ADVERB

There are five types of Adverb in English:

 Adverb of time
Now, recently , nowadays, currently
 Adverb of place
Here, there , at the office, etc

 Adverb of degree + Adjective

So, too, very, almost, rather, quite, pretty, somewhat
Ex : The Erie Canal became so successfully at providing cheap transportation that it was greatly
A B C
enlarged between 1835 and 1862.
D
Answer : A -> so successful
 Adverb of Frequency + Verb
Always
Often
Usually
Sometimes + Verb
Seldom
Ever
Never
 Adverb of Manner [How?]
a. -ly (beautifully, naturally)
b. -ward (backward, upward, downward, southward)
c. –wise (clockwise, counter-clockwise)

Adverb of manner has three different uses. They can describe verb, adjective or other adverbs.
The functions:
a. Modify verb
a. She walks toward me. How does she walk toward you? Slowly.
- She walks slowly toward me
- She slowly walks toward me
- She walks toward me slowly

b. The room is decorated with expensive painting. How is it decorated? Beautifully

- The room is decorated beautifully with expensive paintings
- The room is beautifully decorated with expensive paintings.
c. Modify adjective

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 Ex: Albert Einstein is brilliant
- Albert Einstein is exceptionally brilliant
- Albert Einstein is an extremely brilliant scientist
d. Modify Adverb
Ex:
She speaks unbelievably quickly
- It is an extremely quickly written letter

Positions of Adverb in a sentence.

1. Before / after Verb of a sentence
Ex:
He carefully moved the table
Indah sings beautifully in the concert
2. S + V + O + Adverb
Ex:
The child brushes her teeth regularly
3. Adverb + Adjective
Ex:
The exam is extremely difficult.
The bag is really expensive.
4. Adverb + Adjective + Noun
Ex:
Jane is a beautifully dressed woman.
Albert Einstein is an extraordinarily brilliant scientist.
5. Never put Adverb before Noun.
Ex:
I like the beautifully scenery X
I like the beautiful scenery √
6. Adjective after Linking Verbs.
- To be - stay - feel - seem
- Appear - keep - look - smell + Adjective
- Become - - remain - prove - taste
Ex:
Kathy looks gorgeous.
The soup tastes salty.
It is impossible to defy the gravity.

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SAMPLES FROM TOEFL
1. The Alaskan Highway was official opened on November 20, 1946, although much
A B
more works needed to be done to complete it.
C D
2. First reported by Spanish Explorers in 1796, the asphalt in California’s La Brea Tar Pit
A B
was mined commercial for many years.
C D

3. Violin is flexible extremely as an instrument, capable of playing long, sustained

A B C
Passages and those requiring great agility.

4. Canals are wholly or partially artificially waterways that convey goods or water from
A B C D
Point to point.

7. Modern art is on display at the Guggenheim Museum, a building with an unusually design.

8. By the beginning of the 1980s, fifteen states had adopted already no-fault insurance laws.

9. Heart attack are fatally in 75 percent of occurrences.

10. In spite of a tremendous amount of electronic gadgetry, air traffic control still depends heavy on
people.

11. Telegraph service across the Atlantic was successful established in 1866.

12. A baboon’s arms appear as lengthily as its legs.

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 PREPOSITION

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of
gerund verbs).

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Preposition - Time
English Usage Example

 On  days of the week  on Monday

 in  months / seasons  in August / in winter

 time of day  in the morning
 year  in 2006
 after a certain period of  in an hour
time (when?)

 at  for night  at night

 for weekend  at the weekend
 a certain point of time (when?)  at half past nine

 since  from a certain point of time  since 1980

(past till now)

 for  over a certain period of time  for 2 years

(past till now)

 ago  a certain time in the past  2 years ago

 Before  earlier than a certain point of  before 2004

time

 to  telling the time  ten to six (5:50)

 past  telling the time  ten past six (6:10)

 to / till / until  marking the beginning and end  from Monday to/till Friday
of a period of time

 till / until  in the sense of how long  He is on holiday until Friday.

something is going to last

 By  in the sense of at the latest  I will be back by 6 o’clock.

 up to a certain time  By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example

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 English Usage Example

 in  room, building, street, town,  in the kitchen, in London

country  in the book
 book, paper etc.  in the car, in a taxi
 car, taxi  in the picture, in the world
 picture, world

 at  meaning next to, by an object  at the door, at the station

 for table  at the table
 for events  at a concert, at the party
 place where you are to do  at the cinema, at school, at work
something typical (watch a
film, study, work)

 on  attached  the picture on the wall

 for a place with a river
 being on a surface
 for a certain side (left, right)
 for a floor in a house
 for public transport
 for television, radio
 London lies on the Thames.
 on the table
 on the left
 on the first floor
 on the bus, on a plane
 on TV, on the radio

 by, next to,  left or right of somebody or  Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
beside something

 Under  on the ground, lower than (or  the bag is under the table
covered by) something else

 below  lower than something else but  the fish are below the surface
above ground

 over  covered by something else  put a jacket over your shirt

 meaning more than  over 16 years of age
 getting to the other side  walk over the bridge
(also across)  climb over the wall
 overcoming an obstacle

 above  higher than something else,  a path above the lake

but not directly over it

 across  getting to the other side  walk across the bridge

(also over)  swim across the lake
 getting to the other side

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 English Usage Example

 through  something with limits on top,  drive through the tunnel

bottom and the sides

 to  movement to person or  go to the cinema

building  go to London / Ireland
 movement to a place or  go to bed
country
 for bed

 into  enter a room / a building  go into the kitchen / the house

 towards  movement in the direction of  go 5 steps towards the house

something (but not directly to
it)

 onto  movement to the top of  jump onto the table

something

 from  in the sense of where from  a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English Usage Example

 from  who gave it  a present from Jane

 of  who/what does it belong to  a page of the book

 what does it show  the picture of a palace

 by  who made it  a book by Mark Twain

 on  walking or riding on horseback  on foot, on horseback

 entering a public transport  get on the bus
vehicle

 in  entering a car / Taxi  get in the car

 off  leaving a public transport  get off the train

vehicle

 out of  leaving a car / Taxi  get out of the taxi

 by  rise or fall of something  prices have risen by 10 percent

 travelling (other than walking  by car, by bus
or horseriding)

 at  for age  she learned Russian at 45

 about  for topics, meaning what about  we were talking about you

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Patterns:

The N
 Preposition A Adj + N
An Adv+Adj+N

 Preposition + Ving
Ex: Before picking up my mom, I went to the market
Prep Ving
Ex: By practicing a lot, students can master writing and speaking English.
Prep Ving

Samples from TOEFL:

1. After the development of money in the seventh century B.C, people could sell goods without
_______ to exchange them directly for other goods.
a. They had c. Having
b. Have d. To have had

2. The national debt is the sum total of financial obligations the national government incurs by
A B
borrow from foreign governments, international institutions, or its own population.
C D
3. Gasohol, a mixture of gasoline and alcohol, is often obtained by ___________ agricultural crops.

a. Fermentation
b. Fermenting
c. Ferment
d. It ferments

 Preposition for Time

Ex: The seminar will be held __in__ 2015
The seminar will be held __in___ June 2015
The seminar will be held __on__June 6, 2015 __on__ Wednesday __at__ 4 A.M
Conclusion:
In : Month, Year, Month + Year
On : Date, Day
At : Hour

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Samples from TOEFL:
1. The Northern Hemisphere faces the Sun most fully during the summer solstice, which occurs in
A B C D
about June 22.

2. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean took place at 1978
A B C D

 Paired preposition
- From ______ to ______
- Between/among ________ and _________
Samples from TOEFL:
Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Toronto more than tripled, increasing from 56.000 to
A B C D
181.000.

Another type of preposition is the compound preposition. It does the same as a common preposition but
is composed of two or more words. Here are the most common compound prepositions:

according to ahead of apart from as of aside from because of by means of in addition to in back
of in front of in place of in spite of instead of in view of next to on account of out of prior to

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 ARTICLE

The N
A Adj + N
An Adv+Adj+N

1. A versus An
An : Vowel SOUND
A : Consonant SOUND
Article A/An both must be followed by Singular Noun
Ex: An Umbrella An Hour A europen country
A University A House A one-hour trip

Ex: The visible world …….. ( √ )

Art Adj N

A significance influent …….. ( × )

Art N Adj

A significant influence …….. ( √ )

Art Adj N

A perfectly strong boy …….. ( √ )

Art Adv Adj N

Sample:
Mark Spitz, an United States swimmer, won seven gold medals at the 1972 Olympic Games, all in
A B C D
world record times.

2. A/an versus The

A/AN  Generalization or definition

The is used in the following conditions:

a. Specific / special Noun
b. Only one ex: the sun, the earth, the world, etc
c. Before ordinal number
Ex: The first president, the third position, the fifth nation, etc
d. Superlative Degree

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 Ex:
big, bigger, the biggest.
Expensive, more expensive, the most expensive.
e. Decade and century
Ex: in the 1980s, since the nineteenth century
f. before words: same, last, former, later, late, only, etc

Samples from TOEFL:

1. The gila monster is an only poisonous lizard native to the United States.
A B C D

2. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largest freshwater lake
A B C
In the world.
D

3. Built in early 1820s, the Lachine Canal cuts directly through the southwestern tip of the Ile de
A B C D
Montreal in Canada.

4. Fencing, originally developed as a sport in fourteenth century, was included in the first
A B C
modern Olympic Games of 1896.
D
5. The appearance of Marianne Moore’s Collected Poems in 1951 confirmed her status as one of
A B
the major American Poets of the twenty century.
C D

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