Portofolio

Sustainable Urbanization: A Case Study of

Lebak Siliwangi and Kathputli
Group 2 - Kumandra

SAPPD SummerCamp 2021

Planning and Designing Cities for All
August 20th - September 30th 2021
 Meet The Team - Kumandra

Fadhlan Ramadhan S. Ayu Prima M. R. Amanda Puti J. Putri Sri W.

President Minister of Public Minister of National Minister of Agrarian Affairs

Works and Housing Development Planning and Land Use Planning

 SUMMARY
The purpose of SDG 11.3 are to promote inclusive sustainable urbanization

and capacity of participation, integrated and sustainable human settlement

planning and management in all countries. The case studies taken are in

kathputli Colony, Delhi and Lebak Siliwangi, Bandung. The context and general

issues of SDGs from both case studies are viewed on a global, national, and

local scale. Both case studies have their own SDGs 11.3 indicators and its

implementation.

The case studies are analyzed by combining or collaborating tools from the

global indicators of SDG 11.3, namely public participation and government

policy with environmental, intangible, economy, and social aspects from

sustainable urbanizatio concept according to WCR and presented by

comparison matrix.

From the comparison matrix, it's found the issues that arise in both case

studies. Both case studies have issues in community collaboration with local

government and government outreach to regional development programs.The

problem is hopefully solved by proposing the pentahelix method.

General Definition of SDG 11.3 Context of SDG 11.3
GENERAL DEFINITION OF SDGS 11.3 GLOBAL:
A universal call to action for promoting inclusive and sustainable

urbanization on global, national, and local scale (UNDP).

Promote inclusive and sustainable

urbanization and capacity of participation,

integrated and sustainable human settlement

planning and management in all countries. NATIONAL:

INDIA
INDONESIA

PUPR Kotaku program --> support

MHUA Program --> Smart Cities:

Promote sustainable + inclusive

the “100-0-100 Movement” --> 100
cities that provide core
percent access to safe drinking
infrastructure + give a decent

Policy
water, 0 percent slum settlements,
quality of life to its citizens, a
and 100 percent access to proper
clean + sustainable environment +
sanitation (Kotaku)
application of ‘Smart’ Solutions

(MHUA, 2015).

Public Physical LOCAL:

Participation Planning BANDUNG DELHI

PIPPK program --> Regional Slum Free City Plan of Action:

Empowerment Program which
The Delhi Development Authority
includes RW scope
stipulates in-situ up-gradation
empowerment activities, PKK

scope empowerment, Youth of slums as the first priority in

From the general definition, this study is going to be

focused on the public participation, physical planning of Organization empowerment and any slum improvement program.

settlements, and policy related to settlements'

LPM scope empowerment
human

planning & management.

 Brief History of SDGs

2000 2012 2015

MDGs RIO + 20 SDGs

Key success: The SDGs were born at the AGENDA 2030: 17 goals, 169

More than 1 billion people have United Nations Conference on targets, 232 indicators.

been lifted out of extreme Sustainable Development in Rio Provides a shared blueprint

poverty (since 1990) de Janeiro. Made is as a new for peace and prosperity for

Child mortality dropped by trantition from MDGs to SDGs people and the planet, now
more than half (since 1990)
and into the future
The number of out of school
(sdgs.un.org).
children has dropped by more

than half (since 1990) HIV/AIDS

infections fell by almost 40

percent (since 2000) (UN

Global Compact)
 AIMS OF SDGS SDG 11.3 GENERAL ISSUES
SDGS 11.3 INDICATOR IN BOTH COUNTRIES: ISSUES ON GLOBAL, NATIONAL, AND LOCAL SCALE
both countries have their own sdg 11.3 achievement indicators. There are several issues that arise related to the urbanization

This indicator is also used as a reference for implementing phenomena across the world. These issues can be mapped

government programs in realizing the SDGs 11. 3 into global, national, and local scale worldwide using this

diagram as follows.

GLOBAL:
INDONESIA

11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to the Half of earth’s population - 3,5 billion people - lives in cities and the number is
projected to increase to 5 billion people by 2030 (UN, 2015)
population growth rate.

NATIONAL:
11.3.1(a) Ratio of built-up land expansion rate to

the population growth rate.

INDONESIA INDIA
Urbanization in Indonesia only creates India's urban inhabitants had already
11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a structure of 4% of GDP growth for every 1% of crossed the 285 million mark by 2001.
urbanization growth, less than other By 2030, more than 50% is expected to
direct civil society participation in urban
Eastern Asia's cities (World Bank, 2016). live in urban areas. (VV, 2015).
planning and management that takes place in

an orderly and democratic manner.

LOCAL:
INDONESIA INDIA
Bandung has become a major urban The 7.7% of total rural population and
destination for local migrants to find 14.4% of the urban population is below
INDIA jobs and search for better life quality poverty line (Directorate of Economics
(JPNN, 2019). and Statistics, 2012).
11.3.1 Proportion of cities with

integrated development plans

Issues in SDGs 11.3 mainly highlighted several key issues which are
11.3.2 Share of mixed land use
related to population increase in urban areas. This population
area in overall city land use
increase is also followed by another problems in poverty aspect which

affect the economic productivity in those areas. This condition should

11.3.3 Net density
be addressed as the government need to ensure every urbanization

phenomena can benefit all people affected by it.

 SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION COMPARISON TOOLS
We learn about how the SDGs 11.3 are being implemented in our case
studies by measuring the conditions in every Sustainable Urbanization
elements based on stakeholders who become the sources of action.

CONCEPT BY
These source of actions refer to the SDGs 11.3 explanation which
focused on inclusive human settlement's planning and management.

WORLD CITIES REPORT

UN HABITAT 2020
Sustainable urbanization is

conceptualized into four

different values by UN Habitat in

2020, to explain more about the

definition of 'sustainable' in the

process of urbanization.

Value to residents
Value to the national economy
Urbanization and physical property

Quality of life
Cities and ecosystem services
Cities and climate change
Urban built environmental

Urban policy coherence

"
"By 2030, enhance inclusive

and sustainable urbanization

participatory,
and capacity for
This
on
method
the
is
definition
selected
of
which is focused on Sustainable
Urbanization
urbanization'
management
aspect.
SGD

As the
planning and
is a public
based
11.3

Inclusivity Urban Culture

integrated and sustainable domain, the government should
Social equity Governance system
human settlement planning take responsibility in providing
adequate and sustainable
and management in all human settlement for their
Supported by investments and policy coherence at the local,
citizen. Meanwhile, this planning
countries"
subnational, and national level and should also
management

"
involve local inhabitants in
order to make this planning and
management can answer what
local residents need.
Knowing these 4 aspects of sustainable urbanization, we try to see the study

- SDGs 11.3 Target by UN (2015)

cases we will proposed later on from the perspective of these 4 values.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDY
KATHPUTLI COLONY, DELHI LEBAK SILIWANGI, BANDUNG

Population (people) Population (people)

3,500 4,177
Area (Ha) Area (Ha)

5.2 7.87
Population density (people/Ha)
Population density (people/Ha)
673.08 530.75

source : Personal data

In Kathputli, there are many Lebak Siliwangi is a local densely

buildings without roofs, mountains populated settlement in the

of garbage in open areas, Cikapundung River Valley. This

settlement is characterized by its

disorganized drainage systems, and
dense housing. Different from
so on. Most of the residents there
Kathputli, most of local buildings
are artists. The settlers were former
here are permanent buildings with
nomads; itinerant artists and circus
proper roofs and walls' structures.
performers from Rajasthan. source : https://medium.com/@malivikash273/kathputli-colony- source : https://images.theconversation.com/files/331240

cc1e192588b6 /original/file-20200429-110752-1f38h2d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=

45&auto=format&w=1200&h=900.0&fit=crop

The order of stakeholders there is selected based on caste. The settlers are highly rely on Bandung Institute of Technology

This means that in Kathputli Colony there is no formal organizational (ITB) near this settlement because they earn money from selling foods,

system for stakeholders. providing flats, and serving laundry to ITB students living there.

Kathputli Colony is the first slum area to According to the Bandung Mayoral

receive the slum free city of action by RAY Decree No. 648/Kep.286-distarcip/2015,

program. The program is one of the target Lebak Siliwangi is not categorized as slum

goals of the Ministry of Housing and Urban area. Therefore, this settlement does not

Affairs to implement the SDG 11.3 indicator in receive national slum upgrading program

India. named Kota Tanpa Kumuh (Kotaku) / Cities

Without Slums from the government.

source : http://mohua.gov.in/
 REASONS FOR CHOOSING CASE STUDIES
The reasons for choosing these case studies are mainly focused on similarities and differences which they have, especially related to

public participation and government policy which are present in their settlements. These similarities and differences are as follows.

SIMILARITIES : PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

Similar urban order: the characteristic order of the informal settlements

Similar cultures: build a new house near their related families

Similar issues: land ownership + horizontal & vertical settlement expansion

Similah local community participations to prevent settlement expansion by

implementing defined and understood rules

DIFFERENCES : GOVERNMENT POLICY

Source: Jones, 2019

In Lebak Siliwangi :

The government only develop basic infrastructures for local inhabitants

without conducting any major slum upgrading program.

Local inhabitants have their own self-governing organization, named

Rukun Warga and Rukun Tetangga

In Kathputli

Slum Free City Plan for Action local government program --> in-situ

slum redevelopment

Informal self-governing organization --> power based on caste

Kathputli and Lebak Siliwangi are chosen as the case studies in understanding the SDGs 11.3 implementation as
these locations have similar characteristics but get different government policies. Therefore, this case
study can inform how government policy, together with local participation, can give different impacts on these
settlements' development
 KATHPUTLI LEBAK SILIWANGI
ECONOMIC PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The potential has not been Many businesses are closed due

Economic aspect highlights the developed by local to the pandemic.

government
welfare of the inhabitants living in the Residents adapting quickly by
Kathputli has a potential
urbanized area. It is believed that by changing their profession and
related to cultural
there's existing non-gov
developing economic sector in the
preservation which can
program for MSMEs.
urban area, it can add more economic create values to make this

settlement becomes tourist

opportunities for everyone from every
attractions.
social class (UN Habitat, 2020).

Therefore, developing the economic

activities is an unseparable part in the

efforts to make the urbanization

GOVERNMENT POLICIES
becomes sustainable and benefit GOVERNMENT POLICIES The government has developed a

vertical housing in Tamansari near

Kathputli has not been listed
everyone living in the urbanized world. Lebak Siliwangi.
in The Government of
Meanwhile, Lebak Siliwangi does not
National Capital Territory of
get any major slum upgrading
Delhi (GNCTD) economic
program.
program.

These case studies have similar economic characteristics, mainly

conducted by local residents but without any government policies
related directly to them.
 KATHPUTLI LEBAK SILIWANGI
ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
community activities that often
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
perform performances on the
One of the values of WCR 2020's Domestic waste directly
side of the alleys help in
sustainable urbanization is the carried to the temporary waste
inhibiting the horizontal
dump site (TPS), without any
environmental aspect. This environmental expansion of housing
sorting/composting process.
aspect is seen from the perspective of
The community helps
sources of action from SDG 11.3, namely
maintaining infrastructures
public participation and government
provided by the government.
policies to determine the implementation
the habit of pilling trash
of SDG 11.3 in the Kathputli and Lebak
in the open space areas

Siliwangi areas. caused lack of waste

management system

GOVERNMENT POLICIES

West Java Government conducts

GOVERNMENT POLICIES
program to increase biopores to
the local government has a
catch the water.
slum-free city of action
Local government has developed

public Government program, the program

basic infrastructures for local waste

participation Policies redevelops all systems in the

management
Kathputli settlement

Lebak Siliwangi is better in terms of getting local government support and local
community support regarding improving environmental empowerment.
 SOCIAL KATHPUTLI LEBAK SILIWANGI

There are three aspects we need to

Public Participation Public Participation
Kathputli has caste system, The relations between
see in order to understand the social
therefore, it's hard for the residents are strong (Irfan,
value of sustainable urbanization :
lower caste to voice out 2019).
Quality of life
their opinions Kamil Action VI program (non-
Inclusivity
The higher caste formed BBK gov) and rich residents helps
Social equity
(Bhole Bisre Kalakar) the underprivileged residents
committee, an exclusive by giving basic food needs
organization for the wealthy during the pandemic.
Quality of life is defined as the level people, but no inclusive
to which an individual is healthy, organization.
comfortable, and able to participate
in or enjoy life events.

Government Policy Government Policy

Inclusivity is defined as the process
Kathputli Colony hasn't The residents get monthly cash
of improving the terms of
received subsidies from the subsidy through Family Hope
participation in society, particularly local government Program (PKH).
for people who are disadvantaged, There are supports from
Urban farming training are not
through enhancing opportunities, communities for the locals
consistently being conducted
access to resources, voice and through fundraising
in a right time.
respect for rights (UN, 2016).

Social equity is defined as equal

treatment to which all are entitled by Lebak Siliwangi has a better public involvement and access to
virtue of being human (Adler, 1981) receive the government’s aid in developing their settlements
compared with Kathputli settlements.
 INTANGIBLE KATHPUTLI LEBAK SILIWANGI

The intangible value of sustainable Public Participation Public Participation

urbanization can be understood Community participatory in The residents participate in

through its governance systems, public policy making making the public policy

political institutions, cultural production There isn't any formal local through the representative.

and multi-level policy coherence. These government organizations in

values and their characteristics are community level.

introduced and explored throughout

this chapter.

There are three keypoint of Intangible

value:
Urban policy coherence Government Policy Government Policy
Urban Culture the SFCoA' rehabilitation Local Innovation
Governance system area has lack of Acceleration Program (PIPPK)
management services. conducted in Bandung may
Slum Free City Plan of Action increase community
--> in-situ slum participation in developing
redevelopment their settlements.

Lebak Siliwangi has a better formal organization as representative in

policy making, and program participatory that conducted by the
government.
 COMPARISON MATRIX OF KATHPUTLI AND LEBAK SILIWANGI
Value of Sustainable Urbanization (WCR, 2020)
Source of

Action Economic Social Environmental Intangible

The potential hasn't been developed by

Stakeholders are seen from the case Performing activities in the side of Community participatory in public
local government
system. So, there is no formal alleyways --> understood rules --> policy making
Potential : culture preservation --> value
organizational system that prevent horizontal expansion of There isn't any formal local
iltuphtaK

to the tourist attractions

accomodates the aspirations of the settlement government organizations in

Kathputli Colony community. habit of pilling trash in the open space community level.
noitapicitraP cilbuP

areas --> lack of waste management

system

Many businesses are closed due to the The relations between residents are Domestic waste directly carried to the The residents participate in making the

pandemic. strong (Irfan, 2019). temporary waste dump site (TPS), without public policy through the
ignawiliS kabeL

Residents adapting quickly by changing

Kamil Action VI program (non-gov) and rich any sorting/composting process. representative.
their profession and there's existing
residents helps the underprivileged The community helps maintaining
non-gov program for MSMEs.
residents by giving basic food needs during infrastructures provided by the

the pandemic. government.

Kamil Action VI Program

Kathputli Colony hasn't received subsidies Slum Free City of Action --> lack of local the SFCoA' rehabilitation area has lack
Kathputli hasn't listed in GNCTD of Delhi
from the local government community participation of management services.
economic program
Economic help --> fundraising. Slum Free City Plan of Action to Slum Free City Plan of Action --> in-situ
iltuphtaK

redeveloped Environmental management slum redevelopment

system
yciloP tnemnrevoG

The government has developed a The residents get monthly cash subsidy West Java Government conducts program Local Innovation Acceleration Program

vertical housing in Tamansari near Lebak through Family Hope Program (PKH). to increase biopores to catch the water. (PIPPK) conducted in Bandung may

Siliwangi. increase community participation in

Urban farming training are not Local government has developed basic
ignawiliS kabeL

Meanwhile, Lebak Siliwangi does not

consistently being conducted in a right infrastructures for local waste developing their settlements.
get any major slum upgrading program.
time. management

Lebak Siliwangi has a better public involvement Lebak Siliwangi is better in terms of getting Lebak Siliwangi has a better formal
These case studies have similar economic
and access to receive the government’s aid in local government support and local community organization as representative in policy
characteristics, mainly conducted by local
developing their settlements compared with support regarding improving environmental making, and program participatory that
residents but without any government policies
Kathputli settlements. empowerment. conducted by the government.
related directly to them.
 PENTAHELIX

INTRODUCTION REASONS FOR CHOOSING PENTAHELIX

WHAT IS PENTAHELIX? COMPARISON MATRIX OF KATHPUTLI
COLONY AND LEBAK SILIWANGI
Penta has the meaning of five and helix has the meaning of

something that is spinning, so pentahelix is five solutions that

FOUND ISSUES
work together with each other and are continuous because they

are represented by something rotating. pentahelix in this case is

a solution by increasing collaboration between the community,

from the comparison matrix, it was found that the issues faced by
academicians, media, government, and business to create
the two case studies were from the economic, social, intangible, and
sustainable urbanization in order to achieve the goals of SDG
environmental aspects with the perspective of public participation
11.3
and government policies in responding to these aspects.
FUNCTION AND ROLE
Both case studies have issues in community collaboration with local

community These five aspects work together to government and government outreach to regional development

achieve sustainable urbanization. the programs. kathputli has a problem where local government programs

community has a role to always be active, pay less attention to community participation and the community is
business media

open, and positive about local government less active in developing local government programs and Lebak

programs. The local government plays a Siliwangi has a problem related to not being listed as one of the

role in providing development programs for areas that received the KOTAKU program.
academici
government
ans each location in terms of infrastructure,
The problems can be minimized by the role of pentahelix where the
economy, social, and others.
role of the community as active community actors, government as

program organizers and distributors, academicians as educated

Business is an economic activity that plays a role in helping the
people who actively provide solutions, and distributors of community
economy of the surrounding community. The media has a role to
initiatives, business as community economic improvement programs,
expand news in order to raise public awareness and provide the latest
and the media as informants who expand news in order to raise public
information.
awareness and provide the latest information.
 Learn From Precedent
Reasons on why it's not effective:
There is no synchronized and comprehensive

planning.

The work mechanism which includes the division of

roles, tasks and authorities has not evolved yet.

The role of the government in this case is still too

dominant, while the role of the community and

other stakeholders is less visible.

The Local Government of Bandung District has Alternative way to reach effective improvement:
made efforts to improve the quality of housing and Based on the research result, it is recommended that

settlements through the PLPBK, Rutilahu, and Kotaku that the Bandung District government issue a local

programs. The policy network that has been built regulation in the form of a Regent Regulation. In

has not been effective in achieving the goals and addition, a collaboration of actors in policy
targets in improving the quality of housing and networks should be formed based on the pentahelix

settlements. model incorporating the actors of business,

government, community, academic, and media

(Muharam, 2021).
 KUMANDRA'S PENTAHELIX SUGGESTION SCHEME
Local participation in Lebak Siliwangi and Kathputli can be mapped into this pentahelix as there are stakeholders who are involved in these settement's planning and management

Lebak Siliwangi Kathputli

The role of the Community :

Create organizational structures and programs to achieve local community goals

The role of the Community :

Create organizational structures and programs to achieve local community goals

Forms of implementation :
Forms of implementation :
Improve the NGO/LSM (Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat) of Lebak Siliwangi
Form an inclusive NGO for all the residents that accomodate all castes.
Develop the community's economy by utilizing the potential and characteristics of their areas,
Develop the community's economy by utilizing the potential and characteristics of their areas
(e.g. the Lebak Siliwangi Urban Farming) while preserving the environment through mutual
Preserve the environment through mutual cooperation activities
cooperation activities

The role of the Academician :

The role of Media :

The role of the Academician: The role of Media :

Learn about the participation's

Learn about the participation's
capacity of the community and Publish all informations related Publish informations and
capacity of the community and
the best practices from all
to the settlements' potentials promotions.
best practices from all around the
around the world.
and needs to external Forms of implementation
world.
Forms of implementation:
stakeholders. Publish more informations
Forms of implementation:
ITB, UNPAD and universities in
Forms of implementation: University of Delhi and other for all castes so everyone
Bandung could learn more
Adopt and optimize the universities locate in Delhi has the same access to the
about characteristic of the
social media account such could do more research about informations and also
residents and localize from

as being implemented by the strengths, weaknesses, promote Kathputli to

the best practices.
opportunities and threats in
Give recommendations to the Lebak Siliwangi Subdistrict externals related to the
Kathputli and socialize to all
government and socialize to Government via twitter and settlements' potentials and
castes.
the residents. instagram. needs.

The role of the Government :

The role of the Business :
The role of the Business :

The role of the Government :

Create business scheme that support local
Create policies and other forms of business
Create business scheme that support local
Create policies which supports the
Forms of implementation:
supports to the community in making
business
community in making their settlements. The local residents who interested in business
their settlements.
Forms of implementation: can learn more from the government program
Forms of implemntation:
Forms of implementation: or the NGO's that socialize on how to do
Improve the management of urban Develop basic infrastructures for local
business.
Develop basic infrastructures for
farming and other potentials aspects. residents that accomodate the needs The entrepreneurs can invest more looking
local residents. of all castes so no one left behind. from the incentive that the government give
Instruct a constructive business plan to
with CSR that benefit all castes.
Publish policies that support local Provide business learning
resident as guidance for implementation
Provide constructive business plan to resident
economies (e.g. incentives for class/programs. as guidance for implementation and
and developing adaptive business

startup and local products). Provide incentives for local business. developing adaptive business scenario
scenario.
 SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION'S ALTERNATIVE
INTRODUCTION TO
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
KAMPUNG MARLINA

Kampung Marlina is one of kampungs in Jakarta which has a By learning from Kampung Marlina's lesson in Northern Jakarta,

well-organized community organization in planning and there is an importance to add more public participation in planning

managing their settlements. This settlements can be an example and designing settlements for local people living in urban areas.

of how public participation in slums upgrading, helped by experts Here are a schematic 3D model that explain how does planning

and academicians together with supports from Jakarta and designing in Kampung Marlina is being done.

settlement's plan and design which are

government can create

able to accomodate local businesses. Through a good plan,

design, and publications, for example in mainstream and social

media platforms, local residents can promote their selling

products and disseminate this kind of urban slum upgrading

mechanism to other people and the government.

Sources : JRMK, 2021

DISCLAIMER : This is only an example of the way that local residents

can make their settlement's plan and design. Eventually, local

residents can decide the settlement's models and methods which

they want to use in planning and managing their own settlements.

Sources : Medcom.id, 2017

 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
CHALLENGES THAT ARISE IN IMPLEMENTING SDGS 11.3 PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR NEW SDGS 11.3 INDICATOR

Not every public policy making involves local residents Rather than changing the existing SDGs 11.3 indicator, we prefer to propose a
participation in a democratic manner during the policy
new indicator to ensure the implementation of public participation will be
formulation, such as the cases in Kathputli.
conducted in every city. The indicator are as follows :

SDGs 11.3only points out the presence of inclusive public

participation itself without considering the ways the
participation itself being conducted, but still considering the
characteristic of the local residents.

has to create measurement

"Every city in all countries

tools based on their localities to measure the means of

implementation of SDGs 11.3"

Not every sustainable urbanization phenomena can be justified

only by looking the land use consumption rate per population This measurement tool is important to ensure that public

growth as these cases proves that with low land use consumpation participation is being conducted in all elements of settlement's

rate, people can still get some of their needs related to planning and design without forgetting the localities in every city

sustainable urbanization aspects. worldwide.

SDGs 11.3 are focused into the concept of compact city, or the

without considering
concept that has been applies in Global North,

other types of settlement in the developing countries which

already meet some of the sustainable urbanization aspects.