

10. Write the types of pushbutton switch.

According to the function they are two types

i. Push button with momentary contacts

ii. Push button with maintained contacts

11. What is the function of pressure switch?

Pressure switches are used to sense pressure of gas, air or liquid and
actuate an electrical control circuit.

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12. What is the function of temperature switch?

Temperature switches are used for maintaining a prescribed value of

temperature.

13. What are the types of temperature switches?

Generally there are two types of switches

i. Bimetallic strip type

ii. Capillary type

14. What is the function of float switch?

A float switch is used to maintain liquid level within a certain range in a

tank.

15. What is reed switch?

The reed switch is an electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic

field

16. Define relay.

A relay is an electromagnetic device that has a coil made of wire. When

current is passed through the coil it becomes a strong electro magnet and it
will actuate the contacts

17. What is contactor?

Contactor is a magnetically closed switch

18. Write the uses of contactors.

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Contactors are used for switching ON and OFF of heavy loads like
furnaces, heaters, capacitors etc.,

19. What are the types of contactors?

Contactors can be broadly classified into two types

i. solenoid type

ii. clapper type

20. Define circuit breaker.

A circuit breaker is a equipment which can

i. make or break a circuit either, manually or by remote control under

normal conditions.

ii. break a circuit under fault conditions.

21. Define PLC.

A Programmable Logic Controller is defined as a digitally operating

electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal
storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing counting and arithmetic to control through digital or
analog input/output modules, various types of machines or process.

22. What are the major blocks in PLC?

i. input modules

ii. output modules.

iii.CPU

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23.Write the types of PLC Scanning.

PLC scan consists of,

i. input scan (or) processing

ii. Program scan (or) processing

iii. Output scan (or) processing

24.Write some features of PLC.

i. smaller in size

ii. Economical in cost

iii. Easily mounted

iv. uses advanced technology

25.Expand OCB,MCCB,MCB,ELCB

OCB=OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

MCCB= Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

MCB=Miniature Circuit Breaker

ELCB= Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

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