1.

Drilling
Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole by removing metal from
the rotating edge of a cutting tool called the drill.
Drilling is the most important and common drilling machine operation. In the
drilling, we usually, produce a cylindrical hole inside the workpiece and remove
the material inside it. Here, the material is removed by the rotating edge of the
cutting tool. And that rotating edge is called a drill.
Drilling does not produce a fine hole. The internal surface of the hole is usually
rough, and the hole is always bigger than the drill size.
Suppose if we have a drill of 12mm diameter then, the size of the hole produced
by it may be 12.125 mm or greater than that.

2. Reaming
Reaming is an accurate way of sizing and finishing a hole which has been
previously drilled. In order to finish a hole and to bring it to the accurate size, the
hole is drilled slightly undersize.
The size of the hole after the drilling process may not be perfect. Most of the
time, its internal surface may not be finished properly.
Reaming is done to obtain the desired size of the hole. Also, the internal surface
of the hole gets appropriately finished with this process. Reamer is used for
reaming. Reamer is a multi-point cutting tool.
The important benefit of the reaming is that it can remove an extremely small
amount of metal approximately 0.375 mm
 3. Boring
Boring is a type of drilling operation in which we increase the
diameter of the hole which was previously produced.

 To enlarge a hole by means of an adjustable cutting tool

with only one cutting edge. This is necessary where the
suitable sized drill is not available or where the hole
diameter is so large that it cannot be ordinarily drilled.
 Used to finish a hole accurately and to bring it to the
required size.
 To machine the internal surface of a hole already produced
in casting.
 Used to correct out of roundness of the hole.
 To correct the location of the hole as the boring tool follows
an independent path with respect to the hole.

The boring tool is used for this process. The boring tool has only one
cutting edge. The boring tool is placed in a boring bar which has a
tapered shank. The speed of the spindle in the boring is usually very
less than the reaming.
 4. Counterboring
Counterboring is the operation of enlarging the end of a hole
cylindrically. The enlarged hole forms a square shoulder with the
original hole. This is necessary in some cases to accommodate the
heads of bolts, studs and pins.
In the counterboring, the end of the hole is enlarged cylindrically. A
counterbore works as a tool in the counterboring.
The counterbore consists of cutting edges. These cutting edges may be
straight or spiral. The cutting speed in the counterboring process is
usually slow. Typically, this cutting speed is 25% smaller than that of the
speed in the drilling.

5. Countersinking
Countersinking is the operation of making a cone-shaped enlargement
of the end of a hole to provide a recess for a flat head screw or
countersunk rivet fitted into the hole.
The tool used for countersinking is called a countersink. Standard
countersinks have 60, 82 or 90 inclined angle and the cutting edges of
the tool are formed at the conical surface. The cutting speed in
countersinking is 25% less than that of drilling.
 6. Spot facing
In the spot facing, the surface around the hole is squared. In this
process, that surface also gets finished. For spot facing, a counterbore
or any other spot facing tool is used.

7.Tapping
In tapping, a tap is used for making internal threads. That means tap
works as a cutting tool inside the tapping.
Tapping in a drilling machine can be performed by hand. Or you can
also use any external power for doing this. The metal is removed, when
the tap is inserted into the hole. Tap also produces internal threads
which can be fit into the external threads of the identical size.