India and China Border Disputes: A Study

Introduction
India became the non-socialist bloc country to establish diplomatic
relations with the people’s Republic of China. In Chinese premier Zhou Enlai
visited India. China and India sign the joint statement and jointly advocated the
Five principles of peaceful coexistence (panchasheel). In the same year Indian
prime minister Nehru visited China. He was the first head of government a
socialist country who visited China the since founding of the people’s Republic of
China.
India detected China’s road construction deep in the Ladakh territory and
protested. In January 1959, Zhou Enlai informed India that they do not recognize
the McMahon line which was forced upon them by the British.
In march 1959, thousands of Tibetans along with the Dalai Lama field to
Himachal Pradesh. China disapproved indias offer of shelter to Dalai Lama. China
proclaimed dispute over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh claiming them to be
Chinese territory. In 1962 China attacked underprepared Indian Army and entered
deep into Ladakh and Northeast India. However, unilaterally announced ceasefire
and retreated 20KM from their claimed Line of control. They captured Aksai Chin.
After the shock of 1962 India China relations deteriorated. China and
Pakistan came closer to each other, which further affected Indo- China relations.
In 1967, two battles were fought between India and China in Sikkim Natsu la
incident and chola incident. In 1987 India gave statehood to AP which further
irritated China.
The 1988 Rajiv Gandhi visit reignited the warmth in the relationship. A joint
working group was set up to discuss issues and disputes. A Hotline was also set
up between India and china.
The Agreement for Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the LAC has
been signed between India and China. In 1976 an agreement took place of
confidence Building Measures in the military field along the LAC.
2003 India and china signed of Declaration Principles for Relations and
Comprehensive cooperation and also mutually decided to appoint special
representatives to to explore the framework of a boundary settlement from the
policy representative. The India China relations received a major boost in 2003.
Review of Literature
Tensions b/w India and China border territorial disputes are likely to occur
from time to time in past, present, and also future. But both countries are
demonstrated strong by political will and incentives not allow the disputes to
hijack their bilateral relations.
India and China border has been sharing a friendly and cooperative
relations since ancient time. After independence, both civilizational relations gain
new momentum and the sprite of “Hindi-Chin Bhai Bhai” it’s a new era of Asian
century. In 1962, both the neighbors engage the brief war and stand to juxtapose
in many resonal and global issues. Chinese emerged a major international player
India policy undergone a dynamic change to balance the Chinese threat.

The June 2020 clash between the peoples republic of China and India
disputed Ladakh border area resulted from the strategic expansions of both
power. This Article analysis how the expansion participated the incident and
might exacerbate border dispute in the future. In pondering implication, it
recommends Washington pursue a Eurasian focused policy embracing the
disputed region.

Knowledge Gap
Scope and Relevance of the study

Research objectives
1. To examine the historical relations between India and China.
2. To analyse the geographical proximity and rising boundary disputes
between India and China.
 3. To discuss the contemporary boundary issues between India and China.
Research Questions
1. What the main reasons of boundary disputes between India and China?
2. Why China’s policy expansion as aggressive for boundary towards India?
3. How India and China have response and mitigate boundary disputes?

Research Methodology
In this research study based on descriptive and analytical methods. The data will
be collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary source will include
governmental reports, joint statements, official statements and etc. The
secondary sources will include articles, books, magazines, newspapers, website,
electronic sources.

Tentative Chapterisation
1. Introduction.
2. India and China border dispute: Historical perspective.
3. India and China border dispute: A geopolitical proximately, changes and
tensions.
4. India and China border issues: An Analysis.
Conclusion
References