weuqKqu 6'1'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr ^1883- - 1983&

! uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr 20 jk ishji uq,a Nd.hg wh;a ,dxflah Ydia;%d,hSh
h:d¾:jd§ (Academic Realism) Ñ;% l,dfõ mqfrda.dó j lghq;= l< Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'
!!! j¾I 1883 § .d,a, fodvka¥fõ Wm; ,o uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr ^tan%yï
l%siafgdam¾ f.%.ß iqßhwdrÉÑ wurfialr& m<uq j ks¾udKlrKhg msúfikafka ldgqka
Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jYfhks'
!!! ì%;dkH md,lhskaf.a wkq.%yh hgf;a ia:dms; l< ,xld l,d ix.ufha ^Ceylon
Society of Arts& mqfrda.dñ Ys,amshl= f,i lghq;= lr we;'
!!! Y%S ,xldj hg;a úð;hla j mej;s jljdkqjl ì%;dkHfhka meñKs Ys,amSkaf.ka ,nd .;a
Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;% l,d wdNdi" ,xld l,d ix.ufha Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udKj, úh'
!!! !!!!uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialrf.a Ñ;% ks¾udKj, ì%;dkH Ydia;%d,hSh h:d¾:jd§ Ñ;%
l,d ffY,S ,laIK fmkajhs'
!!! !!!Ôj rEm" ;d;aúl rEm iy N+ñ o¾Yk we£fuys olaIhl= jk Tyq Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍu
i|yd Èh idhï yd f;,aidhï hk j¾K udOH foj¾.h u Ndú; lr we;'
!!! !!!ñksia rEm iïmsKavk Ñ;%j, ì%;dkH Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;%l,dfõ m%uqL;u ,laIKhla jQ
m¾hdf,dal Í;sh mokï ù ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
!!!!;%us dk ,laIK iys; j¾K Ndú;h iu. wdf,dalh yd w÷r ms<ns | Ydia;d% ,hSh {dkh jk
+ rd ^Chiaroscuro) j¾K lsÍfï ,laIK Tyqf.a ks¾udK ;=< oelsh yels úh'
lshfrdialf
!!! !! uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr úiska lrk ,o ks¾udK lsysmhla o my; i|yka fõ'
- ú/lshdj
- hleÿrdf.a ÈhKsh
- mQia megjd
- Íâ udj; ^Èh idhï&
- rdcH kdhlhkaf.a Wvqlh Ñ;% ^wdf,aLH Ñ;%&

30
 hleÿrdf.a ÈhKsh

j¾;udkfha fld<U cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s hleÿrdf.a ÈhKsh
kue;s is;j
= u lekajih u; f;,a idhï udOH Ndú;fhka lrk ,o ks¾udKhla fõ'
fuu Ñ;%h ;=<ks a ksrEmKh lr we;af;a hleÿref.a ÈhKsh hs' weh n,s Ydka;s l¾uj, we÷ï
whs;;
a ï we| me,| isák w;r laIKsl j ìhg m;a jQ wdldrh o olajhs'
wNHka;r ye`.Sï ksrEmKh lrk h:d¾:jd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK yd úiauhckl" .+V f;audjla
jia;= úIhh lrñka ks¾udKfha m%ldYkh f.dvk`.d we;'
Ñ;%fha ksrEms; .sks is¿j fuka u wef.a uqyf
q Ka ye`.Sï yd ieif|k f,i ks¾udKh lr
we;s fjia uqyK
q ;a" úYd, fyjke,a,;a iuia; ks¾udKfha m%ldYkYS,;
S j
a h yd kdgHdkqidr
nj ;Sj% lrjhs'
!! rEm yd j¾K w¾:dkaú; j Ndú; lrñka fuys fmrìu u; m%Odk rEmh jk hleÿre ÈhKsh
yd miqìu i|yd ksjfia wNHka;r ì;a;h s l iSudj ksrEmKh lsÍu ±lsh yels h'
! + rd ^Chiaroscuro) Ys,m
ksrEms; j¾Kud,dj lshfrdialf a l%uh wkqj wdf,dalh yd w÷r
ukdf,i u;= lr olajk wdldrh ±lsh yels fõ'
fhdod we;s j¾K taljd¾Ksl ,laIK we;s iïNdjH j¾Kud,djla fõ'
! j¾K Ndú;h ;=< w÷r yd wdf,dalh yiqrejkq ,en we;af;a Ñ;%fha iuia; woyi jvd;a
biau;= lrjk f,isk's

31
 ú/lshdj ^Unemployed&

!!uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr úiska ú/lshdj kñka kï lr we;s fuu is;=ju jvd;a
m%isoaêhg m;aj we;af;a jvqjdf.a f.or hkqfjks'
!!fuu is;=ju fld<U cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s f;,a idhï udOHfhka
ks¾ñ; lekajia ks¾udKhls'
!!fuu is;=jfuka jvq f.or we;s oßø;dj u;= lsÍu i|yd b;d uekúka udkj rEm yd
j¾K yeisrùu ±lsh yels h'
!!cfka,fhka ksjig ,efnk wdf,dalh b;d iajNdúl f,i u;= lr olajd we;' tu
wdf,dalfhka jvqf.or ksjeishkaf.a uqyqKqj, ckkh jk ye`.Sï b;d uekúka
ksrEmKh lr we;'
cfka, ljq¨fjka olajk wdf,dalfha iajNdjh" lshfrdial+frd ^Chiaroscuro) j¾K
,laIKj,g wkqj ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j Ndú; lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
is;=jfï ±lafjk j¾K taljd¾Ksl ,laIK we;s iïNdjH j¾Kud,djla fõ'
!!Ydia;%d,hSh h:d¾:jd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK wkqj hñka udkj rEmfha iqkaor;ajh fukau
wNHkaa;r ye`.Sï m%ldYkh;a fuu ks¾udKfhka ukdj ms<sìUQ flf¾'
ks¾udK wjldYh u; .eUqr olajñka m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; j fmrìu" ueoìu yd
miqìu hk ;," m¾hdf,dal ,laIKj,g wkq.; fjñka j¾K yd yev;, iïmsKavkh
lr we;'

32
 weuqKqu 6'1'2'2
lshùï m;%sldj

iageka,s wfíisxy ^1914-- - 1992&

! ! ! 1914 § Wm; ,enQ iageka,s wfíisxy úisjk ishjfia kQ;k l,d b;sydifha uq,a ld,Sk j
ìys jQ m%;sNdmQ¾K Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'
!!!! ! ,xld ld¾ñl úoHd,fha Ñ;% l,dj ye±rE Tyq bkaÈhdjg f.dia fmrÈ. Ñ;% l,dj yd
tx.,ka;fha § hqfrdamSh kQ;k Ñ;% l,dj wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs'
! ! fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. úúO l,d wdNdi weiqßka ;ukag wdfõKsl kj Ñ;% l,d iïm%odhhla
we;s lsÍug uQ,sl jQ fmrgq.dñ Ys,amsfhls'
! ! rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfha .=rejrhl= f,i o" 1965-1969 ld,h ;=< tys l,dh;kdêm;s
f,i o lghq;= lr we;'
! ! tu ld,h ;=< 43 lKavdhfï kQ;kjd§ m%ldYkhg iu.dó j kQ;kjd§ l,d Ndú;h
iys; kj l,d m%jK;djla rcfha ,,s;l,d wdh;kfha f.dvke.Sug uQ,sl jQ
mqfrda.dñhd f,i o ie,fla'
!!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,ma hs df.a ks¾udK i|yd idïm%odhsl l,dfõ ffY,s.; yev" mYapd;a
WmiaÒ;sjd§ yd m%ldYkjd§ Ñ;% l,d m%jK;dfõ j¾K Ndú;h wdNdih ù we;'
ks¾udKj, miqìu i|yd >ksljd§ l,dfõ miqìï wjldY ,laIK wdNdi lr ;sîu ±lsh
yels fõ'
! flá" >k f¾Ld Ndú;h o Tyqf.a ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKhla fõ'
! ! iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshd úiska lrk ,o ks¾udK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
- j<x lfâ$ l=U,a y,
- wei< fmryer
- Ndjkdj
- nd, ;reK ^Young and Infant&
- ,laIaóf.a Wm;

35
 l=U,a y,

!!!! !!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o l=U,a y, keu;s is;=ju Tyqf.a
kQ;kjd§ l,d Ndú;fha iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla fõ'
! ! ueá Ndck úl=Kqï y,la yd hqj,la ñka ksrEms; h'
!! ! m¾hdf,dal ,laIK rys; wjldYhla Ndú; ùu fuu ks¾udKfha lemSfmfkk
,laIKhls' fuu iïmsKavkfha fmrìu yd miqìu tlu ;,hl ksrEms; h'
Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd ;%sudk;ajh fmkajkafka iajNdj O¾uhg idfmalaIj fkdj fhdok
,o j¾K lsÍfï Ys,am l%ufhks'
! ! w÷re yd wdf,dalu;a j¾K úix.; j fhoùfuka ñksia ye`.Sï jvd ;Sj% f,i
oelaùug Ys,amshd iu;aj we;'
!!!! Ñ;%fha m%ldYkd;aul nj ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd fhdok j¾K modi" ishqï f,i
úia;rd;aul oelaùu yd m%dKj;a flá" >klñka hq;= l¿ f¾Ld Ndú; lr ;sîu
y÷kd.; yels h'
!!!! !!uqyqfKa ye`.Sï ksrEmKh i|yd fhdod.;a w÷re j¾K" ks¾udKfha Ndj m%ldYkh
uekeúka ixúOdkh lsÍug bjy,a j we;'
!!!! ! iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ffY,sh i|yd idïm%odhsl l,dfõ ffY,s.;
yev" mYapd;a WmiaÒ;sjd§ yd m%ldYkjd§ Ñ;% l,d m%jK;dfõ j¾K Ndú;h fukau
>ksljd§ l,dfõ miqìï wjldY ,laIK wdNdi lr ;sîu ±lsh yels fõ'

36
 fmryer

!!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a kQ;kjd§ l,d Ndú;h iys; ks¾udK w;r fmryer kue;s
is;=ju úYsIag ks¾udKhls'
!!uykqjr wei< fmryer jia;=úIh lr .ksñka w¢k ,o fuu ks¾udKh i|yd w÷r yd
wdf,dalh úix.; j¾K ;=<ska Ñ;%fha pu;aldrh kj uqyqKqjrlska ms<sìUq lr we;'
!!w÷re yd wdf,dalu;a j¾K id¾:lj fhdod.ksñka rd;%S ld,h ksrEmKh lsÍug .;a
W;aidyh Ñ;%h jvd;aa w¾:j;a lrhs'
!!rd;%s ld,h ksrEmKh i|yd fhdod .ekqKq w÷re yd wdf,dal ;;a;ajh" j¾K modi u.ska
olajñka fmryef¾ W;aijY%Sh iajNdjh úia;rd;aul j olajd we;'
f¾LdlrKhg jvd j¾K udOH yeisrùfuka rEml u;= lr we;' rEm Ndú;fha § f;audfõ
jeo.;au wx.h jk o<od lrvqj iys; we;d Ñ;%fha uOH.; j olajd we;'
!!fmrìu miqìu fkdi,ld tlu ;,hl rEm iïmsKavkh l< o j¾K lsÍfï Ys,aml%uh
wkqj fmrìu" ueoìu" miqìu uekeúka ixúOdk.; j ia:dk.; fldg Ñ;%fha .eUqr
oelaùug Ys,amshd ukdj iu;aj we;'
ta i|yd >ksljd§ l,dfõ miqìï wjldY ,laIK fhdod .ekqk w;r ffY,s.; yev"
mYapd;a WmiaÒ;sjd§ yd m%ldYkjd§ Ñ;% l,d m%jK;dfõ j¾K Ndú;h wdNdi lr ;sîu
±lsh yels fõ'

37
 weuqKqu 6'1'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj
Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ ^1904 - -1990&
! !!!!! j¾I 1904 § fnka;r iqoaodf.dv Wm; ,enq Ô' tia' fyj;a .ïjdrs ir;a m%kdkaÿ
Èh idhï Ñ;% l,dfõ Ys,amSh m%jK;d fmkakqï l< m%lg Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'
ßpâ fykaßlia hgf;a Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| wOHdmkh ,enQ Tyq" m<uqj ì;=is;=jï l,djg
m%fõY jq Ñ;% Ys,amsfhla o fõ'
! miqld,Skj Ô'tia m%kdkaÿ Ys,amshd yg tï' id¾,sia yd uqo,s`ÿ wurfialr jeks
Ys,amSkaf.ka o Ñ;% Ys,amh yeoeÍu ksid Èh idhï udOH ms<sn| wkkH;djla iys;
ks¾udK lsßug yels úh'
ldgqka Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| m%ùK;djla fmka jq Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ ,xldfõ m%:u Ñ;% l;dj
ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ Ys,amshd o fõ'
fj<| Ñ;% Ys,amshl= f,i Tyq fmdaiag¾" f,an,a" fmd;a msgljr o ks¾udKh lsÍug odhl
ù we;'
! ! Èh idhï udOH Ys,am l%uh wkqj Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o Ñ;%" hqfrdamSh
Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;% l,d wdNdih iys; j" Tyqg u wdfõKsl iajNdúljd§ Ñ;% l,d
ffY,shla wkqj ks¾udKh lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
Tyqf.a Èhidhï ks¾udK i|yd úfYaIfhkau hqfrdamSh N+ño¾Yk is;=jïj, wdNdih
,eî we;'
Y%S ,dxflah mßir iajNdjh b;d w,xldr f,i u;=lsÍu Tyqf.a ks¾udKj, lemS
fmfkk ,laIKhla fõ'
! ! ! Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o my; ±lafjk Èh idhï udOH ks¾udK
úYsIag ks¾udK jYfhka ie,fla'
- W¿ fmdarKqj
! - .v,dfoKsh
! ! Ô'tia m%kdkaÿf.a Èhidhï udOH ks¾udKj, ffY,Sh ,laIK yd Ñ;% uQ,sldx. ixrpk
l%ufõo fmdÿfõ fufia y÷kd.; yels h'
" Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK ksrEmKh
"! ñksia bßhõ ,d,s;Hfhka yd ye`.Sï m%ldYkfhka hq;= ùu
! ! ! " ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla Ndú; lsÍu

40
 W¿ fmdarKqj

! !!!

! ! cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;ss fuu is;=ju hqfrdamSh iajNdúljd§
ffY,sh ±lafjk ks¾udKhls'
lvodis u; Èh idhï udOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udKhls' !!!!
! Ñ;%fha olajk W¿ fmdarKqj yd wjg mßirh Ñ;%Kh lsÍfï § §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla
;%sudk ,laIK iys; j Èhidhï modi l%uhg m%ldYkd;aul j olajd we;'
! ! ;,h u; rEm ixrpkh lsÍfï § fmrìu" ueo ìu yd miqìu u; rEm msysgqjñka
Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; j ksrEmKh lr we;'
fuu ks¾udK i|yd iajNdúljd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK yd hqfrdamSh N+ño¾Yk is;=jïj,
wdNdih ,eî we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

41
! ! .v,dfoKsh

!!!!!! ! fld<U cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s ks¾udKhls'

! ! hqfrdamSh iajNdúljd§ ffY,sh ±lafjk fuu is;=ju Èh idhï udOHfha ks¾udKhls'
Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;% l,dfõ ixrpk isoaOdka; ,laIK jk .eUqr ksrEmKh lrk
m¾hdf,dal ,laIK yd ;%sudk ,laIK Ndú;h fuu ks¾udKfha o ±lsh yels h'
! ;,h u; rEm ixrpkh lsÍfï § fmrìu" ueo ìu yd miqìu u; rEm msysgqjñka Ñ;%fha
.eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK ksrEmKh lr we;'
! §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j Èhidhï modi l%uhg Ndú; lr we;'
! !!!!! fuu ks¾udK i|yd o iajNdúljd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK yd hqfrdamSh N+ño¾Yk is;=jïj,
wdNdih ,eî we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

42
 weuqKqu 6'1'4'
lshùï m;%sldj
fla' lklindm;s ^1915--¡1995&
fla' lklindm;s úisjk ishjig wh;a YS% ,dxflah kQ;k Ñ;% l,dfõ mqfrda.dó j lghq;=
l< oñ< cd;sl Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'
j¾I 1915 § hdmkh Wreïmsrdhs ys Wm; ,o lklindm;s m<uqj m,d,s .=re úoHd,fhka Ñ;%
l,dj ms<sn| Ydia;%sh wOHdmkh ,nd .kakd ,§'!
fudyq m,d,s .=re mqyqKq úoHd,fhys Ñ;% l,d wdpd¾hjrfhl= jYfhka lghq;= lr we;'
Ñ;% l,dj ms<n
s | jeäÿr wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSu i|yd úkai¾ Ñ;% l,d wdh;kfha idudðl;ajh
,nd .kakd Tyq wk;=re j fld<U ld¾ñl úoHd,hg we;=<;a j Ñ;% l,dj yodrkq ,nhs'
Tyqf.a uq,ald,Sk Ñ;% ffY,shg Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;% l,dfõ h:d¾:jd§ l,d ,laIK tlaj ;snqK
o miqld,Sk j Tyqf.a ks¾udK >ksljd§ l,d wdNdihkaf.ka fmdaIKh úh'
>ks l jd§ l,d ,la I K iys ; j ;udg wdfõKs l Ñ;% ffY,s h la f.dvk.d .;a
fla' lklindm;s" 43 lKavdhfï Ñ;% m%o¾Ykj,g o iyNd.s jQ Ñ;% Ys,amsfhla fõ'
fla' lklindm;s úiska ksu lrk ,o úYsIag ks¾udK w;r lshjk <uhd" l=l=,a fmdrh"
úfõl .ekSu" N+ño¾Yk ^landscapes& is;=jï iqúfYaI fõ'

!!!!! lshjk <uhd

fla' lklindm;s úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o lshjk <uhd kue;s is;=ju lekajih u;
f;,a idhï udOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udKls'
ffY,s.; ,laIK yd >ksljd§ l,d ffY,Sh ,laIKj, wdNdi iys; ks¾udKhla fõ'
>ksljd§ l,dfõ ,laIK wkqj Ñ;%fha miqìu f¾Ld igyka iys; ;,hla f,i fmkajhs'
tlsfkl fjkia yev iy úúO ÈYdk;ska iys; f¾Ld talj¾Ksl miqìula u; ixúOdkh
lr we;'

45
Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd ;%sudk;ajh fmkajkafka fhdok ,o f¾Ld yd j¾K lsÍfï Ys,am l%ufhks'
tu.ska Ñ;%fha wjldYSh .eUqr ±elafõ'
Ñ;%fha m%Odk rEmhg jvd miqìu >ksljdÈ l,d wdNdih iys;j LKavkhg ,lalr we;'
is;=jfï ±lafjk <uhd fndfyda fihska ffY,s.; yev iys;j ksrEmKh flf¾'
Ñ;%hg nyq, jYfhka fhdod we;s j¾Kh fld< j¾Kh jk w;r tys m%fNao iu. ÿUqre
j¾K Ndú;h y÷kd.; yels h'
>k $ .eUqre f¾LdlrKh yd j¾K Ndú;h uekúka fhdodf.k we;s w;r tu.ska ud;Dldj
jvd ;Sj% j yd ixfõ§ j oekùug W;aidy f.k we;'

l=l=,a fmdrh

fla' lklindm;s Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu is;=ju i|yd jia;= úIh ù we;af;a
l=l=,a fmdrhls'
f;,a idhï udOH Ndú; flg lekajih u; lrk ,o >ksljdÈ ffY,sh ±lafjk ks¾udKhls'
l=l=<ka ksrEmKh i|yd oaúudk yev;, Ndú; jqjo ;%sudk ,laIK u;=jk fia j¾K
.kajd we;'
Ñ;%fha rEm jgd yd miqìu u; fhdod we;s >k f¾Ldj, iajNdjh wkqj l=l=,a fmdrfha
fõ.h yd ßoauh u;= lr fmkajhs' tu ,laIK Ñ;%fha m%ldYkh jvd ;Sj% lsÍug Wmldß
fjhs'
>ksljd§ l,dfõ ,laIK wdNdih lr .ksñka i;a;aj rEm iy miqìu iïmsKavkh lr
we;'
ÿUqre j¾Kh m%uqLj talj¾K iajNdjh u;=jk f,i fuu ks¾udKfha j¾K Ndú; lr we;'
is;j
= u uOHfha l=l<
= ka ksrEmKh lsÍug Ndú; l< f¾Ld yd yev;,j,g iudk yev;, iy
f¾Ld" miqìug fhdod .ekSfuka fmrìu yd miqìu tlu ;,hl iïmsKavkh jQ njla
oDYHudk fõ'

46
 weuqKqu 6'1'5'2

lshùï m;%sldj
ta' ud¾la ^1933¡2000&
úisjk ishji w.Nd.hg wh;a Y%S ,dxflah kQ;k oDYH l,dfõ mqfrda.dó j lghq;= l<
oñ< cd;sl Ys,amsfhls'
hdmkfha .=rek.¾ m%foaYfha § j¾I 1933 § Wm; ,enq ta' ud¾la Ys,amshd Ñ;% úIhhg muK-
la fkdj uQ¾;s l,djg o tl f,i m%ùK;djla ±lajQ Ys,amsfhla fõ'
rcfha ,,s; l,d wdh;khg we;=<;aj Tyq Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| Wiia wOHdmkh ,nd f.k
we;'
! Ñ;% mka;s meje;aùu yd Ñ;% m%o¾Yk ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd —úvquqfrhsla l,aú ´úhla
l,yï˜ ^úfõl ld,j, Ñ;% l,dj ye±Ífï tluq;=j& kñka ix.uhla msysgqùu Tyqf.ka isÿjq
úYsIag fiajdjla úh'
Tyqf.a Ñ;% ks¾udKj, ,laIK wkqj tajd my; i|yka f,i j¾.SlrKhg ,la l<
yels h'
^1& j¾K mokï lr.;a hq.h
^2& f¾Ld mokï lr.;a hq.h
j¾K mokï lr .;a hq.h ;=< o w÷re hq.h" iqÿ hq.h" ks,a hq.h (Dark period, White Period,
Blue Period) wd§ úúO j¾K hq. y÷kd .; yels h'
f¾Ld mokï lr.;a hq.h >ksljd§ hq.h jYfhka y÷kajd we;'
meiag,a j¾K" Èhidhï" fld,dÊ" ñY% udOH wdÈh Ndú; lrñka idudkH lvodis u; fuu
ks¾udK isÿ lr we;'
Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o úYsIag Ñ;% ks¾udK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
il=ka;,d
;dKavjï
ldjä kegqu
rd.ud,sf.hs
Tyqf.a uQ¾;s ks¾udKj, >ksljdÈ ,laIKhkag wu;r j fykaß uQj¾f.a yevj, ,laIK
wdNdi lr.ksñka Tyqgu wdfõKsl kq;k ffY,shlska yd Ys,aml%uhlska hq;=j ks¾udK
lsÍu ±lsh yels fõ'

49
 il=ka;,d ^Ñ;%&

!!!

!! ta' ud¾la Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh l< is;=jï w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla jkafka il=ka;,d
keu;s Ñ;%hhs'
!!!! ld,sodi úiska rÑ; il=ka;,d ldjHfha m%Odk pß;h jk il=ka;,d fuu ks¾udKh i|yd
jia;= úIh ù we;'
!!!! meiag,a udOHfhka j¾K .ekajQ fuu ks¾udKfhys" iajNdúl;ajh wNsnjd jHqla;lrK
% +,-)./#)0"1* l,d ,laIK ±lsh yels fõ'
>ksljd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK fuu ks¾udKh i|yd wdNdih ù we;'
! >ksl yev;, yd <d meye;s me;,s j¾K ksid fuu ks¾udKh oaúudk l,d ,laIKj,ska
hqla; jqj o rEmh jgd fhdod we;s >k f¾LdlrKh ksid ;s%udk ,laIK u;= lr fmkajhs'
! Ñ;%fha miqìu i|yd fhdod we;s j¾Kh ;,h mqrd úys§ hk f,i j¾K .kajd we;'
!!!! ks¾udKfha fhdod we;s iuia; j¾K" yev;, yd f¾LdlrKfhka il=ka;,df.a wNHka;r
Ndjuh ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍug Ys,amshd W;aidy ord we;s nj fmfka'

50
 ñksid iyd n,a,ka ^uQ¾;s&

!!!! ta' ud¾la Ys,m

a h
s d úiska ks¾udKh l< uQ¾;s w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla jYfhka fuu ks¾udKh
ye¢kaúh yels h'
!!! bÈßmi .d;a Tijd miqmi .d;aj,ska isg.;a n,a,ka foofkl= iu. isák ñksfil=f.a rejla
fuu ks¾udKfhka ms<ìs Uq flf¾'
isg.;a n,a,kaf.a rEmj,g jvd l=vdjg fuys ñksia rej ksrEmKh lr we;'
!!!!! ta' ud¾la Ys,m
a h
s d úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu uQ¾;sh i|yd mokï j we;af;a Tyqg
wdfõKsl kjH jq uQ¾;s Ys,m a l%uhls'
!!!! kq;k l,d Ndú;hka iys; fuu ks¾udKh i|yd >ksljdÈ l,d ,laIK iy fykaß uqj¾f.a
uQ¾;s ks¾udKj, ,laIK wdNdi ù we;s nj úpdrl woyihs'
bj;,k$fidhd.;a øjH ^found objects& Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu
ks¾udKh i|yd ma,diaála fnda;," ma,diaála ;, Ndú; lr we;'
!!!! ma,diaála fnda;,aj, È.á yd újr iys; yev" ßoauhdkql,
+ j yd iunr j wjldYh iu. Ndú;
lr we;s w;r bÈßhg fkrd .sh yd we;=<g fkrd .sh fldgia u;=lrñka fuu ks¾udKh
bÈßm;a lr we;'
!! úia;rd;aul núka wvq ir, yev iu. we;s lrk ir, m%ldYkh fuu lD;sfha we;s
iqúfYaI ,laIKhla fõ'

51
 weuqKqu 6'1'6'2

lshùï m;%sldj
;siai rKisxy ^1925 -&
! úisjk ishjfia Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k uQ¾;s l,dfõ kj ffY,shla ìys lsÍug mqfrda.dñ jQ
úYsIag ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i ;siai rKisxy ye¢kaúh yels h'
! ! foaYSh jYfhka yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka o iïudkkSh;ajhg m;a ;siai rKisxy j¾I
1925 § ó.uqj fhda.shdk keue;s m%foaYfha Wm; ,eî h'
!!! !!urodk ld¾ñl úÿyf,a fÊ' ã' ta' fmf¾rd hgf;a Ñ;% l,dj yodrk ,o ;siai rKisxy
tx.,ka;hg f.dia fp,ais l,d mdif,a ^!(23-2/%School of Art& yd rdclSh l,d mdif,a
^4"5/3%!"332'2%of Art& uQ¾;s Ys,amh yodrkq ,eî h'
!!! !!tu l,d mdi,aj, wOHdmkfhka yd hqfrdamSh kQ;k l,d ks¾udKhkaf.a wdNdih ,nñka
;siai rKisxy úiska ;udgu wdfõKsl uQ¾;s ks¾udK ffY,shla f.dvk.d .kq ,eî h'
!!! !!uQ¾;s ks¾udK ffY,sfha ksrka;rj ±lsh yels iajNdúl yevhkag fjkia jQ úhqla;jdÈ
yevhkaf.ka ixl,kh jQ yev Tyqf.a ks¾udK i|yd mdol úh'
!!Y%S ,dxflah kQ;k uQ¾;s Ys,amhg f,dalv udOH yd jd;a;=lsÍfï Ys,aml%uh y÷kajd ÿkafka
Tyq h'
!!! !!Y%S ,dxlsl uQ¾;s Ys,amshl= ,enQ Wiia u cd;Hka;r iïudkh 1963 § n%iS,fha meje;ajQ
idfjdamdõf,da m%o¾Ykh i|yd bÈßm;a l< —úmdl˜ fyj;a —mõ iudj˜ ^Penance& keue;s
f,dayuh uQ¾;shg ysñ úh'
! !!!!;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK i|yd jia;= jQ úúO úIh lafIa;% fufia ±laúh yels h'
- m%N+kaf.a mqoa., rEm $úoaj rEm ^wdf,aLH& uQ¾;s - mrKú;dk ms<srej
- wd.ñl ixl,am ksrEms; uQ¾;s ^fn!oaO yd yskaÿ&
- ÿIalr l%shdj uQ¾;sh" mõ iudj fyj;a úmdl" .fkaI
- ft;sydisl;ajh ksrEms; ks¾udK
- fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fha Wkak; ks¾udKh
!!! !!;siai rKisxy Ys,a mshdf.a ks¾udK ffY,sh Y%S ,dxflah kQ;kjd§ uQ¾;s l,dfõ m%fõYh
ia:dmkh l< w;r tu ffY,sh j¾;udk uQ¾;s Ys,amSkaf.a we;eï ks¾udK i|yd n,md
we;s nj fmfka'

54
 ÿIalr l%shdj uq¾;sh

!! !!ÿIalr l%shdj keue;s fuu uQ¾;sh ;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a w;s úYsIag ks¾udKhla f,iska
ms<s.ekSug ,laj we;'
!! !!isÿy;a fndai;=kaf.a ÿIalr ls%hdj ms<sìUq lrk fuu uQ¾;sfhka tu woyi ksrEmKh lsÍu
i|yd Èh ù .sh yd úhel=Kq udxYuh fldgia iys; wiaÓuh ieleiau uekeúka olajd we;'
!! !!iajdNdúljd§ j ñksia iajrEmhl ndysr yd ldhsl jHqyhg jvd wNHka;r ye`.Sï ksrEmKh
l< yels h:d¾:jd§ ffY,shla iys; yev;, fuu uQ¾;sfhka ksrEmKh lrhs'
!! ! wlaIsf.dapr iajNdúljd§ l,d Ndú;h fuu uQ¾;sh i|yd Ndú;hg f.k ke;'
!! ! fuu ks¾udKh i|yd úhqla;jdÈ l,d wdNdihka ±lsh yels h'
!!fuu ks¾udKfha yev w¾O úhqla;jd§ 6270%8%+,-)./#)* yev yd w¾O ksrEmKd;aul
yevhkaf.ka ixl,kh ù we;s nj úpdrl woyi fõ'!
!! !!kQ;k l,d Ndú;hka ±lafjk fuu ks¾udKh f,dalv udOHfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'

55
 fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fha Wkak; ks¾udKh

1 2

3 4

fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fha kj r`.yf,a ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu ks¾udKh kQ;k uq¾;s
l,dfõ kj udkhla we;s l< ks¾udKhls'
fgrdfldgd udOH Ndú;fhka Wkak; j ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu ks¾udKh i|yd jia;=
úIh ù we;af;a ,dxflah kdgH l,d b;sydih hs'
kdgH l,d b;sydihg wh;a wjia:d fuys tlg ixl,kh lr ksrEmKh flf¾'
fuu l,d ks¾udK i|yd wdNdi jYfhka >ksljd§ l,d ,laIK ,eî we;ehs úpdrl
u;hhs'
>ksljd§ úhqla; yev;,j,g wu;rj ffY,s.; yev fuu ks¾udKh i|yd mdol
lrf.k we;'
fuu fgrdfldgd ks¾udKh i|yd fhdodf.k we;s j¾K" ks¾udKfha w,xlrKh fukau
m%ldYk .=Kh ;Sj% lsÍug Wmfhda.S ù we;'

56
 weuqKqu 6'1'7'2
lshùï m;%sldj
tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak ^1929 &
! tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak uy;d Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k Ñ;% l,dfõ kj iïm%odhla jk úhqla;
l,d iïm%odh ìys lsÍug mqfrda.dñ jQ úYsIag ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
! ! foaYSh jYfhka yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka o iïudkkSh;ajhg m;a tÉ' ta lreKdr;akhka
j¾I 1929 nKavdr.u m%foaYfha § Wm; ,eîh'
1952 rcfha ,,s; l,d wdh;kfha Ñ;% l,dj yodrK ,o tÉ' ta lreKdr;ak uy;d
miqld,Sk j tys lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajh lr we;'
!!! ! Tyqf.a ks¾udKlrK l%shdj,sh i|yd cmka yd weußldkq Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkfhka ,o
mdvï uy;a wdNdihla ù we;'
!! YS% ,xldfõ kQ;k l,dfõ ksrEmKd;aul ixrpkh fjkqjg weußldkq úhqla;
m%ldYkjd§ ^Abstract Expressionism) Ñ;% ffY,shg wkq.; jQ úhqla; Ñ;% l,d NdIdjla
ia:dms; lrk ,È'
! Tyqf.a ks¾udKYS,s Ñ;% ffY,sfhys uOH.; ixrpkhla fkdue;s w;r ;,h mqrd yev;,
úiqrejd yßk ixrpkhla fmkajhs'
tÉ' ta' lreKdr;akhka miqld,Sk ish ks¾udK i|yd f;audjla imhkafka ke;' tu.ska
Tyq" krUkakdg is;Sug wjia:dj § ;sfí'
!!Tyqf.a ks¾udKhkaf.ka wd.ñl ye`.Sï iys; jQ Ydka; rihla cks; lrjk nj l,d
úpdrl u;hhs'
!!! !!uq,a ld,Sk j f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajih u; Ñ;% ixrpkh l< Tyq miqld,Sk j
tlsfklg fjkia udOH Ndú; lrk ,§'
ish ks¾udKhkaf.a ;s%udk nj ;Sj% lsÍug weK" ldâfndaâ kQ,a jeks úúO øjH
Ndú;fhka W;aidy lr we;' tu.ska ks¾udKfha tlsfkl úreoaO u;=msg iajNdjhkaf.ka
^texture) úúO rihka cks; lrhs'
!!! !!Tyqf.a ks¾udK w;r ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ks¾udK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
uq,ald,Sk ks¾udK lekajih u; f;,a idhï udOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udK
- i|mdhd
- pkaøldka; mdIdKh
- u,a iqj|
- iqÿ j,dl=¿
- uf,l iqj|
- wiajekak wd§ is;=jï
miqld,Sk ks¾udK - úúO udOH Ndú;fhka isÿlrk ,o ks¾udK (Assemblage Art)

59
 i|mdhd

!!! !!tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak Ys,amshd úiska 1980 oYlh ;=< ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu is;=ju
zz i|mdhd ZZ kï fõ'
! f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajih u; lrk ,o fuu is;=ju Tyqf.a uq,a ld,Sk
ks¾udKhls'
fuu is;=jfï uOH.; ixrpkhla olakg fkdue;s w;r" ;,h mqrd yev;, úiqrejd
yßk ixrpkhla fmkajhs'
úhqla; m%ldYkjdos l,d ,laIK Tyqf.a fuu ks¾udKh i|yd mokï ù we;'
iajNdj O¾ufha ksYaÑ; wjia:djla Ñ;%fha m%ldYkh i|yd jia;= úIh lr .ekSu ñka
fmkajhs'
!!! ! úhql;
a m%ldYkjd§ l,d ,laIK wkqj mj;sk rEms; ie,eiafï ienE iajrEmfhka fkdfmkaùu
yd wNHka;r yeÕSï wkqj iajNdjh ksrEmKh lsÍu fuhska olajhs'
!! wyfia mdhk ,o i| yd tu i| lsrK jegqKq .iaj, pu;aldrckl ye`.Sï u;= lsÍu i|yd
ks¾udKfha §ma;su;a uqyqka j¾K" f¾Ld yd yev;, Ndú; lr we;'
!!fuu ks¾udKfhka wd.ñl ye`.Sï iys; jQ Ydka; rihla cks; lrjk nj l,d úpdrl
u;hhs'

60
 zzkï fkdl<ZZ Untitled

!!! !!tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak Ys,amshd úiska uE;ld,fha § tkï 2011 jif¾ § ks¾udKh lrk ,o
fuu ks¾udKh zzkï fkdl<ZZ kñka ye¢kafõ'
!!! !!fuh uQ¾;suh ,laIK ±lsh yels tl,ia lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh wkqj lrk ,o ks¾udKhls'
fuu ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ;yvq" lïì" weK hkdÈ ñY% udOH Ndú; lr we;'
! fï i|yd >k yd r¿ wuqøjH ksrEmKd;aul wruqKla fjkqfjka Ndú; lr ;sîu fuu
ks¾udKfha we;s iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'
fuu ks¾udKh i|yd úia;rd;aul núka wvq" tfia u fhda.S bßhõjl ±lsh yels uQ,sl
,laIK iys; yev;, wkqj l< ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,lsh yels h'
! ir, nj yd ixfla;d;aul nj ks¾udKd;aul j bÈßm;a l< lD;shls'
ixiaf,aIKd;aul >ksljdoh yd tlaldiq l,dfõ wdNdi ,laIK fuu ks¾udKh wdYs%; j
±lsh yels fõ'

61
 weuqKqu 6'2'1'2
lshùï m;%sldj

ldgqka Ñ;% l,dj mqj;am;a lafIa;%hg flakaøShj ks¾udKh jQ iqúfYaI ks¾udK l,djls'
! mqj;am;l ldgqka Ñ;%j,g m%uqL wdl¾Ykhla ,efnk w;r we;eïúg mqj;am;l m%Odk
l¾;D jdlHhg o jvd tajd m%n, fõ'
!!! !!jpk /ilska lsjhq;= fndfyda foa ldgqka Ñ;%h u.ska leáfldg m%ldY flf¾'
!!! !!ldgqka ks¾udKj, wruqK jkafka mj;sk iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl
ÿ¾j,;d ms<sn| ydiHh okjk whqßka újrKh lsÍuhs'
!!! !!iEu ;rd;srul u mqoa.,hkag fïjd ri ú£ug yelsùu iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'
!!! !!ldgqka Ñ;%j, id¾:l nj yd is;a weo.kakd nj /|S we;af;a tys ydiHh .eí ù we;s
m%n,;dj wkqj h'
!!! !!ydiH rih ksrEmKh lsÍfï§ uqLH ,laIKh wkqj yev;, Ndú; lr we;s wdldrh b;d
jeo.;a fõ'
!!! !!rEmj, ls%hdldß;ajh ydiH ksrEmKh i|yd n,mdk m%Odk wx.hls'
!!! !!iudc" foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh újrKh lsÍfï § ta i|yd jk mqoa.,hkaf.a pß; ,laIK
ldgqkh u`.ska b;d uekeúka ksrEmKh l< yels h'
!!! !!isoaê ksrEmKfha § NdIdj Ndú; lrk wdldrh o fjkia fõ'
! Y%S ,xldfõ ldgqka Ñ;% ks¾udK l%shdj,sfha mqfrda.dó Ys,amSka w;r
- Tíß fld,Ü
- fc*aß hQkqia
- ví' wd¾' úfÊfidau
- leñ,ia fmf¾rd
- Ysj{kiqkaorï" hk Ys,amSka m%uqLia:dkh .kshs'

64
Tíß fld,Ü (1920 - 1992)

!!! Y%S ,xldfõ mqj;am;a ldgqka l,dfõ mqfrda.dñhd f,i Tíß fld,Ü Ys,ma hs d ye¢kaúh yels h'
!!! !!iudc" foaYmd,k lafIa;% ydiHhg ,lajk whqßka ldgqka ks¾udKh l< Ys,amshl= f,i o
m%isoaêhla bis¨ flfkls'
!!! !!Tíß fld,Ü úiska 1945 § m<uqjrg —o ghsïia T*a isf,daka˜ kue;s mqj;aam;g ldgqka
ks¾udKh lr we;'
!!! !!fld,Ü 43 lKavdhug wh;a Ys,amsfhls'
!!! !!Tyq úiska w|sk ,o 43 lKavdhfï idudðlhka oelafjk ldgqka ks¾udKh úYsIag lD;shls'

fc*aß hQkQia (1932 - 2003)

!!! !!Tíß fld,Üf.a u`. fmkaùu iu`. foaYmd,k ldgqka l,djg meñKs hqkqia m%n, ldgqka
Ys,amshla fjhs'
!!! !!uq,ald,Skj —we;a;˜ mqj;amf;ys ldgqka Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh l< Tyq miqld,Sk j —rdjh˜
mqj;amf;ys ldgqka Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh lr we;'
!!! ! Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o m%n, ldgqka pß;h f,i —wmamqydñ˜ ye¢kaúh yels h'

65
ví' wd¾' úfÊfidau (1925-2006)
!!! 1930 oYlh wdrïNfha isg ldgqka Ñ;% i|yd ckm%sh;ajhg m;a mqoa.,hl= f,i úfÊfidau
ye¢kaúh yels h'
! 1950 oYlfha§ —ghsïia T*A isf,daka˜ mqj;amf;ys ldgqka úfYaIdx.h fkdlvjd mj;ajd
f.khñka ckm%sh ;;a;ajhg m;a úh'
! Tyq fmdÿck;dj w;r jvd;a ckm%sh jQfha —mqxÑ isxf[da˜kñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o ldgqka
pß;h wdY%s;j h'
! cd;sl we÷fuka hq;= j uq,§ ks¾udKh l< mqxÑ isxf[da l%u l%ufhka isrefrka jeyeÍ"
jerye,s iys; we÷fuka ieriS Ôj;aj isák wdldrh fmkajhs'

leñ,ia fmf¾rd (1939 - )

!! úisjeks ishji w. ldgqka Ys,amSka w;r jvd;a ckm%sh;ajhg m;a Ys,amsfhls'
!! !!!Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ckm%sh ldgqka pß; .Kkdjla fõ'
!! !!!.cuEka pß;h b;d ckm%sh ldgqka pß;h úh'
!! !!!ñg wu;r j isßìßia" oelafld;a moaudj;S" uf.daäia ;=ud" mefgda" álald" fodx fia;x"
isfudakd" ,mhd" f.dâäx whshd" iaùá" fi,a,x fiak jeks pß; ,xldfõ úúO ;rd;srïj,
ck;dj w;r w;sYh ckm%sh;ajhg m;a j we;'

.cuEka

66
iS' Ysj{dkiqkaorï ^isß;a;srka iqkao¾& 1924¡-1996

! j¾I 1924 -1996 ld,h ;=< ðj;aj isá iS' isj{dkiqkaorï ckms%h oñ< cd;sl ldgqka Ñ;%
Ys,amsfhl= jYfhka ie,fla'
Tyq Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| fndïndfha fÊ' fÊ ,,s;l,d mdif,ys ^J.J. School of Arts)
mqyqKqj ,enqfõ h' tfiau bkaÈhdfõ isá ld,fha rdcd rú j¾ud hgf;a rEm we£ug mqyqKqj
o ,enqfõ h'
Tyq f,dali;a; keue;s urdá mqj;am;" BLITZ ^í,sÜia& yd ^fldkaÉ& CONCH keue;s bx.%sis
mqj;am;a yd úúO fou< mqj;am;aj, ldgqka Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh lr we;'
jir 33 ld,hla mqrd Tyq —isß;a;srka˜ keue;s mqj;am; m< lrñka tu mqj;am;g ldgqka
ks¾udK bÈßm;a l< ksidzisß;a;srka iqkao¾Z hk kñka m%isoaêhg m;a úh'
!!! Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ijdß;a;ïn¾" iskaklal=Üá" uhsk¾ uÉpdka jeks pß; w;sYh
ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jQ tajd f,i yeÈkafõ'

!!!

67
 weuqKqu 6'2'2'2
lshùï m;%sldj

iquk Èidkdhl ^1922--¡1995&

! j¾I 1922 § ud;r lUqremsáfha Wm; ,enq iquk Èidkdhl ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% l,djg
kjH;djla we;sl< mqfrda.dñ Ys,amsfhla fjhs'
urodk ld¾ñl úoHd,fhka Ñ;%l,dj ms<sn| Wiia wOHdmkh ,nd .kakd Tyq" miqj
tx.,ka;h yd fko¾,ka;h wdY%s;j o Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| mqyqKqj ,nd .;s'
wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ Ñ;% l,d mÍlaIl yd .%ka: m%ldYk uKav,fha Ñ;% l,d
wOHlaIl OQrh o Tyq úiska fydnjk ,§'
!! Tyq ish ks¾udK i|yd f;,a idhï" Èh idhï yd wel%,sla wdÈ úúO j¾K udOH Ndú;
lrñka ks¾udKlrKfha fhÿKq Ys,amsfhls'
! Tyqf.a ks¾udK fldgia folls' tkï f;,a idhï Ñ;% yd ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% jYfhks'
!!óg wu;r j ir, yd kQ;k yevj,g wh;a n;sla ks¾udKhkaf.a wdrïNl mqfrda.dñhd
f,i o ie,flhs'
!!Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ikakso¾Yk i|yd Ñ;% fmd;a msgljr" <udfmd;a yd i`.rd
wdÈh weiqßka oelsh yels h'
! Tyq <udfmd;a ks¾udK i|yd kj;u ffY,shlska hq;= Ñ;% wdrla ìys l< Ys,amsfhl= f,i o
ye¢kafõ'
!!ir, yd úhqla; yev;, fuka u j¾K ixhq;sh o b;d ks¾udKYS,S j Tyq ish ikakso¾Yk"
ks¾udKlrKh i|yd Ndú; lr we;'
!!uq,ald,fha ks¾udK i|yd iajNdúl rEml o miqld,Sk ks¾udK i|yd wê;d;aúl ye`.Sï
,nd fok iudê.; úkaokhlg ;=vqfok yev;, o Ndú; lrk ,o ks¾udK fõ'

70
ffj;Sijrï isjiqn%ukshï ^ruKs& 1942-
!! j¾I 1942 È w,fjÜá m%foaYfha Wm; ,enq isjiqn%ukshï 1961 § hdmkh zúvquqfrhs ld,
´úhla l,yïZys§ uQ,sl wOHdmkh o" Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| Wiia wOHdmkh rcfha ,,s; l,d
wdh;kfhka ,nd .;af;a h'
!!! rcfha l,d wdh;kfha Ñ;% we£u ms<sn| jeäÿrg;a yeoErE Tyq miqld,Sk j hdmkfha
fi!kao¾h wOHdmk ksfhdacH wOHlaI OQrh o oerefõ h'
!!!! Tyq is;=jï we£ug wu;r j foajrEm fndfyduhla ks¾udKh l< uQ¾;s Ys,amsfhla o fõ'
!! iajdNdúljdoS ffY,sh iu. ixl,kh jQ kQ;k Ys,am l%u iu. ;udg u wdfõKsl jQ
ks¾udK ffY,shla Tyqf.aa ks¾udK weiqßka y÷kd .; yels h'
!!! Tyqf.a uq,au ikakso¾Yk is;=ju jkafka rdOd mqj;amf;ys m< l< ks¾udKhls' Tyq fou<
mqj;am;a .Kkdjla i|yd o Ñ;% ks¾udKh lr we;'
!!! fmd;a msgljr ks¾udKh ms<sn|j kj w;ayod ne,Sï l< Tyq úiska úúO fou< fmd;a i|yd
msgljr ks¾udKh lrk ,È'
! Tyqf.a ks¾udK w;r wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j yd iïnkaOj lrk ,o fmd;a ljr
iqúfYaI ks¾udK f,i ±laúh yels h'
!!! ! fuu ks¾udK Tyqgu wdfõKsl ks¾udK ffY,Sh ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= j ksu lrk ,o tajd fõ'

y;rjk fY%aKsfha fou< ni fmd; i|yd

ks¾udKh l< msgljrh

—mdÜgq;a;sr;a;df,a˜ kï fmd;aa msgljrh

71
 weuqKqu 6'3'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj
meíf,da msldfida ^1881--1973&
!!! !!hqfrdamSh Ñ;%l,dfõ >ksljdÈ m%jK;dj bÈrsm;a l< m%uqL Ñ;% Ys,amshd meíf,da msldfida
^Pablo Picasso& f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'
!!! !!Tyq 20 jk ishjfia m%ùK is;a;reka w;r woaú;Sh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .;a wfhls'
!!! !!meíf,da msldfidaf.a mshd Ñ;% .=rejrhl= jQ w;r msldfidaf.a olaI;d y÷kd .;a Tyq ;u
mq;%hd Ñ;% Ys,amh fj; fhduq lrkq ,eî h'
!!! !!msldfidaf.a l,d Ôú;fha jeo.;a ikaÈia:dkhla jkafka 1893-1900 olajd meÍishg f.dia
tys§ m%ùK Ys,amSka iu`. tlg lghq;= lrñka ,nk l,d wOHhkhka h'
!!! ! tu wOHhkhkaf.a m%;sM,hla jYfhka Tyqf.a Ñ;% ks¾udKj,g wh;a úúO iSudjka olakg
,efí'
ks,a hq.h ^ Blue Peiod& 1901-1904
frdai hq.h ^Rose Period& 1905-1906
>ksljdÈ hq.h ^Cubism Period & 1907ka miq
!!! !ks,a hq.h yd frdai hq.h ;=< meíf,da msldfida úiska w¢k ,o ks¾udK i|yd jia;= úIh
jQfha ;ek ;ek hñka r`.k k¿ ks<shka" ùÈ ñksiqka" ÿmam;=ka yd ys`.kakka jeks
mqoa.,hka h'
!!! !!ks,a hq.h ;=< ks,a j¾Khkaf.ka yd frdai hq.h ;==< frdai meye;s j¾K ud,djkaf.ka o
j¾K .ekajqKq fuu Ñ;% i|yd fhdod .;a udkj rEm ;d;aúl ffY,shg iudkqrEmS fõ'
!!! !!wms%ldkq uQ¾;s yd fjia uqyqKqj, wdNdi ,nñka msldfida úiska 1906ka miq ks¾udKh
lrk ,o lD;Ska ;=< kj ffY,Sh ,laIK ms<sìUq fõ'
!!! !!1906ka miqj ìysjqK ks¾udKj, mj;akd cHdñ;sl yev;, yd me;,s j¾K Ndú;h fukau
ndysr f¾LdlrKh iys; rEm" >ksljd§ iïm%odfha w.kd ks¾udK w;rg .efka'
!!! !!>ksljd§ Ñ;% l,dj ìys l< msldfidaf.a tjeks iqúfYaI ks¾udK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
- wú.afkdkays hqj;sfhda
- jh,ska jdolhd
- je,fmk ia;%sh
- .=j¾ksld

74
 wú.afkdkays hqj;sfhda Ñ;%h

!! iamd[a[ cd;sl meíf,da msldfida úiska 1907 § w¢k ,o fuu is;=ju wú.afkdkays
hqj;sfhda kï fõ'
!!!Ñ;%l,d b;sydifha kj ks¾udKd;aul ffY,shla iu. kj hq.hla Wod l< ks¾udKhls'
!!!fuu is;=ju >ksljd§ l,d iïm%odhfha uq,au ks¾udKh jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
!!!wms%ldkq fjia uqyqKq yd uQ¾;sj, l,d wdNdi fuu ks¾udKh i|yd mokï ù we;'
!!!iamd[a[fha nd¾isf,dakd k.rfha wú.afkdka kï ùosfha Ôj;a jQ ú§ ia;%Skaf.a
^wNsire ,shkaf.a& cSú;h fuu Ñ;%h i|yd jia;= úIh ù we;'
!!!ia;%s rEm 5 lska ixrpkh ù we;s w;r tu rEm >ksl yevhkaf.ka hq;= fõ'
fuu kj ks¾udK ffY,sh ia;%Skaf.a ndysr ldhsl fi!kao¾h fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a wNHka;r
.;s ,laIK u;= lsÍug W;aidy lsÍula úh'
!!!wNsire,shkaf.a ye`.Sï ;Sj% f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd >ksl yev yd wms%ldkq fjia uqyqKqj,
,laIK fuu rEm i|yd Ndú; lr ;sfí'
!!!fjiauqyqKqj, ±lafjk .eUqre lemSï iys; ,laIK fuu ia;S%kaf.a uqyqKqj,ska ±lafjñka
udkisl m%;súfrdaê ;;a;aj yd Ñ;a; ika;dm ukdj ksrEmKh lr we;'
!!!Ydia;%d,hSh h:d¾:jd§ l,dfõ ±lsh yels m¾hdf,dalh yd ;s%udk ,laIK fjkqjg
úIhdkqnoaO j ksrEms; m¾hdf,dalh yd ;s%udk ,laIK fuu ks¾udKfhka ±lafõ'
!!!j¾K yd .eUqre f¾Ld ixfhdack o Ñ;%fha m%ldYkh ;Sj% lsÍug uekeúka mdol ù we;'
!!!f;,a idhï udOH Ndú; fldg lekajih u; ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu is;=ju oekg
ksõfhdalays kQ;k l,d fl!;=ld.drfha (Museum of Modern Art) ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

75
 .=j¾ksld Ñ;%h

!! ! meíf,da msldfida úiska 1937 § ks¾udKh l< .=j¾ksld kï Ñ;%h i|yd jia;= úIh ù
we;af;a 2 jk f,dal hqo iufha § .=j¾ksld kï k.rhg fndaïn fy<Sfï isÿùu hs'
!! !! hqoaOfha ìysiqkq nj oelafjk m%n, yd úYsIag;u ks¾udKhla jYfhka fuu ks¾udKh
ie,ls,a,g ,laj we;'
!! !! hqoaOfha w;aoelSï wkqj w|sk ,o fuu ks¾udKfhka yqfol,d nj" je<mSï" hqla;sh b,a,d
fudr§u" u<jqka je<e| .ekSu wd§ ye`.Sï rdYshla uekeúka m%ldY lr ;sfí'
!! !!!Ñ;%fha ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍu i|yd msldfida úiska fhdok ,o udkj yd i;a;aj rEmj, úúO
fldgia uekúka ixrpkh lr we;'
!! ! ixrpkh lrk ,o rEm w;r wYaj" .j yd ia;%S mqreI rE fldgia fukau úÿ,s n,anhl
fldgia jk w;r fuu rEm iqkanqka jQ fldgia f,i iïmsKavkh lr we;'
!! ! Ñ;%h i|yd Ndú; rEm >ksljdÈ yevhkaf.ka hqla; úh' tu >ksl yev ndysr ldhsl
iqkaor;ajh fjkqjg wNHka;r ye`.Sï uekeúka m%ldY lsÍug iu;aj we;'
!! !!!me;,s ;,hla u; úúOdldr yev;, ixrpkh lr we;af;a" Ydia;%d,hSSh h:d¾:jd§
l,dfõ olajk m¾hdf,dal yd ;s%udk ,laIKj,g jvd fjkiaj h' tkï úIhdkq.; jk
wdldrfhks'
!! !! iSñ; j¾K ud,jla jk w¿" iqÿ" l¿ meye;s j¾K muKla Ndú; lrñka Ñ;%fha
taljd¾Ksl;ajhla f.dvk.d we;'
!! yev;, yd j¾K wdÈh fya;= fldg f.k fuu Ñ;%h >ksljd§ ffY,shg wh;a fõ'
!! !! wê;d;aúljd§ l,d ,laIK o fuu ks¾udKfhka ±lsh yels h'
!! !! fikaáóg¾ 135x275 jk m%udKfhka hq;= f;,a idhï udOH Ndú; lrk ,o fuu úYsIag
lekajia ks¾udKh j¾;udkfha iamd[a[fha ueâßâys l,d.drhl m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

76
 weuqKqu 6'3'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj
fykaß uqj¾ ^1898-1986&
!!! !!! fykaß uqj¾ (Henry Moore) 1898 § tx.,ka;fha fhdalaIh¾ (Yorkshire) m%dka;fha ldi,a
fmda¾â kqjr Wm; ,eî h'
!!! !!! .%Sl frdau l,dfõ yd mqkreo hq.fha mej;s idïm%odhsl uQ¾;s ks¾udKj,ska miqj kj
wdrl uQ¾;s l,djla f,djg y÷kajd §ug mqfrda.dó jQfha fykaß uqj¾ Ys,amshd h'
!!! !!! fykaß uqj¾ tf;la mej;s oDYH ;d;a;aúl Ndjhg fjkia jQ úhqqla; yev uQ¾;s Ys,amhg
wkq.; l< Ys,amshd jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'
!!! !!! Tyqf.a udkj uQ¾;s ks¾udK iajNdúl fmkqfuka yd iajNdúl mßudKfhka ÿriaùu
meyeÈ,s ,laIKhls'
!!! !!! udkj rEmfha YÍr yev b;d ir, j ks¾udKh ùu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
!!! !!! úYd, m%udK YÍr iys; jQ udkj rEmj, we;s ysi l=vdjg ksrEmKh lsÍu fykaß uq
j¾f.a lD;sj, ±lsh yels jQ wdfõKsl ,laIKhls'
!!! !!! uq,ald,Sk lD;Skaj, ñksia rej meyeÈ,s f,i uQ¾;su;a l< o miqj l%ufhka ir, jQ
yevj,g iSud lrk ,oafoa h'
!!! !!! fykaß uqj¾f.a uQ¾;sj, uQ,sl f;audj jQfha udkj rEmhhs' tjeks uQ¾;s w;r"
- rc mjq,
- je;sr isák rej iqúfYaI ia:dkhla .kS'
!!! !!!!Tyqf.a ks¾udK fndfyduhla WoHdk uQ¾;s jYfhka ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'
!!! !!!!úYd, f,i ks¾udKh lrk udkj rEm uQ¾;su;a lsÍfï § fldgia lsysmhlska hq;=j
ks¾udKh lr olajhs'
!!! !!!!uQ¾;s ks¾udK lsÍfï§ Ndú; wuqøjH fjkia l< fykaß uqj¾ ta i|yd ±j iy f,dalv"
wdÈ øjH wdfoaY lr.kakd ,È' tajd wõ" jeis" iq<x ;;a;ajhkag Tfrd;a;= §ug yelsjk
udO ùu iqúfYaI;ajhls'
!! !! wuqøjH fuka u uQ¾;s uQ,O¾u yd Ys,am l%u o fjkia l< Ys,amsfhls'

79
 rc mjq, - (King and Queen)

!! !!!iajNdúl yd ;d;aúl yev oekùu fjkqjg ksrEmKd;aul iy úhqla; yev Ndú; l< uQ¾;s
ks¾udKhla jYfhka rc mjq, keu;s uQ¾;sh ye¢kaúh yels h'
!! !! fuys udkj yev iajNdúl fmkqfuka yd iajNdúl mßudKfhka ÿria j ksrEmKh lr
;sfí'
!! !!!ys| isák bßhõfjka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuys ia;%S mqreI yev Tyqg u wdfõKsl ffY,shla
;=< ks¾udKh lr we;'
!! !!!udkj rEm b;d ir,j yd fldgia lsysmhlska hq;= j ks¾udKh lr we;'
!! !!!úYd, m%udKfha YÍrh iu`. ysi l=vdjg ksrEmKh lsÍu oelsh yels h'
!! !!!idïm%odhsl uQ¾;suh øjH fjkqjg fjk;a udOH f,i f,dalv Ndú; lrñka lrk ,o
ks¾udKhls'
!!!!!f,dalv udOH ks¾udKhla jk fuh jd;a;= lsÍfï Ys,aml%uh wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
!! !!!fuu uQ¾;sh WoHdk uQ¾;shla jYfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'

80
 je;sr isák rEmh !"#$%&%&'()'*+",

! je;sr isák wdldrfhka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu rEmh ;=<ska úhqla; yev olakg ,efí'
! iajNdúl fmkqfuka yd iajNdúl mßudKfhka ÿria jQ yev Ndú; lsÍu fykaß uqj¾f.a
uQ¾;sj, oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIKhls'
! udOH yd uQ¾;s ks¾udKh lsÍfï uQ,O¾u fjkia lsÍug .;a W;aidyhl m%;sM,hla f,i
fuu ks¾udKh ye¢kaúh yels h'
! È.á fyda újr iys; yev ßoauhdkql+, j yd iunr j wjldYh iu`. Ndú; lr we;'
! f,dalv udOHfhka yd f,day jd;a;= lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,o
ks¾udKhls'
! bÈßhg fkrd.sh yd we;=<g fkrd.sh fldgia iys; úia;rd;aul nfjka wvq ir, yev
fuys oelsh yels h'
! udkj YÍrfha yev ir, j ksrEmKh lsÍu yd tu YÍr yevj,g idfmalaIj ysi l=vdjg
ksrEmKh lsÍfï úfYaI ,laIK fuys ±lsh yels h'

81
 weuqKqu 7'1'1'2
lshùï m;%sldj
iS.sßh

!! úYsIag l,d.drhla n÷ iS.sßh uOHu m<df;a ud;f,a Èia;%slalhg wh;a bkdu¨ fldar,fha
msysgd we;'
! wkqrdOmqr hq.fha l%s'j'5 jk ishjig wh;a iS.sßh" Od;=fiak rcqf.a fogq mq;%hd jk
ldYHm rcqf.a ks¾udKhla fõ'
!! YS% ,dxflah Ñ;% l,d b;sydifha iïNdjH l,d iïm%odhhl ,laIK iS.sß Ñ;% u.ska
ms<sìUq flf¾'
! iS.sßh wdishdfõ we;s m%Odk mqrdúoHd;aul ia:dkj,ska tlla jk w;r wo fuu
ia:dkh f,dal Wreuhla njg o m;a j we;'
! iS.sß mßY%fha f.dvk.d we;s jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK wx. w;r wdrelal=" msh.eg
fm< yd Èh w.,a" fmdl=Kq wdosfhka ieliqKq Ys,duh WoHdk iqúfYaI fõ'
! iS.sß m¾j;h mduq, isxymdoh" legm;a mjqr yd m¾j;h uqÿfka rc ud,s.d kgnqka
jdia;= úoHd;aul jYfhka b;d jeo.;a fõ'

84
 iS.sß Ñ;%

! iS.sß Ñ;% f,i jvd;a m%p,s; j we;af;a m¾j;fha ngysr mi flfjksj, we;s ia;%S rEm h'
! iS.sßfha ldka;d rEm mkaishhla muK Ñ;%Kh lr ;snqKq nj iS.sß l=regq .Sj, i|yka jqj;a
oekg b;sßj we;af;a Ñ;% úis folla muK h' thska o fyd| ;;a;ajfhka ±lsh yelsjkafka
rEm lsysmhls'
! fuu rEm 22 iS.sß m¾j;fha ngysr nEjqfuys flfjkshl ^fnho& ±lsh yels w;r Bg
wu;r j m¾j; mduq, we;eï f,ka wdY%s;j o fujeks is;=jï fYaIj we;s nj ±lsh yels fõ'
! Ñ;% we£ug fmr Ys,amshd úiska iqÿiq mßÈ úiu u;=msgla iys; .,a;,h u; nodu wdf,am
lr tu ia:rh u; Ñ;% we| we;'
! .,a ;,h iqug lr .ekSug fhdod.;a noduh i|yd msÿre" oyhshd" ueá" Ydl m;% fl¢"
Ydl ue,shï" yqKq wdÈh fhdod ilia lrf.k we;'
! nodu úh<Sug fmr Ñ;% we| we;s nj fuf;la mej;s ms<s.;a u;h hs' tu Ys,am
l%uh fm%iaflda fyj;a fm%iaflda nqjfkda f,i y÷kajhs' we;eï úoaj;=kag wkqj fuu Ñ;%
úh<s yqKq noduhla u; we| we;s nj ±lafõ'
! iS.sß Ñ;% YS% ,dxflah iïNdjH l,d iïm%odhlg wh;a f,i ie,fla'
! bkaÈhdfõ wcka;d Ñ;%j, olakg we;s Ndjuh yd rEmuh ,laIK fuu Ñ;%j, olakg we;s
nj úoaj;a woyihs' fndfyda úg wcka;d wmaird rEmj,g iudk f,i w÷re meye iy
wdf,dalu;a meye ia;%S rEm fhdod ;sîu w,xldr jia;%dNrK yd u,aj,ska ieris isàu jeks
,laIK fya;= idOl f,i fmkajd fohs'

igyk ( fm%iaflda ^nqjfkda& - f;; yqKq noduh u; LKscj,ska ;kd .kakd ,o j¾Kj,ska
we£fï l%uh'
fm%iaflda isflda - úh<s yqKq noduh u; LKscj,ska ;kd .kakd ,o j¾Kj,ska
we£fï l%uh
fgïmrd - úh<s noduh u; nkaok udOHhla ^ue,shï& iuÕ ñY% lr
.kakd ,o j¾Kj,ska we£fï l%uh

85
86
iS.sß Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK

! ldka;d Wvqlh rEm muKla ksrEmKh lsÍu

! tu rEm tlsfklg fjkia wkkH;d ,laIK iys; j ksrEmKh lsÍu
! ldka;d rEm iïmsKavkh lsÍfï § hq., yd flaj, rEm jYfhka oelAùu
! iEu ldka;d rEmhla u my< fldgi j,dl=¿j,ska wdjrKh jQ iajNdjhla oelaùu
! iDcqj bÈßh n,d fkdisàu;a" iïmQ¾Kfhka u fyda u|la yeÍ isák iajNdjfhka hq;= j
±laùu
! fndfyda ldka;d rEm u,a jÜá" u,a fmdl=re w;ska ord isák whqre ksrEmKh lr ;sîu
! w,xldr jia;%dNrKhkaf.ka ieriS isák Tjqkaf.a ±;a u; fuka u ysi ieriSu i|yd
fk¿ï wr,sh" udfk,a jeks u,a j¾. Wmfhda.S lr f.k ;sîu
! j¾K .ekaùu i|yd ly" .=re" r;=" fld<" ks,a" l¿ wd§ j¾K fhdod .ekSu
! iq¿ jYfhka j¾K m%fyao Ndú; lrñka ;%sudk ,laIK oelaùug o W;aidy ord ;sîu
! isrer j¾K .ekaùu i|yd ly" r;= j¾K fh¥ w;r w÷rejka ldka;djka ±laùfï § ks,g
yqre w÷re fld< meyehla fhdod .ekSu
! rEm jgd ßoauhdkql+, m%dK mQ¾K f¾LdlrKh
! úúO Yla;Ska iu. ;%sudk;ajh ^>k;ajh& yd p,kh olajk f¾LdlrKh

iS.sß Ñ;% ms<sn| úoaj;a u;jdo

uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk

iS.sßh l=fõrhdf.a wd,lukaodj ksrEmKh lrk nj;a fuu rEmj,ska l=fõrhdf.a ÈhKshka
jk fï>,;d yd úÊcq,;d ^j,dl=¿ iy úÿ,sh& ixfla;j;a jk nj;a m%ldY lrk w;r
ks,ajka ia;%Skaf.ka fï>,;d ^j,dl=¿& yd rkajka ia;%Skaf.ka úÊcq,;d ^úÿ,sh& ksrEmKh
lrk nj;a fmkajd fohs' iS.sßh yd iS.sß Ñ;% ms<sn| jvd;a ms<s.;a yd ckm%sh u;jdoh jkafka
fuhhs'

tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a

ldYHm rcqf.a rc ud<s.djg iïnkaO ìfidajreka yd fiaúldjka ñka ksrEmKh jk nj;a"
rdclSh l;=ka rkajka meyefhka yd mßjdßldjka ks,ajka j¾Kfhka olajd we;s nj;a mjihs'
tfia u Tjqka u,a w;ska ord isákafka msÿrx., úydrh je£ug hEug iqodkï j isák ksid
nj;a Tyq fmkajd fohs'

wdkkao l=uriajdñ
fuu ldka;d rEm wmairdjka nj mjik Tyq Bg fya;= jYfhka olajd isákafka fuu ish¨ u
ldka;djka bfkka my< j<dl=¿j,ska jeiS we;s whqßka yd Tjqka w; u,a ord isák whqßka ks-
rEmKh lsÍu;a hk lreKq mokï lrf.k h'

87
 weuqKqu 7'1'2'2
lshùï m;%sldj
!!!!!!!
iudê nqÿ ms<suh

! wkqrdOmqrfha wNh.sß úydr ixlS¾Khg wh;a uyfuõkd Whfka olakg ,efnk ^l=Ügï
fmdl=Kg kqÿrej olakg we;s& iudê ms<suh" Y%S% ,xldfõ nqÿ ms<su w;r w;s úYsIag
ks¾udKhls'
! nqÿ ms<u
s hl ;sìh hq;= wOHd;añl Yla;h
s yd iudë .=Kh uekúka ms<ì
s Uq jk ks¾udKhls'
! ,Uijka" wvjka fk;a yd uqyqfKa ms<sìUq jk WmYdka; nj yd uydlreKdj fuu
ms<sufha ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK fõ'
! fuu m%;sudj wkqrdOmqr hq.fha l%s'j' 4-5 jk ishjig muK wh;a fia ie,fla'
! fk<Sfï Ys,am l%uhg lrk ,o nqÿ ms<suhls' th mQ¾K jYfhka u;=lr ;sfí'
! fuu ffY,uh ms<sufha taldxY Öjrh" /<s rys; jk w;r we`.g we¿Kq iajNdjfhka
ksrEms; h'
! nqÿ ms<sufha wlanure flaI l,dmh u; u| jYfhka WIaKSIh olajd we;'
! OHdk uqødfjka yd ùrdik l%ufhka hq;a ms<suhls'
! nqÿ ms<sufha l,d ,laIK wkqj bkaoSh .=ma; l,d iïm%odfha wdNdih fmkajhs'

90
 f;d¨ú, nqÿ ms<suh

! wkqrdOmqr f;d¨ú,ska fidhd.ekSu ksid fuu ms<u

s h zzf;d¨ú, ms<u
s hZZ kñka ye¢kafõ'
! wkqrdOmqr hq.fha ls%' j' 7 jeks ishji muK ld,hg wh;a f,i ie,fla'
! fk<Sfï Ys,am l%uhg ks¾udKh lrk ,o ffY,uh m%;sudjls" fuh mQ¾Kj u;= lr
we;'
! OHdk uqødj yd ùrdik l%ufhka jev isáhs'
! b;d iqkaor m%ikak WmYdka; iajNdjhla ms<sìUq lrk fuu ms<suh Wiia Ndj
m%ldYkfhka o hqla; h'
! ,Uijka" wvjka fk;a fuu ms<sufha ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK fõ'
! taldxY Öjrh" /<s rys; jk w;r weÕg we¿Kq iajNdjhla ksrEms; h'
! nqÿ ms<sufha wlanure flaI l,dmh u; u| jYfhka WIaKSIh olajd we;'
! .=ma; iïm%odfha ,laIK fuu m%;sudfjka m%lgjk nj úoaj;=kaf.a u;h ù ;sfí'
! fuu ms<suh fld<U fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykh flf¾'

91
 wjqlk ms<suh

! wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a fuu m%;sudj ysá nqoaO m%;sud w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla jYfhka
ie,fla'
! l,djej wi, wjqlk .%dufha msysá l¨.,a m¾j;hl wê Wkak; j yd wdnoaO j fk<d
we;'
! moaudikhla u; iuNx. bßhõfjka jev ys¢k whqßka fk<d we;'
! ol=K;ska wNh uqødj oelafjk w;r jï w; isjqre /,a, ord isák whqßka olajd we;'
! taldxY l< Öjrh ßoauhdkql+, /<srgdjlska w,xldr jk w;r we`.g we¿Kq iajNdjhla
olajhs'
! nqÿ ms<sufha wlanure flaI l,dmh iuÕ WIaKSIh olajd we;'
! WIaKSIh u; isria m;la fhdod we;' th miqj tla l< wx.hla njg u;hla mj;S'
! fuu m%;sudjg bka§hdfõ wurdj;s iïm%odfha we;eï l,d ,laIK n,md we;s nj
úoaj;=kaf.a woyihs'
! nqÿka jykafiaf.a uyd f;afcda n, mrdl%uh yd uydmqreI ,laIK uekúka m%lg lrk
nqÿms<suhla f,i wjqlk nqÿ ms<suh ie,lkq ,efí'
! wjqlk ms<suh l%s'j' 5 - 8 ishjia w;r ld,hg wh;a ks¾udKhla f,i ie,fla'

92
 mkal=,sh nqÿ ms<suh

! wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a fuu m%;sudj O¾u foaYkd lrk iajrEmh olajk úYsIag
ks¾udKhls'
! fuu nqoaO m%;sudj wkqrdOmqr mkal=,sh kï .%dufha" wfYdaldrdu úydrfha ±lsh yels h'
! ffY,uh nqÿ rejls'
! ùrdik l%uhg jev ys¢k whqßka fk<d we;' mQ¾K Wkak; j u;=lr we;'
! ol=K;ska ú;¾l uqødj oelafjk w;r ju;ska lgl yia; uqødj ms<sìUq jk njg u;hla
mj;S'
! ,Uijka" wvjka fk;a" WmYdka; nj fuu ms<sufha o ±lsh yels iqúfYaI wx.
,laIK fõ'
! nqÿkaf.a uydlreKdj iys; wdOHd;añl .=K m%ldYkh nqÿ ms<sufhka u;= lr ±lafõ'
! taldxY l< Öjrh we`.g we¿Kq /<s rys; iajNdjhla olajhs'
! wlanure iys; flaI ksrEmKh iu. uo jYfhka WIaKsIh ±lajd we;'
! ta u; fhdok ,o isria m;la ;snqKq njg idOl úoaj;=ka fmkajd fohs'
! l%s'j' 5-6 jeks ishjiaj,g wh;a jk f,i ie,flk fuu nqoaO m%;sudfjka .=ma; l,d
ffY,sfha ,laIK ±lsh yels nj úpdrl u;hhs'

93
 weuqKqu 7'1'3'2
lshùï m;%sldj
biqreuqKs leghï
! biqreuqKs úydrh yd tys olakg we;s leghï wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a h'
! biqreuqKs úydrh wkqrdOmqr ;sid jej wi, rkauiq Whkg ol=Kska msysgd we;'
! fuu úydrh Y%S ,xldfõ m%:ufhka bÈ jQ úYd, ix>drdu mfyka tlla úh'
! uydjxYfha i|yka jk wdldrhg biqreuqKs úydrh l%s'mq 3 jeks ishjfia foajdkïmsh;siai
rcq úiska ñys÷ uyf;reka fj;ska meúÈ nj ,nd.;a wßÜG l=urhd m%Odk biqre l=, orejka
mkaishhla fokd jevisàu i|yd lrjk ,o zzbiriuKZZúydrh fjhs'

! fn!oaO isoaOia:dkhla jQj o fuys yuqjk l,dlD;s wd.ñl jia;=úIhhkaf.ka fjkia

f;audjka ksrEmKh fldg we;'
! w¾O Wkak; iy w,am Wkak; fk<Sfï Ys,am l%uhg iïmsKavkh lrk ,o my; ±lafjk
udkj rEm yd i;a;aj rEm leghï ta i|yd idOl fõ'
- fmï hqj, leghu
- rcmjq, leghu
- ñksid iy wYaj ysi leghu
- we;=ka c, lS%vd lrk ú,di oelafjk leghu
! biqreuqKs leghïj, jia;= úIh yd rEm ixrpkh i|yd yskaÿ wd.ñl ixl,am yd .=ma; yd
m,a,j l,d ks¾udKj, ,laIK wdNdih ,eî we;ehs úoaj;=ka úiska ms<s .efka'
! fuu leghïj, oel .; yels l,d;aul ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
- ;,hg WÑ; f,i ixrpkh lsÍfï yelshdj
- Ndjd;aul .=Kdx. uqyqKska yd bßhõj,ska m%ldY lsÍu
- ßoauhdkql+, j iajNdúl yev;, yd bßhõ biau;= lsÍu
- ishqï yd ugis,sgq ksudjlska hq;=ùu
96
 rcmjq, leghu

! biqreuqKs leghï w;r we;s iqúfYaI leghula f,i fuu rcmjq, leghu ie,fla'
! fuu leghu wä 4la muK È. w¾Oljdldr .,a mqjrejl w¾O Wkak;j fk<k ,o
leghuls'
! w¾O ljdldr .,a mqjre ;,h u; udkj rEm ukdj iïmsKavkh lr we;' fuys uOHfha
uyd rdc ,S,dfjka ys¢k rejls' ol=Kqmiska oE; ,h u; ne| ys|.;a msßñfhl= o Tyq
msgqmiska uOH rEmhg pdur i,k ;j;a wfhla ^fiajlfhla& o fmkakqï lrhs'
! uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk iQÍkag wkqj ñka ksrEmKh jkafka ÿgq .euqKq
rc mjq,hs'
! rdclSh jia;d% NrKhkaf.ka ieriS ueo isák rEmfhka ÿgq .euqKq uy rc;=ud;a tys ol=Kq
miska tl;amiaj oE;a ne| f.k isák refjka id,sh l=ure;a ±lafj;ehs mrKú;dk
iQÍka woyia lrhs'
! w,xldr jia;%dNrK yd msreKq w`.mi.ska hq;= rEmj, bßhõ ßoauhdkql+,
iajNdúl iajrEmhlaa .kshs'
! leghfï iEu rEmhlu uqyqfKka yd bßhõj,ska Ndjd;aul ,laIK m%ldYs; fõ'
! ishqï yd ugis,sgq ksudjlska hq;=j ks¾udKh lr we;s leghuls'

97
 fmï hqj, leghu

! fuu leghu .=ma; l,d iïm%odfha l,d ,laIK fmkajk ks¾udKhls'

! fuu leghu y;/ia .,a mqjrejl w¾O Wkak;j fk<k ,o leghuls'
! fuu ks¾udKh ms<sn| úúO u; mj;sk w;r bka ckm%sh u;jdoh jkafka
uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dkhka olajk woyihs' tkï ñka ksrEmKh jkafka id,sh
wfYdalud,d njhs' fuu woyi ±laùug fya;= jYfhka id,sh wfYdalud,d fmï mqj;
yd iïnkaO rkauiq Whk óg iómj msysàu olajhs'
! fuu ks¾udKh ms<sn| mj;sk fjk;a u; lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
- Ysj yd md¾j;s nj
- uxcqY%S fndai;dKkaf.a fõYhla nj
- finf,la yd Tyqf.a fmïj;sh nj
! fmï hqj, leghfï ±lsh yels iqúfYaI l,d;aul ,laIK w;r w,xldr jia;%dNrKhkaf.ka
hq;= ùu" Ôj Yla;sfhka hq;= msßmqka YÍrh" fma%uh ms<sn| Ndjd;aul ye`.Sï m%ldYkh wdÈh ±laúh
yels h'
! ishqï nj yd ugis,sgq ksudj" iajNdúl yev;, yd ßoauhdkql+, bßhõ biau;= lsÍu fuu
leghfï ±lsh yels wfkla iqúfYaI ,laIK fõ'

98
 ñksid iy wYaj ysi leghu

! biqreuqKs úydrfha fmdl=K yd iïnkaO msysá m¾j; ì;a;sfha fuu ñksid yd wYajysi
±lafjk leghu ks¾udKh lr we;'
! fuu leghñkaa ñksfil= jdäù bÈßh foi n,d isák whqre olajd we;'
! Tyq ys| isák bßhõj uyrdc,S,dik l%uh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
! jia;%dNrK b;d wvqfjka yd pdïj fhdod we;' ysia jeiaula" lkaj, yd w;aj, wdNrK o
bfkys flá we÷ula iys; j ksrEmKh lr we;'
! Tyqf.a ol=Kq ndyqfõ mg,jd .;a ,Kqj wYajhdg iïnkaO h' wYajhdf.a ysi muKla
fmfkkakg we;'
! mrKú;dk uy;dg wkqj ñksia refjka j¾Idj we;s lrk m¾ckH;a" wYaj ysfika
úÿ,sh fkdfyd;a w.aks ixfla;j;a lrhs'
! fuu ks¾udKh ms<sn| mj;sk fjk;a u; lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
- hqO finf,la$ fifkúfhla nj
- lms, iDIsjrhd nj
! fuu rEmfha ±lafjk m%;dmj;a nj" pdï iajNdjh yd w`. mi`.j, È.á iajrEmh
ksid m,a,j l,d ,laIK n,md we;ehs wkqudk flf¾'
! ishqï yd ugis,sá ksudjlska hq;=j w¾O Wkak; j fk<k ,o leghuls'

99
 c, lS%vd lrk ú,di oelafjk leghu

! biqreuqKs úydrfha fmdl=K yd iïnkaO msysá m¾j; ì;a;sfha fuu we;a rEm leghu
±lsh yels fõ'
! w,am Wkak; j fk<k ,o fuu leghñka we;=ka fmdl=Kg nei Èh fl,sk ^c, l%Svd
lrk& úúO bßhõ olajd we;'
! fuu bßhõ w;r md¾Yjo¾YS we;a rEm yd iDcqo¾YS fmkqfuka hq;= rEm fõ'
! we;=kaf.a p,kh yd ßoauh" l%shdYS,s;ajh ukdj iïmsKavkh lrk ,o ks¾udKhls'
! ishqï yd ugis,sá ksudjlska hq;=ùu iajNdúl yev;, yd bßhõ biau;= lsÍu ±lsh yels h'
! bkaÈhdfõ m,a,j l,d iïm%odhg wh;a uydn,smqrïys wdldY .x.djfrdayK leghfï
we;a rEmj,g iudk ,laIK ñkaa fmkajk nj úpdrl woyihs'
100
 weuqKqu 7'2'1'2
lshùï m;%sldj

;sjxl ms<suf.hs Ñ;%

!
! ! ls%' j' 12 jeks ishjfia 1jk mrdl%undyq rcq úiska bÈlrk ,o ;sjxl ms<suf.h fn!oaO
Ñ;% l,dfõ úYsIag ks¾udK idOl ms<sìUq lrk merKs fn!oaO .Dy ks¾udKhla fõ'
! fmdf<dkakre hq.fha yskaÿ jdia;= úoHd;aul wdNdih iys; j ks¾udKh jQ iqúfYaI
fn!oaO m%;sud ukaÈrhla f,i fuh ye¢ka fõ'
! fmdf<dkakre hq.fha Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| úYsIag idOl fuu m%;sud .Dyfhka yuq fõ'
! Y%S ,dxflah Ñ;% l,d úldYkfha hq. foll Ñ;% l,d ffY,Sh ,laIK fuys ms<sìUq lrhs'
! wka;rd,fha olakg ,efnk zzfoajdrdOkdjZZ Ñ;%h yd .¾N.Dyfha ±lsh yels zzixliai
mqrhg jevu lsÍuZZ keu;s is;=jï uq,a hq.fha is;=jï f,i y¢kafõ'
! m%fõY uKavmfha ±lsh yels fndaêi;aj pß;h ±lafjk cd;l l;d is;=jï miql,l
lrk ,o Ñ;% f,i ie,fla'
! cd;l l;d Ñ;% w;r f;añh cd;lh" ii cd;lh" wixlj;S cd;lh yd pq,a, mÿu cd;lh
m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'
! uq,ald,Sk Ñ;% f,i ie,flk .¾N.Dyfha yd wka;rd,fha is;=jï wkqrdOmqr Ñ;% l,d
,laIK fmkajhs'
! m%fõY uKavmfha ±lafjk miqld,Sk is;=jï jk cd;l l;d is;=jï uykqjr Ñ;%
iïm%odhg iudk ,laIK fmkajhs'
! ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpkh" wLKav l:kh" md¾Yajo¾YS rEm" miqìu i|yd rla; j¾Kh Ndú;h
cd;l l;d Ñ;%j, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK fõ'
! ;sjxl ms<suf.hs Ñ;% úh<s noduhla u; we£fï Ys,am l%uhlg ks¾udKh lr we;ehs ie,fla'
! YS% ,dxflah Ñ;% l,d b;sydifha miq iïNdjH l,d iïm%odhl ,laIK fuu is;=jï j,ska
ms<sìUq jk nj úoaj;a woyihs'

103
 foajdrdOkdj Ñ;%h

! fuu is;=ju ;sjxl ms<suf.hs wka;rd,h kï jdia;= úoHd fldgfia olakg ,efí'
! fuu is;=jñka ;õ;sid foõf,dj úiQ fndai;=kag ukqf,dj Wm; ,nk f,i foúhka úiska
lrk ,o wdrdOkh ksrEmKh lrhs'
! w,xldr jia;%dNrKhkaf.ka ieriS isák fndfyda foaj rE m%udKhla wka;rd, ì;a;s mqrd
olajd we;s w;r taajd ienE udkj rEm m%udKhg jvd úYd, fõ'
! kuialdr yd u,a bisk iajrEmfhka ksrEms; foajrEm fndfyduhla rkajka mdáka olajd
we;s w;r ks,g yqre ,d fld<mdáka hq;= YÍr we;s foajrEm fjhs' th fndfyda úg wcka;d
moaumdks fndai;a rEmhg iudk ,laIK fmkajhs'
! j¾K .ekaùu i|yd r;=" ÿUqre iy ly j¾K nyq, jYfhka Ndú; lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
! Ñ;%uh wjldYh u; ixlS¾K f,i rEm iïmsKavkh lr ;sîu fuu ks¾udKj, ±lsh
yels iqúfYaI;ajhls'

104
 nqÿka ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu Ñ;%h

! ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu hk is;=ju m%;sudj i|yd ieliqKq .¾N .Dyfha olakg ,efí'
! nqÿkajykafia ud;D ÈjH rdchdg oï foikq msKsi ;õ;sid foõf,djg jevu lr kej;
ilafoú rcq úiska ujk ,o rka ysKsu`.ska ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu hk wjia:dj ñka
ms<sìUq flf¾'
! úYd, ;,hla mqrd fuu wjia:dj ixrpkh lr we;s w;r tys nqÿkaf.a rEmh udkj m%udKhg
jvd úYd,j ksrEmKh lr we;'
! uq,ald,Sk j ks¾udKh lr ,o Ñ;% f,i ie,flk fuu is;=jï wkqrdOmqr Ñ;% l,d
,laIK fmkajhs'
! j¾K .ekaùu i|yd r;=" ÿUqre iy ly j¾K nyq, jYfhka Ndú; lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
! foajdrdOkh is;=jug iudk ffY,Sh ,laIK yd j¾K Ndú;h fuu is;=jñka o ±lsh yels h'

105
 f;aóh cd;lh

! f;aóh cd;lfha fndaêi;aj pß;h ±lafjk iqúfYaI is;=jï fldgila f,i fuu is;=ju
ye¢kaúh yels h'
! cd;l l;d is;=jï olakg ,efnk uKavmh kï jdia;=úoHd wxYfha b;d meyeÈ,sj fmfkk
is;=jï fldgila f,i fuu is;=ju y÷kd.; yels fõ'
! fuu is;=jñka wiaj r:fhys w;a md fkdfi,ajd isák f;añh l=udrh;a" j<la yeÍug
ierfik iqkkao kï jq r:dpdßhd;a" Tyqg bÈßmiska fndaêi;aj ú,difhka isák f;aóh
l=udrhd;a ±lafõ'
! j¾K .ekaùu i|yd .=re" ÿUqre iy ly j¾K nyq, jYfhka Ndú; lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
! fuu ks¾udKj, ffY,Sh ,laIK uykqjr Ñ;% iïm%odhg iudk ,laIK fmkajhs'
! ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpkh" wLKav l:kh" md¾Yajo¾YS rEm" miqìu i|yd rla; j¾Kh Ndú;h
fuu Ñ;%j, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK fõ'

106
 weuqKqu 7'2'2'2
lshùï m;%sldj
.,aúydrfha nqÿ ms<su
! ls%'j' 12 jeks ishjfia fmdf<dkakre hq.fha § uyd merl=ïnd rc;=ud úiska .,a úydrh
fyj;a W;a;rdrduh bÈ lrjk ,È'
! .,aúydrh hk kduh fï i|yd fh§ we;af;a nqÿ ms<su i;rla .,ska fk<d we;s
fyhsks' tfiau tajd msysá .f,ys u iajNdjh wkqj wêWkak; Ys,aml%uhg iïmsKavkh
lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
! .,aúydrfha nqÿ ms<su f:arjdÈ fn!oaO ixl,amj,g jvd uydhk fn!oaO ixl,amh
biau;= lrk nj úpdrl u;h hs'
! .,aúydrfha nqÿ ms<suj, ±lsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK
- uydhdk l,d iïm%odhfha ,laIK wkqj uyd lreKd .=Khg jvd oYn, .=Kh
yd ùr;ajh fmkaùu
- taldxY lrk ,o we`.g we¿Kq Öjrfhys /<s iudka;r j oaú;aj f¾LdlrKfhka hq;= ùu
- YS¾I ,CIK jYfhka wvjka fk;a" ,Uijka yd wlanure iys; flaI ksrEmKh
iu. WIaKsI YS¾I ,laIK ±laùu

iudê nqoaO m%;sudj -- -úYd, ys¢ ms<suh

! fuh .,aúydr mQcd N=ñh ;=< ùrdik bßhõfjka jev ys¢k úYd, iudê nqoaO m%;sudjhs'
! wê Wkak; j fk<k ,o fuu ms<suh OHdk uqødfjka ksrEms; h'
! jc% ixfla; yd isxy rE leghï ksid jev ys¢k wdikh jc%dikh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
! nqÿms<sufha ysig msgqmiska fk¿ï u,a ieris,s yd úudk ,laIK iys; w,xldr f;drKla
olajd we;'
! fuu f;drfKa ;sria isria l=¨kq" úudk iu. jk l=vd iudê nqÿ ms<su" ;sria l=¨kq
fl<jr ulr uqL yd isxy rEm leghï ±lsh yels h'
109
 ! msysá ., u; ugis,sá ksudjlska ks¾ñ; fuu m%;sudfõ taldxY Öjrh oaú;aj f¾LdlrKh
iys; we`.g we¨Kq iajrEmfhka hq;= j fk<d we;'
! ,Uijka yd wlanure flia iu. WIaKSI YS¾I ,laIK ksrEms; h'
! m%;sudfõ ms<sìUq jk ks¾udK wx. u;ska uydhdk ixl,amh u;= lssÍug W;aidy ork nj;a
úoaj;a woyia fõ'

úoHdOr .=ydfõ nqoaO m%;sudj

! Y%s ,dxflah .,a leghï w;r wNHka;rhg lmd ilia l< m<uq úYd, .=ydj jkafka úoHdOr .=ydjhs'
! .=ydj uOHfha jc% ixfla; yd isxy rEm leghï iys; jc%dikhla u; nqÿka jykafia ùrdik l%ufhka
yd OHdk uqødfjka jev ys£'
! wê Wkak; j fk<k ,o m%;sudjls'
! nqoaO m%;sudj iu. úúO ks¾udKd;aul rEm .,a ì;a;sh u; Wkak; j iïmsKavkh lr we;'
! m%;sudjg msgqmi f;drKls' ysig by<ska P;%hls' fomi by<ska foaj;d rEm folla yd my< wdikh
fomi pdur orkakka yd wdikfha miq wekao fomi ke.S isák jHd, rEm folls'
! by<ska olajd we;s foaj;d rEm n%yau yd úIaKq rEmh;a" ms<suh fomi pdurOdß rEm;a
olajd we;'
! .,a isú,sfï yd ì;a;sj, foúhkaf.a rEm úYd, m%udKhla Ñ;%Kh lr ;snqKq njg idOl we;s w;r
n%yau we;=¿ foújreka tu is;=jïj,ska ksrEmk flf¾'
! ishqï j fk<d we;s m%;sudfõ taldxY lrk ,o Öjrh oaú;aj f¾Ld u.ska ksrEms; h'
! ,Uijka yd wlanure flaIl,dmh u; WIaKsI YS¾I ,laIK olajd we;'
! m%;sudfõ ms<sìUq jk ks¾udK wx. u;ska uydhdk ixl,amh u;= lssÍug W;aidy ork nj;a
úoaj;a woyi fõ' 110
 ysá ms<suh

! moaudikhla u; ;s%Nx. ,laIK iys; j ysá bßhõfjka wê Wkak; j fk<d we;'

! ishqï j fk<d we;s m%;sudfõ taldxY lrk ,o Öjrh oaú;aj f¾Ld u.ska olajd we;'
! m%;sudfõ oE;a <h u; ne| f.k isák fia ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r uydpd¾h fikr;a
mrKú;dk uy;df.a u;h wkqj tu.ska mrÿlaL ÿlaÅ; uqødj ksrEms; h'
! fuu m%;sudj" nqÿkajykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKfha § je,fmk wdkkao f;rKqjkaf.a hehs
wkqudk flfrk u;hla o fõ'
! fuu ms<sufhka ±lafjk uqødj ms<sn| fï jk úg fjkia u;jdo mj;S'
! ,Uijka" wlanUre flaI l,dmh u; WIaKsIh iq¿fjka fhdod ;sîu yd moauhla u; jev
ys¢u hkd§ lreKq uQ,sl lrf.k fuh nqÿ ms<suhla jYfhka o ms<s.ekSug ,la ù we;'

111
 ie;fmk nqoaO m%;sudj

! .,aúydrfha ol=Kqmi fl<jr ±lsh yels fuu ms<suh ie;fmk bßhõfjka hq;= nqÿ ms<suh hs'
! fuu m%;u
s dj msßksjka uxplh njg we;euqka úYajdi l< o j¾;udkfha we;eï úpdrlhskf
a .a
woyi jkafka tu.ska nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a ie;fmk wjia:dj ksrEms; njhs'
! Wiia Ys,amSh ,laIK fmkakqï lrk fuu m%;sudfõ ysiflia wlanUre iajNdjh yd iudka;r
hq., f¾Ld olajk isjqr úfYaI ,laIK fõ'
! m%;sudfõ YS¾Ih iys; fldÜgh tî we;s wdldrh ±laùfuka .,aúydr leghï Ys,amshd i;=
ishqï YS,amSh yelshdj ukdj ms<sìUq lsÍula jYfhka y÷kd.; yels fõ'
! fuu fY,uh m%;sudj wê Wkak; j fk<k ,oaols'

112
 fmd;a.=,a úydr m%;sudj

! fmdf<dkakrefõ mrdl%u iuqøh wi, fmd;a.=,a úydrh bÈßmsg fuu ffY,uh m%;sudj
fk<d w;'
! fmdf<dkakre hq.fha ls%'j' 11-12 ishjig wh;a ks¾udKhla f,i ie,fla'
! msysá .,l wê Wkak; j fk<d we;s m%;sudjls'
! ukdj jevqKq YÍrhlska hq;= fudyq tla mdohlg nr § wfkla mdoh ieye,a¨j ;nd
f.k ;s%Nx. bßhõfjka isàu ksid YÍrfha ßoauhdkql+, njla ksrEmKh fõ'
! fuu m%;dmj;a ñksid l,amkdldÍ iajrEmhlska hqla; j ;u fo w; u; we;s jia;=j
foi n,d isà'
! <h fmfoi olajd jeà we;s há /jq,la" fofl,jßka my;g keó f.dia we;s Wvq /jq,
rEmhg Ydka; njla f.k fok w;r ufyaYdlH ,S,djla fmkakqï lrhs'
! foda;shla jeks we÷ulska hálh w,xldr fõ' n| máh bKg ;o ù ;sîu ksid Worh bÈßhg
fkrd we;s nj fmfka'
! fuu m%;sudj fmdf<dkakre hq.fha uQ¾;s Ys,amfha m%nqoaO l,d ,laIK m%lg lrjkakls'

fmd;a.=,a úydr m%;sudj ms<sn| mj;sk úúO u;

- merl=ïnd rcq nj
- fmdf<dkakrefõ úiQ .=re¿f.daaó m`äjrhd nj
- lms, iDIsjrhd nj
- oE; ord we;s fohska rdcH;ajh ixfla;j;a lrk nj'
- mq,;sis iDIsjrhdf.a ksrEmKhla nj

113
 weuqKqu 7'2'3'2
lshùï m;%sldj
! kgrdc uQ¾;sh

! yskaÿ wd.ñl uq¾;shla jq kgrdc m%;sudj Ysj fyj;a BYajr foúhkaf.a ;dKavj
k¾;k ú,dihla fmkakqï lrhs'
! fld<U cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s fuu kgrdcd rej yuqù we;af;a
fmdf<dkakrefõ wxl 1 Ysj foajd,fhks' fuh l%s'j' 12 jeks ishjia j,g wh;a f,i ie,fla'
! f,dalv udOHfhka mQ¾K Wkak; j uQ¾;su;a lr we;s fuu ks¾udKh f,day jd;a;=
lsÍfï bmerKs Ys,am l%uh fmkajk úYsIag ks¾udKhla f,i ie,fla'
! iunr;dj /flk mßÈ uQ¾;s isoaOdka; u; msysgd .sks loïNhla ;=< fõ.j;a k¾;khl
fhfok whqre ±laùu fuu ks¾udKfha úYsIag Ys,amSh ,laIKhls'
! fuu m%;sudfõ w;a j,ska olajk ixfla; yd uqød my; ±lafõ'
ol=Kqmi by< yia;fha - Wvelalsh $ fnrh
jïmi by< yia;fha - .sksis¿j
ol=Kq my< yia;h - wNh uqødj
jïmi my< yia;h - fmdf<djg È.= lrf.k isák f,iska .c yia; uqødj
! jïmh Tijd r`.k Ysj ol=Kq mdofhka isref¾ nr ordisák w;r tu mdofhka md.df.k
isák jduk refjka wúoHdj ixfla;j;a lrhs'
! flia l<U ;=< we;s ls÷re reúka .x.dkï .`. ksrEmKh flfrk w;r" ysi me,e¢
Tgqkafkys wv i|la" ñksia ysialn,la" ls÷re rEmhla yd kd. rEmhla oela fõ'
! uq¿ rEmhu .sks ±,a úysfok wdrelal=jla we;=<; msysgd we;s w;r fuu wdrelal=j
werfUkafka moaudikhla u; msysgqjd we;s noaO lrkq ,enq ulr uqLj,sks'
! fuu uQ¾;sfha ol=Kq lfkys mqreI l¾KdNrKhla yd jï lfkys ia;%S l¾KdNrKhla
oelafjk w;r .%SjdNrK o me,e| we;'

116
 Ysjldu iqkaoÍ m%;sudj

! fuh Ysjf.a m;sksh jQ md¾j;s foj`.k rEmhhs' m¾j;fha Wmka ksid md¾j;s f,i
y÷kajk ,nk w;r tfia u weh Ysjf.a m;sksh jQ ksid Ysj Yla;s" YsjlduiqkaoÍ wd§
kduhkaf.ka o y÷kajkq ,efí'
! fmdf<dkakre wxl 5 ork Ysj foajd,fhka yuq ù ±kg fmdf<dkakre fl!;=ld.drfha
m%o¾Ykh flfrk fuu m%;sudj ia;%S ,d,s;H m%lg lrk Wiia uQ¾;shls'
! l%s'j 12 jeks ishjig wh;a ks¾udKhla jk fuh f,dalv udOH Ndú;fhka f,day jd;a;=
lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh wkqj lrk ,o ks¾udKhls'
! ol=Kq w; lgl yia; uqøfjka hqla; h' ju; f,day yia; uqødfjka my; fy<d f.k
isák f,iska ±lafõ'
! ysia m,|kdj" we`.g we¿Kq jia;% yd w,xldr wdNrK fuu m%;sudfõ w,xlrKh jeä lrhs'
! ia;%S ,d,s;H uekeúka uQ¾;su;a lrk ;%sNx. bßhõfjka hq;= jQ úYsIag ks¾udKhla
jYfhka fuu uQ¾;sh ie,fla'

117
 .Kfoú m%;sudj

! fmdf<dkakrefõ wxl 5 orK yskaÿ fldaúf,ka yuq jQ yskaÿ wd.ñl uQ¾;shls'

! l%s'j' 12 jeks ishjig wh;a f,i ie,flk fuu .K foú rEmh fïjk úg fmdf<dkakre
fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ys;h'
! f,dalv udOH yd f,day jd;a;= lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh Ndú; lr we;'
! Ysj yd md¾j;sf.a jeäuy,a mq;%hd .K foúhka f,i ie,fla'
! we;a ysila yd úYd, Worhla iys; YÍrhlska hq;= .K foú {dkhg wêm;s foúhka
fukau ndOl bj;alrkakd f,i o ie,fla'
! fuu m%;sudj w;a i;rlska hqla; h'
msgqmi ol=K;ska - flfÜßh
msgqmi ju;ska - wlaIrud,dj
bÈßmi ol=K;ska - ì÷Kq o<hla
bÈß mi ju;ska - wU f.ähla ord isáhs'
! moaudikhla u; rdcdik ,S,dfjka ys¢k f,iska fuu m%;sudj ksujd we;'
118
 ldrhslald,a wïuhshd¾ uQ¾;sh

! ldrhslald,a wïuhshd¾ keu;s fuu ks¾udKh fmdf<dkakre hq.fha yskaÿ wd.ñl uQ¾;shls'
! fmdf<dkakrej wxl 5 orK Ysj foajd,fhka yuqjk fuu ks¾udKh ±kg fmdf<dkakre
fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykh flf¾'
! fuhska uQ¾;su;a jkafka" Ysj foúhka flfrys jQ widudkH Nla;sh ksid ;u kdß
fi!kao¾h wysñ lrjk f,i foúhkaf.a b,a,Ssu ksid lDI" wfYdaNk ;eke;a;shla njg
m;a jq ldka;djls'
! weh lDI yd úlD;s YÍrhlska hq;= j ys|f.k ;d,ïmg jhk iajrEmfhka olajd we;'
! fuu m%;sudj Y%S ,dxflah yskaÿ l,d ks¾udK w;r iqúfYaI l,d ,laIK fmkajk
l,d;aul mßl,amkfha Wiia ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,fla'
! ls%'j' 12 jeks ishjig wh;a f,i ie,flk fuu m%;sudj f,dalv udOH yd f,day jd;a;=
lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh Ndú; lr we;s uQ¾;shls'

119
 iqkaoruQ¾;siajdñ m%;sudj

! fuu f,dalv m%;sudfjka iqkaoruQ¾;siajdñ keu;s ysj Nla;slhd ksrEmKh fjhs'

! fmdf<dkakre hq.fha ls%'j' 11 jeks ishjig wh;a f,i ie,flk fuh yskaÿ wd.ñl
uQ¾;shls'
! fmdf<dkakrej wxl 5 orK Ysj foajd,fhka yuq ù we;s fuu m%;sudj ±kg fld<U cd;sl
fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykh flf¾'
! iqkaoruQ¾;siajdñ hkq Ysj wd.fï ±lafjk yeg ;=kafofkl=f.ka hq;= Ydka;=jrhkaf.ka
flfkla fõ' Tyq zzf;ajdrïZZ keu;s yskaÿ iaf;%da;% ,shd foajd,fhka foajd,hg hñka tajd
.dhkd lrk flfkl= f,i ye¢kafõ'
! iqkaoruQ¾;siajdñ rEmh ksrEmKh fldg we;af;a ux., we÷ulska ieriKqq fh!jkhl=f.a
ú,dihg h'
! ;dreKHh" lvjiï nj yd ,d,s;Hh hk ,laIKj,ska hq;=j ;%sNx. foayhlska iukaú;j
ksujd we;'
! YÍrdx. ;d;aúl f,i uQ¾;su;a lrk ,o l,d;aul ks¾udKhla jYfhka fuh ie,fla'
! oE;ska lgl yia; uQødj olajhs' NømSGhla u; iúlrk ,o jgl=re moauhla u;
;%sNx. bßhõfjka isgf.k isà'
! f,dalv udOH yd >k f,day jd;a;= lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh Ndú; lr we;s fuu m%;sudj yskaÿ
l,d ks¾udK w;r iqúfYaI l,d ,laIK fmkajk ks¾udKhla f,i ie,fla'

120
 weuqKqu 7'2'4'2
lshùï m;%sldj
ksYaYxl ,;d uKavmh

123
! ,laÈj .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha iqúfYaI jQ ks¾udKhla fia ie,flk fuu f.dvke.s,a,
ls%'j' 12 jeks ishjig ^ls%'j' 1187-1196 w;r ld,hg& wh;a fõ'
! fuu ks¾udKh fmdf<dkakrefõ rdcH;ajhg m;a ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud úiska lrjk ,oaols'
! .,a lKq olajd we;s uKavmh iDcqfldaKdi%dldr ^wdh; p;=rY%dldr& yevhlska hqla;h'
! wkqrdOmqrfha fÊ;jkdrduh wi, we;s ks¾udKj,g iudk whqßka .,a .rdÈ jeglska jg lr
we;'
! fuu uKavmh uOHfhys l=vd nqínq,dldr od.enla yd thg msúiSu i|yd tla mil jk
fodrgqjls' od.en mdofï jdä ù jkaokdfõ fhfok udkj rEm leghï iys; h'
! fuu f.dvke.s,af,a ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKh jkafka w,xldr l=¨kq ks¾udKhka h'
tl lKqjl Wi wä 07ls'
! fuu l=¨kq tf;la ±lsh yels >Dcq nfjka hq;= l=¨kqj,ska fjkia j fidnd oyfï ßoauhdkql+,
yev;, wkqj ks¾udKh lsßula fõ'
! fk¿ï Ydlfha wx. ßoauhdkql+,j Ndú; lr fuu l=¨kq ks¾udKh lr we;'
! l=¨kq YS¾Ih wvla msmqKq fk¿ul iajrEmhg ks¾udKh lr we;'
! ,laosj .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha iqúfYaI jQ ks¾udKhla fia ie,flk fuu f.dvke.s,a,
ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud O¾uh Y%jKh lsÍu" o<od jykafia jkaokd lsÍu yd msß;a Y%jKh lsÍu
jeks wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd bÈ l< nj tys we;s fi,a,smshl i|yka fõ'

124
 fmdf<dkakrej jgodf.a

fmdf<dkakre fl!;=ld.drfhys ks¾udKh lr we;s fmdf<dkakre jgodf.hs wdlD;sh

! fmdf<dkakre o<od u¿jg we;=¿ jQ úg jïmiska jgodf.h fyj;a jD;a;dldr Od;= ukaÈrh
±lsh yels h'
! o<od u`Mfõ msysá .,a fmd; kï fi,a ,smsfha i|yka jk mßÈ fmdf<dkakre jgodf.h
ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=udf.a ks¾udKhla f,i i,lk w;r th mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ks¾udKhla
jYfhka o wkqudk flf¾'
! wõ jeis wdÈfhka wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd l=vd ia;+mh jgd ;ekQ f.h jgodf.a f,i y÷kajk
w;r fÉ;sh>r" :Qm>r" jÜgOd;=f.h wdÈ kïj,ska o fuu f.dvke.s,a, y÷kajhs'

125
! jgodf.hg msúiSfï§ we;s m<uqjeks i,m;< u¿jg miqj we;s fojeks i,m;< u¿j
uOHhfhys od.enls' i,m;< u¿ ud,l hk kñka o y`ÿkajk w;r ud,l foflys u ìu
.,a w;=rd we;'
! m<uq i,m;< u¿jg msúiSu i|yd tla fodrgqjla yd fojk i,m;< u¿jg msúiSug fodrgq
i;rla o fõ' fuu iEu fodrgqjla u fldrjla .,a" i|lvmyK" uqr.,aa yd msh.egfm<lska
w,xldr jQ oajdr uKavm iys;j ks¾udKh lr we;'
! we;=¿ u¿j jgd fm;s i;f¾ w,xldr ìkr u,a rgdfjka hq;a .,a neïuls'
! fmdf<dkakre hq.fha ks¾udKh l< l,d;aul i|lvmyK iy kd. rdc rEmh iys; uqr.,
±lsh yels jkafka by< i,m;< u¿jg msúiSug we;s jgodf.hs W;=re fodrgqfõ h'
! iEu msh.egfm<lu isria uqyqKf;ys msh.egfm< ord isák fia is;a.kakd iq¨ jduk rEm
leghï lr we;'
! ffp;H i;r me;af;a i;rÈYdjg uqyqK,d OHdk uqødfjka jev isák nqÿ ms<su i;rls'
! fmdf<dkakre hq.fha nqÿ ms<su w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udK jk fïjdfhys Öjrh /<s rys; jk w;r
ysiflia wlanure rys; j olajd we;'

126
 Ysj foajd,h wxl 01

! 13 jeks ishjfia bÈ jQ yskaÿ foajd,hla f,i ie,fla' fuu foajd,h ol=Kq bka§h .Dy
ks¾udK ,laIK fmkakqï lrk nj úoaj;a woyihs'
! yskaÿ .Dyks¾udK ,laIK jk uKavm" .¾N.Dy yd wka;rd, hkdÈfhka fuh iukaú; fõ'
! fuu foajd,fha we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka nodu Ndú; fkd fldg kshñ; mßoafoka lmd fldgia
lrk ,o mdIdKhka taldnoaO lr we;s wdldrhhs'
! tu lmd ilia lr .;a l¿.,a u.ska ì;a;sfha ndysr yev u;= lr we;s w;r tu .,a ì;a;s
u; fndroï yd úudk yev olakg we;' l=¨kq i|yd fk¿ï u,a yev fhdod f.k we;'
! fuys YsLrh ks¾udKh lr we;af;a .fvd,ska nj fYaI j we;s idOl u.ska fmkakqï
lrkq ,efí'
! Ysj foúhka weoySu Wfoid ks¾udKh lrk ,o f,dalv uQ¾;s /ila fuu foajd,fhka
yuq ù we;'
127
 Ysj foajd,h wxl 02

! fmdf<dkakrej mqoìfï yuqjk wxl 02 Ysjfoajd,h 10 jk ishjfia fpda, md,k iufha

bÈ lrk ,oaola f,i ie,fla'
! fmdf<dkakre hq.hg wh;a bmerKs u Ysj foajd,h jkafka fuhhs'
! fuu foajd,h jdkjka - ud foaù - BYajrï - Wfohshd¾ ^bidruqÈh¾& hkqfjka tys we;s Ys,d
f,aLkhl i|yka fõ' fuh ful, fid,S rdcHfha w. rc jQ uyrdcrdcf.a fufyish
isysùu msKsi f.dvkxjk ,oaols'
! yev.kajk ,o mdoula u; f.dvk.d we;s fuu foajd,fha msgia;r ì;a;s wka;¾ iïnkaO;d
iys; ia:ïNhkaf.ka w,xldr lr we;' fuu ia:ïNj,g by<ska msróvdldr mshiails' tu
mshiai uy,a ^fldgia& ;=klska iukaú; úudkhlska yd th jid isák wgmÜgï YsLrhlska
iukaú; fjhs'
! fuu foajd,h bÈlsÍfï § nodu wju jYfhka Ndú; fldg kshñ; mßoafoka lmd fldgia
lrk ,o mdIdKhka tlg tlajk fia iúlr we;'
! ol=Kq bka§h fpda, .Dy ks¾udK ,laIK fyd¢ka ksrEmKh jk fuys wNHka;r uKavm"
wka;rd,h yd .¾N .Dyh hkdÈ fldgiaj,ska hq;= fõ' .¾N .Dyh ;=< ffY,uh Ysj ,sx.hla
;ekam;a lr we;'
! fuu Ysj foajd,fhys mqrdúoHd lekSïj, § kgrdcd yd md¾j;s rEm we;=¿ yskaÿ m%;sud /ila o
yuq ù we;'

128
 weuqKqu 7'3'1'2
lshùï m;%sldj
! uykqjr hq.fha my;rg Ñ;% l,d ,laIK iys; ì;= is;=jï Èjhsfka niakdysr yd ol=Kq
uqyqÿnv m%foaY flakaøSh j yuq fõ'
!! 16 jk Y; j¾Ifhka miq fuu m%foaY mD;=.sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%sis hk úfoaYSh md,khg
k;=ùu fya;= fldg f.k uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% l,dfõ ffY,Sh ,laIK fjkia ù ngysr
ixialD;sl ,laIK iys; j ksrEmKh ùu ±lsh yels h'
! ! oykjjk ishji w. Nd.fha m%p,s; ù yd my;rg m%foaYj, jHdma; jQ fuu Ñ;% ffY,sh
i|yd úfoaYSh wdNdi yd iuld,Sk iudc miqìu n,md we;'
!!! fuu my;rg úydr Ñ;% we£u i|yd Ndú; lr we;af;a úh<s nodu u; is;=jï we£fï
Ys,am l%uhls'
!!!! m%Odk jYfhka fn!oaOd.ñl isÿùï iy fn!oaO cd;l l:d jia;= úIh ù ;sfí'

my;rg úydr Ñ;% ffY,sfha ±lsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK

- ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpkh" wLKavl:k l%uh yd md¾Yajo¾YS rEm ks¾udKh
- rEm jgd ksudj olajk m%Yia; uÜgñka hq;= ishqï f¾LdlrKh
- iuia; ixrpkh ;=< mßudK Í;Ska fkdie,lSu
- m¾hdf,dal Í;Ska fmkaùug W;aidy lr ;sîu
- miqìu wjldYh msrùu i|yd úúO w,xlrK ieris,s fudaia;r Ndú;h
- jia;%dNrK w,xldrj yd úia;rd;aul j ±laùu
- hqfrdamSh ,laIK iys; jdia;=úoHd" .Dy NdKav yd ix.S; NdKav" we÷ï me,÷ï jeks
wx. ±laùu
- j¾K i|yd ly" ks,a" fld<" r;=" w¿" l¿" iqÿ wd§ j¾K Ndú;h yd j¾Kj, ;o yd
<d meyeh iu. b;d ishqï j u;= lrk ;%sudk ,laIK ±laùu
- nyq, jYfhka miqìu i|yd rla; j¾Khg jvd w¿" l¿ yd ;o ks,a jeks j¾K
Ndú;h

l;¿j úydr Ñ;%

ol=Kq m<df;a .d,a, k.rhg wdikakj msysgd we;s l;¿j úydr ì;= is;=jï oykj jk
ishjfia w.Nd.hg ^l%s'j 1886& wh;a ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'
!!!! fuu úydrfha ì;= is;=jï ks¾udKh l< Ys,amSka jYfhka lfvd,a.,af,a uy is;a;rd yd
fmdâv is;a;rd hk Ys,amSka y÷kajd we;'
! my;rg úydr ì;=is;=jï i|yd úfoaYSh wdNdi yd iuld,Sk iudc miqìu n,md we;s
wdldrh olajk fyd|u ksoiqkla jYfhka fuu úydr is;=jï ie,fla'
!!!! l;¿j úydrhg wh;a is;=jïj, jia;= úIh my; f,i j¾. l< yels h'
- fn!oaO cd;l l:d ^fjiaika;r" uyd iq;fidau" f;aóh" pq,a,mÿu&
- nqoaO pß;hg iuld,Sk iudc isÿùï ^uydOk isgqjrhdf.a l:dj" mgdpdrd l:dj"
kkaÈh Wmdil l:d jia;=j&
tu ks¾udKj,g wu;r j iQúisújrKh" wmdh o¾Yk" úhka;, is;=jï yd ÈjHf,dal
o¾Yk iys; is;=jï o fõ'

131
 uydOk isgqjrhdf.a l:dj - ix.S;h yd úfkdao ùu

! l;¿j úydrfha ±lsh yels Ñ;%hla jk fuhska uydOk isgqjrhdf.a ksjfia mej;s kegqï yd
.ehqï ixo¾Ykhl wjia:djla ksrEmKh flf¾'
! fuys ±lafjk ix.S; lKavdhfï idudðlfhda hqfrdamSh l%uhg we| me,|f.k ngysr
ix.S; NdKav jdokh lrñka isá;s'
! miqìfuka ±lafjk f.dvke.s,a, hqfrdamSh ,laIKhkaf.;a hq;= fõ'
! fuu is;=jfï ksrEms; we÷ï me,÷ï" ix.S; NdKav" .Dyks¾udK wx. yd .DyNdKav
fukau úfkdaodxY o tl, ,dxflah is;a;reka ÿgq hqfrdamSh ,laIKj,g wkq.; jq tajd fõ'
! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o l:djl tla fldgila fuhska ±lafõ'
! iïmQ¾K ;,h Ndú; fldg isoaêh ixrpkh fldg ;sfí'
! f¾Ld yd yev;, fhdod .ksñka ixlS¾K f,i wjldYh mqrjd we;'
! ly" l¿" iqÿ" ks,a" r;=" fld< iy ÿUqre hk j¾K iy tajdfha m%fNao Ndú; fldg is;=jï
j¾K fldg ;sfí'
! rEm jgd l¿ meye;s ndysr f¾Ld fhdod we;'
! miqìu j¾K lsÍu i|yd ly" l¿" ÿUqre hk j¾K Ndú; fldg we;'
! ;s%udk ,laIK fmkaùu i|yd ishqï f,i j¾K m%fNao ±laùug .;a W;aidyh ±lsh yels h'
! iuia; Ñ;%fha ffY,s.; wdldrhg jvd Ôù njla m%ldYkh fõ' tfia u j¾K me;,s j
±laùug jvd j¾K modi ±laùu o ±lsh yels h'

132
 iq;fidau cd;lh - rcueÿf¾ ldka;dfjda

! l;¿j úydrfha ±lsh yels fuu is;=jñka n%yauo;a; rcqf.a ud<s.dfõ isák ldka;djka
fofokl= ms<si|f¾ fh§ isákq ±lafõ' ñka rc ìij yd wehg mjka i,k fiaúldj
ksrEmKh flf¾'
! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o is;j
= ul tla isoê
a hla fuhska ±lafõ' tys rEm md¾Yajo¾YS
iajrEmfhka yd fY,S.; j ksrEmKh lr we;'
! fuys ksrEmKh jk ldka;djkaf.a we÷ï me,÷ï úis;=re u,a fudaia;r yd yev;,j,ska
irid ;sfí'
! ud,s.dj hqfrdamSh l%uhg irid we;' úfYaIfhka hqfrdamSh ,dïmq" .Dyh w,xlrKh
i|yd fhdod f.k we;'
! ly" l¿" iqÿ" ks,a" r;=" fld< iy ÿUqre hk j¾K iy tajdfha m%fNao Ndú; fldg
is;=jï j¾K fldg ;sfí'
! l¿ meye;s ndysr f¾Ld rEm jgd fhoSug fuka u Ñ;%fha úia;rd;aul nj ±laùu i|yd
Ndú; lr we;'
! rEm tlu ;,hl msysgqjd ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
! miqìu i|yd l¿ j¾Kh Ndú;h yd miqìï wjldYh msrùu i|yd úúO ieris,s fudaia;r
Ndú;h fuys iqúfYaI ,laIK fõ'

133
lr.ïmsáh úydr Ñ;%
niakdysr m<df;a foysj, k.rhg wdikakj msysgd we;s iqfndaOdrduh fyj;a lr.ïmsáh
úydrh my;rg úydr Ñ;% ffY,Sh ,laIK iys; ks¾udKj,ska iukaú; úydrhls'
fuu úydrfha b;sydih fmdf<dkakre hq.fha m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq yd uykqjr hq.fha
rdcêrdcisxy rcqf.a ld,h ^l%s'j 1795& olajd wh;a fõ'
fuys we;s my;rg úydr Ñ;% ffY,Sh ,laIK iys; ì;= is;=jï 19 jeks ishji w.
Nd.hg ^l%s'j 1897& wh;a ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'
lr.ïmsáh úydrfha is;=jï w;r fn!oaO cd;l l:d" nqoaO pß;fha isÿùï" wmdh o¾Yk"
iqúis újrKh yd osjHf,dal o¾Yk olajk is;=jï ±lsh yels fõ'
lr.ïmsáh úydr Ñ;%j, wdfõKsl jq fmdÿ ,laIK
- iajdNdúl jia;= i|yd ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j¾K Ndú; lsÍu
- j,dl=¿ yd c,h i|yd zzbkaäf.daZZ ks, Ndú; lsÍu yd ks,a j¾Kh iu. iqÿ yd l¿
j¾K ñY% lr ;%sudk ,laIK u;= lr ±laùu
- ;o r;=" ;o fld<" l¿ iu. ÿUqre j¾K Ndú;h
- wjYH wjia:djkays ;%sudk;ajh u;=jk f,i j¾K m%fNao fhdod .ekSu

fm<Uùu ^udr ¥jre&

! lr.ïmsáh úydrfha ±lsh yels fuu is;=jñka nqoaO;ajh ,eîu je<elaùu i|yd
fm<Uùug meñKs udrhdf.a ¥jre jk ;kayd" r;S yd r.d hk ur`.kka ksrEmKh
flf¾'
! udr ¥jre ix.S; NdKav jdokh lrñka mj;ajk ixo¾Ykhl iajrEmhla fu u.ska
ms<sìUq flf¾'
! fuu udr ¥jre ye| isák we÷ï me,÷ï yd Tjqka w; ord isák ix.S; NdKav 19jk
ishjig wh;a ,dxflah iudcfha Ndú; foaj,a f,i ie,fla'
134
! my;rg Ñ;% l,dfõ fmdÿ ,laIK jk wêl ieris,s nj yd úia;rd;aul nj fuu ks¾udKfha
we÷ï me,÷ï wdY%s; j meyeÈ,s j olajd ;sfí'
! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o l:dfõ tla fldgila fuhska ±lafjk w;r iïmQ¾K ;Srej
mqrd isoaêh ixrpkh fldg ;sîu o ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'
! ly" l¿" iqÿ" ks,a" r;=" fld< iy ÿUqre hk j¾K Ndú; fldg we;s w;r tu j¾Kj, olajk
ishqï j¾K m%fNao u.ska ;s%udk ,laIK fmkaùug W;aidy ord we;'
! w,xlrK f,i rEm jgd l¿ meye;s f¾Ld yd miqìu j¾K lsÍu i|yd ks,a j¾Kh Ndú;
lsÍu fuys ±lsh yels úfYaI ,laIK fõ'

isÿy;a Wm;

! fuu is;=jfuka ¨ïìKs i,a Whfka isÿy;a Wm; ksrEmKh flf¾'

! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o fuys uydudhd foaúh i,a.ia fj; <`.d jk whqre yd wk;=re j
foaúh i,a w;a;la w,a,d isáh§ orejd ìysjk whqre ±lafõ'
! .ia fol w;r t,a,k ,o ;srhlska wef.a isref¾ hg fldgi wdjrKh ù we;s w;r ìysjq
orejd i;rjrï foújreka úiska ms<s.kq ,nhs'
! my;rg úydr Ñ;% l,dfõ fmdÿ ,laIK jk ieris,suh yd úia;rd;aul nj fuys ±lafõ'
! úis;=re u,a fudaia;rhkaf.ka iukaú; we÷ï" me,÷ï fukau uyudhd foaúh wdjrKh lrk
,o ;sr froao yd u,a iys; i,a .ia foll fuu ks¾udKfha ±lsh yels úfYaI ,laIK fõ'
! fuu is;=jfï ±lsh yels j¾K w;r ly" l¿" iqÿ" ks,a" r;= iy fld< hk j¾K m%uqL fõ'
miqìu i|yd ks,a fyda fld< meyehg yqre w÷re meye;s j¾Khla Ndú; fldg we;'
! j¾K me;,s f,i Ndú; jqj o iuyr ia:dkj, b;d ishqï f,i wdf,dalh yd w÷r ^;%sudk nj&
y`.jk ,laIK u;= lsÍu ±lsh yels fõ'
! rEm jgd fuka u ieris,s wx. úia;rd;aul j ±laùu i|yd f¾LdlrKh Ndú; lr we;'

135
 weuqKqu 7'4'1'2
lshùï m;s%ldj

idxÑ ia;+mh

! bka § h .Dy ks ¾ udK w;r

wfYdal wêrdchd úiska bos l<d
hehs ie,flk idxÑ ia;+mh
b;d úYsIag ks¾udKhls'

! uOHu Ndr;fha iqkaor jQ;a"

l,d;aul jQ;a l÷ .eghla
u; bÈ ù we;s idxÑ ia;+mh
yd wjg m%foaYh l,d.drhla
jeks h'

! idxÑ uyd ia;+mhg wu;r j

idxÑ ia;+mh yd tys m%Odk wx. ;j;a ffp;Hh folla we;s
w;r uyd ;+mh ta w;ßka iqú
fYaI ks¾udKhla f,i
ie,fla'

! th wä 120 l úYalïNhlska
hq;= w;r wä 54la Wi h'

! fuh nqínq,dldr yevfhka hq;a ffp;Hhls' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg wä 16 la Wiska

ffp;Hh jgd hd yels m%olaIsKd m:hla fõ' fuu fldgi —fïêh˜ kñka y÷kajhs' fuh
jgd .,ska lrk ,o .rdÈ jegls' m%olaIsKd m:hg ke.Sug fidamdk mka;s folls'
! —fïêh˜ u; .¾Nh msysgd we;' ia;+mfha uqÿk ffY,uh .rdos jeglska hq;a i;/ia fldgq
jls' fuh —y¾ñldj˜hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
! y¾ñldj ueo ^ia;+mh uqÿfka& uqÿk W,a jQ wgmÜgï fi,auqjd geUla msysgd we;' th zzhQmh˜
hkqfjka o —hIaáh˜ hkqfjka o y÷kajhs'
! hQmh uqÿfka jD;a;dldr me;,s .,a mqjre ;=kls' fïjd my< isg by<g l=vdjk f,i
ilia ù we;' zP;%Z hkqfjka fuu jD;a;dldr .,amqjre y÷kajhs'

138
 idxÑ f;drK

! idxÑ ia;+mfha i;r me;af;a we;s f;drK bka§h l,d ks¾udK w;r yuqjk úYsIag l,d
ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'
! idxÑ f;drK id;jdyk hq.hg wh;a ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'
! idxÑ f;drK i;ru tlu wdlD;shlg wkqj ilia lrkq ,en we;'
! fomiska bÈ jQ i;a;aj rEm iys; l=¨kq Ys¾Ifhka hq;= i;/ia .,a l=¨kq folla yd ta u;
;sria w;g iudka;r j msysgqjd we;s .,a mqjre ;=kls' ;sria j olajd we;s úYd, .,a mqjre
fyj;a Wfv,sm;a ;,am;l iajNdjh olajñka tajd we;=¿ me;a;g t;=Kq wdldrfhka l,d;aul j
ks¾udKh lr we;' fuu ;sria .,a mqjre tlsfklg iïnkaOjk f,i jQ l=vd .,a lKq ;=k
ne.ska olajd we;'
! fuu iEu ;sria isria .,a lKqjla u idxÑ Ys,amshd leghñka w,xldr lr we;' m%Odk isria
l=¨kq w. we;a rE" jduk rEm" isxy rEmj,ska hq;= Ys¾Ihlska iukaú; jk w;r tys m<uq
;sria w;g we;s .,a m;=rg l+`Coa`Cohla f,i iïnkaO jQ zzid,nxðldZZ kï ia;%S rE uQ¾;su;a
lr we;'
! f;drK by<ska u we;s ;sria .,a mqjrej fyj;a Wfv,sm; u; ;s%Y+,h" ñksia rEm iy i;a;aj
rEm ks¾udKh lr we;'

! idxÑ f;drK leghï ks¾udK i|yd jia;= úIh my; ±lafõ'

1' cd;l l;d - Wod (- Poaoka;" fjiaika;r" uydlmS cd;l h
2' nqoaO pß;fha isoaê - Wod (- nqÿùu" nqÿrÿka ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu
3' isÿy;a pß;fha isoaë - Wod (- flaY fþokh" wNsksIal%uKh
4' ft;sydisl isoaê - Wod (- wfYdal rcq YS% uyd fndaêh je£u" Od;= flda,y,h

! idxÑ f;drK leghï ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK

! isria .,a lKq u; leghï mfka, jYfhka oelaùu yd ;sria .,a mqjre u; fndfyda úg
wLKav l:k l%uh wkqj leghï ks¾udKh lr ;sîu
! leghï b;d ishqï f,i w,am Wkak; j u;= fldg ;sîu
! rEmhlg rEmhla uqjdjk fia rEm ;,h u; ixrpkh lsÍu
! b;d l=vd bvla we;s ia:dk mjd udkj rEm" i;a;aj yd Ydl yev wjldYh mqrd
iïmsKavkh lsÍu
! ñksia rEm ffY,s.; iajNdjfhka leghï lr we;s w;r i;a;aj rEm b;d iajdNdúl
,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= j ±laùu
! i;=kaf.a bßhõ" .;s ,laIK yd p,khka ;d;a;aúl j ksrEmKh lr ±laùu
! idxÑ leghï Ys,amshd nqÿrcdKka jykafia iy isÿy;a l=ure oelaùu i|yd fnda.i" P;%h"
ia;+mh" O¾upl%h iy Y%S mdo ,dxPkh jeks ixfla; fhdod .kq ,eîu

139
 idxÑ f;drK yd fldgia

;s%Y+,h iys; M,lh

isxy rEm

;sria .,a mqjre fl<jr

;,am;la f,i yl=,d w;s we;a rEm iy
wdldrh ^Wv,sm;a fl<jr& id,nxðld rEm

isria .,a lKq

;sria .,a mqjre ^Wv,sm;a&

140
 Poaoka; Pd;lh

W;=re f;drK we;=,a me;a;

Poaoka; Pd;lfha ióm rEmhla

! idxÑ f;drK leghï w;r b;d úYsIag ks¾udK jYfhka cd;l l;d leghï ie,fla'
! tu cd;l l;d leghï w;r Poaoka; cd;lh leghu b;d iqúfYaI fõ' th idxÑ f;drK
lsysmhl ±lsh yels leghuls'
! fuys ±lafjkafka W;=re f;drfKa leghuls'
! th f;drfKa we;=,a me;af;a by<u Wv,sm;fys ±lsh yelsh'
! ;sria .,a mqjre u; wLKav l:k l%uh wkqj fuu leghï ks¾udKh lr we;'
! by; rEmfha ±lafjkafka Poaoka; cd;lfha kq. .i uq, isák we;=kaf.a o¾Ykhls'
! fuys we;s we;a rEm b;d iajNdúl ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= fõ' we;=kaf.a bßhõ" .;s ,laIK
yd p,khka ;d;a;aúl j ksrEmKh lr we;s wdldrh ±lsh yels fõ'
! rEmhlg rEmhla uqjdjk fia rEm ;,h u; ixrpkh lr ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls'
! b;d l=vd wjldY mjd Ndú; lr rEm leghï lr ;sìu ±lsh yels h'
! we;a o;a leghïj, ±lsh yels ishqï" ugis¨gq ksudj iys; ,laIK fuu w,am Wkak;
leghïj, ±lsh yels fõ'
141
 nqÿrcdKkajykafia ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu

! fuu leghu we;af;a W;=re f;drfKa bÈß mih'

! nqÿrcdKkajykafia ixliai mqrhg jevu ùu oelafjk fuu leghfï nqÿka jykafiaf.a
rEmldh fjkqjg fnda.i ixfla; j olajd we;' ta wkqj ysKsu`. Wv yd my< fnda.i
ksrEmKh lr we;'
! fuys ±lafjk ñksia rEm ffY,s.; iajNdjfhka leghï lr we;'
! rEmhlg rEmhla uqjdjk fia rEm ;,h u; ixrpkh lr we;'
! b;d l=vd wjldYh mjd Ndú; lr rEm leghï lr ;sfí'
! we;a o;a leghïj, ±lsh yels ishqï" ugis¨gq ksudj iys; ,laIK fuu leghïj, ±lsh
yels fõ'
! w,am Wkak; j fk<k ,o leghuls'

142
 weuqKqu 7'4'2'2
lshùï m;%sldj

idrdkd;a nqÿms<suh

! .=ma; hq.fha ks¾udKh jQ fuu nqÿms<suh bkaÈhdfõ idrdkd;a m%foaYfhka yuq jQ ks¾udKhls'
! idrdkd;a nqoaO m%;sudj pQkd¾ keu;s .,a úfYaIh Ndú; lrñka fk<d we;'
! moaudik l%ufhka jev ys¢k m%;sudfõ oE;a olajd we;af;a Oïuplal uqødfjka h'
! fuu.ska nrKei bism;k ñ.odfha § nqÿkajykafia miaj. ;jqikag m%:u O¾ufoaYkdj
mj;ajk wjia:dj ksrEmKh jk nj úpdrl u;h hs'
! nqÿrcdKkajykafia jev ys¢k wdikfha ueo O¾upl%hla" fomi uqjka fofokd;a" wfkl=;a
udkj rEm iuQyfhkq;a ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
! ms<sufha ysig msgqmiska w,xldr m%Nd uKav,hla oelafjk w;r tys ishqï j fk<k ,o ìxÿ
rgd yd ,shje,a fudaia;rhla yd m%Nd uKav,h fomi foaj;d rEm folla fõ'
! m%Nd uKav,hg my;ska ms<suh fomi ulr yd wYaj rEm iïnkaO w,xldr leghuls'
! WIaKSIh" wlanUrejka ysiflia" wvjka fofk;a" ,U ijka yd uqyqKska WmYdka; nj yd uyd
lreKdj iys; uyd fm!reI ,laIK biau;= lr olajhs'
! fojqr jid we;s Öjrh" YÍrhg we¿Kq iajrEmfhka fmkajk w;r ishqï f¾Ld lsysmhlska Öjrh
biau;= lr olajhs'
! idrdkd;a fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s .=ma; iïm%odhg wh;a fuu idrdkd;a nqoaO
m%;sudj bka§h m%;sud l,dfõ w.%.KH ks¾udKhla fjhs'

145
 wcka;d Ñ;%

! bkaÈhdfõ jhU È." uydrdIag% m%dka;fha yhsødndoays jf>dard .`.g udhsïj wYaj ,dvul
yevh .;a Wia m¾j;hl wcka;d f,ka mka;sh msysgd we;'

! wcka;d f,ka 29ls' ls%'mQ' 2 jeks ishjfia isg ls%'j' 7 jeks ishji olajd ld,jljdkqjl jßkajr
ks¾udKh l< nj;a ta wkqj wcka;d Ñ;% tl mrïmrdjl wkq.%yh hgf;a ks¾udKh fkdjq nj;a
ie,fla'
! jdia;= úoHd;aul j wcka;d f,ka fldgia follg j¾. l< yels h'
1' ffp;H Yd,d
2' wdjdi Yd,d
! jeä jYfhka ì;= is;=jï olakg we;af;a fuu f,ka ;=< h'
! wcka;d Ñ;% i|yd jia;= úIh ù we;af;a nqoaO pß;h" cd;l l:d yd ft;sydisl isoaëka h'
! wxl 17 orK f,fkys ±lsh yels wmaird rEm wcka;d Ñ;% w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla fõ'

wmaird rEm

146
 ! fuu rEm" iS.sß wmaird rEmj,g iudk ,laIK fmkajk nj úpdrl woyihs'
! iS.sß Ñ;%j, fuka È.= fk;a" u| iskyj yd l¾KdNrK" .%SjdNrK wmaird refõ
w,xldrh u;= lr fmkajhs'
! wcka;d Ñ;% úh<s noduh u; we£fï Ys,am l%uhlg ks¾udKh lr we;ehs ie,fla'
! Ñ;% we£u i|yd f,ka ì;a;sh ilid f.k we;af;a ueá" f.du" oyhshd" msÿre" >k i;a;aj
f,dï" ue,shï tlg wUrd ilia l< noduhla wdf,am lsÍfuks' miqj ta u; ul=¿ ueá
Èh lr wdf,am fldg úh¿Kq miq Ñ;% we£u wdrïN fldg we;'

wcka;d Ñ;%j, oelsh yels iqúfYaI ffY,Sh ,laIK

- wjia:dfjdaÑ; f,i ye`.Sï m%ldYkh yd isoaêhg wkqrEm jk f,i kdgHuh whqßka
wjia:d ksrEmKh lsÍu
- ñksia rEm yd i;a;aj rEm ks¾udKfha § Tjqkaf.a .;s iajNdjh" p,kh" mßudK ,laIK
fuka u Ôjudk nj u;= lsÍu
- wLKavl:k l%uh wkqj uq," ueo" w. iys;j l:dj rEmKh lr ;sîu
- iajNdúl mßirh Èh we,s" .iaje,a" jki;=ka iu. pu;aldr f,i oelaùu
- f,ka úhka;, u,a ,shlï" yia;s" udkj yd mlaIS rEm iïñY%Kh lrk ,o ks¾udKYS,S
rgd fudaaia;rj,ska w,xldr lsßu
- .=re j¾Kfhka f¾Ld igyka we| miqj j¾K fh§u
- Ñ;% j¾K lsÍu i|yd r;=" ly" ks,a" l¿ yd fld< j¾K Ndú;h
- f;audj ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd w÷re j¾K iy §ma;su;a j¾K Ndú;h

147
 moaumdks fndêi;aj rej

! wcka;d Ñ;% w;r b;d úYsIag ks¾udKhla f,i i,lkq ,nkafka wxl 01 f,fkys we;s
moaumdks fndaêi;aj rEmh hs'
! fuhska isoaOd¾: l=ure iu. jïmiska hfYdaaOrd foaúh o ksrEmKh lrk nj úoaj;a woyihs'
Ñ;%fha fiiq rEm iïmsKavkfha § wyfia ùKd jdokh lrk foúhka o jk w;r .ia Wv
j÷rka lsysm fofkl= o ksrEmKh fõ'
! fiiq rEmj, m%udKhg jvd úYd, j olajd we;s fndai;a rej ;%sNx. yevfhka hqla; h'
! u`o iskdj iys; j uqyqfKys .eUqre ye`.Sï m%ldYkfhka hq;=" wOHd;añl .=Kfhka msßmqka"
;dreKHh úoyd fmkajk ks¾udKhls'
! ol=K;ska ks,a uyfk,a u,la ord isák w;r w,xldr jia;%dNrKj,ska ieriS isáhs'
! wdNrK w;r l=Kav,dNrK" w;aj<¨ yd ishqï leghñka w,xldr lr we;s È.á Tgqkak
^Ys¾I m,|kdj& úfYaIs; h'
! j¾K .ekaùfï § m%Odk rEmh jk moaumdks rEmh §ma;su;a lymdglska u;=lr fiiq pß;
yd yev w÷re j¾K iys; miqìulska u;= lr we;'
! .=ma; l,d ,CIK fmkajhs'

148
 nqÿrcdKkajykafia lsUq,aj;a mqrhg jevu lsÍu

! lsUq,aj;a mqr ms`vq is`.d jäk nqÿrcdKkajykafia oelafjk Ñ;%h wcka;d f,ka wxl
17 ys ±lsh yels h'
! fk¿ï u,la u; jev isák nqqÿ rcdKka jykafia f.a ysig by<ska P;%hla ord isák
foaj;d rejla ksrEmKh lr we;'
! ud,s.fha isg hfYdaOrd foaúh rdyq, l=ureg Tyqf.a mshdKka y÷kajd fok wdldrh oela fõ'
! nqÿrcdKkajykafia f.a rej úYd,j o" wjfYaI rEm l=vdjg o olajd ;sîu nqqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.a W;a;Í;r Ndjh fmkakqï lsÍug .;a W;aidyhla f,i oelaúh yels h'
! m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; j fuu Ñ;%h ks¾udKh lr we;ehs o wkqudk flf¾'
! .=ma; l,d ,CIK fmkajhs'

149