11 fY%aKsh

udkj foay l%shdj,s

1' wdydr ÔrK l%shdj,sh

2' Yajik l%shdj,sh
3' nysiai%dú l%shdj,sh
4' reêr ixirK l%shdj,sh
5' iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;sh

1' wdydr ÔrK l%shdj,sh

wdydr ÔrKh - ixlS¾K ldnksl ixfhda. ir, ldnksl ixfhda. njg yrjd YÍrhg
wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh

ixlS¾K ldnksl ixfhda. ir, ldnksl ixfhda.

 ldfndayhsfâ%g  fudfkdielrhsv
ÔrKh ^.aÆfldai$a .e,elafgdaia$ mDlafgdaia&
 fm%daàk
 weuhsfkda wï,
 ,smsv
 fïo wï, + .a,sifrda,a

wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha m%Odk ls%hdj,s

ls%hdj,sh isÿjk ia:dkh

ÔrKh uqL l=yrh
wdudYh
CIqødka;%h
wjfYdaIKh CIqødka;%h
ÔrKh fkdjQ øjH .=oh
neyer lsÍu

ÔrKh

uqL l=yrh ;=,oS"

wdydr j, wvx.= msIaGh ÔrKh wdrïN jkqfha

uqL l=yrh ;=,oSh'

fÄgfha we;s fÄg weuhs,aia ^gh,ska& keu;s

tkaihsuh uÕska msIaGh u|la ÔrKh flf¾'

uqL l=yrh ;=, we;s wdydr" .=,shla f,i ilia ù wdudYh olajd my; wdldrhg .uka
flf¾'

uqL l=yrh → .%iksldj → wkakfi%da;h → wdudYh

1
wdudYh ;=,oS
l=vd len,s j,g leä wdudYhsl hqIh ^HCl yd fmmaiska& iuÕ ñY% fõ
wdydr .=,sh wdu,ih

 wdu,ih hkq ix>gl lsysmhl ñY%Khls' wdu,ih

w¾Oj ÔrKh jQ fm%daák
 fmmaiSka uÕska fm%daàk ÔrKh wdrïN fõ' ÔrKh jQ iy fkdjQ ldfndayhsfâ%g
 wdudYfhaoS c,h" .a¨fldaia iy we;eï U!IO wjfYdaIKh ÔrKh fkdjQ ,smsv
c,h" Lksc ,jK yd úgñka
l,;a" wdydr ÔrKfha M, wjfYdaIKh fkdfõ'

CIqødka;%h ;=,oS

 wdydr ÔrKh m%Odk jYfhkau isÿjk ia:dkh CIqødka;%hhs'

 wdydr ÔrKh i|yd úúO ;r,hka CIqødka;%hg i%djh flf¾'

;r,h ksmojk jk ia:dkh wvx.= ix>gl

w.akHdYhsl hqIh w.akHdYh w.akHdYhsl tkaihsu
^á%maiska" weuhsf,aia yd ,hsfmaia&
ms; wlaudj ;=, ksmofõ ms;a j¾Kl"
mss;a;dYfha .nvd flf¾ ms;a ,jK"
ms;a; m%Kd,h uÕska f.kths nhsldnfkaÜ
,jK yd c,h
wdka;s%l hqIh laIqødka; ì;a;s ÔrK tkaihsu
^fuda,afÜia" iqlaf¾ia" ,elafÜia" fmmaáfâia&
Yaf,aIau,h

 w.akHdYhsl hqIh iy ms; CIqødka;%hg tl;= jkafka .%yKsh kñka y÷kajk C

yevhla .kakd CIqødka;%fha uq,a fldgi yrydhs'

 w.akHdYhsl tkaihsu yd ÔrK tkaihsu uÕska CIqødka;%h ;=,oS ixlS¾K ldnksl

ixfhda. ir, ldnksl ixfhda. njg yerùu isÿ flf¾'

2
wjfYdaIKh
 wjfYdaIK ls%hdj,sh CIqødka;%fhaoS isÿjk w;r wjfYdaIKh ld¾hlaIu lsÍu i|yd
CIqødka;%fha úúO yev.eiSï mj;S'
 os.ska jeä (7m) kd,dldr jHqyh
 ;=kS ì;a;s mej;Su
 we;=,a ì;a;sfha we;s jD;a;dldr
keuqï mej;Su
 we;=,a ì;a;sfha wx.=,sld iy
laIøq wx.=,sld mej;Su
 wx.=,sldj,g ukd reêr
iemhqula ;sîu

 my; mßoS ÔrK M, wx.=,sldj, we;s reêr flaYkd,sld j,g;a mfhda,i kd,ssld kï
jid jdyskshg;a wjfYdaIK fõ'

weuhsfka wï," úgñka' Lksc ,jK" reêr flaYkd,sld yryd

fudfkdielrhsv ^.aÆfldaia$ .e,elafgdaia$ mDlafgdaia& reêr ixirK moaO;shg

fïo wï, yd .a,sifrda,a mfhda,i kd,sld yryd

reêr ixirK moaO;shg

wlaudfõ lD;hka
 reêrfha .aÆfldaia jeämqr we;súg tajd .a,hsfldcka f,i wlaudfõ ;ekam;a fõ'
 reêr .aÆfldaia uÜgu wvq jQ úg .a,hsfldcka ìo fy,Sfuka .aÆfldaia reêrhg tl;=
fõ'

ÔrKh fkdjQ øjH neyer lsÍu

uydka;%h
 uydka;%hg we;=¿ jk ;r,uh øjHj,ska c,h wjfYdaIKh lr tu øjH
w¾O >k ;;a;ajhg m;a flf¾'
 uydka;%hg we;=¿ jk øjH j, fmdaIl wvx.== jkafka b;d iam,am m%udKhls'
 uydka;%fha we;s øjH .=o ud¾.hg we;=¿ jQ úg u, jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
 u,j, ÔrKh fkdjQ øjH" laIqøÔùka" wdydr ud¾. ì;a;sfhka .e,jqKq wmsÉPo ffi,
yd Yaf,aIau,h wvx.= fõ'
 .=o ud¾.h u, øjHj,ska msreK úg .=oh Tiafia isrefrka neyer flf¾'

ms<s;=re imhkak
1' l%udl=xpk p,k hkak y÷kajkak'

2' ff;f,daolrKh kï ls%hdj,sh y÷kajd tys jeo.;alu meyeos,s lrkak'

3
3' á%maiska kï tkaihsuh fm%daàk ÔrKh lrhs' tu tkaihsuh uÕska wdudYfha iy
laIøq dka;fha ì;a;s ÔrKh fkdù wdrlaId jkafka flfiao

4' wmsðyaúldj keu;s jHqyfha jeo.;alu meyeos,s lrkak'

5' my; j.=fõ we;s úia;rhg .e,fmk wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh wdY%s;j we;s jk frda.h
fyda wdndOh kï lrkak'
úia;rh frda.h fyda wdndOh

WKavlmqÉph widokh ù bÈóu

u, øjH >k ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu ksid neyer

lsÍug wmyiq ùu
wdudYfha wNHka;r Yaf,aIau, wdia;rh
m%Þyhg m;a ùu
ffjri" nelaàßhd fyda mrfmdaIs;
wdidokhla fya;=fjka Èhr ;;a;ajfhka
u, myùu h
uqLfhka we;=,a jk nelaàßhdjla
fya;=fjka w;mh fõokdj" ysiroh yd
wêl WK ;;a;ajhla we;sùu

6' my; frda. i|yd fya;= fol ne.ska i|yka lrkak'

.%eiag%hà
s ia



u, noaOh



mdpkh



4
 2' Yajik l%shdj,sh
Yajik moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajh

O2 O2 O2 O2
ndysr kdia fmkye,s reêr YÍrfha
mßirh l=yrh j, .¾; ixirK ffi,h
moaO;sh
CO2 + CO2 + CO2 +
c, jdIam CO2 +
c, jdIam c, jdIam c, jdIam

udkj foayfha Yajik ls%hdj,sh mshjr ;=klska isÿfõ'

1' ndysr Yajikh 2' .¾; ;=, jdhq yqjudrej

fmkye,s ndysr mßirh fmkye,s iy reêr moaO;sh w;r isÿjk

jdhq yqjudrejhs'
 wdYajdih
- ndysr mßirfhka Tlaiscka ,nd .ekSu

 m%Yajdih
- jdhquh wmøjH bj;a lsÍu ^CO2 yd c, jdIam&

3' ffi,Sh Yajikh

Ôj l%shd i`oyd wjYH Yla;sh ksmojd .ekSug ffi, ;=< §

ir, wdydr TlaislrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs'

5
 ffi,Sh Yajikh

ijdhq Yajikh ks¾jdhq Yajikh

O2 jdhqj we;s úg isÿjk Yajikhhs O2 jdhqj rys;j isÿjk Yajikhhs
 Ydl j, - uoHidr meiSu

 i;=ka ;=, - ,elaála wï, meiSu

fldgila ;dmh f,i neyer fõ

ffi,Sh YajikfhaoS
ksmojk Yla;sh
 fldgila ridhksl Yla;h s jYfhka
weäfkdiSka g%hsfmdiaf*aÜ (ATP) keue;s
wêYla;s ixfhda.fhys ;ekam;a fõ'

 Ôj l%shd i`oyd wjYH Yla;sh ATP

ì`ofy<Sfuka ksoyia flf¾'

ms<s;=re imhkak
1' Yajik moaO;shg wh;a my; fldgia uÕska wdYajdi jd;fha we;s wys;lr oE fmky¿
j,g we;=,a ùu j<lajk wdldrh meyeos,s lrkak'
 kdia l=yrfha we;s Yaf,aIau,

 kdia l=yrfha we;s mlaIau

2' my; fldgia kï lrkak'

I. wdydr ÔrK moaO;shg;a Yajik moaO;sh;a fmdÿ l=àrh
II. fmkye,s msysgd we;s l=àrh
III. Yajik moaO;sfha my, iSudj
IV. fmkye,s j, reêr flaI kd,sld rdYshla wvx.= m%foaY
V. ñksidf.a Yajik mDIaGh

3' Tlaiscka idkaøK fjki fya;=fjka .¾; iy reêr flaIkd,sld w;r isÿjk jdhq
yqjudrej y÷kajk ku l=ulao

6
4' jdhq yqjudrej ld¾hlaIu lsÍu i|yd .¾; ì;a;s olajk wkqj¾;k fudkjdo

5' ÿïmdkfha wys;lr n,mEï ;=kla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

6' my; úia;rhg .e,fmk Yajik moaO;sh wdY%s; frda.h fyda wdndOh kï lrkak'

fiïm%;sYHdj ksõfudakshdj weÿu laIh frda.h

fn%dkalhsáia fyj;a Yajdikd,sld m%odyh is,sfldaisia weianeiafgdaisia

w& wdYajdi jd;fha is,sld ixfhda. wvx.= ùu ksid fmky¿ mgl úkdY ùu -

wd& nelaàßhd wdidokhla fya;=fjka fmky¿ mgl úkdY ù lysk úg úkdY jQ fmky¿
mgl iuÕ reêrh msg ùu -
we& ¥ú,s" mrd." ,S l=vq" i;a;aj f,dï" ÿï jeks l=vd wxY= wdYajdi lsÍu fya;=fjka
Yajdikd,sld we;=,;g bosó yqiau .ekSfï wmyiq;djhla we;sùu -
wE& nelaàßhd wdidokhla fya;=fjka fmky¿ j, oshr tl;= ùu -

b& ffjria wdidokhla fya;=fjka lsúiqï hdu" fidgq Èhr .e,Su" leiai jeks
frda. ,laIk fmkakqï lsÍu -

7' ATP j, lD;hka ;=kla kï lrkak

8' ks¾jdhq Yajikhg idfmalaIj ijdhq Yajikfha § Ôùkag jeä Yla;s ,dNhla ,eîug
fya;=j i|yka lrkak

9' kdia l=yrh ;=<ska jd;h .uka lrk úg wdYajdi jd;fha isÿjk m%Odk
fjkialï ;=kla kï lrkak'

7
3' nysiaid% ú l%shdj,sh
mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj, § ksmofjk ksIam%fhdack øjH isrefrka neyer lsÍu nysiai%djh
f,i ye|skafõ'
mßjD;a;Sh ls%hd - Ôù ffi, ;=< isÿjk ish¨u ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd
nysiai%djh øjH - mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj, § ksmofjk ksIam%fhdack øjH

uQ;%jdyskS moaO;sh
 khsgc
% kSh nysiai%djh øjH isrerska neyer lrhs'

 khsgc
% kSh wmøjH wvx.= reêrh fmÍu jDlal ^jl=.vq&

uÕska isÿ flf¾'

 fmÍfuka miq b;sß jk wmøjH uq;%d jk w;r th

uq;%dYh ;=, ;djld,slj .nvd lr wk;=rej uq;% ud¾.h

Tiafia neyer flf¾'

 jDlalfha jHqyuh yd lD;Huh tallh jkqfha jDlaldKqjhs

8
uq;% ksmoùu mshjr ;=klska isÿfõ'

1' w;smßi%djkh - fn%dauka m%djrKh ;=,oS isÿfõ'

 wNsjdys Ouksldfõ we;s reêrh fmÍ ^.=ÉPsl fmrkh&
fn%dauka m%djrfha l=yrhg tl;= fõ'
 wNsjdys Ouksldjg jvd wmjdys Ouksldj úYalïNfhka
wvq ùu ksid m%djrh ;=, jeä mSvkhla we;s ù fmÍu isÿfõ'
 .=Éýld fmrkfha c,h" .aÆfldaia" weuhsfkd wï,"
úgñka" T!IO" úúO whk" fyda¾fudak yd hqßhd we;'

2' jrKSh m%;sfYdaIKh

 .=Éýld fmrkh jDlal kd,sldj yryd hk úg tys we;s ix>gl j,ska 95% muK
reêr flaIkd,sld j,g kej; wjfYdaIKh lsÍu jrKSh m%;sfYdaIKh kï fõ'
 c,h 90% muK"
 weuhsfkd wï, yd .aÆfldaia 100%
 úgñka yd ,jK fldgila o
 hqßhd yd hqßla wï,h iq¿ jYfhka
 T!IO

3' i%djh
reêr flaIkd,sld j, isg jDlal kd,sld j, we;s .=Éýld fmrkhg ix>gl tl;= ùu
i%djh kï fõ'
 yhsv%cka whk (H+)
 fmdgEishï whk (K+)
 wefudakshï whk (NH4+)
 l%shákSka
 T!IO
 úgñka B

m%Yakh
by; ls%hdj,s ;=fkka wk;=rej isrefrka neyer jk uq;%d j, wvx.= ix>gl kï lrkak

oshjeähdj frda.sfhl=f.a uq;%d idïm,hla j, .a¨fldaia wvx.= fõ' tfia jkafka jDlal j,
l=uk ls%hdj,sh wvmK ùu ksido?

9
jDlal wl¾uKH ùug n,mdk fya;= y;rla kï lrkak'

mQ¾K f,i jDlal wl¾uKH;djg m;ajqjfyd;a l, yels m%;sl¾u folla i|yka lrkak'

wdidok yd úI j¾. ksid .=Éýld ydks ù ta ;=<ska fmÍ hk reêr m%udKh wvq lrk
frda.h l=ulao?

tu frda.h we;s mqoa.,hl=f.a uq;% j, we;s wu;r ix>gl fudkjdo?

jDlalj, yd uQ;%dYfha .,a iE§u j<lajd .ekSug wkq.ukh l, yels hym;a fi!LH
mqreÿ fudkjdo?

4' reêr ixirK l%shdj,sh

YÍrh mqrd reêr kd, Tiafia reêrh .uka lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh reêr ixirKh kï fõ'
ta i|yd wjYH n,h ,nd fokqfha yDoh uÕsks’'

10
TlaisckslD; reêrh - Tlaiscka wvx.= reêrh
TlaiscksyD; reêrh - Tlaiscka wvx.= fkdjk reêrh

Ouks - yDofhka msg;g reêrh /f.k hhss'

mqmaMqYSh Ouks yer wka ish¨u Ouks TlaisckslD;
reêrh /f.k hhs'
Ysrd - yDoh fj; reêrh /f.k ths'
mqmaMqYSh Ysrd yer wka ish¨u Ysrd TlaiscksyD;
reêrh /f.k hhs'

mqmaMqYSh Ouks yDofhka fmkye,s fj; TlaiscksyD; reêrh

/f.k f.dia fmkye,s j,oS Tlaiscka ,nd f.k
mqmaMqYSh Ysrd uÕska yDoh fj; TlaisckslD; reêrh /f.k ths'

YÍrh yryd tla jrla reêrh .uka lsÍfïoS yDoh yryd fojrla .uka lsÍu
oaú;a;aj ixirKh f,i ye|skafõ'

11
yD;a iaMkaokh iy yD;a pl%h
yDoh ixfldapkh ùu yd bys,a ùu yD;a iaMkaokh kï fõ'
tla jrla yDoh iaMkaokh ùfïoS isÿjk fjkialï yD;a pl%hla f,i ye|skafõ'

1' l¾Ksld wdl=xpkh - (P) - ;;amr 0'1

2' fldaIsld wdl=xpkh - (QRS) - ;;amr 0'3
3' l¾Ksl - fldaIsl úia;drh - (T) - ;;amr 0'4

,í - ví Yíoh reêr mSvkh

jï fldaIsldj ixfldapkh ù foayh

fj; reêrh ;,a¨ lsÍfïoS Ouks u;
we;sjk mSvkh wdl==xp reêr
mSvkhhs' (110-120 mm Hg)

mQ¾K yD;a úia;drfhaoS Ouks u;

we;sjk mSvkh úia;dr reêr
mSvkhhs' (70-80 mm Hg)

m%Yakh ksfrda.s mqoa.,fhl=f.a reêr mSvkh

ksfrda.S mqoa.,hl=f.a yD;a iaMkaok YS>%;dj fldmuKo? riÈh ñ,sógr 120$80
(120/80 mm Hg)

reêr mSvkh jeä fyda wvq ùug fya;= fudkjdo?

yDofha l=àr w;=ßka jï fldaIsld j, ì;a;s >klfuka jeä ùug fya;=j l=ulao?

12
reêrh

reêr ma,diaudfõ c,hg wu;rj wvx.= ix>gl ldKav kï lrkak'

reêr mÜáld j, reêrh leá .eiSu isÿlrkq ,nk ix>gh kï lrkak'

øjH mßjykh reêrfha m%Odk lD;hhs' fuf,i mßjykh lrk øjH lsysmhla kï
lrkak'

iqÿ reêrdKq uÕska foayh wdrlaId lrkq ,nkafka flfiao?

ksfrda.S mqoa.,hl=f.a reêrh >k ñ,sógrhl ;sìh hq;= iqÿ reêrdKq m%udKh;a" mÜáld
m%udKh;a i|yka lrkak'

jid moaO;sh
jid moaO;sh foayfha mgl mqrd úysoS we;s ;=kS kd,
;=,ska jid ;r,h kï ;r,hla ixirKh lrk
moaO;shls'

jid moaO;s isrerg w;=¿jk wdidol ðúka

úkdY lrhs'

reêr flaIkd,sld j,ska mgl w;rg .uka lrk

iqÿ reêrdKq iy reêr ma,duh mgl ;r,h kï fõ'

jeäuk;a mgl ;r,h kej; reêr ixirK moaO;shg tl;= lrkqfha jid moaO;sh uÕsks'

13
foayfha wdidok ;;a;jhloS jid .eá;s bosóug fya;=j l=ulao?

ñksia isref¾ jid .eá;s msysgd we;s ia:dk kï lrkak'

mgl ;r,fha jeo.;alu i|yka lrkak

reêr ixirK moaO;sh wdY%;

s frda.dndO
 we;frdialaf<frdaishdj
Ouks ì;a;sj, fldf,iafgfrd,a ;ekam;a ù Ouks l=yrh mgq ùu'

 Wria iïndOh
yD;a fmaYs j,g Tlaiscka iemhqu wvq ùu fya;=fjka mmqfõ fõokdjla we;sùu'

 f;%dïfndaish
reêr leáhla u.ska reêr kd<" wjysr ù hï wjhjhlg reêr iemhqu wvd, ùu'
fud<fha fldgilg reêrh iemhSu wvd, ù fud<fha iakdhq ffi, ñh hdfuka tu
fldgiska md,kh jk l%shd wvmK ùu wd>d;h ^wxYNd.h& f,i ye|skafõ'

 lsÍgl f;%dïfndaish
yD;a fmaYs j,g reêrh imhk lsÍgl Ouks reêr leáhla uÕska wjysr ùu'

 yDohdndO
lsÍgl Ouks wjysr ùu ksid yD;a fmaYS j,g reêrh iemhSu k;r ù yD;a fmaYs ls%hd
úrys; ùu'
fldf,iafgfrd,a ;ekam;a ùfuka fyda reêr leáhla uÕska lsÍgl Ouks wjysr fõ'

 wOHd;;sh ^wê reêr mSvkh&

Ouksj, wNHka;r ì;a;s u; fldf,iafgfrd,a ;ekam;a ùu ksid jeä mSvkhla
hgf;a reêrh fmdïm lsÍug jeä mSvkhla Ouks ì;a;s u; fh§u'

 ukaod;;sh ^wj reêr mSvkh&

fmdaIK W!k;d ksid reêr mßudj wvqù idudkH reêr mSvkhg jvd reêr mSvkh
wvq ùu'

14
5' iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;sh

iudfhdackh - wNHka;r yd ndysr mßirfha isÿjk fjkia ùuj,g wkql+,j foay

l%shdldÍ;ajh yev .eiSfï l%shdj,shhs'

iuiaÓ;sh - Ôúhl=f.a foayh ;=< ksh; wNHka;r mßirhla mj;ajd .ekSuhs'

W;af;ach - ndysr mßirfha fjkiaùu

m%;s.%dyl - W;af;ack y÷kd.kakd ixfõoS bkaøShhka ^wei" lK" kdih" osj" iu&
m%;spdrh - W;af;ackhg olajk m%;sls%hdj
ldrlh - m%;spdr oelaùug odhl jk fmaYs yd .%ka:s

jeroSulska r;a jQ Ndckhl w; .egqk úg laIKslj w; bj;g .ekSfïoS W;af;ach"

m%;s.%dylh" m%;spdrh yd ldrlh kï lrkak'
W;af;ach - m%;s.%dyl -
m%;spdrh - ldrlh -

iudfhdackh

iakdhql iudfhdackh ridhksl iudfhdackh /

wiakdhql iudfhdackh
iakdhq moaO;sh u.ska wdfõ.
iïfm%aIKh isÿlrñka m%;spdr olajhs' wka;rdi¾. moaO;sh u.ska fyda¾fudak
reêrhg i%djh lsÍfuka m%;spdr olajhs'

1' iakdhql iudfhdackh

iakdhq moaO;sfha jHqyuh tallh kï lrkak

iakdhq moaO;sh ;=< jHqyuh tallfha wdldr ;=k kï lrkak

15
uOH iakdhq moaO;sh
fud<h
uia;sIalh wkquia;sIalh iqIqïkd YS¾Ilh
 m%;s.%dylj, isg
meñfKk  foay iu;=,s;;dj  yD;a iamkaok fõ.h"
wdfõ. ,nd .ekSu mj;ajd .ekSu Yajikh jeks
 ixfõ§ f;dr;=re wksÉPdkq. l%shd
f;areï .ekSu  bÉPdkq. fmaYs md,kh lsÍu
 f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu l%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh
 ixfõok m%;s.%yKh lsÍu  jukh" leiai" lsúiqï
lsÍu hdu" blaldj yd .s,Su
 foayfha p,k jeks m%;Sl l%shd
 Wiia udkisl l%shd
ksishdldrj isÿ md,kh lsÍu
we;s lsÍu
 bÉPdkq. fmaYs lsÍug odhl ùu
ixfldapkh md,kh

iqIqïkdj
 fud<fha isg foayfha úúO ia:dk fj; f;dr;=re f.k hdu
 m%;s.%dyl j,ska meñfKk ixfõok fud<h fj; fhduq lsÍu
 m%;Sl ls%hd md,kh lsÍu

m%;Sl ls%hd
 fud<fha bÉPdkq. ueÈy;aùulska f;drj W;af;achla i|yd we;sjk laIKsl yd
wksÉPdkq. m%;spdr m%;Sl ls%hd kï fõ'
 m%;Sl pdmhl iyNd.S;ajfhka m%;Sl l%shd isÿfõ'
 iakdhq moaO;sfha lD;Huh tallh m%;Sl pdmh kï fõ' m%;Sl pdmhl kshqfrdak
j¾. ;=ku wvx.= fõ'
Wod - bámkaoï oe,a,l w; .egqk úg laIKslj w; bj;g .ekSu

m%;Sl pdmh

16
 m%;Sl ls%hd

lmd, m%;Sl ls%hd iqIqïkd m%;Sl ls%hd

 lsúiSu  r;a jQ hul w; .egqKq úg w;
 lgg fl< bkSu jyd bj;g .ekSu
 weismsh .eiSu  mdofha lgqjla weKqkq úg
laIKslj mdoh bj;g .ekSu

iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sh

 foayfha wNHka;r wjhj j, wksÉPdkq. ls%hd iudfhdackh flfrk moaO;shls'
 fud<h uÕska md,kh fõ
 iqIqïkdj fomi .ex.a,shï fY%K
a shla f,i mj;S'
 m%Odk fldgia follska hqla; h'
² wkqfõ.s iakdhq moaO;sh - yÈis wjia:djl § jvd;a m%uqLj ls%hdldß fõ'
² m%;Hdkqfõ.s iakdhq moaO;sh - yÈis wjia:djl § wkqfõ.s iakdhq moaO;sh uÕska
isÿl, fjkialï h:d ;;a;ajhg f.k ths'

2' ridhksl iudfhdackh

 fyda¾fudak uÕska foayfha ls%hd iudfhdackhhs

 fyda¾fudak wka;rdi¾. .%kÓ
a ^ks¾kd, .%kaÓ& uÕska
ksmoù reêrh iuÕ mßjykh fõ'
 m%Odk wka;rdi¾.S .%ka:s rEmigyfka oelafõ'

17
iuiaÓ;sh
ndysr mßirfha fjkialï wkqj fjkia fkdù Ôúhl=f.a foayh ;=< ksh; wNHka;r
mßirhla mj;ajd .ekSu iuiaÓ;sh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

wNka;r mßirh - ffi,j,g ðj;aùu i|yd udOH imhk tu ffi, wdikakfhA

mj;sk jgmsgdj hs
Wod - mgl ;r,h" reêr ma,diaudj" jid ;r,h

wNHka;r mßirfha hdukh l< hq;= idOl

² reêrfha .aÆfldaia uÜgu
² foay WIAK;ajh
² c, ;=,H;dj

reêrfha .aÆfldaia uÜgu hdukh foayfha WIaK;ajh hdukh

 reêrfha .a¨fldaia jeä úg"  foay WIaK;ajh hdukh fud<fha

bkaishq,ska i%djh fõ
yhsfmd;e,uih uÕska md,kh flf¾'
.aÆfldaia .a,hsfldcka

.a¨fldaia fïoh  ndysr mßirfha WIaK;ajh wvq úg"

- ifï reêr flaYkd,sld ixfldapkh flf¾'

 reêrfha .a¨fldaia wvq úg" - oyÈh ksmoùu wvq flf¾'

.aÆlf.dka i%djh fõ' - ifï frdau Woa.dukh fõ'

.a,hsfldcka .aÆfldaia - fjú,Su isÿfõ'

fïoh .aÆfldaia
 ndysr mßirfha WIaK;ajh jeä úg"
 .a,hsfldacka wlaudfõ;a" fïoh - ifï reêr flaYkd,sld úia;drkh flf¾'
fïo mglj,;a ;ekam;a fõ'
- oyÈh ksmoùu jeä flf¾'

foayfha c, ;=,H;dj hdukh

 msáhqgßh u.ska ADH ^m%;sfu!;%,Hh fyda¾fudakh& i%djh uÕska md,kh flf¾'

 reêrfha mj;sk c, m%udKh wvq jQ úg"
- ADH i%djh jeä fõ'
- jDlalj,§ c, m%;sfYdaIKh jeä fõ'
- uq;%d iuÕ neyer jk c, m%udKh wvq fõ'

 reêrfha mj;sk c, m%udKh jeä jQ úg"

- ADH i%djh wvq fõ'
- jDlalj,§ c, m%;sfYdaIKh wvq fõ'
- uq;%d iuÕ jeä c, m%udKhla neyer fõ'
18
ms<;=re imhkak'
ksfrda.S jeäysá mqoa.,hl=f.a reêr.; .aÆfldaia idkaøKh fldmuKo?

ñksidf.a idudkH foay WIaK;ajh fldmuKo?

ñksid wp,;dmS i;a;ajfhl= f,i y÷kajkafka wehs?

oyäh ksmojk .%ka:s l=uk kulska y÷kajhso?

w.akHdYfha w,a*d ffi, iy îgd ffi, mj;sk m%foaYh kï lrkak

w,a*d ffi, iy îgd ffi, ld¾hh i|yka lrkak

w,a*d ffi,
îgd ffi,

oshjeähdj we;s ùug fya;= folla i|yka lrkak

fyda¾fudak j, ,laIK lsysmhla i|yka lrkak'

OQir øjH yd Yafõ; øjH hkqfjka y÷kajkafka fudkjdo?

OQir øjH
Yafõ; øjH

fud<h yd iqIqïkdfõ wdrlaIdj i|yd ndysßka we;s mg,h l=ulao?

uia;sIal iqIqïkd ;r,h uÕska bgqlrk ld¾hhka i|yka lrkak'

fud<fha" uia;sIalh mDIaG j¾. M,h jeä lr.ekSu i|yd yev.eiS we;af;a flfiao?

19